Sustainable Total Sanitation An emerging framework Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Written by Ada Oko-Williams, Connie Benjamin, Nneka Akwunwa, Vremudia Lawal and Wandoo Akosu.
WaterAid February 2018
The authors would like to thank the many people who contributed their time, expertise and ideas during the development of this framework. Special thanks to Anddy Omoluabi, Emmanuel Iorkumbur, Ayo O. Ogunlade and Oluseyi Abdulmalik for their invaluable inputs and support in the conceptualisation of the framework.
Particular recognition goes to WaterAid’s local partner staff in Nigeria who contributed case studies and comments: Deborah Kogi, Levi Idoko, Dare Oduluyi and Janet Ngene. Additionally, to participants of a workshop with external stakeholders who helped shape the framework at the early stages with their insights and contributions.
Our thanks to WaterAid UK staff: Erik Harvey, Kyla Smith, Peter Feldman, Andres Hueso and Priya Nath for their support throughout the process and for their valuable contributions.
We are grateful for the insightful contributions of Erica Packington (consultant, IOD PARC).
Please note that any factual errors are those of the authors.
This paper should be cited as ‘WaterAid (2018) Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework’. Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Contents
Glossary 3
1. Introduction 5 1.1 Sanitation and Nigeria 5 1.2 Background 5 1.3 The emerging STS framework 7 1.4 The STS framework explained 8 1.5 How to use the STS framework 12
2. Analysing the context for an STS project 13
3. Design 17
4. Implementation 21 4.1 Community level 21 4.2 Local government and state level 29 4.3 National level 30
5. The power of collaboration and integration 31
6. Epilogue: Work to be done 33
1 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Throughout this report you will find three icons to help break up the information:
Key ideas and shifts.
Toolboxes with useful resources to find online.
Insights and learning from our experience.
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Glossary
Community Led Total Sanitation Innovative and creative approaches (CLTS) (ideally, based upon formative An approach to the promotion research) which appeal to people’s of sanitation, which (through values and emotions related to an exercise often referred to as sustainable behaviour change. ‘triggering’) brings about a collective Instead of ‘educating’ people that community decision to reject open they ought to practise certain defecation and to strive to achieve behaviour, it is better to motivate open defecation-free (ODF) status. them through, for example, the CLTS aims to bring positive change desire to nurture, the need for through community mobilisation social affiliation, disgust provoked and self-directed action. Through by unhygienic conditions, and their CLTS, a community undertakes steps ambitions for improved status and to change its sanitation behaviour better environmental surroundings. and to improve (or build new) toilet The use of emotional triggers is facilities, such that all residents have much more successful in increasing access to, and use, decent sanitation handwashing and hygiene behaviour facilities. change generally. Addressing hygiene behaviour change is crucial Hygiene Behaviour Change (HBC) to achieving Sustainable Total To maximise the benefits of access Sanitation. to water, sanitation, nutrition and education, it is necessary to positively Sanitation influence hygiene behaviour. Sanitation is the hygienic separation Traditional hygiene promotion of human excreta from human programmes focused on educating contact. Generally, sanitation refers to people about health, germs and the provision of facilities and services disease. However, such approaches for the safe disposal of human urine rarely resulted in positive, sustained and faeces. In line with Sustainable behaviour change, as they failed to Development Goal 6, sanitation account for the fundamental role services should be safely-managed of broader structural determinants, throughout the sanitation chain, from such as cultural or social norms, and containment to disposal or reuse.1 environmental constraints, such as access to WASH facilities and products.
1 UN Sustainable Development Goal 6: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6
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Sanitation marketing (SanMark) Total An innovative market-based Total means universal access and approach to the promotion of complete application over a given sanitation. Sanitation marketing geographical area. In other words, (SanMark) views households as toilets are available everywhere and discerning consumers, rather than everyone practices good hygiene, as the beneficiaries of charities. all of the time, and no-one practices SanMark collaborates with private open defecation anywhere at any businesses to deliver products and time. services that meet consumer needs. The approach addresses both supply Triggering and demand. On the supply side, A term used in CLTS, to describe SanMark improves the availability of the process by which an emotional affordable and aspirational sanitation response is brought out in products, and helps break down community members as they barriers to entering the sanitation realise the negative effects of open market that local businesses face. defecation. A collective desire to On the demand side, SanMark works change behaviour is thus generated, with consumers to build demand propelling a community into action for affordable sanitation solutions and to commit to becoming open through promotions and marketing, defecation-free. and by sensitisation around hygiene issues.
Sustainability Sustainability, in this context, is about the ongoing functionality of sanitation services and facilities, and the permanence of hygiene behaviour changes. In order for effective sanitation and good hygiene to be sustainable and to bring permanent health benefits, they need to be affordable, technologically achievable, and appropriate in socio-cultural terms. The overall approach and system must also protect the environment and natural resources.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Sanitation and Nigeria identifying potential barriers to Almost one in three of the world’s progress. The document also details population – that’s 2.3 billion people new strategies and action points, – do not have a decent toilet of their with a corresponding time plan for own (‘basic’ or ‘safely managed’ implementation. sanitation).2 In many cases, untreated human waste ends up in the environment, threatening people’s 1.2 Background health and degrading ecosystems.3 Community-Led Total Sanitation Nigeria is one of twenty countries in Nigeria around the world where access to In 2005, WaterAid Nigeria adopted basic sanitation is falling rather than the Community-Led Total Sanitation rising. Today, 67% of Nigerians live (CLTS) approach to deliver its without a decent toilet. sanitation programmes; a method that focuses on empowering a The most densely inhabited country community to eradicate open in Africa, Nigeria’s population of more defecation and creating demand for than 190 million is rising rapidly. improving sanitation. To prevent the growing sanitation crisis, urgent action, innovation and The following year, after the cooperation is needed. Nigerian Government and other key development actors had also Nigeria recently launched its adopted CLTS, WaterAid Nigeria, roadmap to achieving an open in collaboration with the Federal defecation-free country by 2025. Government of Nigeria and UNICEF, While ambitious, with concerted conducted an evaluation of its initial effort, the right investments CLTS implementation across three approaches and capacity on states in Nigeria. The findings were the ground, it is achievable. The that CLTS was effective and efficient roadmap includes a comprehensive in rural, homogenous and cohesive analysis of current strategies and communities. their rates of success, as well as
2 http://washwatch.org/en/wash-maps/sanitation-map/ data from the JMP 2017 Progress Report on Drinking Water, Sanitation (UNICEF/WHO) 3 On average, high-income countries treat about 70% of the wastewater they generate, while that ratio drops to 38% in upper-middle-income countries and to 28% in lower-middle-income countries. In low-income countries, only 8% of industrial and municipal wastewater undergoes treatment of any kind (Sato et. al, 2013). 4 http://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ where ‘decent toilet’ means access to basic sanitation as defined by WHO and JMP 5 World Population Prospects, the 2017 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017 6 https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/NATIONAL_ROAD_MAP_FOR_ELIMINATING_OPEN_DEFECATION_IN_NIGERIA.pdf
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As CLTS application grew in the UNICEF, together with the UK country beyond the three states, Department for International the number of facilitators increased, Development and the Government the quality of the ‘triggering’ of Nigeria implemented the major process began to deteriorate and Sanitation, Hygiene and Water in consequently fewer communities Nigeria (SHAWN) project for the were attaining open defecation-free period 2010-14, later extended to status. Attention to the detail was 2018 (SHAWN II). Covering 70 Local lacking and full understanding of the Government Areas (LGAs), the project principles of CLTS were no longer aims to reach 7 million people with being adhered to. access to improved sanitation, hygiene and water supply by the end Challenges of 2018. A country programme evaluation UNICEF was an early adopter of was conducted in 2009 for the CLTS. During a 2014 evaluation WaterAid Nigeria programme. This of the SHAWN project, UNICEF confirmed the validity of CLTS as recommended the implementation an effective approach, promoting of sanitation marketing (SanMark) behaviour change around the approaches, alongside CLTS, to construction and use of toilets. “support the community to move up However, the exercise also exposed the sanitation ladder, as well as the gaps, particularly around the quality provision of sanitation facilities in of the toilets constructed and used public places and health centres”.7 following the CLTS triggering process. Many of the toilets were judged to The Water Supply and Sanitation be dangerously promoting ‘fixed Sector Reform Programme Phase point’ open defecation as they had II (WSSSRP II) “supports the Federal no covers, were simple open pits Government and six European Union and constructed sometimes with WASH programme focal States degradable materials such as logs (Anambra, Cross-River, Jigawa, Kano, and planks, which made the toilet Osun and Yobe) to develop and housing structurally and hygienically implement water and sanitation unsound. sector reform programmes, taking into consideration critical legal, policy Sector response and institutional issues”.8 Through Influential actors have implemented UNICEF, WSSSRP II implements or are in the process of implementing the CLTS approach and has moved a number of ambitious, large-scale beyond the rural context to small sanitation projects in Nigeria, a few towns where high population density examples of which are mentioned and the challenge of unplanned here. settlement often leads to poor sanitation.
7 https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/NG-DFID_SC140236_SHAWN_II_(WASH)_ANNUAL_REPORT_final.pdf pg.12 8 http://wsssrp.org/wsssrp-ii-vision
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The Global Sanitation Fund- supply side interventions; embedding supported Rural Sanitation and good practice; undertaking formal Hygiene Promotion in Nigeria research to address specific research (RUSHPIN) programme has over the questions about how to conduct ‘total past five years been working across sanitation’ better; and influencing six LGAs in Cross Rivers and Benue the path towards scaling up the work state to ensure the achievement in terms of state-wide, national and of sustainable sanitation services regional practice and policies. in these states. United Purpose, its The STS project built on WaterAid’s main implementing partner, has history of innovative adaptation and successfully recorded the first LGA of bringing to scale key approaches in the country to attain an open to water and sanitation challenges in 9 defecation free status in 2016. Nigeria, including applying context- WaterAid’s response and culture-modified variants of CLTS in Nigeria. The project also focused The Revitalising CLTS Process Guide on ‘active learning’. The results and was developed in 2011 as a response learnings from implementation to the challenges identified in the are intended to support and Country Programme evaluation. A inform national-level policy and practical guide to implementing the practice development through clear CLTS approach in Nigeria, based on mechanisms of targeted advocacy experiences of implementing CLTS and influencing. in Nigeria, it suggests solutions to addressing the emerging contextual, technological and capacity Community-Led Total challenges. In 2013, WaterAid Nigeria Sanitation, by the CLTS further developed this thinking knowledge hub website. and developed the WANGSHIP: the WaterAid Nigeria Sanitation and Hygiene Implementation Protocol. 1.3 The emerging STS The Gates Foundation funded the framework Sustainable Total Sanitation (STS) Drawing from the experiences of project, which provided WaterAid WaterAid, the Government, and other Nigeria with the opportunity key players in the Nigerian context, to effectively implement the an STS framework is emerging that recommendations in the Revitalizing provides an adaptive and composite CTLS Process Guide and the approach to supporting households WANGSHIP as well as to document and communities to achieve and integrate progress and learning. sustainable, improved sanitation The aim of the STS project was to provision. We hope and expect it will achieve and sustain ODF status at develop as time progresses, as it is community and household level informed by new learning from other in over 500 communities in three projects, government actors and states by combining demand and different partners across the country.
9 http://wsscc.org/2015/05/15/global-sanitation-fund-programme-in-nigeria/
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The framework is informed by a deep different types of communities in a contextual analysis and is designed market area, will help to determine to address the key challenges around which means of support will best sustainability and quality at scale. serve suppliers to engage with It is intended to inform design and customers, and which combination of implementation of STS projects, demand generation approaches will primarily in rural and peri-urban work best. contexts in Nigeria, although it may be adapted to suit other country Support markets and market actors contexts. Access to markets for sustainable improved sanitation products for At its heart, STS is about integrating households, and sanitation services targeted support to supply- for communities, is key. An STS side actors (such as business approach provides targeted support support, financing and market for market-based approaches for promotion activities) with effective, sanitation provision, concentrating transformational demand generation on improving business operations within communities and households and reducing barriers to efficient (including CLTS, public awareness and and profitable supply and sales for communications activities, alongside suppliers, and increasing access to behaviour change communications affordable products, installation and on hygiene promotion). services for customers. Under an STS approach, we believe a greater number of households and Make sure the product does what it communities will access affordable, needs to do, and does it well effective and long-lasting improved Our activities under the STS sanitation provision than using programme introduced new and demand-driven approaches alone. innovative products to Nigeria’s We expect to address key challenges sanitation marketplace, based such as the difficulties householders upon in-depth market research and face in accessing and constructing human-centred design. The Water sustainable toilets that typically leads Easy Toilet (WET) is a branded line to low toilet quality and sustainability. of high-quality household sanitation products, including hygienic, low-water-use toilets suitable for 1.4 The STS framework a wide range of on-site sanitation explained environments. Understand the context Make sure the product is affordable, The fundamental underpinning of available and suitable for the local an STS approach is good contextual environment analysis, enabling us to understand We worked with a range of players the characteristics of the market in the sanitation market in Nigeria, and the communities it can serve. brokering connections between A mapping of services already in international manufacturers Lixil the market, and the character of and national manufacturers Innoson sanitation provision across the Group of Companies to encourage
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local production of the SATO pan in Make sure households and customers Nigeria. We supported small scale can buy what they need without business owners with training to unnecessary complexity install the WET. They went on to The STS programme artisans were develop additional modifications and mainly block manufacturers and other innovative products. merchants. They offered the SaTo Support businesses to manage their pan, as well as integrated concrete processes effectively toilet models. Some began to improve their offer to customers We provided artisans with targeted by providing additional services support to improve their business such as superstructure installation processes, such as introducing alongside the WET. This increased the ledgers for tracking sales and sustainability of the sanitation side payments in a more structured of their business as it became more way, enabling them to plan more connected to their other operations. effectively. Through STS, at least one entrepreneur in Enugu state, Ensure there is access to affordable Kenechukwu block industry, and financing for both sides of the market one in Ekiti state, Fear God block relationship industry, were able to expand their Some small business owners business significantly, creating offered instalment payment plans additional production and supply to customers, thus expanding the outlets for the WET in different areas options available to those unable to to cope with demand and distribution pay in full upfront. However, a key beyond their initial local markets. learning from STS – and an integral They were able to achieve this feature of the emerging framework significant development as a result – is the need to support the right of successfully engaging with the flows of cash and credit through the market effectively in their local areas. system. Artisans need affordable Make sure each actor in the sales capital to expand established supply chain is aligned, motivated operations, improve business cycle and supported management, manage cash flow and potentially to invest in innovations During the STS programme, we and adaptations to the WET model. generated effective sales support for Low income or vulnerable households business owners to build their market may need to spread the up-front through “door-to-door” sales agents. capital costs of investing in improved These agents earned commissions sanitation provision, once they have from the business owners on made the decision to do so. every sale they facilitated. Door- to-door agents utilised standard, Address the faecal sludge branded marketing materials that management challenge reinforced key sanitation and hygiene As toilet use expands, the need for messaging but translated this into an faecal sludge management becomes aspirational yet attainable product increasingly important to further range that could be purchased from enhance the sustainability of toilet one source. provision. A market-aware approach
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should include support for artisans and business owners to conduct safe Learning from research pit emptying as a business service, “Nigeria is facing a and support government actors to monstrous task to eliminate simplify the planning process within open defecation by 2030. government and communities. Given current statistics, 25% of the population are openly Generate and sustain demand in defecating and a further 22% use contextually appropriate ways unimproved sanitation according CLTS has had success in creating to the JMP definition. Around 85 demand for sanitation provision million people need to be reached in specific contexts, where cultural in the next 15 years, not taking or geographical closeness enables population growth into account. The community social pressure to numbers are staggering and call for bring about widespread change in a significant allocation of resources, individual behaviour. which need to be used as efficiently Other approaches can generate as possible. The current approach or reinforce demand in ways adopted by the Nigerian Government that complement and enhance is known to be most effective in small CLTS messages for those that are and homogeneous communities. triggered, and engage communities However, a large proportion of these and households that may not 85 million people live in semi-urban, respond positively to the CLTS small towns and newly urbanising approach. areas, likely requiring an alternative approach. In this policy brief, we Engage the power of the present data from a CLTS intervention aspirational message in two states of Nigeria, Enugu and Traditional marketing is about Ekiti, showing that semi-urban areas, transforming needs into wants. with populations greater than 20,000 SanMark has the tricky job of people, are challenging environments establishing need, translating that for mobilising for CLTS activities, and into a want, and then funneling that in fact, if mobilised, the intervention want into a specific action – that of is often ineffective. These findings purchasing and installing a toilet, confirm years of anecdotal evidence. and using it consistently. For CLTS Failed attempts imply a loss of approaches, the main emotional resources that could have been better driver is disgust and shame and the channelled into more promising areas main call to action is to avoid negative or new complementary approaches.” community pressure. Complementary Source: https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/ forms of marketing, allowing for publications/bns/BN183.pdf a more aspirational message to be shared in a range of ways, can support an environment for positive action and reduce unnecessary stigmatising of those that might already be marginalised or vulnerable due to factors not linked to their owning a toilet.
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Utilise multiple communications options, from supply of materials, channels advice and know-how, to a one- Mass market communications, stop-shop with affordable financing using clear, simple messages that options. reinforce key sanitation concepts And then follow up in an aspirational way, can provide STS should be embedded for the an environment where “everyone long term, with regular follow-up is talking about” a product, service visits with triggered communities, or approach, particularly in urban, and should be integrated with peri-urban and small town settings. the monitoring and follow-up Mass media activities can sensitise responsibilities of the LGA WASH unit. customers to a more direct and In many cases, these LGA officers targeted call to action provided by also took on the role of door-to-door campaigns, events, demonstration sales agents for suppliers. They were models (such as installed WET toilets able to understand the progression in public spaces with contact details of household toilet construction for local suppliers prominently and use, and when ready, provide displayed). Other helpful channels connection through to suppliers for include social media, youth and purchase of a WET. community networks, engagement through religious institutions, If it’s all been done before? schools, health or community centres, Where a community has a large or popular shops, bars, restaurants number of (mostly unimproved) and social spaces. toilets from a previous campaign CLTS? Integrate first! or project, suppliers should be supported to engage in facilitated There is no doubting the power of sales events where key messages an effective, well-facilitated CLTS from triggering are reinforced, and intervention when a community commitment to improved sanitation is ready to engage with it. The STS is re-established. Many suppliers framework proposes that where are offering ‘conversion’ models CLTS is to be used (after it has been to householders who previously selected as the most contextually- built their own toilets to adapt and appropriate method for demand improve their existing facilities. generation) a modified approach should be used. This is one that What are some other options? incorporates an introduction to STS envisages the development local suppliers who are able to of other contextually relevant and support householders in building an suitable sensitisation activities. improved toilet. Directly after CLTS These might include: community triggering, households should be given the opportunity to – Shifting the focus from engage with suppliers and artisans, geographical community to social once they have made a decision to community, in environments where build a toilet. Suppliers should be these social bonds may be stronger encouraged to provide a range of than neighbourhood bonds.
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– Running sales and triggering events 1.5 How to use the STS at religious institutions, schools, framework health or community centres. The STS framework: – Supporting sales events at small town markets or public spaces, • Supports the design and where community pressure may not implementation of STS be the driving factor in household programming, both within decision making. WaterAid and beyond. It aims to support decision makers With the STS framework, a lot of the within government ministries, learning informing the emerging departments and agencies working framework has been from the on sanitation, implementation integration of sanitation marking agencies such as NGOs and with CLTS. CLTS has been widely project managers within donor adapted across the country by various organisations working on partners, and the learning from its sanitation. application will continue to inform the development of STS in Nigeria. • Suggests ways to achieve sustainability in sanitation programming and should Revitalising CLTS be read and used as a set of Process Guide recommendations. When these Equity and Inclusion recommendations are applied, Framework especially beyond Nigeria, it is vital that they are adapted to suit the Hygiene Framework local context. • Is to be used in conjunction Sanitation Framework with other documents produced Sustainability Framework under the STS project that offer practical step-by-step processes to National roadmap to making implementation. Nigeria open defecation free • Is to be used in conjunction with by 2025. other toolkits and important documentation from the practice of other organisations and actors, and in Nigeria must be used with the National Roadmap to making Nigeria ODF by 2025. While the framework is to primarily support project design and implementation, we also flag some further gaps existing in sanitation programming in Nigeria which we identify as potentially affecting rural and small-town sanitation implementation in Nigeria moving forward.
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2. Analysing the context for an STS project
Nigeria is a large country with Formative research: hundreds of distinct nationalities, The STS deep dive ethnic groups, cultures and The WaterAid Nigeria languages. Socio-cultural and political research team and local partners factors tend to affect sanitation conducted formative research practices quite significantly. Robust (qualitative field research) to contextual analysis is a prerequisite understand consumer preferences to an effective STS project at scale. and commercial supply chains for There are a number of tools that can rural sanitation in four states: Ekiti, be used in whatever combination as Enugu, and Jigawa. appropriate to reach the necessary We focused on four key questions: understanding: • What is a ‘good latrine’ for our a) Baseline: The baseline survey target market? What features collects qualitative and should it have (and not have) and quantitative information on the how much should it cost? current situation that provides a base against which to monitor • What will our target market gain and assess the project’s progress personally from investing in a and effectiveness during and after ‘good’ latrine? implementation. The baseline • How can we make the process helps determine the issues you are of learning about, purchasing trying solve. and installing a good latrine a lot At the baseline stage you will be easier, quicker and more reliable? able to get a better understanding Preliminary studies indicated a of the diversity and different complex process of acquiring a needs within the communities toilet in the target communities you are working in. For example, (see figure 3 on page 17). collect information on the make- • How can businesses deliver up of communities, find out what sanitation products and services are the percentage of disabled that offer value for money and people in the community, of are profitable for them to produce migrant or refugee families, of and sell on their own? older people living on their own etc.
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b) Formative research: Often an STS approach requires done at the beginning of any establishing partnerships/ project, this research should collaborations with a diverse provide detailed and useful range of agencies and institutions information and data (qualitative in WASH, government, health and and quantitative) on the specific education, media, private, civil context and challenges to be society sectors to achieve deep addressed. impact, sustainability, and amplify Formative research allows project reach. Similarly, partnerships designers to design appropriate with actors in other development interventions, informed by an sectors are essential (see section 5) understanding of the challenges to facilitate the project’s and risks in that particular context, effectiveness and sustainability. as well as an understanding of existing options, materials for Figure 1: PEA Pyramid production and available finance options. Good formative research will elucidate details and insights on behaviours, practices related to sanitation and barriers (social, Country environmental and institutional). Strategy PEA Results of formative research Sector Strategy PEA are highly dependent on the quality of the brief, therefore Tactical PEA one must ensure that the brief is comprehensive and Everyday PEA robust, ensuring it covers the key parameters related to the challenge to be addressed by the projects. WaterAid’s PEA toolkit contains four different tools as presented above WSP Sanitation in figure 1. The tools are designed Marketing Toolkit – to inform country strategies, Formative Research. programmes (Sector Strategy PEA), responses to specific challenges and opportunities during projects (Tactical PEA) and even ‘everyday’ decisions c) Political Economic Analysis from the national to the local level. (PEA): An STS project must Particularly relevant for implementing be supported by an enabling an STS project is the Tactical PEA environment, i.e. various which is outlined in more detail in interrelated institutional, legal figure 2. and fiscal factors which facilitate the project’s effectiveness and sustainability. Implementing
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Figure 2: Tactical PEA process
What is the issue 1 we want to change? Define the issue and the change we want to bring about.
Where can What is the 5 we go now? Analyse the political 2 situation now? Describe the relavent economy map and plot a political economy features: route towards change: • Main actors • The nature of relationships • Legislation and policy • Decision makers • Foundational features • Power relations • Ways of working • Making change happen Tactical • Ways of thinking PEA
Why are things 3 this way? Analyse the most important What does this mean political economy features: 4 for our desired change? • Interests Map the political economy features around • Power the change we want to bring about: • Constraints • Historical legacies Features • Ideas Positive Unsure Negative • Inequalities • Drivers of change Change Relationships objective Working relationship
Has power over
Has influence over
WaterAid’s Political Economy Analysis (PEA) toolkit.
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Insights – Establishing – Negative perceptions of WASH the need for PEA and the units: Units are seen as ad hoc politics of WASH units teams set up and supported by Underscoring the need for PEA as donors and development partners part of the planning for a sustainable with defined work plans and total sanitation outcome is this insight reporting processes independent of from Enugu state with regards to the mainstream local government working with the LGA WASH unit. systems. This affects the unit’s WASH units function as project relations with the rest of the coordinating teams and are created department. in response to the initiatives of – Political interference: There development partners. Units are have been instances of political set up with staff pulled in from the interference in how the team is Health Department and sometimes staffed and managed, particularly the Works Department and may have around elections. This is often based between eight and 13 environmental on an erroneous perception of the health officers. benefits of being in the WASH unit, Working with the WASH unit posed a e.g., expenses, travel and training/ number of challenges: career advancement opportunities. – Difficulties with finances: A Tactical PEA would have indicated Not being part of the formal these challenges in advance and administrative structure of the allowed WaterAid to design the local government, the unit cannot programme to address these issues draw funds directly from the LGA and improve the sustainability and accounts. Staff salaries are paid by scalability of the STS project in Enugu. the local government but the WASH unit does not have its own budget and plans independent of the Health Department.
Insights on PEA UNICEF roadmap One significant learning from the for making STS implementation in Nigeria Nigeria was the need for effective ‘tactical’ PEA. We open defecation free by did not conduct PEA during the STS project 2025, see the section on and as a result had to learn along the way enabling environment. while implementing. This had some significant implications, such as delays in implementation, determining and establishing key stakeholders to work with and the near absence of political will to support the STS implementation in the selected local governments and states.
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3. Design
For the STS project in Nigeria, the intervention was designed to respond to the sheer complexity of the challenges of gaining access to sanitation in rural/small towns in Nigeria.
Figure 3: The complex process of getting a toilet in rural/small town Nigeria
National/ State Level
City/Town
Community/ Village
Village
Credit: STS Nigeria STS Deep Dive Report 2014
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The Elephant Rider • Directing the rider. Make sure Pathway model the rider knows where to go, how A creative design process is others got there, and how you’ll get imperative to designing an there. STS intervention. Through • Motivating the elephant. this creative process, the findings of Knowing isn’t enough. Make sure the preliminary studies and formative the elephant feels drawn to the research are considered both from change. Make the change small (so the behaviour side, practices and it’s not intimidating) and encourage knowledge as well as pathways to a growth mind-set (“change is addressing existing challenges and possible”). hindrances to achieving sustainable • Shaping the path. Change the sanitation at scale. environment to change the The Elephant Rider Pathway model, behaviour. Build habits. Behaviour popularised by Chip and Dan Heath, is is contagious: surround yourself a useful model to consider in framing with others exhibiting the behaviour the creative process. you want; help is spread. The ‘rider’ is the rational, analytical Read more at https://alexvermeer. and controlled part of a person’s com/switch-by-chip-and-dan- brain that thrives on knowledge heath-2010/ and information, and the ‘elephant’ represents the emotional side of ourselves that is emotional, irrational and uncontrolled.
Defining the products and services The key product offered under In designing the project, effort must the STS project implemented by be made to define the products and WaterAid was the Water Easy Toilet. services that the project will deliver, Complementary services/activities such as the toilet options available, to support this product included with consideration of the information community demand generation and obtained from the context analysis mobilisation using CLTS, business and understanding of the enabling mobilisation, and marketing and environment. It will be important promotion, including sales support. to always remember that buying In future, these services could toilets is a significant investment include solid waste management, (both financially and emotionally) pit emptying, soap production, and therefore crucial to get right first and hardware to support hygiene time. promotions and other sanitation and hygiene-related services.
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User-centred design 1. Understanding your users: this A user-centred design (UCD) understanding must be informed approach puts the user, beneficiary by both the current realities and or customer at the centre of the aspirations of your users. Your design and delivery process of any users are a diverse group. Some intervention. Remember that not all may have very particular needs that users are the same, so be sure to will be different from the majority. seek out a variety of different users to 2. Making your products and services inform your design and approach. easy to use and include accessible UCD can be very helpful in framing options, particularly catering to the response not only at the the needs of those that might be beginning of the project but even disabled, or chronically ill or older during the implementation and people who may have increasing monitoring phases of the project. mobility challenges. In the context of development, all 3. Keeping your products and services stakeholders in the development consistent in look and feel, avoiding process are users in some way or radical changes while being flexible another. It is vital to understand their enough to make adjustments in needs and aspirations. UCD thrives response to user needs. on some basic principles: 4. Creating and maintaining a user interface – ensuring users have the ability to provide feedback about
WaterAid/Nneka Akwunwa services and products. 5. In response to feedback from users, act quickly to minimise problems or challenges with the use of your products and services.10
Developing a marketing strategy It is important that that the marketing strategy for the products and services be considered and established as feasible during the design stages. The initial strategies identified may be refined and finalised during implementation.
Designing the hygiene behaviour Water Easy Toilet change package (WET) on display at The hygiene promotion package Fedpat block industry. must also be considered during the October 2015. design stage. It is however advised that dedicated time be allocated for this creative process as it is focused on behaviour change. 10 http://www.designkit.org//resources/1
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WaterAid’s ABCDE of HBC Designing equitable and inclusive Assess: Determine what is known projects for all and unknown about current Affordable and inclusive access to and desired behaviours and sanitation is central to SDG 6.2’s target: their determinants. Speak to the “By 2030, achieve access to adequate community, review evidence, and and equitable sanitation and hygiene convene relevant stakeholders. for all and end open defecation, Build: Fill in the knowledge paying special attention to the needs gaps, understand behavioural of women and girls and those in determinants and collect more data. vulnerable situations”. Crucially, find out what has and has It is necessary to pay attention to, not worked in the past. The evidence and respond to, the requirements of generated informs the intervention disadvantaged groups throughout design. design, implementation and Create: Work with partners to design influencing processes to ensure that a robust and creative HBC promotion they are reached with interventions. package, including concepts, Use your baseline or formative materials, tools and activities. This research to increase your awareness process involves working with of the barriers that different groups colleagues across disciplines as a of people may face to sanitation and creative team. be sure to ask these people what their desired solutions look like. Use this Deliver: Execute the intervention information to ensure that products through sustained service delivery, are available that suit the different so that the target population are range of accessibility, financial, cultural sufficiently exposed (multiple times) and social requirements. to project activities. This also involves building the capacity of partners, When considering power relations stakeholders and frontline hygiene and their impact on your market and promoters to effectively implement objectives, do not forget the power the HBC project. dynamics within households. Are the decisions of the head of household Evaluate: Determine whether responding to the needs of all users the predicted changes occurred. within the household? This involves setting indicators, baselines, end-lines and process documentation. We focus on WaterAid Timor Leste measuring outcome level indicators manual for facilitating rather than the impact (which is dialogue between behaviour change). The reach of the women and men in intervention (coverage, provision communities. of HBC services) and effect of the Plan International Australia gender intervention (behaviour change) are and WASH monitoring tool. determined at this stage. LSHTM Behaviour Centred Design.
User-centred design toolkit.
20 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
4. Implementation
This section is a descriptive process Any capacity development initiative guide to aspects of implementing required may need to be systematic an STS project. These are points or just a periodic refresher. Training to consider, and the process steps could be led by facilitators from an are not necessarily consecutive. A external organisation or agency. number of the suggested actions can be applied concurrently. Insights – adapting to After the rigorous contextual challenging terrain analysis and thoughtful, creative Identifying with design, implementation can begin. community members indigenous To effectively implement STS there technology approaches to mitigate are activities to be carried out at topographical/geological challenges various levels, characterised here as has improved the sustainability of community, local government and sanitation services in these areas. state, and national. For example, in Jigawa state, Developing capacity communities have adopted the use It is important to check that the right of clay pots and old tyres to reinforce capacities exist within the different latrine structures. Also in Enugu stakeholders who are involved state, WaterAid, in collaboration with in implementation, such as local partners, adopted the use of drums partners and facilitating agencies. or bamboo to line the pit and avert Requisite capacity for sustainable latrine collapse. sanitation include: 1. Facilitation of CLTS 4.1 Community Level 2. Facilitation of SanMark 4.1.1 Community mobilisation 3. Business development support A critical part of implementation is mobilising the community so 4. Policy analysis and influencing that demand for decent toilets is 5. Hygiene promotion created. The community is the cell 6. Communication of the whole intervention and while there have been critical reviews of 7. Monitoring, learning and community-managed systems in the evaluation WASH sector, it is important to note 8. Barriers analysis in relation to that community participation remains often vulnerable and excluded a major factor in the sustainability groups and people discussion in the sector.
21 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework WaterAid/Andrew Esiebo Ahom, speaking at a community mobilisation meeting, Agbungu, Benue state, Nigeria, October 2015.
The degree and dimension of Equally, your analysis should help you participation is what is in question. to understand who lacks power and Mobilisation for participation must voice, and how your intervention can be considered with an objective meet the needs of those people as to empower rather than burden well. the communities with more Hold a preliminary meeting responsibilities. This underscores the need and benefit of effective It is important to hold preliminary mobilisation of the community. The meetings with community leaders. mobilisation process must recognise During this meeting, try to validate and work with existing structures and some of the information you have systems that the communities have gathered from the formative established for governance and social research, such as the existence cohesion. of savings/loan practices/groups, community development platforms/ With regards to empowerment, structures, masons and artisans. At it is important to work within this meeting also explore possible communities’ availability and market opportunities by enquiring convenience, paying attention to about existing businesses as well times for community meetings, and as resident entrepreneurs within specific responsibilities and roles that the community. This is also the time may emerge from the intervention. to agree on a day for community As much as possible, the project triggering. should be aligned with the prevailing way of life, normal schedules and 4.1.2 Business mobilisation movements of the community. To ensure there is supply before Pay particular attention to the creating demand, processes for existing leadership arrangement, mobilisation of local businesses being sure to understand through should be done alongside community a power analysis where the real engagement. Here is an example of influences and power in the what business mobilisation could community lie. look like:
22 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Be sure there is existing business Train businesses opportunity Present the sanitation crisis in their As part of the contextual analysis and locality as an opportunity not only for information-gathering on the target their business to grow and develop, area of intervention, details of what but also to create a healthier and kind of sanitation business already more prosperous environment for exist and how they are organised everyone. and structured should emerge. The Business development support contextual analysis may also indicate services should be made available the lack of business around sanitation to the businesses willing to engage, as well as even suggest possible perhaps via external consultants. reasons for why this is the case. The The Small and Medium Enterprise PEA in particular should give insights Development Agency of Nigeria is to the viability of sanitation-related able to also provide this support businesses and entrepreneurship in to business but the modalities for the target areas. This point cannot drawing on that support will have to be over-emphasised as it could be be worked out. However, this could a decisive factor in the success or be a more sustainable approach as poor performance of a market-based opposed to using external facilitating intervention in a project. agencies. Meet with business representatives In addition, assess the quality of Identified businesses, entrepreneurs existing sanitation products, and and other individuals interested introduce improved sanitation in businesses opportunities e.g. options where appropriate. block producers, artisans and toilet All of the above must happen to business owners, should be invited facilitate informed participation to a meeting in a town hall setting at of business before community the LGA level. At this meeting, find triggering. Thereafter invite out about the local private sector businesses to community governance structure and various triggering. The on-boarding business types, and try to understand process (including training) for the market. Then pitch the project, businesses can be difficult and demonstrating opportunities may require significant time that will exist to sell sanitation investments to convince them products. Introduce your models to about the profitability of engaging complement theirs if required, as in sanitation as a profit-making some locations might have existing enterprise. It is advised that this be improved options. Assess motivation considered in planning generally. levels to get involved, and enquire about the governance structure at both LGA and State level to enhance reach. Gauge interest and put together a database of interested businesses/individuals and visit them as soon as possible to identify capacity gaps, eg their volume of business and capacity for scale.
23 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework WaterAid/Andrew Esiebo
4.1.3 Triggering A meeting of WaterAid, Logo WASH unit and community members in Agaku, Benue state, Before demand is generated through Nigeria, 2015October 2015. triggering it is important to ensure the following are in place: • Set up community meeting and ensure availability of all, including Learnings from the vulnerable and disadvantaged field – protecting the groups. environment Concerns have been raised in • Ensure availability of mobilised communities in northern Nigeria businesses/entrepreneurs to attend facing desertification and other triggering meeting. climate change challenges over the Triggering is the process by which felling of trees to construct toilets. an emotional response is brought Often with the facilitation of CLTS out in community members as they and encouragement to use locally realise the negative effects of open available materials, communities defecation. A collective desire to have resorted to use of trees almost change behaviour is thus generated, as a default option. Where this is the propelling a community into action case then alternatives will have to be and to commit to becoming ODF. provided or suggested.
24 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Tools Supply alongside demand Tools and methods used during Ensure there is supply triggering should depend on before creating demand the existing level of services and i.e. ensuring that there understanding in the community. are appropriate and If the community only has very basic available products to enable or no access to sanitation then CLTS communities to begin purchase tools should be used to generate a and construction immediately after sense of urgency. triggering. This means mobilising businesses beforehand so that can Community triggering should be be an effective part of the demand done using the complementary generation process at the community participatory rural appraisal tools levels as well as be ready to meet the such as: demand for sanitation products and • defecation area mapping services once they begin to come in. • defecation area transect walk Triggering communities without clear paths as to how to access toilets was • shit calculation detrimental as communities quickly • household medical expenses reverted to open defecation, or in calculations some cases, never even attained • F-diagram demonstration open defection-free status. As a result, we recommend this staggered All of these tools are detailed in the mobilisation approach. National CLTS manual and the CLTS Handbook (see toolbox below). If however, the community already has Sales agents some access to basic sanitation and During triggering, look out for some level of toilet ownership and potential sales agents: community usage, then aspirational sales pitches members who are interested in may be used. issues surrounding water and Once a community-led decision to sanitation, well-linked to the rest of end open defecation is made, you the community, and possibly have should develop a community work entrepreneurial experiences and plan with clear timelines. See the skills. These could be local traders, CLTS Handbook for details. shop owners and keepers. In small towns and urban centres it is possible to find people with experience of CLTS Handbook – Plan commission-based sales too. We International and IDS. found during the implementation of the STS project in Enugu state that young people, especially those out of formal employment, were very interested in becoming sales agents.
25 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Mobilise sales agents Typically at this meeting, the Once these potential sales agents are commission the agents could earn on identified during triggering sessions, the different types of toilet/products they should be taken through a and services options is established. structured engagement process. Some minimal procedure for doing This could involve an application business is also established, initial and interview process to establish questions for clarification and further willingness of the identified persons understanding of how the business to become commission agents for operates can be part of this meeting. the businesses. A facilitating agency Once the agents are willing and leading the implementation (could be able to go ahead, a day or two of NGO, local government WASH unit training on the key contents of the etc) of the project should facilitate sales and promotional strategy will a terms and conditions meetings be helpful, as toilets are not everyday between the sales agents and consumables and selling a toilet is suppliers (i.e., the concrete block essentially selling a new lifestyle and producers and masons). profound behaviour change. The
Insights – why use 2. Lack of recognition by the sales agents instead of community especially where they natural leaders? just emerged/are selected by the CLTS has used ‘natural leaders’, i.e. facilitators during triggering without interested volunteers from the target the input from the community. community, who are expected to not 3. The difficult terrain in some only help sensitise the community communities hinder easy members on good sanitation and movement of natural leaders from hygiene promotion but also monitor one point to the other without the latrine uptake and use in the use/cost of motorcycles. community. They are also expected 4. Some of the natural leaders who to send regular reports to the LGA do not reside in the village go back WASH unit. to the city without notice. The engagement of natural leaders in 5. Some village members do not a number of communities have proven cooperate with them especially to be challenging and sometime where there are community very ineffective in supporting the conflicts or division along communities to achieve and maintain political lines. ODF status as intended. Many natural leaders stop functioning within a In response to these challenges, few weeks after engagement due to we recommend working with sales several factors such as: agents instead. Sales agents have the potential to earn a living through 1. Lack of monetary incentive to help their work and as such, they are more them take care of their families and likely to have higher and sustained for transportation from house to motivation. house.
26 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
Msendoo, 13, a student washing her hands in Benue state, Nigeria, October 2015. WaterAid/Andrew Esiebo
specific details of the messages and 4.1.4 Hygiene promotion/ content of the campaign should be institutional triggering provided for the agents. Success will be heavily dependent Efforts to incentivise the sales on adapting to the context. It is vital agents are important to get their to identify who will be the influential commitment and enthusiasm, it people to make change happen, e.g. should be emphasised that this is a mothers-in-law, schools, markets, business opportunity and that they churches, mosques, healthcare can expect to make money for their centres etc. These channels should effort. In the WaterAid STS project, then be used to deliver hygiene groups of facilitators were trained promotion. by LGA WASH units to deliver sales Ahead of the implementation, training. However, going forward, process please be mindful that a the business owners must be able to specific hygiene behaviour change provide training and support for their package must be developed sales agents. through a creative process that Working with community institutions allows for addressing the specific domain challenge in the district. Identify influential and strong Avoid the pitfall of production of a community institutions to work with deluge of information education while implementing the project. communication (IEC) materials In addition, the facilitating agency and hoping this will change must make efforts to ensure inclusive any behaviour. Within the STS representation of the community programme the behaviours around institutions identified, particularly construction and use of toilets with regards to gender and disability. is paramount in the plethora of behaviours that can be targeted, but of course other critical behaviours as hand washing with soap, food hygiene, menstrual hygiene cannot be left out.
27 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework WaterAid/Andrew Esiebo Denen, 39, a hygiene teacher in class with pupils, primary school, Benue state, Nigeria, October 2015.
4.1.5 Post triggering Learnings from the From experience, communities field – issues with land start wanting to construct toilets ownership, tenure immediately after triggering. It is and tenancy therefore advisable for the facilitating Landlords have refused the agency to support businesses to construction toilets on their organise a sales event as soon as properties as they fear this could lead possible to ensure individuals can to possible disputes at the end of the access improved sanitation products tenancy. The tenement laws are clear to construct good quality toilets. but more traditional codes of practice prevail when it comes to renting Community institutions identified properties and constructing any form during triggering should be engaged of facility on the rented property, and trained on follow up, monitoring especially when such structures are and documentation. Roles and considered to be permanent. In the responsibilities should be clearly face of weak judicial systems and defined at this stage if several groups no real protections of the rights of are being engaged. a tenant, land owners flagrantly The community map should be used deny tenants the right to access by management groups to track decent sanitation. Working with progress towards achieving total land owners may be necessary to sanitation and be regularly updated. mitigate this issue, although this was The map should be displayed in a not something explored in the STS public place and protected from project. damage.
28 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
4.2 Local government and 4.2.2 State government state level engagement Meet with relevant state institutions 4.2.1 Local government leadership and agencies with a mandate for It is important that the facilitating sanitation and pitch the project. The agency effectively engage and state as well as the local government mobilise the leadership of the local and the federal government have government. Consider having a responsibilities for sanitation and briefing session with the Local hygiene delivery variously. The Government Chairman and his Rural Water and Sanitation Agency council. The responsible department and the Small Towns Water Agency, or unit within the local government where they exist, are direct agencies can be the designated anchor for the of the state government. These are project. It is important that roles and key agencies responsible for WASH responsibilities are clarified between at the state level directly reporting the participating departments and to the state’s ministry of water or units. Ensure also that each unit resources, which are responsible for or department is able to deliver on WASH and broader water resources assigned roles and responsibilities. management. Explore pitching at Where this is not the case as may be state level coordination platforms to indicated by capacity gaps analysis, set the stage for effective influencing adequate plans are to be made of the sector. The State Task Group to support capacity development on Sanitation (STGS) is very important and strengthening in the areas of here to ensure that their roles are gaps. The LGA are well positioned to targeted at delivering their mandate; facilitate context-based sanitation it is recommended that the focus here interventions as they are closest to should be to support STGS in self- the communities and understand sustaining strategies for effectively the socio-economic realities of the continued ownership of roles. State intervention locations. level agencies and parastatals with
Logo LGA WASHCOM unit staff in Logo, Benue state, Nigeria. WaterAid/ Andrew Esiebo
29 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
peri-urban and urban sanitation 4.3 National level mandate should be engaged for National-level advocacy and facilitation and implementation role influencing should use learnings depending on context and target. from project implementation. Collaboration with relevant agencies 4.2.3 Private sector engagement (development partners, the national at the national level task group on sanitation and research A key shift in the emerging STS institutions) is critical to disseminate/ model is the deliberate focus on share learnings and advocate for the mobilisation and engagement of adoption of the STS approach. the private sector in sanitation delivery in Nigeria. We recognise Learning events should be organised that previously there have been to share project lessons or sometimes efforts to engage the private sector aligned with key WASH annual events in the delivery of sanitation with to cross-reference lessons and various projects and approaches. experiences from other sector actors. The sani-centre/sanimart model, WaterAid understands that STS is not for instance, was intended to bring a destination but a process, and as about entrepreneurship in sanitation such, needs research, development and to strengthen the supply chain and innovation to ensure continuous in sanitation. There were pockets improvement of the process and of successes with these models but available sanitation options. significant challenges especially Therefore, feedback on because of the way they were implementation from the community facilitated, often with a charity and level through the LGA and state levels aid mechanism setting them up and should be linked with a systematic running them. The paradigm shift research process to constantly with the emerging STS framework adapt and improve on learnings and is that sanitation provision can be a findings from the field. Further details business. are outlined in the sections under cross cutting themes below.
UNICEF roadmap for making Nigeria open defecation free by 2025, see the section on major roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders for breakdown of the Nigerian context.
30 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
5. The power of collaboration and integration
Partnerships in the STS project At the national level, collaborations The STS project was implemented were forged with then National Task in partnership/collaboration with Group on Sanitation and UNICEF, traditional WASH sector actors at and partnerships were established national, state and local government with the LGA WASH units and levels and included the private with civil society organisations in sector at community levels. Though the implementing states. The STS an STS advisory committee was also modelled partnership and established as a coordination/ engagement with the private sector, advisory mechanism for the project facilitating engagement of big with committee members drawn manufacturing companies. from WASH and other sectors, partnerships/collaborations and integration with other sectors such as education and health, and with state and local levels, was weak.
Key Idea – Think tank Most of the other iterations and WaterAid envisions a process learnings have been on an informal where government, civil basis and are at best anecdotal. society, research institutions, The idea of a national think tank academia, the private on sanitation will be to support sector and development partners the standardisation of processes, will jointly work together through bring about quality assurance and a think tank. The purpose of which systematic learning in the sector. The would be to provide high quality think tank will be the platform where research towards improvement of policy and practice converge and also practice, policy recommendations and the hub for coordination of national implementation, financing models as convening on sanitation. well as social and cultural factors that This publication is intended as a enables or inhibits the achievement of conversation-starter for this think total sanitation in Nigeria. tank that will work to find the right The formal research under the STS approaches that can accompany the project is one of the few rigorous ambitious plans and targets of Nigeria research processes that are informing towards achieving universal access to further development of the sector. sanitation by 2025.
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Cross-sector integration For example, health, education, Framing sanitation as a core agriculture and rural development element integrated into sustainable sectors are essential services development enables us to sectors and have been very good at undertake the required collaboration generating the right political support with other development sectors. for the specific causes and issues Increased access to and sustainable that have been pertinent to them management of improved sanitation and the sanitation sector can learn facilities, along with increased access from these. To achieve this level to safe water and hygiene practices, of collaboration and learning, the is essential to the achievement of sanitation sector must be able to other sustainable development goals articulate very clearly and creatively rendering cross-sector collaboration the importance of addressing vital. We will develop partnerships sanitation for the achievement of with actors in these sectors, such as the global goals in the other sectors. health, nutrition and education, in The way the health sector addressed order to deliver holistic development. the HIV/AIDS challenge for example, is an interesting model that can be To achieve the level of political traction referenced. necessary to address the critical sanitation situation in Nigeria we can learn from and work with other sectors which have been very good at generating political support and progress. This will require a paradigm shift from the current tendency for WASH programmes to work in relative isolation, to a broader, more open working approach involving collaboration across sectors.
32 Sustainable Total Sanitation: An emerging framework
6. Epilogue: Work to be done
During the STS project a number of • Hygienic animal management areas for further development were For security reasons, many identified: households keep livestock inside • Finance options, such as and around the home. The process microfinance, village savings and towards declaring ODF status must loans associations and target take account of, and address, this savings should be explored to issue if the health benefits of STS/ ensure the very poorest can access ODF are to be fully realised. sanitation products and services. • Solid waste management Although this was not explored The disposal of children’s diapers, during the STS project. and of children’s faeces in • The sanitation chain extends general, needs to be addressed beyond the toilets installed in as they typically bypass any adult households and community sanitation service and end up in settings. Pit emptying, open rubbish areas to be eaten transportation, treatment and by animals and spread through reuse – the full continuum to the community. Household refuse ensure ‘safely-managed’ – must be management is also still a major considered to achieve sustainable challenge in Nigeria especially in sanitation. the small towns and urban area and the plastic waste management • Triggering transient is daunting. communities. We found that with migrant/transient communities living within settled communities, the effect of the mobilisation process is weaker. More research and understanding as well as approaches to tackle this issue is needed.
33 Market place sales event during STS project. WaterAid/Dare Oduluyi
Marketplace WaterAid/Adesina Samuel promotion event. Ikole LGA, Nigeria.
Front cover image: WaterAid Nigeria Margaret outside her newly installed Water No8. Etang Obuli Crescent, Abuja, Nigeria Easy Toilet, in Igbo Email: [email protected] Eze LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria, December 2015. www.wateraid.org/ng WaterAid/Neil Wissink