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Scientific American PL ANETARY SCIENCE MEDICINE ENVIRONMENT Rings of a On/Off Switch Can We Really Super Saturn for Genes Capture Carbon? JANUARY 2016 ScientificAmerican.com The Brain’s GPS Pathfinding networks tell us where we are— and help to form new memories © 2015 Scientific American JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 314, NUMBER 1 58 NEUROSCIENCE ENERGY 26 Where Am I? Where 58 The Carbon Am I Going? Capture Fallacy Scientists are figuring out how All credible plans for dealing the brain navigates. By May-Britt with climate change, including Moser and Edvard I. Moser the ones discussed in Paris this month, hinge on finding a way to PLANETARY SCIENCE remove carbon before it goes up 34 Rings of a Super Saturn A gargantuan set of planetary the smokestack. Progress has been rings encircles a planet that orbits slow. By David Biello a star 400 light-years away. COGNITION By Matthew Kenworthy 66 Do Animals Know PUBLIC HEALTH Where Babies Come From? 42 Death in the Water Chimpanzees and other primates Arsenic contamination in India sometimes seem to have a grasp and other parts of Asia is a growing of procreation, but they lack problem. Experts are divided about key cognitive traits needed to how to fight it. By Katy Daigle truly understand. By Holly Dunsworth ON THE COVER MEDICINE Nobel Prize–winning research has identified 52 An On/Off Switch MATHEMATICS the existence of brain regions that work together for Genes 70 Elegant Equations to function as a biological GPS. This neural Molecular switches can turn Most people look at symbols and navigation system deep within the brain allows transplanted genes on and off, numbers and see cold logic. us to move seamlessly from place to place. The disorientation that afflicts Alzheimer’s patients paving the way for safer therapies. Mathematicians see the sublime. may result if these cerebral areas are damaged. By Jim Kozubek By Clara Moskowitz Illustration by Mark Ross. Photograph by Jeff Wilson January 2016, ScientificAmerican.com 1 © 2015 Scientific American 4 From the Editor 6 Letters 10 Science Agenda An important question for presidential candidates is: What is your plan to cut drug prices? By the Editors 11 Forum To support women in science, we must reckon with a culture of unconscious bias. By Claire Pomeroy 12 Advances NASA’s slow-going search for dangerous asteroids. The most accurate GPS. A professional tree climber. 11 23 The Science of Health Desserts and junk foods can send our appetites into hyperdrive. By Ferris Jabr 25 TechnoFiles A surefire way to banish online ads. By David Pogue 74 Recommended All the light we can and cannot see. Politics on the brain. How life arose from nonlife. Johannes Kepler’s involve­­- ment in a witchcraft trial. By Clara Moskowitz 75 Skeptic Did Homo naledi behave more like Homo homicidensis? 18 By Michael Shermer 76 Anti Gravity A new book postulates that math can actually be fun. By Steve Mirsky 78 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago 80 Graphic Science Slumbering research comes to life. By Amber Williams ON THE WEB 2015 Breakthrough Prizes Scientific Americanspotlights the winners’ outstanding achievements in life sciences, physics and mathematics. Go to www.ScientificAmerican.com/jan2016/breakthrough 78 Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), Volume 314, Number 1, January 2016, published monthly by Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc., 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, N.Y. 10004-1562. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing offices. Canada Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40012504. Canadian BN No. 127387652RT; TVQ1218059275 TQ0001. Publication Mail Agreement #40012504. Return undeliverable mail to Scientific American, P.O. Box 819, Stn Main, Markham, ON L3P 8A2. Individual Subscription rates: 1 year $39.97 (USD), Canada $49.97 (USD), International $61 (USD). Institutional Subscription rates: Schools and Public Libraries: 1 year $72 (USD), Canada $77 (USD), International $84 (USD). Businesses and Colleges/Universities: 1 year $330 (USD), Canada $335 (USD), International $342 (USD). Postmaster: Send address changes to Scientific American, Box 3187, Harlan, Iowa 51537. Reprints available: write Reprint Department, Scientific American, 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, N.Y. 10004- 1562; fax: 646-563-7138; [email protected]. Subscription inquiries: U.S. and Canada (800) 333-1199; other (515) 248-7684. Send e-mail to [email protected]. Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2015 by Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. 2 Scientific American, January 2016 © 2015 Scientific American FROM THE EDITOR Mariette DiChristina is editor in chief of Scientific American. Follow her on Twitter @mdichristina “Where Am I? Where Am I Going?” The article starts on page 26. Finding Unfortunately, carbon emissions are headed in only one di- rection—up. With Paris climate talks drawing attention to the problem of excess carbon in the atmosphere from fossil-fuel Our Place burning, many have pointed to the need for carbon capture and storage. But can we afford it? In “The Carbon Capture Fallacy,” Where am I going? As you’ll learn in this issue, the way the brain senior reporter David Biello takes a look at a case in point: the processes the straightforward, location-based meaning of that building of the enormous Kemper “clean coal” power plant in question is just as interesting as its ability to ruminate on the Mississippi, which is intended to generate energy from the dirti- existential meaning of the phrase. Our brain est form of coal while siphoning off the emis- has a GPS-like system that senses where we sions. The captured carbon dioxide would, in are and where we are headed. It also factors turn, be pumped into oil wells to force out in the passage of time in its calculations of more oil. Kemper is turning out to be expen- position, doing so with an ease that leaves sive—and costs have led to the shutdowns of us barely aware of the effort. The process- more than a couple of dozen such plants. ing occurs in networks of cells deep within Can we find a way forward? Turn to page 58. the brain, which collaborate to create a Shifting our focus to other worlds, we mental map of our environment. These can soar through the magazine to the arti- maps take the form of patterns of electri- cle “Rings of a Super Saturn,” by astrono- cal activity that fire in a way that echoes mer Matthew Kenworthy, beginning on the shape of the surrounding layout and page 34. Think of Saturn, our solar sys- our position in it. tem’s second-largest planet—nearly 10 Intriguingly, these pathfinding re- times the width of Earth—and its grace- gions of the brain are involved in the ful rings. Now try to imagine what as- making of new memories. Unforgivably, tronomers have found: a ring system perhaps, my own brain has just suggested to me that this fact some 200 times larger, around a giant planet orbiting a distant puts a new twist on the phrase “a stroll down memory lane.” star in our Milky Way galaxy. This exoplanet may even have the Nobel Prize–winning neuroscientists May-Britt Moser and Ed- first moon detected outside our solar system. These and other vard I. Moser explore the terrain further in our cover story, wonders await in this month’s edition. BOARD OF ADVISERS Leslie C. Aiello Kaigham J. Gabriel Christof Koch Martin A. Nowak Terry Sejnowski President, Wenner-Gren Foundation President and Chief Executive Officer, President and CSO, Director, Program for Evolutionary Professor and Laboratory Head for Anthropological Research Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Allen Institute for Brain Science Dynamics, and Professor of Biology and of Computational Neurobiology of Mathematics, Harvard University Laboratory, Salk Institute for Roger Bingham Harold “Skip” Garner Lawrence M. Krauss Robert E. Palazzo Biological Studies Co-Founder and Director, Director, Medical Informatics and Director, Origins Initiative, Dean, University of Alabama at Michael Shermer The Science Network Systems Division, and Professor, Virginia Arizona State University Birmingham College of Arts and Sciences Publisher, Skeptic magazine Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech Arthur Caplan Morten L. Kringelbach Carolyn Porco Michael Snyder Director, Division of Medical Ethics, Michael S. Gazzaniga Director, Hedonia: TrygFonden Leader, Cassini Imaging Science Professor of Genetics, Stanford Department of Population Health, Director, Sage Center for the Study Research Group, University of Oxford Team, and Director, CICLOPS, University School of Medicine NYU Langone Medical Center of Mind, University of California, and University of Aarhus Space Science Institute Michael E. Webber Vinton Cerf Santa Barbara Steven Kyle Vilayanur S. Ramachandran Co-director, Clean Energy Incubator, Director, Center for Brain and Cognition, and Associate Professor, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google David J. Gross Professor of Applied Economics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego George M. Church Professor of Physics and Permanent Management, Cornell University University of Texas at Austin Lisa Randall Director, Center for Computational Member, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Robert S. Langer Steven Weinberg Professor of Physics, Genetics, Harvard Medical School Physics,University of California, Santa David H. Koch Institute Professor, Director, Theory Research Group, Harvard University Rita Colwell Barbara (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004) Department of Chemical Department of Physics, Martin Rees University of Texas at Austin Distinguished University Professor, Lene Vestergaard Hau Engineering, M.I.T. Astronomer Royal and Professor (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979) University of Maryland College Park Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Lawrence Lessig of Cosmology and Astrophysics, George M.
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