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Kameroen: Positie Van LHBT´Ers

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Kameroen: Positie Van LHBT´Ers Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers Kameroen || Rapport De positie van LHBT’ers 24 juni 2021 IND | TOELT | Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers | juni 2021 Colofon Titel Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers Auteur Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid Immigratie en Naturalisatiedienst Directie Dienstverlenen | Afdeling Expertise Team Onderzoek en Expertise Land en Taal (TOELT) Turfmarkt 147 | 2511 DP | Den Haag Postbus 16275 | 2500 BG | Den Haag [email protected] Pagina 3 van 62 IND | TOELT | Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers | juni 2021 Inhoud Colofon - 3 Inleiding - 6 1 Juridisch kader - 11 1.1 Verbod op homoseksuele handelingen - 11 1.2 Verbod op organisaties van seksuele minderheden - 11 1.3 Recht op huwelijk of geregistreerd partnerschap voor mensen van gelijk geslacht - 11 1.4 Recht op het wijzigen van geslacht - 12 1.5 Overige wetten - 12 2 Toepassing van de strafwet (arrestatie, detentie en vervolging) - 13 2.1 Met betrekking tot LHBT’ers - 13 2.1.1 Chronologisch overzicht van arrestaties, detenties en juridische vervolging - 15 2.2 Met betrekking tot daders van geweld tegen LHBT’ers - 22 3 Houding overheid(sintellingen) - 25 3.1 Houding van de overheid - 25 3.2 Houding veiligheidsdiensten - 26 4 Behandeling door de maatschappij - 27 4.1 Publieke opinie - 27 4.2 Behandeling door familie en medeburgers - 27 4.3 Rol van politici en bekende personen - 31 4.4 Rol van religie en religieuze leiders - 32 4.5 Rol van de pers en (sociale) media - 32 4.6 Behandeling van LHBT’ers met hiv/aids - 34 5 Maatschappelijk leven - 35 5.1 Sociale positie - 35 5.2 Onderwijs - 37 5.3 Werk - 38 5.4 Gezondheidszorg - 38 5.5 Belangenorganisaties - 39 5.6 Opvanghuizen (Safe houses) - 41 5.7 Evenementen - 42 6 Lijst van gebruikte bronnen - 44 Bijlage 1 Originele wetteksten - 57 Bijlage 2 Tabel van geconstateerde gevallen van mishandelingen in de periode 2012 – 2020 - 59 Bijlage 3 Omschrijving van gebruikte bronnen - 60 Pagina 5 van 62 IND | TOELT | Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers | juni 2021 Inleiding Abstract This report describes the position of LGBT people in Cameroon. In the first chapter the legal situation, the penal code and any other laws used against LGBT people are discussed. The second chapter deals with the actual application of the law in Cameroon. In chapter three actions of state actors and of security forces are presented. Chapter four describes public opinion, actions of family and fellow citizens against LGBT people, the role of prominent persons, the role of religion, the role of the press and social media and the way persons with HIV/aids are treated. The fifth chapter describes gay life in Cameroon, the way LGBT people are organized by LGBT organisations and events organized for LGBT people in Cameroon. Sources used to write this report can be found in chapter six. The original text of the law articles mentioned in the report can be found in annex one. Annex two contains a table of documented violation cases from 2012 to 2020. In annex three there is a description of the sources used to write this report, by source. Doel TOELT heeft dit rapport opgesteld met het doel inzage te geven in de positie van LHBT’ers in Kameroen. De informatie in dit rapport kan worden gebruikt bij het voorbereiden en beoordelen van gehoren van asielzoekers die afkomstig zijn uit Kameroen en stellen LHBT te zijn. Indeling van het rapport In hoofdstuk 1 wordt ingegaan op het juridisch kader waaronder de strafwet en andere wetgeving. Hoofdstuk 2 gaat in op de toepassing van de regelgeving. In hoofdstuk 3 wordt ingegaan op de houding van de overheid en veiligheidsdiensten ten opzichte van LHBT’ers. In hoofdstuk 4 komt de bejegening door familieleden en medeburgers aan de orde en wordt ingegaan op de publieke opinie en de rol van religie, prominente personen en de (sociale) media. Hoofdstuk 5 behandelt het maatschappelijk leven van LHBT’ers. Hoofdstuk 6 geeft een alfabetische opsomming van de gebruikte bronnen. In bijlage 1 zijn een aantal van de vertaalde wetteksten die in hoofdstuk 1 van het rapport zijn gebruikt in hun originele taal opgenomen. In bijlage 2 is een tabel opgenomen van het aantal gevallen van mishandelingen en arrestaties in de periode tussen 2012 tot en met 2020. Bijlage 3 geeft een korte omschrijving van de voor dit rapport gebruikte bronnen. Omdat het waarschijnlijk niet zo is dat daarbij het hele rapport in één keer doorgelezen zal worden, maar alleen de op dat moment relevante delen worden bekeken, komen dezelfde casus-voorbeelden bij verschillende onderwerpen terug en is in die zin soms sprake van herhaling. Pagina 6 van 62 IND | TOELT | Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers | juni 2021 Terminologie Met de term “homoseksuelen” worden in dit rapport zowel mannen als vrouwen bedoeld, tenzij dit in de tekst nadrukkelijk anders is vermeld. In het gebruik van termen is zoveel mogelijk de terminologie van de bron overgenomen. Als de geciteerde bron spreekt over LHBT wordt dus LHBT gebruikt, als de bron LHBTI (Q)1 noemt wordt LHBTI (Q) gebruikt, als de bron spreekt van MSM2 dan wordt MSM gebruikt, enzovoort. Het is verder van belang dat de lezer zich realiseert dat verschillende begrippen niet in iedere cultuur dezelfde betekenis hebben. Het is echter praktisch onmogelijk om dat iedere keer exact te omschrijven, ook omdat het zelfs per streek, subcultuur of zelfs per individu en levensfase of veranderende opvatting kan verschillen wat onder een bepaald begrip precies verstaan wordt. Volstaan wordt hier daarom met de opmerking dat een bepaald Nederlands begrip (zoals bijvoorbeeld homoseksueel) in een andere context mogelijk een (deels) andere betekenis kan hebben. Zo kan de term homoseksueel in een bepaald land automatisch geassocieerd worden met de passieve rol tijdens seks of met vrouwelijke gedragingen terwijl dat elders niet automatisch het geval hoeft te zijn. Individuele factoren De in dit rapport verzamelde informatie over de positie van LHBT’ers in Kameroen heeft uiteraard een algemeen karakter. Het is echter van belang om zich te realiseren dat de positie van een individuele vreemdeling behorend tot een seksuele of genderminderheid ook in hoge mate beïnvloed zal worden door individuele factoren zoals de sekse van iemand, de sociaaleconomische status (rijken hebben over het algemeen meer mogelijkheden dan armen), de geografie (stadsbewoners hebben vaak meer mogelijkheden om individuele keuzes te maken dan mensen op het platteland), het sociale netwerk waarin iemand functioneert, het aanwezig zijn of juist het ontbreken van ondersteuning door de familie en de mate waarin iemand zich conformeert aan standaarden die gelden voor uiterlijk, gedrag en sekse-rol. De algemene informatie over de positie van LHBT’ers in dit rapport moet daarom altijd worden beoordeeld tegen de achtergrond van die mogelijk zeer verschillende individuele factoren. Disclaimer Dit rapport is geschreven aan de hand van de EASO-richtlijnen voor het verwerken van feitelijke landeninformatie.3 Het is samengesteld op basis van zorgvuldig geselecteerde bronnen. Elke bron is vermeld middels een referentie.4 Geprobeerd wordt om meer dan een bron te vinden die de informatie levert, maar dit is niet altijd mogelijk. Indien er slechts één bron beschikbaar is dan wordt door de auteur een afweging gemaakt om de 1 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, Intersexual and Queer or Questioning 2 Men who have Sex with Men 3 EASO Country of Origin Information (COI) Report Methodology (June 2019), https://coi.easo.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2019_EASO_COI_Report_Methodology.pdf 4 De voetnoten bevatten beknopte verwijzingen. Volledige titelbeschrijvingen met internetadressen zijn te vinden in de lijst van geraadpleegde bronnen aan het einde van de tekst. Pagina 7 van 62 IND | TOELT | Kameroen: Positie van LHBT’ers | juni 2021 informatie wel of niet te vermelden. Een omschrijving van de gebruikte bronnen is te vinden in de bijlage. Bekende bronnen (denk aan rapporten van Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, et cetera) worden niet in de bijlage beschreven. Alle geleverde informatie is met uiterste zorg onderzocht, geëvalueerd en verwerkt binnen een beperkte tijdsspanne. TOELT pretendeert niet dat dit document volledig is. Evenmin geeft het rapport uitsluitsel in het kader van een aanvraag om een verblijfsvergunning asiel. Termen als “vluchteling”, “risico” en vergelijkbare begrippen die (ook) een vreemdelingrechtelijk relevante betekenis hebben worden in dit rapport in algemene zin gebruikt. De Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND) of een van de personen of afdelingen die onder verantwoordelijkheid van de IND functioneren, zijn niet verantwoordelijk voor eventueel gebruik door derden van de informatie uit dit rapport. Indien specifieke informatie uit dit rapport wordt gebruikt, wordt de gebruiker verzocht om te verwijzen naar de onderliggende bron(nen). Indien bepaalde gebeurtenissen, personen of organisaties niet in dit rapport worden genoemd, betekent dit niet dat de gebeurtenis niet heeft plaatsgevonden of dat de persoon of organisatie niet bestaat, alleen dat TOELT deze niet in openbare bronnen heeft teruggevonden. Bij twijfel over bronnen, brongebruik of inhoud, kunt u contact opnemen met TOELT. De onderzoekswerkzaamheden voor dit rapport zijn begin april 2021 afgesloten. Daarna verschenen informatie is niet verwerkt. Commentaar door externe(n) Het concept van dit rapport is door EASO van commentaar voorzien. Dat commentaar is verwerkt. Dit betekent echter niet noodzakelijkerwijs dat EASO de inhoud van het rapport onderschrijft. Het rapport is onder verantwoordelijkheid van de IND uitgebracht.
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