LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

LINKER: TJERAFF The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

Species Diversity of Terrestrial in the Forest Ecosystem of Bugkalots in Wasid, Nagtipunan, Quirino

Florenda B. Temanel 1, Jomabel L. Trapse2

College of Arts and Sciences, Isabela State University, Echague,Isabela, Philippines1 College of Arts and Sciences, Isabela State University, Echague,Isabela, Philippines2

Corresponding author’s e-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Bugkalots are considered to have an intimate connection with the forest. Their existence and culture are closely intertwined with the forest, so their very existence may be impaired by biodiversity loss. In the kingdom, arthropods are the most diverse taxonomic group. When used as bio-indicators, they can provide valuable information related to the function and stability of ecosystems. A survey was conducted of arthropods using opportunistic sampling and net sweeping. The diversity of was determined using the Shannon-Weiner index and the Simpson’s diversity indices. The major fauna in the Bugkalots forest ecosystem were species belonging to Class Insecta. There were 22 taxa documented consisting of 21 species and one Chilopoda species. Only one species was found to be abundant while all the remaining species were found to be rare. Based on the computed Simpson index value (0.7835), the species diversity in the study area was high. The Shannon-Weiner index showed moderate species diversity in the study area, implying moderate species richness and species evenness. Ten of the 22 identified species of arthropods were pollinators, seven were predators, and five were pests.

Keywords - species diversity, terrestrial arthopods, species composition, species abundance, species function

Introduction global functioning and survival. Thus, they play an important role in ecosystem functioning. Arthropods occupy the widest diversity of microhabitats and niches, and play more ecological Arthropods fulfill a diversity of ecological roles than any other group of . The forest roles within natural ecosystems and provides canopy layers provide an abundance of habitats in economic benefits in agricultural systems (Isaac et which arthropod communities could survive. Many of al., 2009). About 80% of the flowering plants on the arthropod species are particularly important in Earth are pollinated by . Approximately one maintaining ecological processes that sustain forest third of the world’s crop production depend directly production and ecosystem services (Schowalter, or indirectly on pollination by insects. Arthropods are 2017). The large proportions of arthropods in the also responsible for much of the nutrient cycling, faunal biomass in tropical systems greatly influence conditioning and aeration of the soil (Esenowo et al., the earth’s biodiversity (Basset et al., 2012). 2014). Soil arthropods are vital link in the food chain Arthropods are closely associated with living and as decomposers and are increasingly recognized to non-living entities alike, making impact plant performance, plant competition and thus the ecosystem services they provide crucially plant community composition. important. Their bio-ecology is closely linked with

www.linkertjsahs.com 1

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Arthropods are the most diverse group of biological knowledge to identify aspects of organisms in most ecosystems that constitute about environmental change that are responsible for faunal 64% of the known global biodiversity. Their species change. This makes them of great use in assessing the richness vastly exceeds that of vascular plants and ecosystem’s health. Determining the diversity of vertebrates together, while their biomass within arthropods in the forest ecosystem of the Bugkalots natural ecosystems exceeds that of vertebrates will provide an insight on the effect of disturbances, (Sabado et al., 2004). They are part of the meso and both natural and man-made, in the forest ecosystem macrofauna and comprise elaborated food webs which may eventually have an impact on the lives of containing several trophic levels. Some feed directly the Bugkalots. Hence this study was conducted to on roots of living plants, but most subsist on dead determine the diversity of arthropods in the forest plant matter and are integral to the initial shredding ecosystem of Bugkalots in Wasid, Nagtipunan, of the litter which exposes nutrients to microbial Quirino. It focused on the inventory of arthropods digestion. The recycling of nutrients involves the present in the study area and on the identification of diversity of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and interaction the role of the arthropods in the forest ecosystem of invertebrates (Elanchezhian, 2014). Other using secondary data. It was limited to the arthropods are carnivores, parasites, or predators. determination of the α-diversity of local species found in the study area. Nagtipunan is the largest municipality in the province of Quirino, occupying a land area of 1607.40 square kilometers and has been the home of Methods the tribe known as Bugkalot . It is one of the many The Study Area ethnic tribes in the which are known to have an intimate relationship with the forest, being The study was conducted in the forest familiar with almost all the plant and animal species ecosystem at Wasid, Natipunan, Quirino where the in there, including their uses. The cultural and Bugkalots are located. Barangay Wasid is one of the spiritual identity of these indigenous people is often 29 barangays of the municipality of Nagtipunan. It is linked to intact primary forests with their rich composed of three (3) puroks: Kakidugen, Biton and biodiversity (Convention on Biodiversity, 2010). Siitan. The barangay covers a total land area of

13,170 hectares representing 8.19% of the total land Arthropods represent a vast resource of area of the municipality. It is generally mountainous ecosystem information that is currently underused. (9,685.22 hectares or 73.54% of the total area); while For instance, arthropods can provide information 3,468.98 hectares (26.34% of the total land area) are virtually on all macro- and microhabitats within an classified as hilly and a small fraction (15.8 hectares ecosystem. They cover several size classes, exhibit a or 12% of the total land area) is considered plain. In range of ecosystem requirements (highly specific to terms of land use, the barangay is classified as forest- generalist) and dispersal abilities, show a variety of agricultural area. Only a small portion of the land life cycle and development times, assist in mediating area is devoted to residential area. ecosystem functions such as decomposition, help maintain soil structure and soil fertility, regulate The topography of Barangay Wasid has five populations of other organisms (including arthropods, classes of contour lines ranging from 205 to 1,495 vertebrates, and plants), respond quickly to meters. The study area is located in 205 to 463 environmental changes, and act as “mobile links” meters, the lowest class in terms of contour line. essential to the reproduction of many flowering Meanwhile, the elevation of Barangay Wasid ranges plants (Kremen et al., 2003). Information derived from 196 to 1510 meters above sea level (masl). The from arthropod species assemblages can be used to highest elevation of the study area is 378 masl which accurately characterize almost any aspect of an is about 93% of the lowest elevation of Barangay ecosystem. Wasid.

The use of arthropods as an indicator species Arthropod Sampling Methods, Collection, and can provide a highly sensitive advance warning of Preservation ecosystem changes. Some species react quickly to environmental stressors and are ideally suited to act Opportunistic walk or transect walk and net- as bio-indicators of habitat disturbance, pollution, and sweeping were used in the sampling and collection of climate change. Arthropods’ sensitivity to arthropods. environmental conditions allows application of

www.linkertjsahs.com 2

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

1. Opportunistic sampling/Transect walk A 150 m transect line was laid out on the ground and organisms encountered within its 100 m width were recorded and 1a. Three pairs of walking legs ...... CLASS 2 considered for identification. All INSECTA 1b. More than fourteen (14) pairs 2 representative samples of each species found of walking legs ...... on the lower and upper surface of the foliage or even on stems and fruits were gathered. 2a. Three pairs of walking legs ...... 3 The collected insects were placed in killing 2b. More than 14 pairs of walking legs .. 3

jars with 70% ethyl alcohol. 3a. Two pair of wings are present 4 and are well developed ...... 2. Net Sweeping 3b. Wings are absent ...... 11

Diagonal or zigzag sampling using 4a. Mouthparts adapted for sucking, 5 with elongate proboscis ...... net sweeps in a 150 m by 100 m plot was 4b. Mouthparts adapted for chewing, 6 carried out in collecting insects from the without elongate proboscis ...... vegetation. The net used in the systematic sweeping was made of gauze net with a 5. Wings densely covered with scales; proboscis are coiled ...... diameter of 35cm mouth and a 50cm bag ORDER - Moth or length. A single back and forth sweep covering a 1500 to 1800 arc was considered 6a. Both pair of wings are membranous 7 as a single sweep. There were 100 sweeps in and are similar in structure 6b. Front pair of wings shell-like or leathery, every plot. Insects collected in every 20 serving as covers for the second pair . . . . . 8 sweeps were transferred in killing jars and 6c. Wings usually transparent, each wing were preserved properly, either wet or dry, with an anterior node or notch ...... using appropriate methods. ORDER – / 7a. Both pairs of wings similar in size ...... ORDER ISOPTERA – Termite 7b. Hind wing is much smaller than front wing. . . . Morpho-Anatomical Characterization and ORDER HYMENOPTERA - Bees Identification of Arthropods 8a. Front wings horny or leathery without 9 distinct veins ...... Morphological characteristics of the 8b. Front wings leathery or paper-like with 10 distinct veins ...... ………….. arthropods were examined closely using a zoom 9. Abdomen without prominent cerci; wings stereo digital microscope. The following features covering abdomen ...... were assessed: number and structure of walking legs, ORDER COLEOPTERA- presence or absence of wings, wing structure, 10a. Hind legs often enlarged for jumping ...... ORDER - , Crickets, mouthparts structure, antennae, and body Katydids segmentations. 10b. Prothorax much longer than mesothorax; front legs modified for grasping . . . . The different morpho-anatomical ORDER MANTODEA – Praying Mantis 11. One pair of legs per body segment...... characteristics were considered in the identification. CLASS CHILOPODA – Centipede Arthropod identification was guided by the taxonomic dichotomous keys devised by Harold Measurement of Arthropod Diversity George Scott and Chester J. Stojanovich (1966). Online visual keys were also used for further Alpha-diversity was used to measure the identification. diversity of arthropods in the study area. The following indices were used to determine species Based on morpho-anatomical characteristics diversity: of species collected in the study area, the following 1. Simpson’s Diversity Indices dichotomous key was constructed: a. Simpson’s Index measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species). With this

www.linkertjsahs.com 3

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity. This was determined by using the formula: Determination of Species Abundance

∑ n (n-1) The total count of the individuals within the D = ------species was determined and abundance was measured N (N-1) using the scale used by Odum (1971), as follows:

b. Simpson's Index of Diversity (1 – D). This was obtained by deducting - not found Simpson’s Index (D) from 1. The value + rare; more than 1 of this index also ranges between 0 and ++ few; more than 10 1, the greater the value, the greater the +++ many; more than 20 sample diversity. The index represents ++++ abundant; more than 50 the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to different species.

2. Shannon-Weiner diversity index (Shannon Results and Weiner, 1949) was calculated using the Arthropod Species Composition of the Study Area following equation:

There were 22 taxa documented consisting H′ = -∑(pi) ln (pi) of 21 insect species and one (1) Chilopoda species

(Table 2). Of the 22 arthropod species collected, 9 where: H′ is the Shannon-Weiner index; species belonged to order Lepidoptera under the pi is the proportion of each species out families Hespiriidae, , Papilionidae, of the total number of individuals , and Satyrnae. These species are gola recorded; (common darlet), melanippus (white tiger), ln is the natural log Euploea swainson (Swainson’s crow),

vulgaris (blue glassy tiger), mineus (dark- Shannon-Wiener diversity index values was branded bushbrown), meges (green interpreted using the diversity categories as shown in dragontail), albina (white albatross), and Table 1. Ypthima baldus (common five ring). Three (3) Table 1. Diversity categories following families of the order Odonata were also noted in the the Shannon-Weiner index values. study area: (Neurobasis longipes and Neurobasis luzoniensis), H’ Values Category (Rhinocypha humeralis – common blue jewel, and ( chrysis – spine-tufted 0.00-1.00 Very Low skimmer). 1.10- 2.00 Low 2.10-3.00 Moderate 3.10-3.50 High 3.60-4.00 Very High

4.10-4.50 Extremely High

www.linkertjsahs.com 4

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Table 2. Arthropod species composition of the arthropod community in the forest ecosystem of the Bugkalots in Wasid, Nagtipunan, Quirino.

Class Order Family Genera Scientific Name Common Name Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae Scollopendra Scollopendra Green Philippine Centipede subcrustalis Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Harmonia Harmonia Harlequin or Asian axyridis ladybeetle Hymenoptera Apidae Xylocapa Xylocapa virginica Carpenter Bee Isoptera Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes Coptotermes vastator Philippine Milk termite Lepidoptera Hesperiidae Oriens Morning Star Nymphalidae Danaus White Tiger Euploea Euploea swainson. Swainson’s Crow Ideopsis Blue Glassy Tiger Mycalesis Dark-branded Bushbrown Neptis jumbah Sailer Butterfly Papilionidae Lamproptera Green dragontail Pieridae Appias Appias albina White albatross Ypthima Ypthima baldus Common five ring Mantodea Mantidae Mantis Mantis regliosa Praying mantis Odonata Calopterygidae Neurobasis Neurobasis longipes Damselfly Neurobasis Neurobasis luzoniensis Damselfly Chlorocyphidae Rhinocypha Rhinocypha humeralis Common Blue Jewel Libellulidae Orthetrum Orthetrum chrysis Spine-tufted skimmer Orthoptera Gryllidae Gryllus Gryllus sp. Field/Ground Cricket Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa orientalis Tagasta Tagasta marginella Gaudy Tettigonidae Phaneroptera Phaneroptera furcipera Philippine Katydid

One (1) species each of the orders Coleoptera, : Scolopendra Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Mantodea consisting of Species: subcrustalis one (1) family each were documented. These are the (Kronmüller, 2009) families Coccinellidae (Harmonia axyridis – Asian Binomial Name: ladybeetle), Apidae (Xylocapa virginica – carpenter Scolopendra bee), Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes vastator – subscrustalis Philippine milk termite), and Mantidae (Mantis regliosa – praying mantis). The Scolopendra sucrustalis of the family Scolopendridae, order Figure 1. Scolopendra subcrustalis Scolopendromorpha of the class Chilopoda was also noted. The Scolopendra subcrustalis Kronmüller is a species of Scolopeder, the top carnivorous Taxonomic Account and Description of the invertebrates in soil ecosystems. This particular Arthropods species from the Philippines was just discovered in The following are the species collected with 2009. This centipede partly lives in arboreal and their scientific classifications and description: usually hides under rotten trees (Kronmüller, 2009). Morphologically, it has 21 tergits with 21 pairs of 1. Philippine Green Centipede legs; four ocelli on each side; two-jointed tarsi; Kingdom: Animalia spiracles in the pleural zone at tergit 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 with three-sectioned valves; head Phylum: Arthropoda capsule overlapping the first tergit; antennomeres Class: Chilopoda emerging the head capsule in an angle laterally; coxo- Order: Scolopendromorpha pleural process with coxopleural pores; and teeth Family: Scolopendridae plate on the coxosternite shortbased.

www.linkertjsahs.com 5

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

2. Harlequin or Asian Ladybeetle Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Kingdom: Animalia Order: Isoptera Phylum: Arthropoda Family: Rhinotermitidae Class: Insecta Genus: Coptotermes Order: Coleoptera Species: vastator (Light, 1929) Family: Coccinellidae Binomial Name: Coptotermes vastator Genus: Harmonia Species: axyridis The Coptotermes vastator is a species of termite Binomial Name: which is native to . It is said to be the most destructive Figure 2. Harmonia axyridis Harmonia axyridis termite species in the Philippines because aside from (Pallas, 1773) feeding on wood, paper, and cardboard, it can also drill through rubber and plastic. The body of its workers are

white, with limbs that are translucent while its colony’s The Asian ladybeetle is a polymorphic soldiers have dark brown abdomen, ovular heads, and insect which appears to be oval in shape and convex. mandibles that point forward. This species is the primary It has three main color morphs: red or orange with subterranean termite species in the urban environment in zero to many black spots (form succinea), or black the Philippines (Yudin, 2002), and it accounts for 90% of with either four orange spots (form spectabilis) or the termite damage to timber and wooden structures in two (form conspicua). This species tends to live in metro Manila and other urban areas (Acda, 2004). open fields, agricultural areas, and meadows (Koch, 2003). It can be found on many crop species in 5. Common Darlet agricultural areas where it has been introduced, on Kingdom: Animalia deciduous trees, flowering plants, and other plant Phylum: Arthopoda species. It is considered to be a predatory insectivore Class: Insecta with chewing mandibles, primarily feeding Order: Lepidoptera on aphids and scale insects. However, it is a prey to Family: Hesperiidae many species of (Adriano, et al., 2009). Genus: Oriens Species: gola (Moore, 3. Carpenter Bee 1877) Kingdom: Animalia Binomial Name: Phylum: Arthropoda Figure 5. Oriens gola Oriens gola Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera This species Family: Apidae is usually found in sunny glades and clearings in Genus: Xylocapa secondary forests and plantations. It is also found (Latreille, 1802) along roadsides, riverbanks and other sheltered Species: grassy habitats at elevations up to 400 meters. It has virginica (Linnaeus, an antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet.

Figure 3. Xylocapa virginica 1771 Compared to other Lepidopterans, this speciesBinomial has Name: a Xylocapa virginica stockier body and stronger wing muscles. Its This bee got its common name from its nesting habits. wingspan is about 22–27 mm. Both of its fore- and This large carpenter bee usually chew nesting galleries in hindwings are colored dark chocolate brown with solid wood or in stumps, logs, or dead branches of trees. It amber-colored bands. is typically black with pale yellow on the thorax, legs, or abdomen. Like other native bees, it is also considered an 6. White Tiger important pollinator. However, it tends to be a pest when Kingdom: Animalia causing internal damages to structural woods. Phylum:

Arthropoda 4. Philippine Milk Termite Class: Insecta Kingdom: Animalia Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Genus: Danaus

Figure 4. Coptotermes Figure 6. Danaus melanippus vastator

www.linkertjsahs.com 6

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Species: melanippus Blue Glassy tiger is a butterfly species which (Cramer, 1777) appears mostly as bluish grey with veins and Binomial Name: Danaus blackened margins. This is a relatively common melanippus butterfly species which inhabits a range of habitats, including secondary rainforest, plantations and rural The Danaus melanippus is a gardens. It favors open spaces, where adults fly butterfly species found in tropical Asia which slowly and frequently visit flowers (IUCN, 2016). belongs to the "crows and tigers", that is, This is a widespread species in South East Asia, the danaine group of the brush-footed butterfly occurring from southern Burma, Viet Nam and family. It ranges from in () through the Malay Peninsula eastern through South-East Asia south to (, , the Lesser Sunda to Indonesia, and eastwards to the Philippines and Islands as far east as Alor), the Philippines (Palawan) through southern China to . It has around and . This gives rise to a large extent of 17 subspecies, and its closest relative is the Malay occurrence, with the area of occupancy also being tiger, . It appears to have black veins large as this butterfly is found in a range of habitats with white spots and markings (Muller and Tennent, 2011).

7. Swainson’s Crow 9. Dark-branded Bushbrown Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthopoda Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae

Genus: Mycalesis

Family: Nymphalidae Genus: Euploea Species: mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) Species: swainson Binomial Name: (Godart, 1824) Mycalesis mineus Figure 7. Euploea swainson Binomial Name: Euploea swainson Figure 9. Mycalesis mineus Mycalesis mineus, commonly called the Dark-branded Bushbrown, is a The Euploea swainson is a species of Satyrid butterfly species found in Asia. It is one of the most nymphalid butterfly which is found in Indonesia and common species of the genus Mycalesis which all look in the Philippines (Döring, 2015). The upperside of very similar to each other. It is a drab-looking butterfly its wings has a ground color which varies from dark- with a wingspan of 40-45 mm. In both males and females, the upperside is brown. Forewing with a white-centered brown to velvety blackish-brown. Its forewing is yellow-ringed ocellus in interspace 2 and sometimes a slightly convex with straight posterior margins and 2- small similar ocellus in interspace 5. Hindwing uniform, 6 series of postdiscal whitish spots. Its hindwing has occasionally 2 or 3 obscure ocelli present. Subterminal and submarginal whitish spots too, but varies from dot- terminal pale lines. Underside wings crossed by a purplish like and dark-colored to well-developed and pure white narrow discal line. Forewing with two to four ocelli, white. It wings underside is similar with that of its the hindwing with usually seven ocelli, on both wings the upperside, however, there are some spots that are ocelli are bordered on both sides by sinuous purplish-white characteristic only of the underside. lines. The five posterior ocelli on the underside of hindwing in a straight line. In the dry-season form the ocelli are reduced to minute white specks (Encyclopedia of Life,

2017). 8. Blue Glassy Tiger Kingdom: Animalia 10. Sailer Butterfly Phylum: Arthropoda Kingdom: Animalia Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Order: Lepidoptera Class: Insecta Family: Nymphalidae Order: Lepidoptera Genus: Ideopsis Family: Nymphalidae Species: vulgaris Genus: Neptis (Moore, (Butler, 1874) 1857) Species: jumbah. Binomial Name: Figure 10. Neptis jumbah Figure 8. Ideopsis vulgaris Binomial Name: Neptis jumbah

www.linkertjsahs.com 7

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Neptis jumbah is a nymphalid butterfly with they vibrate their wings rapidly but pause from time a wingspan of 62-70 mm which is found in South to time. Occasionally, they rest on leaves of bushes Asia. Its wing has a fuliginous black ground color with wings outspread and stationary (Hoskins, 2017). with suffused white markings with discoidal streak widening towards the apex. Its discal white spots in 12. White albatross pairs vary in sizes. It has a dark-brown to black Kingdom: Animalia antennae and dark-brownish black head, thorax, and Phylum: Arthropoda abdomen. Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera 11. Green dragontail Family: Pieridae Kingdom: Animalia Genus: Appias Phylum: Arthropoda Species: albina (Boisduval, Class: Insecta Figure 12. Appias albina 1836 Order: Lepidoptera Binomial Name: Appias Family: Papilionidae albina Genus: Lamproptera Species: meges The Appias albina is found in India, Southeast (Zinken-Sommer, Asia and Australia. This species has an acutely 1831) pointed forewing and an upper forewings which is Binomial Name: irrorated with black scales at the apex and anteriorly Lamproptera meges along the termen. Its antennae are dusky black and closely speckled with white and the underside of its thorax is white.

Figure 11. Lamproptera meges 13. Common five ring Kingdom: Animalia Green dragontail is a small butterfly which Phylum: Arthropoda has a wingspan of 40 to 55 mm (1.6 to 2.2 in). It Class: Insecta appears to be black and white in color scheme and Order: Lepidoptera has a very large white-tipped tail which is about 25 to Family: Pieridae 40 millimeters (0.98 to 1.57 in) long. Its forewing has Genus: Ypthima a triangular hyaline (glass-like) patch with black Species: baldus borders, and thin black stripes along the veins, (Fabricius, 1775) forming six to eight spot/bands. Sexes are alike, but Binomial Name: the female is duller and has a ventral copulation Figure 13. Ypthima baldus Ypthima baldus groove before the tip of the abdomen. The males of this species do not have the sex mark (scent organ) found in L. curius (Kehimkar, 2009). The Ypthma baldus is a species of Satyrnae which is commonly found in Asia which a wingspan This species is usually found in parts of South of about 3.2-4.8 in long. It has a brown upperside Asia and . The green dragontail is not with a much darker terminal margins and generally known to be threatened in most of its range but is with more or less distinct sub-basal and discal dark considered vulnerable and in need of protection in bands. Its forewing has large, slightly oblique, oval, peninsular . The green dragontail is usually bi-pupilled, yellow-ringed black, pre-apical ocellus. found singly along open sunlit patches, almost always On the other hand, its hindwing has two postdiscal, near streams and water courses. It may also be seen round, uni-pupilled, similar but smaller ocelli, and in small groups, usually twos or threes. It flies in an very often one or two minute tornal ocelli. altitude range of 100 to 1,520 meters (Kehimkar (2009). Having much smaller wing size to body length ratio, the have a whirring flight, rapidly beat their wings and dart back and forth in a manner reminiscent of , their long tails acting as rudders. Male dragontails suck up a lot of water from which the dissolved minerals are filtered and the water squirted from the anus. While feeding

www.linkertjsahs.com 8

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

14. Praying mantis 16. Damselfly Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Kingdom:Animalia Class: Insecta Order: Mantodea a Phylum: Arthropoda Family: Mantidae A Class: Insecta Genus: Mantis b Order: Odonata Species: regliosa A Family: Calopterygidae (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus: Neurobasis Binomial Name: Species: luzoniensis Mantis regliosa Figure 16. Neurobasis (Selys, 1879)

Figure 14. Mantis regliosa luzoniensis (a) upperside Binomial Name: (b) underside) Neurobasis luzoniensis

Mantis regliosa is a mantis species which is This damselfly species has hyaline fore wings about 5-7.5 cm long. It is native to temperate areas of with venation reflecting blue and green. Its hind Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. It usually has a wings are opaque and its metallic coloring reflects shade of green and brown which enables it to have brilliant dark blue on the upper surface and green on the capability of camouflaging to its environment. It the under surface. is a very mobile species with a very large compound eyes. It has raptatorial legs which are highly modified 17. Common Blue Jewel for its efficient capture and restrain of fast moving or Kingdom: Animalia flying preys. Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta 15. Damselfly Order: Odonata Kingdom: Animalia Family: Chlorocyphydae Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Rhinocypha Class: Insecta Species: humeralis (Selys, Order: Odonata 1873) Family: Calopterygidae Binomial Name: Genus: Neurobasis Figure 17. Rhinocypha humeralis Rhinocypha humeralis Species: longipes (Hagen, 1887) Rhinocypha humeralis is one of the blue- Binomial Name: colored species with a bright sky blue on black from Neurobasis longipes his "face" and eyes to the tip of its abdomen. The Figure 15. Neurobasis longipes basal two-thirds of both his wing are clear while the remaining third tip is black.

This species is universally distributed in lowland streams in forested areas. It can be found in clear, low gradient, forest streams from 18. Spine-tufted skimmer the lowlands to 1,100 m or above. It occurs in Kingdom: Animalia secondary as well as primary forest. Its thorax Phylum: Arthropoda and abdomen appears to be shining in metallic Class: Insecta green color and has a strong coppery tint. Order: Odonata Family: Libellulidae Genus: Orthetrum Species: chrysis (Selys, 1891) Binomial Name: Orthetrum chrysis

Figure 18. Orthetrum chrysis

www.linkertjsahs.com 9

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

The Spine-tufted skimmer is a species 21. Gaudy Grasshopper of dragonfly which is widespread in many Asian countries. Its hindwing is 31 to 34 mm in Kingdom: length and its total body length ranges from 41 to 48 Animalia mm. It has a red face and dark grey eyes, a thorax Phylum: that is dark brown, and an abdomen that is red. It is Arthropoda commonly found near marshes, ponds, lakes, Class: Insecta sluggish streams and irrigation canals. Order: Orthoptera Family: 19. Field Cricket Pyrgomorphidae Genus: Tagasta Kingdom: Animalia Species: marginella Phylum: Arthropoda (Thunberg, 1815) Class: Insecta Binomial Name: Order: Orthoptera Figure 21. Tagasta marginella Tagasta Family: Gryllotalpidae marginella Genus: Gryllus Tagasta marginella is a species of grasshopper (Linnaeus, 1758) which has a well-developed tegmina with a rounded tip. Its head is conical and is shorter than its

Figure 19. Gryllus sp. pronotum. Its hind tibia has terminal spines which are sharply pointed wherein it is shorter on the outside than in the inside. Its antennae is relatively shorter The Gryllus sp. is a dark brown or black than the other species. colored insect which is typically 15–31 mm long. It is usually found on open fields or ground areas. It has 22. Philippine Katydid large hind legs modified for jumping and well- Kingdom: developed wings. Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda 20. Mole Cricket Class: Insecta Kingdom: Animalia Order: Orthoptera Phylum: Arthropoda Family: Class: Insecta Tettigonidae Order: Orthoptera Genus: Family: Gryllotalpidae Phaneroptera Genus: Gryllotalpa Species: P. (Linnaeus, 1758) furcipera (Stål, Species: orientalis 1861) Binomial Name: Binomial Name: Gryllotalpa orientalis Phaneroptera Figure 22. Phaneroptera furcipera furcipera

Figure 20. Gryllotalpa orientalis Phaneroptera furcipera is a species of katydid which native in the Philippines which could Gryllotalpa orientalis is a polyphagous pest, grow up to 133 mm in length. It differs from species damaging crops by gnawing their roots. It is found in of grasshoppers mainly because of its filamentous much of Asia and also in Australasia. This mole antennae which may exceed its whole body length. It cricket is plump, yellowish-brown, paler beneath and usually feed on stems, flowers, barks, and seeds. about thirty millimeters long. It has short filiform antennae, forelegs designed for digging and a large oblong pronotum. Its wings project slightly Abundance of Arthropods in the Study Area from beneath the forewings. Of the 22 species identified, Coptotermes vastator, the Philippine milk termite, was found to be abundant in the forest ecosystem (Table 3). It was

www.linkertjsahs.com 10

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

seen on dead stumps, leaves, grasses, and wood are among the most successful groups of insects. debris on the study area. This species is believed to They are found on all continents, except Antarctica, be indigenous in the Philippines (Light, 1921 as cited and inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from desert by Acda, 2004) and commonly occur in tropical soils to rainforest, from lowland grasslands to montane especially in rainforests where they play an important plateaus, but almost always associated with higher part in recycling wood debris and decaying plant plants, especially angiosperms (Gullan and Cranston, materials. 2014). The dominance of Lepidopterans in the study area can be attributed to the diversity of plant species in the forest of the Bugkalots. According to Temanel Table 3. Arthropod abundance in the Bugkalot’s (2017), the forest ecosystem of the Bugkalots in forest ecosystem in Wasid, Bagtipunan, Wasid, Nagtipunan, Quirino has a high diversity of Quirino. plant species both at the overstorey and understory Species Population Abundance layer, and that, most of these plants are angiosperms. Scolopendra subcrustalis - Green 3 + Thus, the presence of preferred plants of the Philippine Centipede butterflies and moths account for their dominance in Harmonia axyridis - Asian ladybeetle 11 ++ the study area. Xylocapa virginica - Carpenter Bee 1 + Coptotermes vastator - Philippine 52 ++++ In terms of number of species, Odonata was Milk termite found to be next to order Lepidoptera. This can be Oriens gola – Morning Star 1 + associated to the presence of bodies of water Danaus melanippus - White Tiger 2 + surrounding the study area, which is very well suited Euploea swainson – Swainson’s Crow 3 + to Odonata. This agrees with the findings of Balzan Ideopsis vulgaris - Blue Glassy Tiger 3 + (2012), that larval stages of Odonates are largely Mycalesis igoleta - Igoleta Bushbrown 3 + associated with bodies of water, and that, Odonata Neptis jumbah – Sailer Butterfly 1 + in lentic and lotic seminatural waterbodies were more diverse than in agricultural reservoirs and Lamproptera meges - Green 3 + dragontail brackish habitats. Appias albina - White albatross 3 + Ypthima baldus - Common five ring 2 + Like Lepidopterans, Odonata species are sensitive to conditions at the breeding site and Mantis regliosa - Praying mantis 1 + surrounding terrestrial area and can also react quickly Neurobasis longipes - Damselfly 6 + to changes in environmental quality (Kulijer, 2016). Neurobasis luzoniensis – Damselfly 3 + Rhinocypha humeralis - 2 + The distribution of various groups and Common Blue Jewel species of Odonata is highly variable (Bos, 2000). Orthetrum chrysis - Spine-tufted 6 + skimmer Some genera and species are widespread while others Gryllus veletis - Field/Ground Cricket 3 + are highly local in their distribution. Some families Gryllotalpa orientalis - Mole Cricket 1 + are restricted to cool streams or rivers, others to Tagasta marginella - Gaudy 3 + ponds or still clear waters, and some to marshy Grasshopper places. The presence of dragonflies and Phaneroptera furcipera - Philippine 3 + may be taken as an indication of good ecosystem Katydid quality. The greatest number of species are found at Legend: sites that offer a wide variety of microhabitats, - not found +++ many; more than 20 though dragonflies tend to be much more sensitive to + rare; more than 1 ++++ abundant; more than pollution than are damselflies. Many ecological 50 factors affect the distribution of larvae. The acidity of ++ few; more than 10 the water, the amount and type of aquatic vegetation, the temperature, and whether the water is stationary or flowing all affect the distribution of Odonata larvae. Some species can tolerate a broad range of There are only few Harmonia axyridis conditions while others are very sensitive to their (Asian ladybettle) found in the area, while all the rest environment. of the identified arthropods were rare. Most species identified in the area were Lepidopterans that Species under order Orthoptera, on the other included butterflies and moths. The Lepidopterans hand, were all found rare. This may be due to the

www.linkertjsahs.com 11

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/ vegetation of the study area which is not preferred by The computed Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) the species. Field and mole crickets are usually is 2.250. Using the diversity categories following the found on moist to wet areas while katydids and Shannon-Wiener index values, there is moderate grasshoppers including mantis usually prefers to diversity. This implies that there is moderate species attack crops which are not in the study area. The open richness and species evenness in the study area. field is also not so suitable for bees to inhabit. Species richness is simply the number of species per unit area, while species evenness refers to how close the population size of each species in a given Diversity of Arthropods environment. This result is correlated with the Species diversity (Table 4) in the study area obtained species abundance in the study area where is high as shown by the computed Simpson's diversity population of each species slightly varied from each index with the value of 0.7835. This high diversity other. Further, according to Stub et al. (1970), as indicates mature and stable community. As Dash cited by Maheshwari and Umesh (2016), in the (2003) suggested, generally, mature and stable biological communities, Shannon-Wiener diversity communities have high Simpson’s diversity index index varies from 0 to 5. On the basis of this index, value (0.6-0.9), while values close to zero values less than 1 characterize heavily polluted characterize communities under stressed conditions, condition and values ranging from 1 to 2 are which exhibits low diversity. characteristics of moderately polluted condition, while the value of 3 signifies stable environment. Based on this, the study area can be characterized as Table 4. Diversity of arthropod species in the moderately polluted. This can be attributed on the forest ecosystem. proximity of agricultural areas to the study area. It can be that agricultural practices are potential in Value generating pollution. This could create havoc on the Diversity Index ecological balance, thus affecting arthropod species Shannon-Weiner index 2.250 in different ways. Air pollutants can harm ecological (퐻′) resources, including water quality, soils, plants, and Simpson’s Index (D) 0.2164 animals. Simpson's Index of 0.7835 Diversity (1 – D) Function of the Arthropods in the Forest Ecosystem High diversity of arthropods in the study The function of the arthropods was classified into area can be attributed to the plant species diversity. pest, predator, and pollinators (Table 5). References Different layers of the forest ecosystem provide and secondary data were used to identify the function habitat for different arthropod species. Many abiotic of the species in the forest ecosystem. and biotic components of the upper canopy are different within the forest layers, and far more Table 5. Function of the arthropods in the forest different from the understory. Many studies have ecosystem. found out that composition and abundance of arthropods vary significantly at the different vertical Species/Function layers of trees. Basset et al., (2003) find greater Pollinator abundance at higher levels, whereas, Wolda et al., 2008 find greater significance at the lower levels. 1. Xylocapa virginica (Carpenter Bee) Thus, number of arthropod species associated with 2. Oriens gola (Morning Star) tropical trees is one of the key determinants of 3. Danaus melanippus (White Tiger) species diversity in the and this constitutes a most important ecological variable in studies of biotic 4. Euploea swainson (Swainson’s Crow) relationships and processes that are important for the 5. Ideopsis vulgaris (Blue Glassy Tiger) maintenance of biodiversity in tropical forest (Basset 6. Mycalesis mineus (Igoleta Bushbrown) et al., 2003; Novotny et al., 2003). Abiotic factors 7. Neptis jumbah Chesnut-streaked sailer such as light, levels of ultraviolet, air temperature, 8. Lamproptera meges (Green dragontail) relative humidity, wind, and water condensation 9. Appias albina (White albatross) strongly influence arthropod stratification. 10. Ypthima baldus (Common five ring)

www.linkertjsahs.com 12

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Predator pollen is transferred to their appendages and when fly 1. Scollopendra subcrustalis (Green Philippine to the next flower to feed, they unwittingly deposit Centipede) the pollen on the stigma of the flower, where the 2. Harmonia axyridis (Asian ladybeetle) pollen germinates and fertilizes the ovules ((Resh and 3. Neurobasis longipes (Damselfly) Carde, 2009). Their dominance in the study area 4. Neurobasis luzoniensis (Damselfly) means that the Bugkalot’s forest ecosystem still remains natural for it is still capable of providing 5. Mantis regliosa (Praying mantis) diverse set of nesting resources for pollinators which 6. Rhinocypha humeralis (Common Blue are typically unavailable within intensively managed Jewel) crop fields. 7. Orthetrum chrysis (Spine-tufted skimmer) Pest Species that were considered predators 1. Coptotermes vastator - Philippine Milk under order Odonata were N. longipes (Damselfly) termite and N. luzoniensis - Damselfly (Calopterygidae), R. 2. Gryllus sp. - Field/Ground Cricket humeralis – Common blue jewel (Chlorocyphidae), and O. chrysis – Spine-tufted skimmer (Libellulidae). 3. Gryllotalpa orientalis - Mole Cricket The insects, H. axyridis – Asian ladybeetle 4. Tagasta marginella - Gaudy Grasshopper (Coccilinidae: Coleoptera), M. regliosa – Preying 5. Phaneroptera furcipera - Philippine Katydid mantis (Mantidae: Mantodea) and the chilopod S. subscrustalis - Green Philippine centipede (Scolopendridae: Scolopendromorpha). Of the 22 species of arthropods identified, ten (10) were pollinators, seven (7) were predators, Dragonflies are generalists, that is, they eat and five (5) were pests. The arthropods which were whatever suitable prey is abundant. Oftentimes, they considered pollinators all belonged to order hunt in groups where large numbers of termites Lepidoptera. These species include X. virginica or are flying, or near swarms of mayflies, (Carpenter bee), O. gola (Common Darlet), D. caddisflies, or gnats. According to most studies, the melanippus (White tiger), E. swainson (Swainson’s main diet of adult odonates consists of small insects, crow), I. vulgaris (Blue glassy tiger), M. mineus especially Diptera. On the other hand, H. (Dark-branded bushbrown), N. jumbah (Chestnut- axyridis (Pallas) is a native of eastern Asia, are tree streaked sailer), L. meges (Green dragontail), A. dwelling beetle of the family Coccinellidae, is an albina (White albatross), and Y. baldus (Common important predator of aphids and scale insects (Jacobs five ring). (2013). Moths and butterflies are important in the The adults of M. religiosa are generalistic natural ecosystem. They are integral participants in predators that can be found in wild areas as well as the food chain; having co-evolved with flowering urban gardens and seem to tolerate a moderate plants and predators. Lepidopteran species have urbanization of the landscape (Battiston , 2016). It is formed a network of trophic relationships however a thermophilic insect that prefers natural between autotrophs and heterotrophs, which are environments with open and unmanaged spaces with included in the stages of Lepidoptera larvae, pupae, small and dry bushes and tall grass with a high and adults. Larvae and pupae are links in the diets of diversity of prey. birds and parasitic entomophagous insects. The adults are included in food webs in a much broader range of The S. subscrustalis (Green Philippine consumers including birds, small mammals, reptiles, centipede) preys primarily on insects or other among others (Resh and Carde, 2009). predatory arthropods such as spiders (Kronmüller, 2009). Most species of Lepidoptera engage in some form of entomophily (more specifically psychophily All species belonging to order Orthoptera and phalaenophily for butterflies and moths, were considered pests. These species are G. orientalis respectively) or the pollination of flowers. Most adult – Mole cricket (Gryllotalpidae), Gryllus sp. – Field butterflies and moths feed on the nectar inside cricket (Gryllidae), T. marginella – Gaudy flowers, using their probosces to reach the nectar grasshopper (Pyrgomorphidae), and P. furcipera – hidden at the base of the petals. In the process, the Philippine katydid, (Tettigonidae). The Coptotermes adults brush against the flowers' stamens, on which vastator – Philippine milk termite the reproductive pollen is made and stored. The

www.linkertjsahs.com 13

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

(Rhinotermitidae:Isoptera) was also classified as References pests.

Conclusions and Future Works Acda, M. N. (2004). Economically important termites (Isoptera) of the Philippines and their Based on the foregoing results of the study, control. Sociobiology 43(2): 159-167. it can be concluded that species belonging to Class https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28 Insecta composed the major arthropod fauna in the 9861438_Economically_Important_Termite forest ecosystem. Of these species, majority are s_Isoptera_of_the_Philippines_and_Their_C pollinators and few are considered pests and ontrol. predators. Most of the species were rarely found and only one species, specifically Coptotermes vastator, was found abundant. There is a high species diversity Adriano, G., N. Vandenberg, J. McHugh, J. Forrester, and moderate species evenness in the study area. This S. Slipinski, K. Miller, L. Shapiro & implies that the forest ecosystem of the Bugkalots can Whiting, M. (2009). The evolution of food provide diverse habitat and niches where different preferences in Coccinellidae. Biological arthropod species could survive. It also implies that Control, 51(2): 215-231. there is biodiversity in the forest making it more stable, capable of delivering ecosystem services and Balzan, M.V. (2012). Associations of dragonflies functions. This would eventually benefit the Bugkalot (odonata) to habitat variables within the community that relies much on the forest for their Maltese islands: a spatio-temporal approach. survival. Journal of Insect Science. 2012; 12: 87.

DOI: 10.1673/031.012.8701 Ethical Considerations https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P MC3596937/. This study followed the ethical considerations in conducting a research. It did not cause harm to any person and to the environment. Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S. E., & Kitching, R. (2003). Methodological advances and Acknowledgment limitations in canopy entomology. In Y. B., V. Novotny, S.E. Miller & R.L. Kitching The authors acknowledge the support of the (Ed.), Arthropods of Tropical Forests: National Commission on Indigenous Peoples Spatio-temporal Dynamics and Resource (Philippines), the Local Government Unit of Use in the Canopy. Cambridge: Cambridge Nagtipunan, Quirino, and the Bugkalot Community at University Press. Wasid, Nagtipunan, Quirino. Battiston, R. 2016. Mantis religiosa. The IUCN red Author’s Bionote list of threatened species 2016: e.T44793247A44798476. http://dx.doi.org/1 Dr. Florenda C. Ballesteros- 0.2305/IUCN.UK.2016- Temanel, the main author of this 1.RLTS.T44793247A44798476.en. study, is a Professor VI and Bos, F.G. (2000). The european dragonflies: notes on currently the Campus Director for the checklist and on species diversity. Research and Development at the Isabela State Odonatologica 27: 31-43. University, Echague, Isabela. She has extensive experiences in academic writing and her research CBD (Convention on Biodiversity) (2010). Global involvement focuses on tissue culture, ethnobotanical biodiversity outlook 3. Secretariat of the practices, biodiversity conservation, and banana Convention on Biological Diversity, integrated RD/E, food security and extension Montreal. services. Dash, M.C. (2003). Fundamental of Ecology. 2nd Edition Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited: New Delhi.

www.linkertjsahs.com 14

LINKER: The Journal of Emerging Research in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Vol. 1, No. 1, (2020) https://doi.org/10.00000/

Döring, M. (2015). English Wikipedia - Species rom_the_Philippines_Chilopoda_Scolopend Pages. Wikimedia Foundation. Checklist ridae Dataset. Muller, C.J. & Tennent, W.J. (2011). Ideopsis vulgaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Elanchezhian, R., Biswas, A.K. & Ranesh K. (2014). Species 2011: Advances in nutrient dynamics in soil - plant - e.T160466A5368554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2 atmosphere system for improving nutrient use 305/IUCN.UK.2011- efficiency. ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil 2.RLTS.T160466A5368554.en. Science Bhopal-462 038. Encyclopedia of Life. 2017. Mycalesis mineus: Novotny, V., Y. Basset, S.E. Miller, A. Allison, G.A. overview. Samuelson & L.J. Orsak. (2003). The diversity of tropical insect herbivores: An Esenowo, I.K., E.E. Akpabio, O.A. Adeyemi-ale, and approach to collaborative international V.S. Okoil. (2014). Evaluation of arthropod research in Papua New Guinea, In B. H.Lee, diversity and abundance in contrasting habitat, J.C. Choe & H.Y. Han (eds), Proceedings of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. the International Conference on Environ. Manage 18 (3): 403-408. and Biodiversity Conservation in East Asia. Chonju, Korea, Korean Institute for Gullan, P. J. and P. S. Cranston (2014). The insects: Biodiversity Research of Chonbuk National an outline of entomology (3rd ed.). Wiley- University. Blackwell. Resh, V.H. and Carde, R.T. (2009). Encyclopedia of Hoskins, Adrian. (2017). Lamproptera Insects. 2nd Edition. U. S. A.: Academic meges: Butterflies of , Malaysia and Press. Borneo. Sabado, E.M., Reyes, S.G. & Padogdog, E.T. (2004). http://www.learnaboutbutterflies.com/Malaysia Assessing the diversity of selected %20-%20Lamproptera%20meges.htm arthropods in cabbage-growing areas in Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental. Jacobs, S.B. (2013). Multicolored Asian lady beetle Biodiversity Research Programme for Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Entomological Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Notes. Department of Entomology The Malindang and Environs. SEAMEO Pennsylvania State University. SEARCA, College, Laguna. http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/multico lored-asian-lady-. Schowalter, T. (2017). Arthropod Diversity and Functional Importance in Old-Growth Koch, R.L. (2003). The multicolored Asian lady Forests of North America. Entomology beetle, Harmonia axyridis: A review of its Department, Louisiana State University biology, uses in biological control, and non- Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA target impacts. PMC524671. 70803, USA.

Kremen, C., R.K. Colwell, T.L. Erwin, D.D. Murphy, Temanel, F.B. (2017). Plant species diversity in the R.F. Noss, & M.A. Sanjayan. (2003). forest ecosystem of the Bugkalots in Wasid, Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use Nagtipunan, Quirino. Unpublished in conservation planning. Conservation Dissertation – Study 1. St. Louis University, Biology 7: 796-808. Bonifacio, Baguio City.

Kehimkar, I. (2009). The book of Indian butterflies. Illustrated edition. Wolda, H. (2008). Insect seasonality: Annu. Rev. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society. Ecol. Systematics, 19: 1-18.

Kronmüller, C. (2009). A new species of Scolopender from the Philippines (Chilopoda:

Scolopendridae). Arthropoda 17(1): 48-51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25 9752939_A_new_species_of_Scolopender_f

www.linkertjsahs.com 15