This book is dedicated to the people of Qatar His Highness His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Sheikh Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani Father Emir Emir of the State of Qatar Supporting Organizations
The following respected international and national organizations have kindly given their full support to the publication and aims of this book, The Lizards Living in Qatar
First edition, Published in Doha (Qatar), 2014, 5 June (World Environment Day)
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© 2014 The content of this publication can be reproduced for educational and scientific purposes with attribution to the copyright owner, the Ministry of Environment (Qatar) and the authors of the book
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© 2014 The content of this publication can be reproduced for educational and scientific purposes with attribution to the copyright owner, the Ministry of Environment, Qatar, and the authors of the book
This book has to be cited as: Castilla AM, Al-Kubaisi DJ, Davies C, Mushtak A, Al-Marri WJ, Al-Naimi S, Al-Obaidli EA, Valdeón A, Saifelnasr EOH, Al-Yafei M, Alkuwari AJ, Al-Hemaidi AAM. The lizards living in Qatar. Eds Al-Hemaidi AAM, Al Hajari SA, Al Subai K, Mohtar RH, Pelegrí JM, Castilla AM. 354pp, Ministry of Environment, Doha (Qatar), 2014
Cover image: Yellow-spotted agama, Trapelus flamimaculatus The most colourful lizard in Qatar Photograph by Dileepkumar Pushpangadhan Message Contents
About this book
Editors· Authors· Collaborators
I) Introduction 25 • Importance of conserving Biodiversity • Current status of biodiversity knowledge in Qatar • Alignment of the book with the Qatar National Vision 2030 • Biodiversity and the feel-good factor in human populations • Conserving the environment as a religious duty • Lizards in our daily life • Lizard applications to scientific research and medicine • Nanotechnology • Hydrodynamics • Diabetes and craving treatments • Auditory treatment • Organs regeneration • Venom and tissues for drugs • Lizard usage as traditional medicine in rural areas • Lizard usage in gastronomy • A common human world-wide behaviour • Eating the Dhub in the Arab culture and religion • About the Dhub meat and eggs • Lizard declines require action • Important note about this book
II) The State of Qatar and its Environment 46 • Country size and population • Elevation • Climatic conditions • Geology • Soil • Vegetation • Protected areas
III) Methods 67 • Field surveys • Learning from local farmers and Bedouins • Lizard tracks • Lizard trapping and sampling • Lizard measurements • Lizard classification and scientific names • Creation of novel distribution maps for lizards in Qatar • Distribution maps of Qatar lizards • About the photographs in this book • About the chapters and references in this book
IV) General Biology and Ecology of lizards 98 • The legless warm lizard (Diplometopon zarudnyi) is a real lizard • Thermorregulation • Lizard eyes and vision • The third eye or pineal eye • Smell and taste • Hearing • Communication and signalling • Chemical signals • Colour signals
1 • Reproduction Contents • Locomotion • Lizard fingers • Tail autotomy • Diet of lizards • Qatar insects • Plants eaten by the Dhub in Qatar • Predators
V) Current knowledge about the Qatar lizards 165
• History of the discovery of lizard species in Qatar • International literature published about the Qatar lizards • Body size of Qatar lizards • Lizard richness in Qatar • Habitats used by lizards in Qatar
VI) Identification and distribution of lizards in Qatar 184 Diurnal lizards • Varanus griseus • Uromastyx aegyptia • Phrynocephalus arabicus • Trapelus flavimaculatus • Acanthodactylus schmidti • Acanthodactylus opheodurus • Mesalina brevirostris • Mesalina adramitana • Pristurus rupestris • Trachylepis septemtaeniata • Scincus mitranus
Fossorial lizards • Diplometopon zarudnyi
Nocturnal lizards • Cyrtopodion scabrum • Bunopus tuberculatus • Pseudoceramodactylus khobarensis • Hemidactylus persicus • Hemidactylus flaviviridis • Hemidactylus robustus • Stenodactylus doriae • Stenodactylus arabicus • Stenodactylus slevini
VII) Other lizard species potentially present in Qatar 180
VIII) Threats to lizards in Qatar 287 • Global warming • Overgrazing • Habitat destruction
IX) Future directions 291
X) References 302
General chapters 303 Diurnal lizards 316 • Varanus griseus • Uromastyx aegyptia
2 Contents 336 Phrynocephalus arabicus flavimaculatus Trapelus schmidti Acanthodactylus opheodurusAcanthodactylus Mesalina brevirostris Mesalina adramitana Pristurus rupestris septemtaeniata Trachylepis Scincus mitranus Diplometopon zarudnyi Cyrtopodion scabrum Bunopus tuberculatus khobarensis Pseudoceramodactylus Hemidactylus persicus Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemidactylus robustus Stenodactylus doriae Stenodactylus arabicus Stenodactylus slevini • • • • • • 339 • lizards • • lizards Fossorial • Nocturnal • • • • • • • • • 350 Photographers individual of 352 List Acknowledgements 3 Message from the MINISTER - - Minister of Environment His Amer Excellency Ahmad Al Mohamed Hemaidi
Qatar aims to be an advanced society, capable of sustaining of sustaining capable society, an advanced be to aims Qatar its for living of high standard a and providing development its Vision National The Qatar future. in the near entire people bin Tamim Emir HH Sheikh our beloved by envisaged 2030, - deve Environmental print this. is the blue for Thani, Al Hamad qua- where the that is said It pillars. four is one of its lopment goes down life the quality of goes down, lity of environment leadershipour wise it made has this, Realising mankind. for im- is development social economic and sustaining that clear environmental places vision that a holistic without possible preservation future generations at the forefront. Qatar’s for needs developmental striketo need between balance a We or water land, including the air, of nature, the protection and must We protect our florathe biological anddiversity. fauna, carbon minimal rapidsure our leaves make and development footprints on our beautiful nature. wilderness are and wildlife air and water, Plans to protect planet living of the fate The mankind. protect to plans in fact to In order importantis the most today. issue facing mankind adequa give need to we our environment, protect effectively frameworklegal effective an on establishing and emphasis te can serveup institutions that setting of our as the guardians heritage. environmental to committed are the Ministry at of Environment, We, and co-operateregional with the our environment, protect coor In goal. this internationaland achieve to communities dination with international organizations the Qatar will take necessarybiodiversityof areas main the identify to steps on will embark and programon a wild- protect to the peninsula, We through conservation life campaigns. awareness and laws are also committed to start a program of scientific research requirements of the and ecological to examine the biological with conservationto proceed step is a basic which - ac species, studies to studies and systematic to conduct taxonomic tions; responses organism’s each explore and new species, identify to human activities including climate change. is of paramount it believe importanceWe the engage to future the who hold youth, the especially of our region, people need We in all these programmes. of this world in their hands, our earth make can we place a better Together on board. you responsi- the and the capacity have we that Believe in. live to it is too late. before act must We bility. 4 About this Book This is the first comprehensive book that has ever chaptersten with book of the The content des- is The reader will also find in this book valuable and This book has been produced with the efforts of It is partto highlight the our social responsibility of been published worldwide on the lizards of Qatar. The au- worldwidebeen published of Qatar. on the lizards the pre- about data updated and novel collected thors have making distributionsence and in Qatar, of the lizard species scientific biodiversity dataavailable and usefulfor the Qatar, shows book The internationalthe and Gulf region community. the first and they distribution also mapsfor the Qatar lizards, constitute the first maps that have ever been conductedfor the Qatar country. animal species in the distribution of any nature loverscribed and useful for it making words with easy and is a stakeholders, for It is also valuable the general public. mana- graduate for in ecology, interested students reference The bookgement alsoand aimsscientific to research. create and encourage awareness the generalpublic to contri public - future for environment the Qatar´s protecting towards bute generations. information countryQatar the about enjoyable illus- is that habitats tratedphotographsexcellent with 635 of landscapes, High quality photogra- in Qatar. and plants that can be found in species identifying lizard and recognising for essential phs the book. found in the field can also be experts and volunteers students, a large scientists, team of been working countries from different have and cultures that - Seven in harmonytogether done. it get to passion great and ty five percent of the authorsof the bookbelong to Qatari natio- Qatari authors are the of percent eight fifty institutions, Qatarihave students fortyand students. are percent two nals, the opportunitybeen given to participate- pha in different learned internationalof searching process the have and ses, conducting designingliterature, field figureswork, and editing photos to produce this Theyscientific have publication. also learnedwork to interactingwhile also team a as expertswith and scientist from Qatari and international institutions. importancewild its and environment Qatar the of protecting readers Many visitors. and residents nationals, among species the of this book will be encouragedto go out and discover treasures of the Qatari desert heritage. and national 5 Editors · Authors Country Country Qatar Qatar Qatar Qatar Qatar South Africa USA Qatar Spain Qatar Qatar Qatar Qatar Spain Spain Qatar Qatar Qatar Title Title Minister of Environment Principal Investigator Founder & Chairman Pre-medical Student Director of Special Projects Director of Special Projects MSc Student TEES Professor Pre-medical Student Conseller of Agriculture Generalitat of Catalonia Pre-medical Student Principal Investigator Sciences Environmental Qatar Foundation Student; undergraduate trainer Librarian PhD Candidate Environmental Scientists Environmental GIS Programmer 3rd Biological researcher Minister of Environment - Agency Agency Ministry of Environment Ministry- of Environ ment-Qatar Foundation Friends of Environment Centre (FEC) Qatar Weill Foundation, Cornell College Medical Qatar Foundation University of Witwater srand Texas AM AM University Texas Qatar Weill Foundation, Cornell College Medical Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC) Qatar Weill Foundation, Cornell College Medical Ministry- of Environ ment-Qatar Foundation Qatar University Ministry of Environment University of Zaragoza Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Environment, Biotechnology Centre Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics Ministry of Environment Ministry of Environment Name Name His Ahmad Excellency Amer Al Mohamed Hemaidi Aurora M Castilla Dr Dr Saif Ali-Al HajariAli-Al Dr Saif Juma Ms Dhabiya Al-Kubaisi Dr Khaled Al Subai Dr Khaled Mr Craig Davies Dr Rabi H Mohtar Adham Mr Mushtak Mr Josep María Pelegrí Mr Josep María Pelegrí Wadha Ms Jaber Al-Marri Dr Aurora M Castilla Dr Ms SaraAl-Naimi Ms Eman A. Al-Obaidli Ms A. Eman Mr Valdeón Aitor Dr Essam O. H. Saifelnasr H. Dr Essam O. Ms Al-Yafei Mona Mr Ali Mr Jassim Alkuwari H.E. Ahmad Amer Ahmad Mohd H.E. Al Hemaidi Editors Authors 6 Collaborators Collaborators Collaborators
Name Agency Title Country Name Agency Title Country Mr Mohammed Jasim Acting Assistant Under Ministry of Environment Biological Specialist Qatar Mr Ahmad M Al-Sada Ministry of Environment Secretary Environmental Qatar Al-Abduljabbar Affairs Biologist & Specialist Ms Salma J. Al-Kuwari Ministry of Environment Qatar Mr Mohamed Ministry of Environment, Awareness Program Director Qatar Al-Mohannady Biotechnology Centre Ms Amna Sultan Al-Malki Ministry of Environment Biological Specialist Qatar Director Public Relations & Aranzadi Society of Mr Ali S Al-Ghanem Ministry of Environment Qatar Mr Alberto Gosá Scientist Spain Communication Sciences Mr Jabr Abdullah General Directorate of General Director Qatar Dr Dan Cogălniceanu University of Constanţa Professor Romania Al-Attiyah Natural Reserves Qatar Foundation, Weill General Directorate of Head Protected Areas Dr Renee Richer Visiting Professor Qatar Mr Talal Jabr Al-Nuaimi Qatar Cornell Medical College Natural Reserves (Enclosed) Qatar Foundation, Weill Mr Saleh Hassan Al General Directorate of Head Protected Areas Dr Kuei-Chiu Chen Senior Lecturer Qatar Qatar Cornell Medical College Kuwari Natural Reserves (Open) Spanish National Re- Ms Paloma Más- Peinado PhD candidate Spain Qatar Foundation, Qatar search Council (CSIC) Faculty of Islamic Studies, Dr Abdelhak Hamiche Associate Professor Qatar Mr Salem Rashed Hamad Bin Khalifa Qatar Foundation Government Affairs Officer Qatar University Al- Marri Ministry of Environment, Mr Juma Al Jubaisi Qatar Foundation, ROTA Events Specialist Qatar Mr Fawaz Abdulla Wildlife & Natural Director Qatar Qatar Foundation, Com- Al-Sowaidi Mr Bassem Al Shaarani Acting Director Qatar Resources munication Directorate Ministry of Environment, Head Department Genetic Ms Salwa D. Al-Kuwari Qatar Qatar Foundation, Envi- Biotechnology Centre Resources Dr Basem Shomar ronmental & Chemical Research Director Qatar Mr Mohamed Al Jaidah Ministry of Environment Environmental Expert Qatar Sciences Technology & Management Qatar Foundation, Re- Dr Mohammed Alsharqawi Ministry of Environment Qatar Dr Ayman Bassil Head of Research Training Qatar Advisor search and Development Mr Dileepkumar Push- Qatar Foundation, Qatar Ministry of Environment Liaison Officer Qatar pangadhan Dr Chee Wen Chong Biomedical Research Research Grants Manager Qatar Institute Mr Mohammed Ali Assistant Manager Qatar Petroleum Qatar Humaid Operations Mr Mansor Ahmed Al Ministry of Development IT Director Qatar Malki Planning and Statistics Ms Noora Al-Jaidah Qatar Foundation Research Associate Qatar National French Research Dr Anthony Herrel Principal Investigator France Council (CNRS) University of California, Dr Theodore Garland Jr Professor USA Riverside Spanish National Re- Dr Jose Martín Professor Spain search Council (CSIC) Dr Juan Martínez de Forest Sciences Centre Research Scientist Spain Aragón of Catalonia (CTFC) Ras Laffan, QP Industrial Mr Jackie Wessels Head of Safety Qatar Cities Directorate Qatar Foundation, Qatar Ms Maha Al Kaabi Student Qatar Academy Ms Maha Khamis Qatar Foundation, Re- Senior Research Analyst Qatar Al-Sulaiti search & Development THE Lizards l iving in Qa t ar 128 129 Ge n e ra l Bio ogy and Eco of izards 176 180
Laboratory work is very important to examine the reproductive cycles of lizards Hatchings directly after coming out from the egg show an opening in their belly that is closed after few days
177 178
Locomotion
Most lizards are quadrupedal and have powerful limb musculature. They are capable of rapid acceleration and can also rapidly change direction. Because lizard survivorship depends on ways to escape from predators, running and speed is very important for many species, particularly in deserts habitats. In Qatar there are two exceptions of lizards that do not run fast using their legs. The
All lizard species in Qatar except the skink (Scincus mitranus) lay eggs that are incubated in burrows, under rocks, lizards without legs (Diplometopon zarudnyi) propel themselves entirely by lateral movements, in soil under vegetation or inside artificial structures. Balance to measure egg mass similar to the way snakes move. The skink (Scincus mitranus) live in the soft sand of the dunes and are known as diving lizards because they mainly move by lateral trunk bending in the sand, even 179 though they possess short legs. Maximum sprint-running speed and endurance capacity of lizards has attracted the attention of many scientists all over the world (e.g., Bauwens et al. 1995, Bonine and Garland 1999, Clemente et al. 2008), and specialized equipment has been constructed to measure speed and endurance. Diurnal lizard species are generally faster runners than nocturnal species, and many of the fastest lizards live in deserts of North America and Australia (Bonine and Garland 1999, Clemente et al. 2008). None of the Qatar lizards have been tested for locomotor capacities in any country. The length of the legs is very important, and those species with longer legs are able to run faster (Bonine and Garland 1999). Maximal running speeds of lizards are measured by chasing them along a photocell-lined racetrack connected to a computer, or by running them on a high-speed treadmill that can rapidly Recently hatched lizards are very small, with approximately 40 cm of total length in the case of geckos (Cyrtopodion reach 45 km/h, faster than the fastest lizard (Bonine and Garland 1999). scabrun) that hatched in the gardens of Qatar Foundation, with enough humidity and shade. Hatchlings can be smaller in the desert where there may be less humidity in the soil where eggs incubate. Bigger hatchlings normally have higher chances of survival than smaller ones THE Lizards l iving in Qa t ar 130 131 Ge n e ra l Bio ogy and Eco of izards 181 Some small-bodied desert lizards (e.g. racerunners or whiptails, zebra-tailed lizards) can attain speeds that exceed 20 km per hour, which in terms of their body length (less than 50 cm), puts them in a class with the fastest terrestrial mammals. Some larger-bodied species of lizards, such as monitors (Varanus), can exceed 30 km/h, and the world’s fastest lizard (the spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenousara similis from Costa Rica) can reach almost 35 km/h (Garland 1984). Body proportions, such as leg or tail length, and the ability to produce large undulations of the trunk have a large effect on locomotor abilities in terrestrial lizards (Bonine and Garland 1999). Stride length (the amplitude of limb movement) and stride frequency (the rhythm of limb movement) are two components of speed that are directly related to the body geometry, the amount of body curvature, as well as muscle properties, such as the amount of fast-twitch muscle fibre, of an organism (Bonnie 2005). Endurance (i.e. physical stamina) in lizards is usually measured on motorized treadmills, often at a standard speed of 1.0 km/h. The length of time the lizard can run at this speed is taken as the measure of endurance. Endurance capacity measured in this way is positively related to the daily movement distances of different species in the wild (Garland 1999).
183
Photocell-lined racetrack connected to a computer used to measure maximal running speeds of lizards. Lizards are chased by hand which simulates a predator
182
Motorized treadmill used to measure endurance in lizards. The standard speed of the treadmill is 1.0 km/h. The length of time the lizard can run at this speed is taken as the measure of endurance. The lizards are chased to keep them moving
High-speed treadmill connected to a computer that can rapidly reach 45 km/h. This is used to measure maximal running speeds of lizards that are chased with the hand simulating a predator THE Lizards l iving in Qa t ar 132 133 Ge n e ra l Bio ogy and Eco of izards One way to calculate the energy lizards expend during locomotion is by measuring metabolic rates while a lizard runs on a motorized treadmill at various speeds (Figure 1). A rubber diaphragm (not shown in the figure) holds the clear plastic mask around the lizard’s neck. A pump (not shown either) draws air from the room in from around the neck of the lizard, and out through the plastic tubing. The rate of flow is high enough to ensure that all of the air breathed out by the lizard is captured. The air flows through a drying column that contains chemicals to remove water vapor, and then into sensors to measure the content of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the expired air. By comparing gas concentrations in the expired air with concentrations in the room air, computer programs can calculate the rate of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production by the lizards.
Figure 2. Maximal sprint speeds of lizards and mammals are similar for a given body mass (Figure modified from Clemente et al. 2009)
Figure 1. Diagram showing the method used to calculate energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption in lizards during locomotion. See text for details (Figure modified from Bennett 1985)
The maximal sprint speeds of lizards and mammals are similar if we take into consideration body mass (Figure 2) (Garland 1983b, Clemente et al. 2009). However, the daily movement distances (actual walking paths) of lizards in the wild are shorter than that of mammals. Lizards move about 1/5 as far as mammals when considering similar body size (Figure 3) (Garland 1983a, 1993, 1999; Goszczynski 1986). Thus larger animals move further than smaller ones. Running and walking is energetically costly, and to know how much energy the lizards consume during locomotion, scientist measure oxygen consumption while the lizards are walking or running on motorized treadmills at a range of speeds. Comparisons among animals have shown that lizards and mammals have a similar energetic cost of transport. Thus, it is clear that lizards are no less “efficient” than mammals (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Daily movement distances of lizards and mammals in the field in relation to body mass. Data for the figure taken from different sources (Garland 1983, Goszczynski 1986, Garland 1993, Garland 1999) THE Lizards l iving in Qa t ar 134 135 Ge n e ra l Bio ogy and Eco of izards 185
Figure 4. Net cost of locomotion of lizards and mammals for a given body mass. Data for the figure taken from Dhub (Uromastyx aegyptia) running slowly in Al Shamal different sources (Taylor et al. 1982, John-Alder et al. 1986, Autumn et al. 1999)
186 184
Dhub (Uromastyx aegyptia) running fast in Ras Laffan while being chased by a car Dhub (Uromastyx aegyptia) walking while searching for food in Ras Laffan THE Lizards l iving in Qa t ar 348 349 Re f e r nc s Werner Y.L. (1956) Chromosome numbers of some male geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonoidea). Stenodactylus slevini Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 5B: 319. Al-Asgah N.A., Taib N.T., Jarrar B.M. (1990) Morphology, histology Werner Y.L. (1964a) Frequencies of regenerated tails and structure of caudal vertebrae in and histochemistry of the cephalic glands of Slevin’s ground gecko, Israeli desert geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Israel Journal of Zoology 13:134-136. Stenodactylus slevini Hass 1957. Tropical Zoology 3:209-217.
Werner Y.L. (1964b) Intraspecific and temperature-correlated variations of vertebral Arnold E.N. (1977) Little-known geckoes (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Arabia with numbers in some near-east geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Israel Journal of Zoology descriptions of two new species from the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Oman 13:131-133. Studies. Special Report 1:81-110.
Werner Y.L. (1965) Comparative caudal osteology of some gekkonid lizards from Israel. Arnold E.N. (1980) Reptiles of Saudi Arabia. A review of the lizard genus Stenodactylus Israel Journal of Zoology 14:286-301. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 2:368-404.
Werner Y.L. (1968) Regeneration frequencies in geckos of two ecological types (Reptilia: Arnold E.N. (1984) Ecology of lowland lizards in the Eastern United Arab Emirates. Journal Gekkionidae). Vie et Milieu 19:199-203. of Zoology, 204(3): 329-354.
Zaady E., Bouskila A. (2002) Lizard burrows association with successional stages of biological Dehlawi G.Y., Zaher M.M. (1992) Histochemical localization of mucopolysaccharides in soil crusts in an arid sandy region. Journal of Arid Environments 50:235-246. the gut mucosa of the cecko [gecko] Stenodactylus slevini. Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology 9:45-56.
Haas G. (1957) Some amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Proceedings of the California Stenodactylus arabicus Academy of Science (4th Series) 29:47-86.
Arnold E.N. (1980a) The scientific results of the Oman flora and Mohammed M.B.H. (1988) Comparative Osteology of three gecko lizards of the genus fauna survey 1977 (Dhofar). Journal of Oman Studies Special Report 273-332. Stenodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 221:435-447.
Arnold E.N. (1980b) Reptiles of Saudi Arabia. A review of the lizard genus Stenodactylus Wells R.W., Wellington C.R. (1985) A classification of the Amphibia and Reptilia of Australia. (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 2: 368-404. Australian Journal of Herpetology Supplementary Series 1:1-61.
Arnold E.N. (1984) Ecology of lowland lizards in the Eastern United Arab Emirates. Journal of Zoology, 204(3): 329-354.
Delima E.C., Al-Nasser A. (2007) New record of the web-footed sand gecko, Stenodactylus arabicus (Haas, 1957) (Sauria : Gekkonidae), from Kuwait. Zoology in the Middle East 41:111-112.
Gasperetti J., Leviton A.E., Anderson C.S. (1967) Survey of reptiles of the Sheikdom of Abu Dhabi, Arabian peninsula. Part 1. A geographical sketch of the Sheikdom of Abu Dhabi. Part 2. Systematic account of the collection of reptiles made in the Sheikdom of Abu Dhabi by John Gasperetti. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 35:141-192.
Haas G. (1957) Some amphibians and reptiles from Arabia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Science (4th Series) 29:47-86.
Leptien R. (1992) Observations of Stenodactylus arabicus from the United Arab Emirates. Dactylus 1: 18-21.
Radford C.D. (1954) Some mites of Yemen. Fieldiana Zoology 34:295-313.
Schmidt E.P. (1953) Amphibians and reptiles of Yemen. Fieldiana Zoology 34:253-261. List of individual Photographers @ 4, 50, 152, 154, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 264, 265, 272 265, 264, 257, 255, 254, 253, 252, 251, 154, 152, 50, @ 4, (Barcelona, Spain) @ 10 (Barcelona, @ 109, 426 @ 109, @ 223, 226, 414, 503 414, 226, @ 223, @ 98 @ 22, 25, 26, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 80, 100, 101, 113, 128, 256, 259, 298, 308, 314, 315, 315, 314, 308, 298, 259, 256, 128, 113, 101, 100, 80, 65, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 26, 25, @ 22, @ 538, 541, 543, 549 543, 541, @ 538, @ 64, 69, 82, 172, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 245, 244, 243, 242, 241, 240, 239, 238, 237, 236, 235, 234, 233, 232, 231, 172, 82, 69, 64, @ @ 110 @ 539 @ 562 Image credits for photographs for credits Image correspond numbersthe to individual in each shown @ 230 photo in the book. All rights are reserved by individual photographers. The list of authors below All rights are reserved photographers. individual by book. photo in the first by alphabetically has been ordered name. @ 19, 540 Alenezi @ 19, Abdulrahman 547 545, 544, @ 542, Adel Ibrahim Spain) @ 438 La Palma, Telescopes, Group of (Isaac Newton Aditya Tayal 135, 134, 133, 132, 130, 127, 126, 125, 124, 123, Ahmed Chikhi @ 560 122, 121, 119, 114, 107, 97, 193, 96, 192, 95, 191, 83, 190, 29, 189, 20, 188, 16, 177, 15, 171, @ 3, 169, Valdeón Aitor 168, 166, 159, 157, 156, 148, 147, 146, 145, 144, 305, 143, 304, 139, 292, 138, 271, to 268 137, 262, 136, 261, 260, 258, 256, 228, 364, 216, 363, 2015, 362, 2014, 360, 2013, 354, 2012, 353, 2011, 352, 210, 351, 209, 349, 207, to 196 348, 194, 343, 342, 341, 340, 338, 332, 331, 440 330, 420, 329, 419, 321, 418, 320, 417, 311, 415, 310, 409, 309, 408, 307, 407, 406, 405, 404, 398, 397, 396, 395, 393, 382 to 388, 376, 375, 374, 373, 365, all 531, to 528 526, 525, 498, to 495 493, 487, to 484 482, 476, to 473 471, 465, to 462 460, 454, to 451 449, 443, to Diplometopon IV except for in Chapter lizard eyes 355, 350, 339, 328, 322, 317, 306, @ 264 Ajith Everester 297, 296, 295, 294, 293, 499, 291, 490, 289, 478, 288, 461, 287, 455, 286, 450, 284, 439, 282, 433, 79, 431, 78, 423, Alberto66, @ Gosá 421, 416, 410, 399, 394, 391, 390, 377, 372, 369, 367, 366, 361, 359, 356, 537 533, 532, 527, 523, 522, 520, 470, 519, 469, 518, 467, 517, 466, 516, 316, 511, 303, 510, 302, 505, 300, 279, 218, 155, 153, 106, 75, 74, 72, 71, 28, 27, 5, @2, Sergeev Alexey 90, 89, 87, 86, 85, 83, 81, 566 77, 568, 76, 567, 70, 550, 68, 521, 67, 513, 58, 479, 54, 53, 52, 51, 48, 195, 45, 180, 44, 179, 23, 178, 21, 176, 14, 175, 13, 174, 12, 164, 11, 163, 9, 162, M Castilla @ 8, Aurora 161, 160, 142, 141, 140, 116, 401, 111, 392, 105, 381, 11014, 370, 103, 358,368, 102, 357, 99, 347, 94, 346, 93, 344, 91, 335, 334, 326, 324, 319, 504, 318, 502, 301, 500, 299, 494, 281, 492, 280, 491, 278, 489, 277, 483, 275, 480, 274, 477, 208, 472, 468, 459, 458, 457, 448, 447, 446, 445, 444, 424, 413, 412, 411, 402, 558 554, 553, 552, 535, 534, 525, 524, 515, 514, 509, 508, 507, 506, 564 563, 557, 556, Dan Cogălniceanu 555, 551, 536, 481, 456, 436, 432, 425, 422, 400, 389, 379, 371, 336, 333, Spain) @ 438 La Palma, Telescopes, Daniel Bramich (Isaac Newton Group of Pushpangadhan Dileep Kumar 559 Elena Bulmer @ 501, 185 Elazazi @ 112, Essayed 548 @ 546, Frank Teigler Gaudi House Museum 49 47, 46, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 290, 38, 285, 37, 276, 36, 250, 35, 187, 34, 186, 33, 184, of Natural Reserves @ 32, General Directorate 165, 173, 131, 129, 120, 117, 110, 73, 31, 30, 24, 7, 6, @ 1, Jackie Wessels 569 512, 434, 345, 323, 325 149, 92, Jan Fischer @ 88, Spain) @ 561 La Palma, Telescopes, Mills (Isaac Newton Group of John Martin @ 151 Jose Bonine @ 182 Kevin Al Maha Kaabi 273 229, 227, 225, 224, 222, 221, 220, 219, 217, @ 158, Mario Garcia-Paris @ 108 Neil Morris Nobuyuki Yamaguchi Omid Mozzafari 535 378, @ 84, Pablo Serra Paloma Más-Peinado 283 267, 167, 150, 118, 116, Martínez de Castilla @ 115, Pedro 57 56, @ 55, Qatar Petroleum Rafael Medina Richer Renee 561 435, 380, 337, 249, 248, 247, 246, Rhett Butler @ 17 Al Sara 488 Naimi @ 170, of Diplometopon eye 430, 429, @ 428, Bagher Mousavi Seyed of Diplometopon eye 430, 429, @ 428, Mousavi S. S. Simon Jones 312 Sultan Al-Aseeri @ 263, 183 @ 181, Garland Jr. Theodore Viju Jose Vladimír Motyčka @ 18 M Mohieldeen Yaser 567 Acknowledgements - We wish to thank to all the globally renowned and respected local respected and renowned globally the all to thank wish to We with the participation has been done This book of a large - vo of team the effortsto thanks has been possible this book and All together, We acknowledge the logistic supportlogistic the acknowledge (Project Foundation of Qatar We particularly but teams, CMU and QU to WCMC, all the QEERI, To to those our apologies offer and we not exhaustive, is The list above and international organisations in indicated the list of supporting organizations Qatar the contributed improving to having for book of this the beginning at National Biodiversity countryof the Databases of Qatar’s and the knowledge important which is an wildlife, part of our national heritage. Also essential designers. and photographers, including expertlunteers, scientists, was the participation despite of Qatari who contributed students their time, supportgreat the thank to want also We of many exams. and classes ongoing visitorsscientist farmers many and residents, for Bedouins and citizens, Qatar´s book possible. their help making this collaborationclose largeof a international (Ministryfrom Qatar team of En- Laffan, Ras Petroleum, Qatar University, Qatar Foundation, Qatar vironment, from and Authority), Friends Centre (FEC) and Qatar Statistics of Environment several scientific institutions from Spain (Forest Sciences Centre of Catalo nia, CTFC, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, University of Zaragoza, Universityof Zaragoza, CSIC, Research Council, Spanish National CTFC, nia, France Romania (University Ovidius Constanţa), AranzadiSociety of Sciences), (UniversityStates United the of CNRS), Research Centre, (French National Witwatersrand).Africa (University California) of the and South Riverside, Thomas Dr particularly Alsuwaidi, #QF.00.307.722011.QE11) M Faisal Mr to of the teams the to and Khaleel Dr Mohammad Dr Dirar Khoury, Zacharia, To thetransport, Ministry housing and offinances the departments En- in QF. Mr Al-Kuwari, Ahamed Mr particularly Al-Enazi, vironment, Helal Khaled Mr to Al-Qasmi, A Mr Hassan Al-Khalifa, Khalifa Mr Hamad Al-Muraikhi, Nasser Sultan To DorseriAl Al-Marri. MariamMs J Masoud Mr and Al-Khayarin, Mushen Mr Generalthe Directorate particularly of Natural Reserves, Jabr Nawaf Mr to - Ras Laffan Industrial City and to Qatar Pe To Al-Yafei. Adel M Al-Nuaimi and Mr Mr Leon Albeldawi, Dr Mohammad Ahmed Chikhi, particularlytroleum, Mr. to Dashen Mr Dhafer Al-Mohannadi, Salman Fahad Salman H. Mr Der Heyde, Van the team all and Al-Malki Jassim Khalifa Eng. RamadoraiKadambi, Mr. Al-Ajmi, particularly Dr to Authority, Statistic the Qatar To Halul island. to associated Arts the Ministry of Culture, To Hassan. and Mr Saadelin Taragi Ramesh Chandra Al Jaidah Mr Mohammed Asheer, particularlyand Heritage, Ahmed to Mr Mr and Ashqar Ahmed Al-Ashqar. Mr Pablo Mohieldeen, Yaser Dr Arees, Ajees Mr Ms Elma Johnson, MargaritaSagrev, April Conkey, Dr Tribuna, John Mr Simon Jones, Mr Sergeev, Alexey Dr Serra, Also to Abdul. Chatziefthimiou and Ms SaraAspasia Dr Yamaguchi, Dr Nobby Ms Martínez Mr Pedro de Castilla, Eland, Anthony Mr Ms Sarah azSaldanha, Many Lumbreras and Dr Nuria Martínez Chacko. Abilash and de Castilla Teresa particularly team, (CTFC) of Catalonia Science Centre Forest the to thanks to Dr and Clop Imma Ms Rosales, Toni Mr Assu Planas, Ms Muntada, Angela Ms Gloria Dominguez. contribution. valuable your all for thank you we but omitted, have may we 568