Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol. 3 No. 1 March 2019
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Lire Journal: Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol. 3 No. 1 March 2019 MALAY LITERATURE: TRANSLATED OR NOT TO BE TRANSLATED Melania Priska [email protected] Sanata Dharma University,Indonesia Abstract In Asian literature, Malaysia is categorized as the minority for its literature. Its development in literary realm has just built for some decades. It is not like the other big countries, such as China, Japan, and many other Southeast Asia which have been famous for its literature in world. Having no difference with other literature, Malay literature is developed through translation. Since English is still the main language in world literature, Malay literature has to consider its literature to be translated in English too. Meanwhile, modern Malay literature has presented already the novels in form of English language verse. Many novelists have tendency to write directly in English rather than presenting their works in vernacular language (Malay language). Translation, specifically in English, does not play important role in Malay literature. Malay English novels can assist the circulation of Malay Literature around the world, yet it may also reduce the appreciation for Malay language itself. This paper aims to discuss Malay literature dilemma in using English as the vernacular language in novels or using English as the bridge for bringing Malay culture into World Literature. Keywords: English Translation novels, Malay literature, vernacular language, translation, World Literature have tendency to write in English or in other INTRODUCTION words it can be said that English has become As lingua franca, English is not only the vernacular language in recent Malay used for the direct communication only. In literature. literature, as it is defined as the written and Translation, especially in English printed text, English also has the important language, has been the important key to role. The role of English in literature can be spread literary works globally. It is by a seen from its emergences in many literary reason for the translation to produce the works. As the international language, English second text in using English. The common is commonly used and understood by many reason is that the language is mastered people. In the relation to literature, English globally. However, English is not simply a appears as the common language used by default language used in communication. It is many writers in their writing. Besides the used as global language because it is using of English in direct writing, English is culturally regarded as the appropriate also used as the tools for translating many language for certain communicative context. 1 minor literary works. Minor literary works Thus, the use of English is seen to have which are written in certain vernacular specific purpose whether to deliver daily language can be read by readers from all conversation, build business or even to over the world by the use of English present certain custom and value to others. It language. The translation of literary works is in literature where English is used as the through English as the common language; media to introduce and even transfer the therefore some other languages such as value. French and Spanish are used also for However, the use of English as translation verse, can help the circulation for common second language has brought minor literature to get acknowledgement and dilemma through the development of wider readers globally. However, In Malay vernacular language. Global trends influence literature, there is the decline in English translation novels and many of Malay writers 76 Lire Journal: Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol. 3 No. 1 March 2019 people mindset to pick and use English more reason for the lack of translated text, as than their vernacular one. The demand for stated by G. C Kalmann: the globalization has contributed the rapid the lack of translation may be a development of English, as it is proposed by significant absence. It may be Well: asked why this or that work is not One of the anticipated translated; is it just ignored, or are achievements of the twenty first there specific reasons`' The century was the rapid diffusion reasons may be of an ideological, of Basic English as lingua franca political, linguistic or some other of the world and even more nature. Sometimes it is argued, rapid modification, expansion for instance, that certain texts are and spread of English in its 'untranslatable'. It may be wake…It was made the official assumed that there are certain medium of communication conventions specific to a given throughout the world by the Air period and a given community and Sea control, and by 2020 which govern those judgments.3 there was hardly anyone in the world who could not talk and Classical Malay literature is stated as the understand it. 2 untranslatable one for linguistic reason. The limited diction of English words has made So, it cannot be denied that people will be classic Malay literature belongs to the accustomed to live with English as the national literature only, never be known in language in communication. Thus, in Malay global context. literature also this condition happens while In time, English language has English is even used greatly as the unity for developed widely in Malaysia. As the second multicultural society. The modern writers language, schools use English as directly put English into their writings so other communication tools. The development of people from other countries that live in Malay this English has effect to the emergence of can understand and enjoy their writing. many writers who have good skill in English In Malaysia, English has become the writing. The use of English continuity has second language used in society. It appears made many writers to be accustomed to the in many aspects such as education, pattern of English language. It is not like the government, daily used and also in literature. classic period where there is still limitation in The use of English in Malay literature is mastering the grammar of English language. begun in 1940. For the first time, Malay Malay writers and authors even produce their literature uses its vernacular language in literary works, such novels and short stories, literary works. Malayan language is still the directly in English language. Thus, the term common language used by writers in early for Malay English novels has come to the period. Most of the stories of old period is told surface. and retold by the tale-tellers. The classic The emergences of Malay English Malay literature has a lack of translation novels indirectly replace the position of because there is the limitation of English translation. The ability of Malay authors to words in translating certain Malay language, write their works in English has made them to such as maka, hatta , etc. As the translation use English as the vernacular language in the has close relation to fidelity, this classic novels. The emergences of this writer can Malay literature remains untranslated. This influence the development of national case happens in the old period where the literature. However, writing which is written in translation is still regarded as the English will indirectly be seen as the product representative of the original which may of international literature. While the readers appear as the literally translation or word by find a novel with the English title, the novel word translation. This condition relates to the 77 Lire Journal: Journal of Linguistics and Literature Vol. 3 No. 1 March 2019 will be regarded as western product. Readers Malay literature is translated into English. So will have less attention to the background of far, traditional Malay literature has less the value which is stated in the novel. translation form. Yet, this does not decline the Therefore, in translation, the works primarily acknowledgement of Malay literature, belongs to national literature first. It enriches especially among the Southeast Asia. As a the national literature from two sides, from part of Malayan, Malay literature takes becoming the national treasure with its important part in introducing the Malayan vernacular language and becoming the culture. The influence of Indian and Persian treasures for world literature for its translation culture has constructed the literary form of form. Thus, the dilemma happens in Malay traditional Malay literature, and English literature in which the increasing of Malay language is used as one tools for assisting English novels defeat the translation text the recognition of the works. The following which may be defined as the decline of Malay discussion will be shown the development of national literature. traditional Malay literature and how far English is taken into the tools in translation. An Overview to the Development of English Language in Traditional Malay The Emergence of Early Translation in Literature The development of Malay literature is Malay Literature influenced much by the adaptation and translation. For the traditional Malay English is the first language used in literature, it is influenced by the Indian culture translation of Malay literature. It is started by and also Sufi. The assimilation of two cultures the coming of colonialism in 19 th century. in literary realm is important to determine British Empire builds their governance in Malay national literature. India does not only Malaysia. The increase of government bring the influence for the adaptation but also service, trading and commerce, have made in form of translated works into Malay English to be used as the common language language. Thus, this kind of translation from between British and Malay. British also other languages into Malay will sign the introduce English through education. Around existence of Malay national literature. that time, school is not only available in Besides that, the role of colonialism also vernacular language, but also in English.