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LES MARIAGES TRANSNATIONAUX DES FAMILLES PAKISTANAISES IMMIGRÉES EN FRANCE Abida Sabir Sharif

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LES MARIAGES TRANSNATIONAUX DES FAMILLES PAKISTANAISES IMMIGRÉES EN FRANCE Abida Sabir Sharif LES MARIAGES TRANSNATIONAUX DES FAMILLES PAKISTANAISES IMMIGRÉES EN FRANCE Abida Sabir Sharif To cite this version: Abida Sabir Sharif. LES MARIAGES TRANSNATIONAUX DES FAMILLES PAKISTANAISES IMMIGRÉES EN FRANCE. Sociologie. Université Paris-Saclay, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016SACLV121. tel-01650007 HAL Id: tel-01650007 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01650007 Submitted on 28 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT: 2016SACLV121 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N°578 Sciences de l’homme et de la société Spécialité de doctorat : Sociologie Par Mme Abida SHARIF LES MARIAGES TRANSNATIONAUX DES FAMILLES PAKISTANAISES IMMIGREES EN FRANCE Thèse présentée et soutenue à Guyancourt, le 16 Décembre 2016 Composition du Jury : M. DRESSEN Marnix, Professeur de sociologie à l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - Laboratoire PRINTEMPS, Président du Jury Mme HERTRICH Véronique, Directrice de recherche à l'Institut national d'études démographiques - INED, Examinatrice Mme de LOENZIEN Myriam, Démographe / Chargée de recherche à IRD- CEPED, Rapporteuse M. MILBURN Philip, Professeur de sociologie à l’Université Rennes 2 Directeur de thèse Mme SAMUEL Olivia, Maître de conférences de démographie à l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - Laboratoire PRINTEMPS, Co-directrice de thèse M. ZAMAN Muhammad, Professeur de sociologie à Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Rapporteur NNT: 2016SACLV121 A DISSERTATION FOR L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, Prepared at l’Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N°578 Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société ED SHS TRANSNATIONAL MARRIAGES OF PAKISTANI IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN FRANCE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Sociology by Ms. Abida Sharif December 16, 2016 ABSTRACT Marrying back home’ is one of the transnational practices demonstrated by Pakistani diaspora to maintain their links with their country of origin. This study is an attempt to understand the mechanism of transnational marriages and how transnational links are maintained, produced and reproduced by organizing marriages between families residing in France and Pakistan. Data were collected by employing qualitative research methods. As marriage is the collective affair of the family in Pakistan, it was considered essential to not only interview the spouses but their parents as well. Both corresponding families (the family of groom and the family of bride) in France and in Pakistan were interviewed to understand transnational marriage. The preferred pool of potential spouses is comprised of different layers of Punjabi kinship. Well maintained reciprocal relationships, cultural preferences to arrange marriages within kin, trust on acquaintances and to avoid the risk of anonymity, were considered key determinants to define the primary spouse selection criteria. These determinants are supplemented by the complimentary criteria, including education, age, morality, and behavioral traits. Once primary and complimentary criteria are met, both generations (parents and their children) negotiate the adequacy of potential spouse to reach to the final decision of marriage. Family’s obligations, children’s capital, the interplay of authority, resistance and the kin, family’s marriage history, preserving the roots, and the transnational trust between the siblings determine the adequacy of a spouse as well as of the marriage. Though transnational Pakistani marriages follow the traditional patterns to celebrate marriage, nonetheless, migration has introduced some important alterations to different norms as practiced in Pakistan. In the similar vein, the family and household structure are undergoing transition due to their simultaneous presence between here and there. Transnational marriages maintain transnational links by inscribing the cultural values for family and marriage. However, the relationships across gender and generation are on the move by carrying the cultural influences from the host society. Keywords: Transnationalism, migration, family and marriage, Kinship, adequate spouse, Pakistan, France 1 RESUME 'Marrying back home' (« se marier au pays ») est une pratique internationale que l’on trouve couramment au sein de la diaspora pakistanaise. Cette étude entreprend de saisir le mécanisme de ces mariages transnationaux et comment les liens transnationaux sont maintenus, produits et reproduits par l'organisation de mariages entre les familles résidant en France et au Pakistan. Les données ont été recueillies en utilisant des méthodes de recherche qualitative. Comme le mariage est un enjeu qui concerne l’ensemble de la famille au Pakistan, il est apparu essentiel d’interviewer les époux, mais aussi leurs parents. Les deux familles en lien (celle de l'époux et celle de la mariée) en France et au Pakistan ont été interrogées afin de mettre à jour les logiques du mariage transnational. Le choix privilégié des époux se fait à l’intérieur des différents niveaux de la parenté au Punjab. Les éléments déterminants pour définir les critères de sélection consistent principalement dans des relations réciproques bien affermies, un respect de la tradition du mariage au sein des liens de parenté et une confiance dans les personnes proches afin d’amenuiser le risque d’anonymat. D’autres critères viennent au second rang comme l'éducation, l'âge, la moralité et les traits comportementaux. Lorsque l’ensemble de ces critères sont réunis, les deux générations négocient alors la mise en correspondance des conjoints potentiels en vue de la décision finale du mariage. Les exigences d’une telle correspondance sont liées au respect des obligations familiales, à la valeur accordée aux enfants, au jeu entre autorité, résistance à celle- ci et parenté, à l’histoire maritale de la famille, à la préservation des racines et à la confiance transnationale au sein de la fratrie. Bien que les mariages transnationaux pakistanais suivent les modèles traditionnels pour célébrer le mariage, l’émigration a toutefois introduit des modifications significatives vis-à-vis des règles en vigueur au Pakistan. Selon un processus semblable, la structure familiale et des ménages est en cours de transition en raison de la présence simultanée des deux familles dans chaque pays. Si les mariages transnationaux maintiennent les liens familiaux entre les deux pays en réaffirmant les valeurs culturelles liées au mariage, les modalités des relations entre hommes et femmes et entre générations évoluent néanmoins suivant les influences culturelles de la société d'accueil. Mots-clés: transnationalisme, migration, famille et mariage, la parenté, conjoint approprié, Pakistan, France 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________________ 1 RESUME _________________________________________________________________ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________ 9 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________ 11 Important Research Questions _________________________________________________ 17 Objectives of the study _______________________________________________________ 19 Outline of dissertation Chapters _______________________________________________ 19 CHAPTER 1. PAKISTANI DIASPORA AND MARRIAGE-MIGRATION ___________________ 23 1.1. Pakistanis in France ___________________________________________________ 23 1.1.1. Trajectories of Emigration and Immigration _________________________________________ 24 1.1.2. Socio-cultural and economic profile _______________________________________________ 27 1.2. Understanding Transnational marriages: Perspective on marriage-migration ________ 33 1.2.1. Methodological Nationalism _____________________________________________________ 36 1.2.2. Transnationalism ______________________________________________________________ 38 Concluding Remarks _________________________________________________________ 44 CHAPTER 2. MARRIAGE INSTITUTION IN PAKISTAN: THE PUNJABI CONTEXT __________ 47 2.1. The Punjabi Kinship ______________________________________________________ 48 2.1.1. Networks of relatedness ________________________________________________________ 50 2.2. Family and household ____________________________________________________ 59 2.2.1. Gender and power relationships __________________________________________________ 62 2.3. Nuptiality Pattern and Trend in Pakistan _____________________________________ 66 2.3.1. Nuptiality Pattern in Punjab _____________________________________________________ 73 2.4. Understanding adequate spouse: Perspectives on spouse selection _______________ 80 2.4.1 Social Exchange ________________________________________________________________ 80 2.4.2. Interplay of Structure and Agency ________________________________________________ 86 Concluding Remarks _________________________________________________________ 89 3 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY _______________________________________
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