Note : References to Tables Indicated with Italics

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19577-6 — A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena Edited by Leonardo F. Fontenelle , Murat Yücel Index More Information 425

Index

Note : References to tables indicated with italics .

5- HT3 antagonists, 190 , 192 and PSP, 371 and experiential avoidance, 339 5- hydroxytryptamine (5- HT) and schedule-induced polydipsia, 63 and fear response and system, 187 and stereotypy, 377 , 378 regulation, 96 – 97 a n d s t r e s s , 4 1 and obsessions, 130 ABGA (anti-basal ganglia antibodies), anterior limb of the internal capsule as OCD comorbidity, 19 , 116 – 17 , 54 – 55 , 57 (ALIC), 256 – 57 , 258 , 259 118 , 165 Acceptance and Commitment Th erapy antibiotics, 56 , 249 – 50 , 377 , 379 as OCD risk factor, 120 (ACT), 352 , 353 antibodies, 54 – 55 as sub- clinical OCD acceptance- enhanced behavior anti- basal ganglia antibodies comorbidity, 165 therapy, 371 (ABGA), 54 – 55 , 57 relief, and compulsive rituals, 207 acute threat, see fear anti- streptolysin O (ASO), 54 risk factors, 121 – 23 addiction, 401 , see also b e h a v i o r a l antidepressants, see selective serotonin treatment- seeking behaviors, 115 – 16 addictions reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) ; Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedules ADHD. see attention defi cit serotonin norepinephrine (ADIS), 172 hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) ; anxiety sensitivity, 176 , 178 , 339 adolescents. see children and serotonin reuptake inhibitors Anxiety Sensitivity Index- 3 adolescents (SRI); tricyclic antidepressants (ASI- 3), 176 agency, 2 , 8 (TCA) ; specifi c drugs appraisal model of OCD, 163 , 220 – 21 agoraphobia, 115 – 17 , 164 – 65 antiepileptics. see also lamotrigine ; aripip razole akinetic- rigid syndromes, 384 – 85 topiramate ; valproate in animal models, 65 alcohol dependence, see substance use for ASD, 377 for BDD, 193 disorders (SUD) for OCD, 191 , 389 – 90 for eating disorders, 65 alexithymia, 3 for PG, 66 for OCD, 188 , 189 , 232 allergies, 165 for SMD, 377 for tic disorders, 360 allopurinol, 377 f o r S U D , 6 6 A S D , see autistic spectrum alpha- 2 agonists, 186 , 360 for tic disorders, 360 – 61 disorder (ASD) amitriptyline, 185 antipsychotics, 231 – 32 , see also Ashwagandha, 298 amygdala aripip razole; haloperidol ; ASO (anti- streptolysin), 54 and BDD, 309 olanzapine ; pimozide ; a s s e s s m e n t . see also classifi cation and fear response and quetiapine ; risperidone and diagnosis; history taking; regulation, 96 – 97 for BDD, 193 specifi c assessment instruments and hoarding behaviors, 335 – 36 for koro, 417 of cognitive control, 4 and negative reinforcement, for OCD, 186 , 187 , 188 – 89 , of insight, 174 62 – 63 , 67 231 – 32 , 248 of OCD, 172 – 74 and OCD, 76 , 77 – 78 , 79 , 96 for tic disorders, 186 , 232 , 360 and RDoC, 2 and PG, 63 for TTM, 194 , 232 , 371 association specifi er, 376 – 77 and reward processing, 96 side- eff ects, 232 athymhormia, 385 a n d S U D , 6 2 – 6 3 anti- reward systems, see negative atomoxetine, 338 animal hoarding, 332 reinforcement attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder animal models anxiety and anxiety disorders. see also (ADHD) and DBS, 66 agoraphobia ; generalized and HD, 339 and excessive grooming, 32 , 372 – 73 anxiety disorder (GAD) ; as OCD comorbidity, 19 – 20 , and habit, 64 post- traumatic stress disorder 22 – 23 , 146 and herbal remedies, 298 (PTSD) ; social anxiety as sub- clinical OCD and hoarding behaviors, 335 disorder (SAD) comorbidity, 165 and pharmacotherapy, 66 , 187 , excessive, and obsessional neuropathology, 77 , 88 294 , 301 stimuli, 207 pharmacotherapy, 186 , 360

425

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19577-6 — A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena Edited by Leonardo F. Fontenelle , Murat Yücel Index More Information 426

Index

attentional bias to threat, 6 antidepressants, 192 – 93 , 229 , 310 splicing, 34 – 35 autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), 77 , antipsychotics, 193 and therapeutic response, 33 – 34 175 , 333 , 376 , 377 drug augmentation, 193 , 232 in TTM (animal models), 32 autoimmune disease. see immune incremental response, 193 cannabinoid agonists, 371 system: dysfunction, and myo- inositol (MI), 297 CANS (childhood acute autoimmune disease placebo response, blunted, 192 – 93 neuropsychiatric avoidance, 6 , 178 prevalence, 307 , 414 symptoms), 53 psychotherapy capsulotomy, 257 – 58 , 281 – 86 basal ganglia, 63 , see also caudate CBT, 210 , 235 – 36 , 309 – 11 catatonia, 384 nucleus; nucleus accumbens IBA, 226 categorical approach, to diagnosis (NA) ; putamen ; subthalamic mirror retraining, 309 – 10 , 311 and treatment of OCRDs, vs. nucleus; ventral striatum visual training, 311 – 12 dimensional approach, 7 , 420 BDD (BDDQ) questionnaire - and quality of life, 308 caudal temporal regions, 75 , 76 dermatology version (DV), 414 and recurrent images, 4 caudate nucleus, 75 , 92 , 96 , 139 – 40 , bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST), remission rate, 147 255 62 – 63 , 67 and suicide, 308 cerebellum, 75 behavior therapy, see cognitive and visual processing abnormalities, childhood experiences, and risk of behavioral therapy (CBT) ; 309 , 310 – 11 OCRD, 44 , 119 , 121 – 22 , 335 exposure and response body- focused repetitive children and adolescents prevention (ERP) behaviors, see skin picking, and history taking, 172 , 173 behavioral addictions, 401 – 08 , see also pathological (PSP) ; a n d O C D , see Obsessive- compulsive buying disorder; trichotillomania (TTM) Compulsive Disorder (OCD): compulsive sexual behavior; as focused or automatic, 178 in children and adolescents gambling, pathological ; Borna disease virus, 53 and PSP, 369 kleptomania bradykinesia, see akinetic- rigid and stereotypic movement disorder, classifi cation and diagnosis, 401 syndromes 376 , 377 cognitive dysfunction, 406 – 7 brain damage and injury, and and sub- clinical OCD, 165 – 66 , 168 behavioral infl exibility, 63 , see also pathogenesis of OCRDs and tic disorders, 357 – 58 , 359 – 60 fl exibility and infl exibility stroke, 333 , 390 – 91 and TTM, 155 , 194 , 295 , 368 Behavioral Inhibition/ Activation traumatic, 42 , 119 , 333 , 390 chorea, 385 System (BIS/ BAS) tumors, 390 – 91 Benign Hereditary Chorea questionnaire, 65 brain imaging, see neuroimaging (BHC), 387 benzodiazepines, 185 brain models of OCD, 3 – 4 , 74 , see also Sydenham chorea, 51 , 53 , bifactor model of OCD, 176 cognitive models of OCRD 56 – 57 , 386 binge eating disorder (BED), see e a t i n g and decision-making, 41 , 76 – 77 , 271 cingulate cortex, 335 disorders brain tumors, 390 – 91 anterior, 4 , 92 , 96 , 97 , 255 biomarkers, for OCRDs, 139 – 40 , 196 , Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale and HD, 98 , 335 – 36 255 – 56 (BABS), 174 , 178 , 308 volume change, 75 , 78 – 79 bipolar disorders, 116 , 118 , 165 buspirone, 185 cingulotomy, 281 , 287 – 88 birth complications, and risk of citalopram OCD, 39 , 40 cancer, 391 with CBT, 313 body dysmorphic disorder brain, 390 – 91 with clomipramine, 230 (BDD). see also k o r o candidate gene studies and gene for compulsive sexual with actual fl aws (BDD- AF), polymorphisms, 30 – 31 , behavior, 404 – 05 413 – 14 , 418 , 418 , 419 see also epigenetics ; genetics ; for OCD, 185 without repetitive behaviors Genome Wide Association for OCPD, 349 (BDD- WRB), 414 – 15 , 418 , Studies (GWAS) for ORD, 313 418 , 419 in dystonic syndromes, 387 for PSP, 371 and acne, 414 and glutamatergic system, 233 for TTM, 194 classifi cation and diagnosis, 307 , 310 in impulse control disorders, classifi cation and diagnosis. see also comorbidities, 308 384 – 85 a s s e s s m e n t ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l cosmetic surgery, 310 , 414 in OCD, 30 – 31 , 32 , 52 , 53 , 233 Classifi cation of Functioning, course and outcome, 147 , 307 – 08 , in OCPD, 347 – 48 Disability, and Health (ICF) ; 310 in OCS, 384 under specifi c disorders; specifi c and eff ort valuation, 3 in onychophagia (animal DSMs; specifi c ICDs; specifi c and hyperrefl exivity, 3 models), 32 instruments and insight, 307 , 308 in PD, 384 – 85 assessment and diagnostic neuropathology, 77 , 86 , 98 , 309 in PSP, 373 instruments, 120 – 21 pharmacotherapy in rheumatic fever, 53 biomarkers, 139 – 40 , 196 , 255 – 56

426

Index

cross- diagnostic approaches, 174 – 77 T C A s , 243 conditioned associations, and defi ned, 128 with physical activity, 300 OCD, 219 – 20 dimensional approach, to diagnosis for phobias, 219 conditioning theory, 219 and treatment of OCRDs, 195 , for PSP, 371 confl ict detection, and sustained 196 – 97 , 351 response prediction, 102 , 235 – 36 threat, 6 vs. categorical approach, 7 , 420 cognitive confi dence, 222 – 23 , see also contingency- related fl exibility, 63 early systems, 133 senses, distrust of in OCD control, loss of, and compulsivity, and ego- dystonicity, 130 cognitive control, assessment of, 4 15 , 236 functional analysis, 214 cognitive distortions, 176 coprolalia, 358 , see also tics role of treatment cognitive dysfunction, in behavioral copropraxia, 358 , see also tics approaches, 195 – 96 addictions, 406 – 7 corpus callosum, 78 specifi ers, see association specifi er ; cognitive infl exibility, 63 , 64 , 92 – 96 , corpus striatum, 77 , 98 course of illness specifi er ; 97 , 348 , 372 , see also fl exibility correct- related negatives (CRN), 4 excessive acquisition specifi er ; and infl exibility cortical thickness changes, 75 , 77 , 78 , insight specifi er ; obsessive- cognitive models of OCRD, see 79 , 406 compulsive symptoms appraisal model of OCD ; corticosteroids, 56 – 57 specifi er ; self- injury specifi er ; bifactor model of OCD; cortico- striato- thalamic circuits. tic- related specifi er cognitive confi dence; see also basal ganglia; as symptoms, syndromes, and Inference- Based Approach prefrontal cortex nosological entities, 129 (IBA) model ; metacognitive CSTC model of OCD, 85 – 92 , a s t y p i fi cation, 128 model of OCD ; network model 99 , 255 Clinical Global Impression- completeness, vs. harm avoidance, gray matter, 75 Improvement (CGI- I), 229 176 , 195 resting- state fMRI studies, 96 , clomipramine compulsions and compulsivity. 255 – 56 for BDD, 192 – 93 , 310 see also obsessive- compulsive and stereotypy, 378 with CBT, 242 – 46 , 243 , 247 , 313 symptoms (OCS) and stress, 44 for OCD, 185 , 186 , 242 – 46 , 349 compulsive rituals, 5 , 163 , 207 and therapeutic response, 45 for OCPD, 349 and control loss, 15 , 236 white matter, 75 – 76 for ORD, 313 defi nitions and classifi cation, 7 – 8 , cortico- subcortical circuits, 3 – 4 for SMD, 377 14 – 16 , 17 , 131 – 33 cosmetic surgery, 310 , 414 with SSRIs, 230 – 31 desires to resist, 132 course of illness specifi er, 156 – 57 for TTM, 194 , 370 diagnostic instruments, 65 culture- bound syndromes (CBS), incremental response, 186 as dysfunctional behavior, 15 – 16 , 17 416 – 17 , 418 clorgyline, 185 as focused or automatic, 178 cytokines, 54 , 55 , 300 – 01 Clutter Image Rating (CIR), 336 and free will, 15 , 16 clutter, vs. hoarding, 333 vs. impulsivity, 14 – 15 , 175 – 76 , 325 , daily life, impairment, 115 , see also cobalamin, 292 – 93 350 – 51 quality of life cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). treatment implications, 177 – 78 , D- amphetamine, 190 see also exposure and 195 , 236 , 271 decision- making response prevention (ERP); mental compulsions, 176 , 195 and HD, 97 – 98 , 101 – 02 psychotherapy and negative reinforcement, 62 – 63 , a n d O C D , 9 7 – 9 8 and brain structure and activity, 67 , 211 and PG, 406 – 07 78 – 79 , 99 – 100 , 101 – 2 neurobiological basis, 97 goal- directed vs. habit- based, 41 , for BDD, 210 , 235 – 36 , 309 – 10 , 311 o b s e r v a t i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e , 1 4 – 1 6 76 – 77 , 271 for clinical perfectionism phenomenological perspective, deep brain stimulation (DBS), 256 – 61 , (CBT- P), 352 14 – 16 , 17 see also repetitive transcranial for HD, 155 , 337 and practical identity, 16 – 17 magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for hypochondriasis, 323 – 24 vs. repetitive behaviors, 175 – 76 , complications, 286 , 287 f o r O C D , 91 , 146 – 54 , 209 , 234 – 35 , tics, 175 – 76 , 361 method, 256 , 261 , 286 242 – 44 , 300 as stereotyped behaviors, 131 and non-OCD compulsive for OCPD, 349 – 50 , 352 and stress, 41 behaviors, 259 for ORD, 313 as subjective phenomena, 132 – 33 for OCD, 66 – 67 , 256 – 61 and pediatric patients, 78 Compulsive Acquisition Scale, and orbitofrontothalamic fi ber with pharmacotherapy 336 – 37 morphology, 79 , 288 antibiotics, 249 – 50 compulsive buying disorder, 338 , for Parkinson’s disease, 259 – 60 ketamine, 234 – 35 402 – 4 , 407 post- surgery optimization, 261 SRIs, 247 – 44 , 248 , 338 compulsive sexual behavior, RCT design, 261 SSRIs, 230 , 245 , 246 , 247 , 404 – 5 , 406 and stereotypy, 379 313 , 324 computed tomography (CT), 74 f o r S U D , 6 6

427

Index

deep brain stimulation (DBS) (cont.) and Substance/Medication- and habit, 64 for TD, 259 , 287 , 361 Induced OCRDs, 391 – 92 neuropathology, 61 – 62 , 77 , 97 target sites, 66 – 67 , 256 – 59 and tic disorder and Tourette’s as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 optimization, 260 – 61 , 361 Disorder, 358 – 59 pharmacotherapy, 65 , 66 delusions, 3 , 8 , 313 , 322 and TTM, 367 psychosurgery depressive disorders specifi ers in, 137 , 376 – 77 ablative, 287 and gray matter volume changes, 76 , instruments, see specifi c instruments DBS, 66 , 67 , 287 77 diathesis- stress model, 52 – 54 psychotherapy, 225 – 26 and hyperrefl exivity, 3 diff usion magnetic resonance and punishment sensitivity, 62 vs. hypochondriasis, 322 imaging, 79 and reward processing, 61 – 62 , 97 and immune dysfunction, 55 dimensional approach, to diagnosis echolalia, 358 , see also tics as OCD comorbidity, 19 , 21 – 22 , and treatment of OCRDs, 195 , echopraxia, 358 , see also tics 116 , 164 – 65 196 – 97 , 351 educational level, and risk pharmacotherapy, 186 vs. categorical approach, 7 , 420 o f O C D , 4 0 sub- clinical OCD, 164 – 65 Dimensional Yale- Brown Obsessive e ff ort valuation, 3 – 4 temporal pattern, 118 Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS), ego- dystonicity as OCD risk factor, 119 – 20 173 – 74 , 196 and classifi cation systems, 130 risk factors, 121 – 23 disgust, 85 – 92 , 176 – 77 , 178 vs. ego- syntonicity, 174 – 75 , 350 desipramine, 186 , 192 – 93 , 194 , 377 Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity and hyperrefl exivity, 3 dexamphetamine, 192 Scale-Revised (DPSS-R), 177 ego- syntonicity, vs. ego-dystonicity, diagnosis. see classifi cation and dissociative absorption, and OCD, 174 – 75 , 350 diagnosis 221 – 22 , 223 embarrassment. see shame and Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals distress tolerance, and CBT, 235 – 36 embarrassment (DSM). see also classifi cation distrust of the senses, 222 , 223 – 24 emotion regulation, 101 – 02 , 339 and diagnosis dopaminergic system endocannabinoids, 250 – 51 DSM- I, 130 , 131 , 133 abnormalities, 65 , 231 Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter DSM- II, 130 , 133 and antipsychotics, 231 Scale (ECCS), 336 – 37 DSM- III and DSM- IIIR, 130 , 131 , and glutamatergic signaling, 66 environmental risk factors, see brain 132 , 133 – 34 and hoarding behaviors, 335 damage and injury, and DSM- IV and myo- inositol (MI), 294 – 97 pathogenesis of OCRDs ; and compulsions, 131 , 132 a n d O C D , 3 0 childhood experiences, and and obsessions, 130 and PG, 405 , 407 risk of OCRD ; educational and OCD, 120 and stereotypy, 378 level, and risk of OCD ; and poor insight specifi er, 136 – 37 and SUD, 405 ethnicity, and risk of OCRDs ; and role of anxiety in dopaminergic treatments, 65 , 250 – 51 family studies ; intelligence, obsessions, 130 blockers, 30 , 65 , 377 , 379 and OCD risk; menarche, and vs. RDoC, 2 , 140 dorsal striatum, 7 , 41 , 64 pathogenesis of OCD; parental DSM- 5 doubt, 4 , 8 , 225 style, and risk of OCRD ; and addiction, 401 dronabinol, 371 pregnancy and postpartum and ADHD, 23 drug therapy, see pharmacotherapy period, and risk of OCRD ; and compulsions, 131 , 132 DSM, see Diagnostic and Statistical sexual abuse, and risk of OCD ; and Frontotemporal Manuals (DSM) social isolation, and risk of Neurocognitive Disorder, 388 dysfunctional beliefs, and gray matter OCRD; sociodemographic and hypochondriasis, 320 – 21 volume changes, 76 factors, and risk of OCD ; stress, and kleptomania, 401 , 402 dyskinetic syndromes, see hyperkinetic and risk of OCD ; traumatic life and obsessions, 129 – 30 syndromes events, and risk of OCRD ; twin and OCD, 3 , 19 , 23 , 121 , 135 dysmorphophobia studies and OCPD, 345 – 46 olfactory, 312 – 14 epigenetics, 34 and OCRD cluster, 184 , 196 , v i s u a l , see body dysmorphic epilepsy, 389 – 90 391 – 92 disorder (BDD) error avoidance, and OCD, 4 and OCRD due to other medical dysphoria, chronic, and SUD, 62 – 63 error- related negatives (ERN), 4 , 96 causes, 42 , 135 , 391 – 92 dystonic disorders, 385 , 387 – 88 escitalopram, 194 , 404 and PG, 401 , 402 ethnicity, and risk of OCRDs, 118 , 347 and PSP, 367 early treatment, advantages, 121 , 147 , excessive acquisition specifi er, 332 and role of anxiety in 166 , 188 excoriation disorder, see skin picking, obsessions, 130 eating disorders pathological (PSP) and self- injurious non- suicidal and behavioral infl exibility, 63 executive function, 96 , 97 , 348 , see also behaviors, 378 classifi cation and diagnosis, 310 fl exibility and infl exibility and SMD, 376 – 77 and cognitive infl exibility, 64 experiential avoidance, 339 , 352 , 353

428

Index

exposure and response prevention for OCD, 185 course and outcome, 403 (ERP), 208 – 12 for OCPD, 348 – 49 and dopaminergic system, 405 , 407 and conditioning theory, 219 for PG, 404 and glutamatergic signaling, 66 and low distress tolerance, 235 – 36 for PSP, 194 , 232 epidemiology, 402 – 3 contraindications, 211 , 212 , 217 , folate defi ciency, 42 neuropathology, 63 , 406 219 , 220 free will, and compulsivity, 15 , 16 pharmacotherapy, 66 , 191 , 404 inhibitory learning, 208 frontal cortex, 255 glutamatergic agents, 295 fronto- cingulate system, and error prevalence, 402 Family Accommodation Scale for processing, 96 and punishment sensitivity, 62 Obsessive- Compulsive frontoparietal network, and executive and reward processing, 97 Disorder (FAS), 177 function, 96 vs. substance use disorders, 405 , family accommodation to frontotemporal lobe degeneration 406 , 407 symptomology, 40 , 147 – 54 , (FTLD), 388 gamma knife radiosurgery, 257 – 58 , 177 , 178 functional magnetic resonance 281 – 86 , 288 Family Impact Scale for Hoarding imaging (fMRI), 85 – 103 , 88 complications, 281 , 286 (FISH), 336 – 37 and ADHD, 88 early techniques, 281 family studies. see also twin studies a n d B D D , 86 , 9 8 gamma ventral capsulotomy fMRI studies, 88 , 92 – 96 and error processing, 96 (GVC), 286 heritability estimates, 25 , 32 executive function studies, 96 , 97 gender diff erences of OCD and comorbidities, 19 – 20 , family studies, 88 , 92 – 96 and BDD, 307 23 , 25 , 32 and fear response, 96 – 97 and kleptomania, 403 sub- clinical OCD, 166 and HD, 88 , 97 – 98 , 101 – 2 and OCD, 20 , 118 – 19 , 145 – 46 of PSP, 372 and hypochondriasis, 88 and OCPD, 346 , 347 of tic disorders, 357 and infi delity situations, 415 and OCS, 21 of TTM, 372 and kleptomania, 406 and ORD, 312 fear, 6 , 96 – 97 a n d O C D , 92 , 97 – 98 , 99 – 101 , and PG, 403 extinction 255 – 56 and tic disorders, 357 , 358 and ERP, 208 – 9 , 212 – 13 , 249 , 250 cognitive activation studies, and TTM, 368 and pharmacotherapy, 249 , 250 – 51 88 , 92 gene polymorphisms, see candidate response, and ERP, 208 – 9 treatment eff ect studies, 91 , 257 gene studies and gene fi ve-factor model, 348 , see also and panic disorder, 88 polymorphisms dimensional approach, to and PG, 406 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) diagnosis and treatment a n d P S P, 88 , 98 – 99 , 372 and doubt, 8 of OCRDs resting state studies, 93 , 9 6 and error signals, 4 fl exibility and infl exibility, 63 – 64 , reward processing studies, 96 , and fear response and 76 – 77 , see also b e h a v i o r a l 97 , 372 regulation, 96 – 97 infl exibility; cognitive and social anxiety disorder, 88 vs. hypochondriasis, 322 infl exibility; contingency- a n d S U D , 92 as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 , 165 related fl exibility ; executive symptom provocation studies, as sub- clinical OCD function 85 – 92 , 86 , 97 , 98 – 99 comorbidity, 165 Florida Obsessive-Compulsive therapeutic response studies, 91 , and treatment- seeking Inventory (FOCI), 139 99 – 102 behaviors, 115 – 16 fl uoxetine and TTM, 88 , 98 – 99 , 372 genetic association studies, see for ASD, 377 candidate gene studies augmentation, 230 – 31 , 232 GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid), and gene polymorphisms ; for BDD, 232 , 310 31 , 66 , 298 Genome Wide Association e ff ect on brain, 99 GABA receptor antagonists, 250 – 51 Studies (GWAS) for excessive grooming (animal GABHS (group A beta-hemolytic genetics, see candidate gene studies models), 32 Streptococcus), see and gene polymorphisms ; for hypochondriasis, 324 streptococcal infections epigenetics ; Genome Wide f o r O C D , 91 , 185 GAD, see generalized anxiety Association Studies (GWAS) ; for PSP, 194 , 371 disorder (GAD) linkage studies; under specifi c for TTM, 194 gambling, pathological (PG) disorders fl uvoxamine behavioral addictions model, genome scans, 29 augmentation, 231 , 232 401 , 407 Genome Wide Association Studies with behavior therapy, 245 , 247 classifi cation and diagnosis, 401 , 402 (GWAS), 34 , see also genetic for compulsive buying disorder, 404 and cognitive dysfunction, 63 , 64 , association studies e ff ect on brain, 78 – 79 406 – 7 Gilles de la Tourette, Georges, 357 – 58 for hypochondriasis, 324 comorbidities, 403 globus pallidus, 75 , 388

429

Index

glucocorticoids, 250 – 51 a ft er brain damage or injury, 333 , hypochondriasis, 320 – 28 glutamatergic agents. see also 389 classifi cation and diagnosis, 320 – 21 , ketamine ; lamotrigine ; animal hoarding, 332 326 memantine ; N- acetylcysteine and anxiety- related tendencies, 339 diff erential diagnosis, 321 – 23 , (NAC) ; riluzole ; topiramate classification and diagnosis, 325 – 26 and CBT, 249 – 50 331 – 34 compulsivity and impulsivity in drug augmentation, 232 – 35 assessment and diagnostic in, 325 for PSP, 66 , 194 , 233 , 234 , 294 , instruments, 336 – 37 fMRI studies, 88 295 , 371 diagnostic criteria (DSM-5), 211 , and hyperrefl exivity, 3 glutamatergic signaling, 66 , 189 , 331 – 32 and OCD, 324 – 26 , 327 233 , 234 diff erential diagnosis, 332 – 34 prevalence, 323 and glycine, 297 home visit, 336 secondary hypochondriasis, 324 and NAC, 233 , 294 specifi ers, 332 treatment, 323 and zinc, 293 vs. collecting, 334 CBT with pharmacotherapy, 230 , glutathione (GSH), 292 – 93 , 294 comorbidities, 333 , 334 , 338 – 39 324 glycine, 297 , see also sarcosine and compulsive buying, 338 pharmacotherapy, 324 , 327 goal- directed behavior, 41 , 76 – 77 , 271 course and outcome, 147 – 55 , 188 , psychotherapy, 323 – 24 , 326 – 27 gray matter, 75 , 76 – 79 335 , 337 treatment- seeking behaviors, 320 a n d a g e , 7 6 decision- making, 97 – 98 hypokinesia, see akinetic- rigid a n d A S D , 7 7 epidemiology, 334 – 35 syndromes and CBT, 78 fMRI studies, 88 , 97 – 98 , 101 – 2 hypothalamus, and hoarding and comorbid depression, 76 genetic and environmental behaviors, 335 and compulsive sexual contributions, 29 , 335 behavior, 406 heritability, 335 ICD- 10, 130 , 131 , 132 , 135 – 36 and gamma ventral capsulotomy, 79 hoarding vs. clutter, 333 ICD- 11 and medication status, 76 and immune dysfunction, 55 and compulsions, 131 and OCS, 388 neurocognitive correlates, 335 – 36 and compulsive sexual and PG, 406 vs. neurocognitive disorders, 334 behavior, 401 and SSRIs, 78 neuropathology, 97 – 98 , 335 – 36 and HD, 331 , 338 and TTM, 372 pharmacotherapy and hypochondriasis, 321 as predictor of treatment atomoxetine, 338 and obsessions, 129 – 30 response, 78 – 79 drug augmentation, 194 , 229 , and OCD, 136 grooming, excessive, in animal models, 232 , 340 and role of anxiety in 32 , 372 – 73 methylphenidate, 338 obsessions, 130 gustatory cortex, 92 SNRIs, 194 , 338 and tic disorders and TD, 359 SRIs, 338 identity, practical, 16 – 17 habit, 6 – 7 , 64 SSRIs, 193 – 94 , 229 , 338 illness anxiety disorder (IAD), habit reversal therapy (HRT), 211 , stimulants, 194 320 – 21 , see also 361 – 62 , 370 prevalence, 334 hypochondriasis for PSP, 177 – 78 , 211 psychosurgery, 287 – 88 images, recurrent, 4 for skin picking disorder, 371 psychotherapy, 155 , 212 , 226 , imipramine, 185 , 324 for SMD, 377 337 – 38 , 340 immersion, and OCD, 221 – 22 , 223 for tic disorders, 177 – 78 ERP (unsuitability of), 212 immune system, 51 – 52 , see also for TTM, 177 – 78 , 211 , 370 quality of life, 332 infections hair ingestion (trichophagia), 369 in schizophrenia, 333 as mediator of OCS, 54 – 55 hair- pulling disorder, see squalor, 332 , 333 , 336 – 37 dysfunction, and autoimmune trichotillomania (TTM) and tics, 25 disease, 54 – 55 , hallucinogens, 187 , 192 treatment- seeking behaviors, see also PANDAS haloperidol, 189 , 232 337 – 38 immune molecules and harm avoidance, 176 , 188 , 195 Hoarding Rating Scale (HRS), 336 cells, 54 – 56 HD Dimensional Scale (HD-D), 336 Home Environment Index, 336 – 37 and pathogenesis of OCD, 43 , 52 , health anxiety disorder, see Huntington disease, 386 57 , 386 hypochondriasis hyperactivity, and tic disorders, and pathogenesis of OCRDs, 386 herbal medicines, 299 359 – 60 and pathogenesis of TD, 357 hippocampus, 6 , 76 , 335 – 36 Hypericum perforatum (St John’s rheumatic fever, 51 , 53 history taking, 128 – 29 , 140 , 172 , 173 , wort), 299 Sydenham chorea, 51 , 53 402 , see also a s s e s s m e n t hyperkinetic syndromes, 385 , see also maternal, and pediatric OCD hoarding disorder (HD) and tic disorders risk, 43 behavior, 331 – 40 h y p e r r e fl exivity, 3 microglia, 52 , 55

430

Index

impulse control disorders, see ketamine, 66 , 189 – 91 , 190 , 234 – 35 , 250 m o r p h i n e , 190 gambling, pathological ; kleptomania motivational interviewing, 177 , 212 , kleptomania ; in children and adolescents, 403 337 , 340 trichotillomania (TTM) classifi cation and diagnosis, motives, confl icting, 16 – 17 impulsivity 401 , 402 movement disorders, 383 – 87 , vs. compulsivity. see compulsions and cognition, 407 see also akinetic- rigid and compulsivity: vs. course and outcome, 403 syndromes; dystonic disorders; impulsivity neuropathology, 406 hyperkinetic syndromes ; as risk factor for addiction, 8 pharmacotherapy, 191 neuroacanthocytosis ; vs. urges, 129 – 30 prevalence, 402 – 3 opsoclonus myoclonus incidental learning, 219 – 20 vs. shoplift ing, 403 syndrome (OMS); incompleteness, 176 treatment- seeking behaviors, 403 paraneoplastic syndromes infections. see also immune system koro, 417 , 418 , 418 , 419 (PNS) ; tic disorders Borna disease virus, 53 muscle dysmorphia, 307 streptococcal infections. see l a m o t r i g i n e , 190 , 191 , 195 , 234 , 371 myo- inositol (MI), 294 – 97 streptococcal infections lateral habenula, 62 – 63 , 67 toxoplasmosis, 53 – 54 lenticular nucleus, 75 , 76 , 78 N- acetylcysteine (NAC), 190 , 233 , Inference- Based Approach (IBA) Lesch- Nyhan syndrome, 377 294 – 95 model, 217 – 18 , 222 – 23 , see also linkage studies, 29 for OCD, 191 , 233 , 294 , 295 senses, distrust of in OCD lisdexamfetamine, 65 for PG, 404 Inference- Based Approach (IBA) lithium, 185 for PSP, 194 , 294 , 295 , 371 therapy, 225 – 26 Longitudinal Interval Follow- up side- eff ects, 294 , 371 inferential confusion, 221 – 22 , Evaluation (LIFE), 144 for SUD, 294 , 295 223 – 24 loss (punishment) sensitivity, 62 , 65 for TTM, 194 , 295 , 371 inferior frontal gyrus, 75 , 79 , 309 lymphocytes, 51 – 52 , 54 nalmefene, 65 , 404 inferior thalamic penduncle (ITP), naloxone, 191 258 , 260 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), naltrexone, 191 – 92 infl exibility, see fl exibility and see diff usion magnetic for compulsive sexual infl exibility resonance imaging; functional behavior, 191 infralimbic cortex, 7 magnetic resonance imaging for kleptomania, 191 , 404 inhibitory control, lack of, 15 , 236 (fMRI); structural magnetic for OCD, 340 inhibitory learning, 208 resonance imaging for PG, 191 , 404 inositol, 294 – 97 major depressive disorder (MDD), see for PSP, 195 insight. see also alexithymia ; depressive disorders for self- injurious behavior, 379 ego- syntonicity medial forebrain bundle (MFB), 258 , for SUD, 191 assessment, 174 260 for TTM, 194 and BDD, 307 , 308 memantine, 66 , 189 , 190 , 234 National Institute of Mental Health and eff ort valuation, 3 memory, visual, 5 Global Obsessive- Compulsive and OCD, 3 , 134 , 136 – 37 , 174 menarche, and pathogenesis of Scale (NIMH-GOCS), 173 as outcome predictor, 147 – 54 O C D , 3 9 negative reinforcement, 62 – 63 , and OCRDs, 137 , 139 menopause, and OCD prevalence, 40 67 , 211 and ORD, 313 mental compulsions, 134 , 135 network model, 327 – 28 treatment implications, 177 , 179 , metacognitive model of OCD, 163 , neuroacanthocytosis, 387 308 see also intrusive thoughts, neuroanatomy and neuropathology. insight specifi er, 138 , 332 unwanted see also neuroimaging ; specifi c insula, 92 – 96 methylphenidate, 186 , 192 , 194 , 338 brain regions; under specifi c intelligence, and OCD risk, 119 microglia, 52 , 55 disorders International Classifi cation of migraines, 165 and cognitive control, 4 Functioning, Disability, and milk thistle, 298 – 99 and decision-making, 41 Health (ICF), 167 mindfulness, 224 , 292 , 416 – 17 and eff ort-resistance in OCD, 3 – 4 intravenous immunoglobulin Mini International Neuropsychiatric and habit, 7 (IVIG), 56 Interview (MINI), 129 and negative reinforcement, 62 – 63 intrusive thoughts, unwanted, 163 , mirror retraining, 309 – 10 , 311 and punishment sensitivity, 62 185 , see also appraisal model mirtazapine, 190 , 192 and reward processing, 5 – 6 , 61 – 62 of OCD ; metacognitive miscarriage, and pathogenesis of and stress, 41 , 44 model of OCD O C D , 4 0 and sustained threat, 6 molecular studies, 29 – 31 , see also neurobiological models of OCD, 3 – 4 , jealousy, obsessional, 415 – 16 , 418 , candidate gene studies and 74 , see also cognitive models 418 , 419 gene polymorphisms of OCRD

431

Index

neuroimaging, 74 – 80 , see also Obsessive- Compulsive Core as OCD risk factor, 119 – 20 computed tomography Dimensions Questionnaire, 176 OCPD, 350 (CT) ; diff usion magnetic Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder ORD, 313 resonance imaging; functional (OCD), 217 – 19 , see also as outcome predictors, magnetic resonance imaging obsessive- compulsive 147 – 54 , 188 (fMRI) ; neuroanatomy and symptoms (OCS) PTSD, 41 , 116 – 17 , 118 neuropathology ; positron age of onset, 114 – 15 , 145 – 46 , SUD, 116 – 17 , 118 , 120 , emission tomography (PET) ; 155 – 56 , 166 165 , 391 single photon emission as outcome predictor, 147 – 54 TD, 19 , 23 , 55 – 56 , 78 , 358 computed tomography and agency, 8 temporal pattern, 116 – 18 (SPECT) ; structural magnetic as an anxiety disorder (appraisal tic disorders, 23 – 24 , 78 , 146 , resonance imaging model), 163 , 220 – 21 186 , 232 algorithms, 74 – 75 assessment, 172 – 74 treatment implications, 184 – 85 children and adolescents, 75 , 76 – 77 catatonia in, 384 course and outcome, 144 – 46 , gray matter, see gray matter in children and adolescents, 187 – 88 and identifi cation of at-risk 145 – 46 , 166 in children and adolescents, individuals, 79 course and outcome, 146 , 147 146 , 147 white matter. see white matter prevalence, 147 in elderly, 147 neuromodulation treatment eff ectiveness, 188 , environmental risk factors. see DBS, see deep brain 246 , 248 environmental risk factors stimulation (DBS) classifi cation and diagnosis and error signals, 4 rTMS, see repetitive transcranial a ft er traumatic brain injury, 42 gender diff erences, 20 , 118 – 19 , magnetic stimulation (rTMS) childhood acute-onset, see CANS ; 145 – 46 transcranial direct current PANDAS ; PANS genetic and environmental stimulation (tDCS), 268 – 70 Diagnostic and Statistical contributions, 30 – 31 , 32 , 34 , neuropeptides, 250 – 51 Manuals (DSM), 3 , 19 , 133 – 35 , 52 – 53 , 118 – 20 , 233 neurosurgery, see psychosurgery see also Diagnostic and family studies, 19 – 20 , 23 non- steroidal Statistical Manuals (DSM) stress, 40 – 42 , 146 anti- infl ammatories, 56 – 57 diff erential diagnosis, 8 , 390 , twin studies, 19 – 21 , 23 , 24 – 25 non- verbal memory, 5 391 – 92 heritability, 25 , 32 nortriptyline, 185 of “organic” OCD, 392 and insight, see insight: and OCD nucleus accumbens (NA), 258 – 59 , 258 , Research Domain Criteria a n d k o r o , 418 259 , 335 , 372 (RDoC), 8 – 11 neuropathology, 86 , 97 – 98 , 255 – 57 , nutrient defi ciencies in OCD, 42 – 43 , subdiagnostic OCD, 167 see also neuroanatomy and 119 , 292 – 93 transdiagnostic characteristics, neuropathology nutrients and nutraceuticals, 292 – 97 418 cognitive control, 4 glycine, 297 unsuitability of genetics for, 33 complex motor acts, 7 myo- inositol (MI), 294 – 97 with comorbid disorders, 133 – 35 reward processing, 6 , 63 N- acetylcysteine (NAC), see comorbidities, 116 – 18 nutrient defi ciencies in, 42 – 43 , 119 , N- acetylcysteine (NAC) ADHD, 19 – 20 , 22 – 23 , 146 292 – 93 sarcosine, 297 allergies, 165 and obsessional jealousy, 418 vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 292 – 93 anxiety and depressive disorders, occupational functioning zinc, 293 19 , 21 – 22 , 116 – 17 , 118 , impairment, 115 119 – 20 , 165 “organic” OCD, 388 – 89 , 392 obsessional jealousy, 415 – 16 , 418 , anxiety disorders, 186 treatment, 393 418 , 419 BDD, 308 vs. “primary” (idiopathic) obsessions and obsessionality. Benign Hereditary Chorea OCD, 392 – 93 see also obsessive- compulsive (BHC), 387 outcome predictors, 147 – 54 , 188 symptoms (OCS) bipolar disorders, 118 in children and adolescents, role of anxiety, 130 cancer, 390 – 91 147 , 188 classifi cation, 129 – 31 dystonic syndromes, 387 pathogenesis, see pathogenesis and cognitive symptoms, 8 eating disorders, 116 – 17 of OCRDs vs. delusions, 8 epilepsy, 389 – 90 placebo response, blunted, 187 obsessionality, 7 – 8 genetic and environmental prevalence, 20 , 113 – 14 vs. worries and ruminations, 174 contributions, 19 gender diff erences, 118 – 19 Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire HD, 19 – 20 , 24 – 25 , 334 in children and adolescents, 147 (OBQ), 176 Huntington disease, 386 vs. sub- clinical OCD, 164 , 165 Obsessive Compulsive Inventory hypochondriasis, 322 Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive (OCI), 173 migraines, 165 Disorder (ROCD), 415

432

Index

remission rate, 146 , 147 , 187 – 88 physical activity and yoga, obsessive- compulsive symptoms a n d s h u b o - k y o f u , 418 299 – 300 specifi er, 167 sub- clinical. see also obsessive- plasma exchange, 56 occipital cortex, lateral, 75 compulsive symptoms (OCS) probiotics, 301 occupational functioning in children and adolescents, psychosurgery, 281 – 86 , 287 impairment, 115 165 – 66 , 168 rTMS, 91 , 97 , 262 – 68 olanzapine, 194 , 231 , 232 , 371 , 404 classifi cation and diagnosis, 135 sarcosine, 297 olfactory reference disorder comorbidities, 164 – 65 stimulants, 186 , 192 (ORD), 312 – 14 course and outcome, 166 , 168 – 69 tDCS, 268 – 70 onychophagia, animal models, 32 family studies, 166 vitamin B12, 293 open interviews, 128 – 29 , 140 , see also functioning impairment, 115 zinc, 293 history taking neuropsychology, 163 – 64 treatment- seeking behaviors, opioid agonists, 192 , see also morphine prevalence, 164 – 66 115 – 16 , 146 , 185 opioid antagonists, 191 – 92 , 371 , 379 , quality of life, 164 vs. OCPD, 350 – 51 404 remission rate, 146 Obsessive- Compulsive Personality naloxone, 191 treatment, 167 – 68 Disorder (OCPD), 345 – 53 n a l t r e x o n e , see n a l t r e x o n e treatment- seeking behaviors, classifi cation and diagnosis, 345 – 46 , opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome 164 351 (OMS), 386 treatment comorbidities, 350 , 352 orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 41 5- HT3 antagonists, 192 and compulsivity, 350 – 51 and CBT, 78 , 255 antibiotics, 56 course and outcome, 347 and cognitive infl exibility, 63 , 92 – 96 antidepressants, other, 192 and delayed reward, 351 dysconnectivity with ventral antidepressants, SNRIs, 194 and ego-syntonicity, 175 , 350 striatum, 255 – 56 antidepressants, SRIs, 2 , 186 , ‘epileptic personality’ in, 390 and executive function, 96 246 – 44 executive function, 348 hyperactivity, 75 , 98 , 255 antidepressants, SSRIs, 65 – 66 , and experiential avoidance, 352 , 353 and neuromodulation, 79 , 262 , 185 , 186 – 87 , 229 – 30 , 245 , 247 , gender diff erences, 346 , 347 264 , 268 , 269 338 , 349 genetic contributions, 347 – 48 and pharmacotherapy, 255 antidepressants, TCAs, 185 , 186 , impaired interpersonal and response inhibition, 92 , 98 242 – 46 , 247 , 349 functioning, 347 and treatment response prediction, antiepileptics, 191 , 389 – 90 in children and adolescents, 347 102 , 255 antipsychotics, 186 , 187 , 188 – 89 , neuropathology, 384 volume changes, 76 , 77 , 78 231 – 32 , 248 vs. OCD, 350 – 51 “organic” vs. “primary” OCRDs, 383 , C B T, 91 , 146 – 54 , 209 , 242 – 44 , and Parkinson’s disease, 384 388 – 89 , 392 – 93 300 and perfectionism, 175 , 345 – 46 , oxytocin, as medication, 377 CBT with pharmacotherapy, 230 , 351 – 52 234 – 35 , 242 – 49 and perseveration, 351 P a d u a I n v e n t o r y , 6 5 CBT with physical activity, 300 pharmacotherapy, 348 – 49 palilalia, 358 , see also tics corticosteroids, 56 – 57 prevalence, 346 – 47 palipraxia, 358 , see also tics DBS, 66 – 67 , 256 – 61 psychotherapy, 349 – 50 , 352 , 353 PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune dopamine blockers, 379 and serotonin, 347 – 48 neuropsychiatric disorders dose- response treatment- seeking behaviors, 347 associated with streptococcal relationship, 186 – 87 obsessive- compulsive related infections), 43 , 53 , 386 fear extinction disorders (OCRD), see specifi c panic disorder. see also anxiety and modulators, 250 – 51 disorders anxiety disorders glutamatergic agents, 189 – 91 , obsessive- compulsive symptoms and fear response and 233 , 234 – 35 , 250 (OCS), 66 , see also compulsions regulation, 96 – 97 glycine, 297 and compulsivity ; Obsessive- fMRI studies, 88 hallucinogens, 187 , 192 Compulsive Disorder (OCD) vs. hypochondriasis, 322 herbal medicines, 298 – 99 classifi cation as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 , 118 incremental response, 186 , 187 compulsions, 131 – 33 as OCD risk factor, 120 IVIG, 56 obsessions, 129 – 31 risk factors, 121 – 22 myo- inositol, 297 evolutionary basis, 163 and treatment- seeking NAC, 294 , 295 gender diff erences, 21 behaviors, 115 – 16 opioid agonists, 192 genetic and environmental PANS (pediatric acute-onset opioid antagonists, 191 – 92 contributions, 21 , 384 neuropsychiatric for “organic” OCD, 393 for HD, 194 syndrome), 53 , 386 , see also pharmacotherapy, 185 – 93 , neuropathology, 388 CANS ; PANDAS 229 – 35 severity, and stress, 41 paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS), 386

433

Index

parental and family accommodation positron emission tomography (PET), neuromodulation to symptomology, 40 , 147 – 54 , 55 , 97 , 99 , 405 DBS, see deep brain 177 , 178 and therapeutic response stimulation (DBS) parental style, and risk of OCRD, 40 , prediction, 102 rTMS, see repetitive transcranial 119 , 122 post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). magnetic stimulation (rTMS) parietal lobe, 88 , 9 9 see also anxiety and anxiety tDCS (transcranial direct current Parkinson’s disease (PD), 259 – 60 , disorders stimulation), 268 – 70 384 – 85 and fear response and radiosurgery paroxetine regulation, 96 – 97 gamma knife, see gamma knife with CBT, 313 as OCD comorbidity, 41 , 116 – 17 , radiosurgery for HD, 193 – 94 118 radiofrequency, 281 for hypochondriasis, 324 neuropathology, 8 , 96 – 97 stereotactic, 280 , 288 for OCD, 185 risk factors, 121 – 22 suitability and contraindications, for OCD with hoarding and treatment- seeking 279 , 288 symptoms, 338 behaviors, 115 – 16 target sites, 66 – 67 , 75 , 287 for ORD, 313 potential threat (anxiety), 6 ultrasound, 280 , 288 for PG, 404 practical identity, 16 – 17 psychotherapy. see also under specifi c pathogenesis of OCRDs p r a m i p e x o l e , 6 5 disorders brain tumors, 390 – 91 prefrontal cortex acceptance- enhanced behavior environmental factors. see and cognitive infl exibility, 92 – 96 therapy, 371 environmental risk factors and compulsivity, 63 A C T, see Acceptance and genetic factors, see genetics and executive function, 96 Commitment Th erapy (ACT) immune system, 43 , 52 , 57 , 386 and fear response and C B T, see cognitive behavioral incidental learning, 219 – 20 regulation, 96 – 97 therapy (CBT) stroke, 389 and HD, 98 H R T, see h a b i t r e v e r s a l substances and medications, 391 medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), therapy (HRT) pathological skin picking 41 , 262 , 264 IBA, see Inference- Based Approach (PSP), see skin picking, and response inhibition, 92 (IBA) therapy pathological (PSP) and rTMS, 66 , 262 , 264 mindfulness, 224 , 292 , 416 – 17 perception, 4 – 5 and tDCS, 268 , 269 mirror retraining, 309 – 10 , 311 perceptual abnormalities, 309 , 310 – 11 volume changes, 75 , 77 psychodynamic, 208 , 349 , 350 perfectionism, 176 , 345 – 46 , 351 – 52 , as predictor of treatment psychoeducation, see 372 r e s p o n s e , 7 9 psychoeducation and CBT, 352 pregnancy and postpartum period, and visual training programs, 311 – 12 perseverative behavior, 6 , 351 risk of OCRD, 39 – 40 , 119 , 123 PTSD, see post- traumatic stress pharmacogenetics, 33 – 34 m i s c a r r i a g e , 4 0 disorder (PTSD) pharmacotherapy, see under specifi c symptom severity, 39 , 40 , 123 punding, 384 – 85 , 389 conditions; specifi c drug premonitory sensation, 78 punishment sensitivity, 62 , 65 classes; specifi c drugs prenatal stress, and risk of OCRDs, 39 putamen, 75 , 76 – 77 , 78 , 388 phenelzine, 185 pre- supplementary motor area, 262 – and behavior therapy, 255 phobias, specifi c 66 , 268 – 69 and reward processing, 6 agoraphobia, 115 – 17 , 164 – 65 probiotics, 301 and SSRIs, 78 , 255 and fear response, 96 – 97 psychasthenia, 4 , 19 , 385 as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 psychedelic agents, 187 , 192 quality of life. see also daily life, as OCD risk factor, 120 psychic akinesia (athymhormia), 385 impairment psychosurgery, 249 – 50 psychodynamic psychotherapy, 208 , and BDD, 308 psychotherapy, 213 349 , 350 and HD, 332 risk factors, 121 – 22 psychoeducation and OCD, 115 treatment- seeking behaviors, about anxiety sensitivity, 178 and OCPD, 347 115 – 16 for BDD, 309 and ORD, 313 physical activity, 292 , 299 – 300 for hypochondriasis, 324 and PG, 402 – 3 Pick’s disease, 388 for OCD, 246 , 248 and sub- clinical OCD, 164 pimozide, 193 , 232 for OCPD, 349 – 50 , 352 and TTM, 368 – 69 placebo response, blunted, 187 , 192 – 93 for TD, 360 quetiapine, 188 – 89 , 231 , 232 planning, impaired, 96 , 332 , 339 , 348 , psychosurgery, 279 – 88 , see also under 406 specifi c disorders radiofrequency capsulotomy, 281 , see plasma exchange, 56 capsulotomy, 257 – 58 , 281 – 86 also gamma knife radiosurgery positive reinforcement, 210 , cingulotomy, 281 , 287 – 88 RDoC, see Research Domain see also reward early techniques, 280 – 81 Criteria (RDoC)

434

Index

reasoning, in OCD, 221 – 23 sarcosine, 297 , see also glycine serotonin. see also selective serotonin recurrent images, 4 Saving Cognitions Inventory, 336 – 37 reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) ; r e fl ective consciousness, 3 Saving Inventory- Revised serotonin norepinephrine Relationship Obsessive- Compulsive (SI- R), 336 reuptake inhibitors Disorder (ROCD), 415 Schedule for Aff ective Disorders and (SNRI) ; serotonin reuptake repetitive behaviors, 178 , 377 Schizophrenia for School-age inhibitors (SRI) b o d y - f o c u s e d , see skin picking, Children (K-SADS), 172 and OCD, 30 , 33 , 292 pathological (PSP) ; schizophrenia transmission abnormalities, 65 – 66 , trichotillomania (TTM) and agency, 2 – 3 , 8 347 – 48 repetitive transcranial magnetic course specifi er, 156 and Withania, 298 stimulation (rTMS), 261 – 68 and hoarding behavior, 333 serotonin norepinephrine reuptake accelerated courses, 263 and hyperrefl exivity, 3 inhibitors (SNRI). see also EEG- linked, 263 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors venlafaxine method, 261 – 62 (SSRI). see also citalopram ; for HD, 194 , 338 f o r O C D , 91 , 97 , 262 – 68 escitalopram ; fl uoxetine; for TKS, 416 optimization, 263 fl uvoxamine ; paroxetine ; serotonin reuptake inhibitors positioning, 263 – 68 serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI). see also selective side- eff ects, 262 (SRI); sertraline serotonin reuptake for SUD, 66 , 97 for ASD, 377 inhibitors (SSRI); serotonin theta burst, 263 for BDD, 192 – 93 , 229 , 310 norepinephrine reuptake Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), 2 , and behavior therapy, 245 inhibitors (SNRI) 242 with CBT, 245 , 246 , 313 , 324 augmentation, 248 and agency, 2 sequential treatment, 247 and CBT, 247 – 44 , 248 , 338 and eff ort valuation, 3 for compulsive buying for HD, 338 and habit, 6 disorder, 404 for kleptomania, 404 and neuromodulation, 271 for compulsive sexual mechanism of eff ect, 187 and obsessionality/ behavior, 404 – 05 for OCD, 2 , 186 , 246 – 44 compulsivity, 8 – 11 dose- response relationship, 186 – 87 , for PSP, 371 and perception, 4 327 and rate of remission, 146 –54 and reward, 5 for eating disorders, 66 response prediction, 186 , 188 and self-knowledge, 3 e ff ect on brain, 78 , 99 response variability, 33 , 34 and stereotypic and self-injurious for HD, 193 – 94 , 229 , 338 for SMD, 377 behavior, 378 increased dose, 188 , 327 , 417 for stereotypy, 378 and threat, 6 incremental response, 193 for TTM, 379 vs. DSM/ ICD, 2 , 140 for koro, 417 sertraline resistance, 3 – 4 for OCD, 65 – 66 , 185 , 186 – 87 , with CBT, 246 , 313 response inhibition, 92 , 98 , 407 229 – 30 , 245 , 247 , 338 , 349 with clomipramine, 230 response- confl ict tasks, 4 for OCPD, 348 – 49 increased dose, 188 reversal learning studies, 92 – 96 for ORD, 313 for OCD with comorbid reward, 5 – 6 , 61 – 62 , see also positive for PG, 404 depression, 186 reinforcement for PSP, 194 , 229 , 371 for OCPD, 349 and blunted placebo response, 187 response prediction, 102 , 188 , 255 for ORD, 313 delayed, 351 for TKS, 416 for PG, 404 expectation, 5 – 6 , 8 , 61 , 372 for TTM, 194 , 229 and pharmacokinetic genes, 34 fMRI studies, 96 , 97 , 372 self- injury specifi er, 376 for TTM, 194 responsiveness, 5 , 8 self- knowledge, 3 sex addiction, see compulsive sexual self- report questionnaires, 65 Self- Rating Obsessive- Compulsive behavior valuation, 5 Personality Inventory sexual abuse, and risk of OCD, and ventral striatum activity, 61 – 62 , (SROCPI), 349 41 , 165 97 , 187 , 258 senses, distrust of in OCD, 222 , shame and embarrassment rheumatic fever, 51 , 52 – 53 , see also 223 – 24 and compulsivity, 14 , 15 streptococcal infections ; Sensitivity to Punishment and and symptom presentation, 314 Sydenham chorea Sensitivity to Reward and treatment- seeking behaviors, riluzole, 190 , 191 , 234 Questionnaire (SPRSQ), 65 369 , 402 risperidone, 189 , 232 , 248 , 360 sensorimotor cortex, 76 , 78 and TTM, 368 – 69 Ritalin, 186 , 192 , 194 , 338 sensory phenomena, 4 – 5 , 76 , shubo- kyofo, 416 – 17 , 418 , 418 , 419 rituals, compulsive, 5 , 163 , 207 see also tics Silybum marianum (milk rumination and worries, vs. separation anxiety disorder (SAD), 4 , thistle), 298 – 99 obsession, 174 22 , 53 simulation heuristics, 221

435

Index

single photon emission computed specifi ers, see association specifi er ; and negative reinforcement, 62 – 63 tomography (SPECT), course of illness specifi er ; neuropathology, 62 – 63 , 77 , 405 231 , 405 excessive acquisition specifi er ; as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 , skin picking, pathological (PSP), insight specifi er ; obsessive- 120 , 391 210 – 11 , 369 compulsive symptoms sub- clinical, 165 age of onset, 155 , 369 specifi er ; self- injury specifi er ; temporal pattern, 118 in children and adolescents, 369 tic- related specifi er as OCD risk factor, 120 classifi cation and diagnosis, 367 , splicing, 34 – 35 pharmacotherapy, 66 369 – 70 squalor, 332 , 333 , 336 – 37 psychosurgery comorbidities, 369 – 70 S R I s , see serotonin reuptake DBS, 259 course and outcome, 155 , 369 inhibitors (SRI) neuromodulation, 66 and dopaminergic system, 231 SSRIs, see selective serotonin reuptake rTMS, 66 , 97 as emotional regulation, 372 inhibitors (SSRI) and reward processing, 61 , 97 genetic and environmental St John’s wort, 174 risk factors, 121 – 22 contributions, 44 , stereotactic psychosurgery, 268 , 280 subthalamic nucleus, 66 – 67 , 258 , 372 , 373 stereotypic movement disorder 259 – 60 , 259 , see also cortico- neuropathology, 372 (SMD), 376 – 80 striato- thalamic circuits pharmacotherapy age of onset, 376 suicide, 308 , 313 antiepileptics, 195 , 371 and body-focused repetitive sulpiride, 65 , 360 dopamine blockers, 379 behaviors, 378 supplementary motor area drug augmentation, 195 , 232 in children and adolescents, (SMA), 262 – 66 glutamatergic agents, 66 , 194 , 376 , 377 sustained threat, 6 , 8 233 , 234 , 294 , 295 , 3 7 1 classifi cation and diagnosis, Sydenham chorea, 51 , 53 , 56 – 57 , myo- inositol (MI), 297 376 – 77 , 378 386 , see also streptococcal opioid antagonists, 195 , 371 comorbidities, 376 , 377 infections SRIs, 371 genetic and environmental symmetry, 188 , 333 – 34 , 361 SSRIs, 194 , 229 , 371 contributions, 378 symptom provocation studies, 85 – 92 , prevalence, 368 molecular studies, 378 86 , 9 7 , 9 8 – 9 9 psychosurgery, 288 neuropathology, 378 psychotherapy, 371 pharmacotherapy, 377 , 379 taijin- kyofu- sho (TKS) (fear of ERP therapy (unsuit.), 211 psychosurgery, 379 interpersonal relations), habit reversal therapy psychotherapy, 377 , 379 416 – 17 , 418 (HRT), 211 triggers, 376 task- switching studies, 96 treatment- seeking behaviors, 369 stimulants, 186 , 192 temporal discounting, 351 triggers, 369 , 372 streptococcal infections, 43 , 357 temporal regions, 76 , 79 , 388 SNRIs, see serotonin norepinephrine PANDAS, 43 , 53 , 386 tetrabenazine, 360 reuptake inhibitors Sydenham chorea, 51 , 53 , 56 – 57 , thalamus, 75 , 78 , 92 , 255 , 335 (SNRI) 386 therapeutic response, see treatment social anxiety disorder (SAD). stress response see also anxiety and and gray matter volume changes, theta burst transcranial magnetic anxiety disorders ; 76 , 146 stimulation, 263 taijin- kyofu- sho (TKS) immune response, 54 , 57 threat, 6 , 8 and error signals, 4 and OCRD symptom exacerbation, acute (fear), see f e a r and fear response and 41 , 361 , 378 tic disorders, 357 – 63 , see also tics ; regulation, 96 – 97 and risk of OCD, 40 – 42 , 146 Tourette’s Disorder (TD) neuropathology, 88 striato- thalamo- prefrontal circuits, 385 and brain damage or injury, 389 as OCD comorbidity, 116 – 17 , 165 stroke, 389 in children and adolescents, 357 – 58 , as sub- clinical OCD structural magnetic resonance 359 – 60 comorbidity, 164 – 65 imaging, 74 – 75 , 78 , 79 classifi cation and diagnosis, 358 – 60 , and treatment- seeking Structured Interview for Hoarding 361 behaviors, 115 – 16 Disorder (SIHD), 336 course and outcome, 357 – 58 social functioning impairment, 115 subdiagnostic OCD, see Obsessive- and dopaminergic system, 357 social isolation, and risk of OCRD, Compulsive Disorder (OCD): genetic and environmental 122 – 23 , 378 sub- clinical contributions, 53 , 55 – 56 , 357 sociodemographic factors, and risk of subjective compulsions, 132 – 33 heritability, 184 , 357 OCD, 40 , 118 – 19 substance use disorders (SUD) and hyperactivity, 359 – 60 somatic symptom disorder (SSD), and glutamatergic signaling, 66 and incompleteness, 176 165 , 320 – 21 , see also and habit, 64 intravenous immunoglobulin hypochondriasis and infl exibility, 63 , 64 (IVIG), 56

436

Index

neuropathology, 78 , 357 treatment response. see also treatment epidemiology, 367 – 68 as OCD comorbidity, 23 – 24 , 78 , strategies focused vs. automatic pulling, 146 , 186 , 232 defi n e d , 145 , 229 210 , 368 pharmacotherapy fMRI studies, 91 , 99 – 102 genetic and environmental alpha- 2 agonists, 360 and gene polymorphisms, 33 – 34 contributions, 44 , 372 antibiotics, 56 of OCD vs. OCRDs, 235 – 36 and glutamatergic signaling, 66 antiepileptics, 233 – 34 , 360 – 61 and parental and family habit reversal training, 211 antipsychotics, 186 , 232 , 360 accommodation to hair ingestion (trichophagia), 369 drug augmentation, 189 , 362 symptomology, 40 , 178 medical complications, 369 glutamatergic agents, 360 – 61 and poor insight, 177 , 179 , 308 neuropathology, 77 , 88 , sulpiride, 360 prediction, 188 98 – 99 , 372 tetrabenazine, 360 neuroimaging studies, 78 – 79 , pharmacotherapy plasma exchange, 56 92 , 102 antipsychotics, 194 , 232 , 371 prevalence, 357 and stress, 45 cannabinoid agonists, 371 psychotherapy, 360 , 361 – 62 treatment strategies. see also treatment dopamine blockers, 379 tic- related specifi er, 137 , 138 response ; under specifi c drug augmentation, 194 tics. see also tic disorders disorders for children and adolescents, defi ned, 385 categorical vs. dimensional 194 expression, and environmental approaches, 7 , 420 glutamatergic agents, 194 , 233 , factors, 358 herbal medicines, 298 – 99 234 , 295 , 371 motor tics, 357 – 58 intravenous immunoglobulin milk thistle, 298 variability, 358 (IVIG), 56 myo- inositol (MI), 297 vocal tics, 358 nutrients and nutraceuticals. see opioid antagonists, 194 topiramate, 66 , 191 , 233 – 34 , 404 nutrients and nutraceuticals and positive reinforcement, Tourette’s disorder (TD). see also tic pharmacotherapy, see under specifi c 210 disorders disorders; specifi c drug classes; prevalence, 367 – 68 in children and adolescents, 357 specifi c drugs psychotherapy, 370 classifi cation and diagnosis, 357 , physical activity, 292 , 299 – 300 ERP therapy (unsuit.), 211 358 – 59 , 361 plasma exchange, 56 and quality of life, 368 – 69 comorbidities, 358 probiotics, 301 treatment- seeking behaviors, 369 , OCD, 19 , 23 , 55 – 56 , 78 , 358 psychoeducation, see 370 and dopaminergic system, 231 psychoeducation triggers, 210 , 368 , 372 genetic and environmental psychosurgery, see psychosurgery tricophagia, 369 contributions, 357 psychotherapy, see psychotherapy tricyclic antidepressants (TCA). and immune dysfunction, treatment- seeking behaviors, 185 see also clomipramine ; 55 – 56 in anxiety disorders, 115 – 16 desipramine ; imipramine ; neuropathology, 78 in compulsive buying nortriptyline pharmacotherapy disorder, 403 for BDD, 192 – 93 alpha- 2 agonists, 360 in HD, 337 – 38 and CBT, 242 – 46 , 243 , antiepileptics, 233 – 34 in hypochondriasis, 320 247 , 313 antipsychotics, 186 , 232 in kleptomania, 403 for OCD, 185 , 186 , 349 drug augmentation, 56 in OCD, 115 – 16 , 146 , 185 for OCPD, 349 glutamatergic agents, 234 sub- clinical OCD, 164 for ORD, 313 indications, 360 in OCPD, 347 for SMD, 377 prevalence, 357 in ORD, 313 , 314 for TTM, 194 psychosurgery, DBS, 259 , 287 , 361 in PSP, 371 twin studies. see also family studies psychotherapy, 360 , 361 – 62 in TTM, 369 , 370 of HD, 335 toxoplasmosis, 53 – 54 trichotillomania (TTM) (hair- pulling of OCD, OCS, and comorbidities, transcranial direct current stimulation disorder) 19 – 21 , 22 , 23 – 25 (tDCS), 268 – 70 age of onset, 155 , 368 heritability estimates, 25 transcranial magnetic stimulation animal models, 32 of OCPD, 347 (TMS). see repetitive in children and adolescents, 155 , of PSP, 372 transcranial magnetic 194 , 295 , 368 t y p i fi cation, 128 , see also classifi cation stimulation (rTMS) classifi cation and diagnosis, 367 and diagnosis traumatic brain injury (TBI). see comorbidities, 369 brain damage and injury, and course and outcome, 155 , 370 UCLA Hoarding Severity Scale pathogenesis of OCRDs and cytokines, 55 (UHSS), 336 traumatic life events, and risk of and dopaminergic system, 231 ultrasound surgery, 280 , 288 OCRD, 44 , 121 – 22 , 335 as emotional regulation, 372 urges, vs. impulses, 129 – 30

437

Index

valproate, 377 visual dysmorphophobia. see b o d y and PG, 406 venlafaxine, 194 , 232 , 338 dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and PSP, 372 ventral capsule, 257 – 58 , 258 , 259 visual processing abnormalities, and and SSRIs, 78 ventral striatum, 66 – 67 BDD, 309 , 310 – 11 and TTM, 372 and DBS, 257 – 58 , 258 , 259 visual training programs, 311 – 12 , Withania somnifera , 298 dysconnectivity with orbitofrontal see also mirror retraining working memory, impaired, 96 , cortex, 255 – 56 vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 292 – 93 348 , 407 and habit, 64 worries and rumination, vs. and punishment sensitivity, 62 washing symptoms, and immune obsessions, 174 and reward processing, 61 – 62 , 97 , dysfunction, 55 187 , 258 white matter, 75 – 76 , 78 Yale- Brown Obsessive- Compulsive and sub- clinical OCD, 79 and BDD, 309 Scale (Y-BOCS), 139 , 144 , volume change, 76 – 77 and compulsive sexual 172 – 73 , 196 , 229 ventral tegmental area, 335 behavior, 406 yoga, 300 visual (non- verbal) memory, 5 and kleptomania, 406 visual cortices, 309 a n d O C D , 7 5 – 7 6 zinc, 293

438