DOCSLIB.ORG

Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Chenwen Hong University of Connecticut, Storrs, [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Chenwen Hong University of Connecticut, Storrs, Chenwen.Hong@Uconn.Edu University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 1-22-2019 Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Chenwen Hong University of Connecticut, Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Hong, Chenwen, "Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period" (2019). Doctoral Dissertations. 2041. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2041 Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Chenwen Hong, PhD University of Connecticut, 2019 “Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period” is a comparative project that contributes to ongoing conversations within First World War feminist literary scholarship. My study fills in a research gap concerning autobiographies by women soldiers. It explores the autobiographical writings of four women soldiers who came from different nationalities and spoke different languages. Each of their cultures carried different traditions of women warriors, and each woman came from a different class situation, around the globe. Maria Botchkareva, a semi-literate peasant, spoke Russian; Flora Sandes, native to Yorkshire, was a cosmopolitan British woman of Irish descent, who knew French and German and learnt Serbian; Sophie Nowosiełska, an upper-class Polish woman who grew up under Austrian occupation and who, aside from Polish and German, spoke several languages, including Ukrainian and Romanian and some English; Xie Bingying, a prolific woman writer from China and later Taiwan, wrote in Chinese. This dissertation attempts to unveil the multiple faces that these war “she-heroes” presented in their own memoirs, and to consider them as a response to Joseph Campbell’s monomyth of a masculine hero’s journey in The Hero with a Thousand Faces. The four soldiers enlisted in response to the call of mobilization from the military and offered their war memoirs to propagate their patriotism. At the same time, the serialization of their war accounts and the publication histories of their autobiographical self-adaptations indicate that their autobiographies are more than propaganda. Their complex narrative structures, combining verbal with visual features, dramatize the female soldiers’ roles as performers of gender in the theater of war. Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Chenwen Hong B.A. National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 1994 M.A. English, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 2003 M.A. University of Maryland, College Park, MD 2007 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2019 Copyright by Chenwen Hong 2019 ii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Heroine with One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Presented by Chenwen Hong, B.A., M.A. Major Advisor __________________________________________________________________ Margaret R. Higonnet Associate Advisor __________________________________________________________________ Margaret Breen Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Cathy Schlund-Vials University of Connecticut 2019 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Maria Botchkareva, “Russia’s Joan of Arc” or Russian Amazon Queen? 25 Chapter 2 Flora Sandes, “Serbian Joan of Arc” or Irish Britannia? 71 Chapter 3 Sophie Nowosiełska, “Poland’s Joan” or Polonia in Uniform? 120 Chapter 4 Xie Bingying, “Chinese Amazon” or China’s “Girl Rebel”? 167 Conclusion 238 Works Cited 245 iv Hong 1 Heroine of One Thousand Faces: Memoirs by Four Women Soldiers in the Great War and Postwar Period Introduction This comparative project contributes to ongoing conversations within feminist literary scholarship on World War I by filling in a research gap concerning autobiographies by women soldiers. It explores the autobiographical writings of four women soldiers who came from different nationalities and spoke different languages. Each of their cultures carried different traditions of women warriors, and each woman came from a different class situation, around the globe. Maria Botchkareva,1 a semi-literate peasant, spoke Russian; Flora Sandes, native to Yorkshire, was a cosmopolitan British woman of Irish descent, who knew French and German and learnt Serbian; Sophie Nowosiełska2, an upper-class Polish woman who grew up under Austrian occupation and who, aside from Polish and German, spoke several languages, including Ukrainian and Romanian and some English; Xie Bingying,3 a prolific woman writer from China and later Taiwan, wrote in Chinese. This dissertation attempts to unveil the multiple faces of these war “she-heroes” that they presented in their own memoirs, and to consider them as a response to Joseph Campbell’s monomyth of a masculine hero’s journey in The Hero with a Thousand Faces. The four soldiers enlisted in response to the call for mobilization from the military and offered their war memoirs to propagate their patriotism. At the same time, the serialization of their war accounts and the publication histories of their autobiographical self- 1 Despite the different spellings of Botchkareva’s full name, this dissertation follows Isaac Don Levine’s choice of “Maria Botchkareva” in his translation of her memoir. 2 “Sophie Nowosiełska” is the name under which this Polish lieutenant published her memoir in English. I therefore use this spelling rather than the Polish “Zofja Nowosiełska.” 3 This dissertation cites Chinese names in transliteration into English, except for authors who have Americanized names or those whose names have already appeared in references. Hong 2 adaptations indicate that their autobiographies are more than propaganda. Their complex narrative structures, combining verbal with visual features, dramatize the female soldiers’ roles as performers of gender in the theater of war. The four women soldiers’ autobiographical accounts of war appeared during the interwar period, when their nations were in crisis.4 Maria Botchkareva’s Yashka: My Life as Peasant, Officer and Exile was issued in 1919, the “naked year,” when fighting between “Whites” and “Reds” continued. Flora Sandes published An English Woman-Sergeant in the Serbian Army during the war and The Autobiography of a Woman Soldier: A Brief Record of Adventure with the Serbian Army, 1916–1919 later in 1927. Sophie Nowosiełska’s In the Hurricane of War: Memoirs of A Woman Soldier was released in 1929 during her trip to the United States. Xie Bingying’s The Autobiography of a Girl Soldier, one among a series of five versions of her memoir, was printed in 1936. As postwar nationalism unfolded, their autobiographies responded to the need for a solid national identity. Botchkareva’s Yashka was published as a result of her efforts to alter the course of Russian politics and to encourage Allied intervention in the dynamic power shifts and social upheavals of a politically unstable nation. Sandes’s first war text was issued on behalf of Serbia, a nation in a constant state of flux during the Great War; with this text, she acted as a figure for British support of the Serbian army. Nowosiełska arranged the publication of her war memoirs as part of the Polish nationalist effort to forge a national identity after Poland regained independence following World War I. Xie’s war accounts first came out after the fledgling Republic of China struggled to survive wars triggered by the 1919 Peace 4 Since the late 1970s, the term “interwar” was used to refer to the period between 1919 and 1939. On the studies of postwar social issues, see Glynn and Booth, “Unemployment in the Interwar Period” (1975), “Unemployment in Interwar Britain” (1983), and Modern Britain (1996); for the work of feminist historians on women’s employment in the postwar period, see Zimmeck (1984) and Kent (1993). Hong 3 Treaty of Versailles. Over the course of her life, she published a series of five war memoirs issued in different places as China underwent conflicts and civil wars. We should note that the four women soldiers’ war accounts paint a complex picture of war that defies a simplistic interpretation as war propaganda. The four women soldiers recuperated war memories in battle scenes by mixing strategically-placed war photographs and other images within the texts of their autobiographies. Through these highly selective images, each of these women re-presents in the memoir a brave, wounded national she-hero who “performs” rescue tasks and military actions in uniform. Recent war studies have portrayed women as involuntary victims of abduction and forced soldiering,5 but the works of women soldiers I address here tell more than stories of female victims. Their accounts include military portraits or personal photographs featuring female masculinity that not only unsettle the conventional femininity associated with women but also shape a visual story whose gender complexities often contradict textual narratives. Furthermore, as the various texts, produced at different moments of national formation, establish a memoir series by each of the women soldiers, the visual story evolves, allowing each author to interrogate gender undertones under the flag of patriotism.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Women in Medicine & Scottish Women's Hospitals'
    WWI: Women in Medicine KS3 / LESSONS 1-5 WORKSHEETS IN ASSOCIATION WITH LESSON 2: WORKSHEET Elsie Ingis 1864 – 1917 Elsie Inglis was born in 1864, in the small Indian town of Naini Tal, before moving back to Scotland with her parents. At the time of her birth, women were not considered equal to men; many parents hoped to have a son rather than a daughter. But Elsie was lucky – her mother and father valued her future and education as much as any boy’s. After studying in Paris and Edinburgh, she went on to study medicine and become a qualified surgeon. Whilst working at hospitals in Scotland, Elsie was shocked to discover how poor the care provided to poorer female patients was. She knew this was not right, so set up a tiny hospital in Edinburgh just for women, often not accepting payment. Disgusted by what she had seen, Elsie joined the women’s suffrage campaign in 1900, and campaigned for women’s rights all across Scotland, with some success. In August 1914, the suffrage campaign was suspended, with all efforts redirected towards war. But the prejudices of Edwardian Britain were hard to break. When Elsie offered to take an all-female medical unit to the front in 1914, the War Office told her: “My good lady, go home and sit still.” But Elsie refused to sit still. She offered help to France, Belgium and Serbia instead – and in November 1914 dispatched the first of 14 all-women medical units to Serbia, to assist the war effort. Her Scottish Women’s Hospitals went on to recruit more than 1,500 women – and 20 men – to treat thousands in France, Serbia, Corsica, Salonika, Romania, Russia and Malta.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 7.3 Mb
    Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of
    [Show full text]
  • Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family1
    Family Feuds: Gender, Nationalism and the Family1 Anne McClintock All nationalismsare gendered,all are invented,snd all are dangerous- dangerous,not in EricHobsbawm's sense as havingto be opposed,but in the sense of representing relations to political power and to the technologiesof violence.Nationalism, as ErnestGellner notes, invents nationswhere they donot exist, andmost modern nations, despite their appeal to an august and immemorialpast, are of recent invention (Gellner,1964). Benedict Anderson warns, however, that Gellnertends to assimilate 'invention'to 'falsity' rather than to 'imagining'and 'creation'.Anderson, by contrast,views nationsas 'imaginedcommuni- ties' in the sense that they are systems of cultural representation wherebypeople come to imagine a shared experienceof identification with an extendedcommunity (Anderson, 1991: 6). As such, nations are not simply phantasmagoriaof the mind, but are historicaland insti- tutional practices through which social differenceis invented and performed.Nationalism becomes, as a result, radicallyconstitutive of people'sidentities, throughsocial contests that are frequentlyviolent and always gendered.But if the invented nature of nationalismhas found wide theoreticalcurrency, explorations of the genderingof the nationalimaginary have been conspicuouslypaltry. All nations dependon powerfulconstructions of gender.Despite nationalisms'ideological investment in the idea of popular unity, nations have historicallyamounted to the sanctionedinstitutionaliz- ationof genderdifference. No nationin
    [Show full text]
  • Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: from Lu Xun to Xiao Hong
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5022k8qv Author Ho, Felicia Jiawen Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures by Felicia Jiawen Ho 2012 © Copyright by Felicia Jiawen Ho 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Full Spectrum of Selves in Modern Chinese Literature: From Lu Xun to Xiao Hong by Felicia Jiawen Ho Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Shu-mei Shih, Chair Despite postcolonial theory’s rejection of legacies of Western imperial dominance and cultural hierarchy, the superiority of Euro-American notions of subjectivity remains a persistent theme in third world cross-cultural literary analysis. Interpretations of the Chinese May Fourth era often reduce the period to one of wholesale westernization and cultural self- repudiation. Euro-American notions of the self often reify ideologies of individuality, individualism, rationalism, evolution, and a “self-versus-society” dichotomy, viewing such positions as universal and applicable for judging decolonizing others. To interrogate this assumption, I examine the writing of Lu Xun and Xiao Hong, two May Fourth writers whose fictional characters present innovative, integrated, heterogeneous selves that transcend Western ii critical models. This “full spectrum of selves” sustains contradicting pulls of identity—the mental (the rational, the individual), the bodily (the survivalist, the affective), the cerebral (the moral), the social (the relational, the organismic), as well as the spiritual and the cosmic.
    [Show full text]
  • Serbian (Yugoslav) – British Relations from the 19 to the 21 St Centuries
    Centre for British Studies International Conference Serbian (Yugoslav) – British Relations from the 19th to the 21st centuries Belgrade, January 26-27, 2018 Conference: Serbian (Yugoslav) – British Relations from the 19th to the 21st centuries Belgrade, January 26-27, 2018 P R O G R A M M E Venue: Faculty of Political Science of the University of Belgrade, Jove Ilića 165 Friday, January 26, 2018 12.00–12.50 Opening of the Conference: H. E. Denis Keefe, CMG, HM Ambassador to Serbia Prof. Dragan Simić, Dean of the Faculty of Political Science, Belgrade Prof. em. Vukašin Pavlović, President of the Council of the Centre for British Studies, FPS, UoB 13.00–14.30 Panel 1: Serbia, the UK, and Global World Chairperson: Dr. Spyros Economides, London School of Economics and Political Science Panellists: Sir John Randall, former Member of Parliament and Government Deputy Chief Whip British-Serbian Relations H. E. Amb. Branimir Filipović, Assistant Minister, MFA of Serbia British-Serbian Relations since 2000. A View from Serbia David Gowan, CMG, former ambassador of the UK to Serbia and Montenegro British-Serbian Relations since 2000. A View from Britain Prof. Christopher Coker, London School of Economics Britain and the Balkans in Global World 14.30–15.45 Lunch break 1 Conference: Serbian (Yugoslav) – British Relations from the 19th to the 21st centuries Belgrade, January 26-27, 2018 15.45–17.15 Panel 2: Diffi cult Legacies and New Opportunities Chairperson: Prof. Slobodan G. Markovich, Centre for British Studies, FPS, UoB Panellists: Dr. Spyros Economides, London School of Economics Legacy of UN Interventionism in British-Serbian Relations Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 66 - March 2017 Editorial
    THE TIGRESS! Commander Maria Leont’evna Bochkarëva THE NEWSLETTER OF THE LEICESTERSHIRE & RUTLAND BRANCH OF THE WESTERN FRONT ASSOCIATION ISSUE 66 - MARCH 2017 EDITORIAL Welcome again, Ladies and Gentlemen, to the latest edition of “The Tiger”, rechristened “The Tigress” for this special ladies edition! Despite whiling away many a youthful hour under a candlewick bedspread listening to Radio Luxembourg 208, I don’t seem to have much time these days to listen to the radio but I noticed that, on 8th March, Radio 3 dedicated its whole day’s playlist, in recognition of their bold and diverse contribution to music, to female composers one of whom being Elisabeth Lutyens, daughter of architect Edwin. Why did the BBC decide to do this? It was to celebrate International Women’s Day (IWD). I was reminded of the impending IWD last month when researching the remarkable exploits of Russian women in 1917 without whom the revolution may not have occurred exactly as it did 100 years ago. Their story will be recounted later in this Newsletter . The month of March itself could even be described as “Ladies Month” since its very flower, the daffodil, is also known as the birth flower, and its 31 days contain not only IWD (8th) but Lady Day or Annunciation Day (25th) and Mothering Sunday (26th). Militarily, of course, March was named after Mars, the Roman god of war whose month was Martius and from where originated the word martial. Another definition of March is “walk in a military manner with a regular measured tread”, a meaning which countless troops over the centuries learned as part of their basic training.
    [Show full text]
  • Elisabeth Crowell and Visiting Nurse Education in Europe, 1917-1925
    Elisabeth Crowell and Visiting Nurse Education in Europe, 1917-1925 By Jaime Lapeyre RN, Ph.D. Candidate University of Toronto Canada [email protected] and By Sioban Nelson RN, Ph.D., FCAHS Dean and Professor, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing University of Toronto Canada [email protected] © 2011 by Jaime Lapeyre and Sioban Nelson The Rockefeller Foundation’s (RF) Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in France (CPTF) was established in 1917 and included the RF’s first involvement with the training of nurses. During the first few years of the war the RF had formed a War Relief Commission and provided aid to Belgium, Serbia and Poland, as well as other war-ravaged countries, as a result of their continued study of conditions in Europe. Upon the U.S.’s entry into the war, and the formation of the War Council under the American Red Cross, the RF withdrew its War Relief Commission and merged its resources with the Red Cross. One of the areas in most need of help was that of tuberculosis prevention in France. After careful study of this field by Dr. Hermann Biggs, New York State Commissioner of Health, and at the invitation of French authorities, the International Health Board (IHB) of the RF formed the Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in France. The work of the Commission included establishing centers for the training of tuberculosis workers and visiting nurses.1 1 The nurse placed in charge of the Commission’s training program for health visitors was Frances Elisabeth Crowell. Crowell was an American, who after completing her training as a nurse, moved to New York to complete her social work education at the New York School of Philanthropy.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Physicians Serving in Serbia, 1915-1917: the Story of Dorothea Maude
    MUMJ History of Medicine 53 HISTORY OF MEDICINE Women Physicians Serving in Serbia, 1915-1917: The Story of Dorothea Maude Marianne P. Fedunkiw, BSc, MA, PhD oon after the start of the First World War, hundreds of One country which benefited greatly from their persistence British women volunteered their expertise , as physi - was Serbia. 2 Many medical women joined established cians, nurses, and in some cases simply as civilians groups such as the Serbian Relief Fund 3 units or the Scottish who wanted to help, to the British War Office . The War Women’s Hospital units set up by Scottish physician Dr. SOffice declined their offer, saying it was too dangerous. The Elsie Inglis. 4 Other, smaller, organized units included those women were told they could be of use taking over the duties which came to be known by the names of their chief physi - of men who had gone to the front, but their skills, intelli - cian or their administrators, including Mrs. Stobart’s Unit, gence and energy were not required at the front lines. Lady Paget’s Unit or The Berry Mission . Many of these This did not deter these women. They went on their own. women wrote their own accounts of their service .5 Still other women went over independently. Dr. Dorothea Clara Maude (1879-1959) was just such a woman. Born near Oxford, educated at University of Oxford and Trinity College, Dublin and trained at London’s Royal Free Hospital, she left her Oxford practice in July 1915 to join her first field unit in northern Serbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Clauses in Mandarin Chinese
    Relative Clauses in Mandarin Chinese Huiying Wen Queen Mary, University of London July 2020 Abstract This thesis is an investigation of the nature and theoretical analyses of the syntax of relative constructions in Mandarin Chinese, with a focus on adjunct relative con- structions and \gapless" relative constructions. In contrast to the traditional views, I propose that deriving these relative constructions requires a head raising strategy and show that this can give a better explanation of their properties and their interaction with comparatives deletion. I argue against the idea that adjunct relative constructions involve null opera- tor movement and defend a novel head raising approach using data from PP-in-situ adjunct relatives. With this in hand, I examine the syntactic analysis of gapless relatives, arguing that gapless relatives are true relatives as opposed to noun com- plements, and show that gapless relatives can be classified into two types: adjunct gapless relatives and resultative gapless relatives, depending on the semantic status of their head nouns. The former involves a manner-kind head noun which is the complement of a PP adjunct. The latter involves a result-kind head noun which is the complement of a null VP. Further, I extend this alternative approach to analyse comparative deletion in relative constructions. Queen Mary's OPAL #46 Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 1 Acknowledgements First, I would like to say a big thank you to my supervisor, Prof. David Adger. His immense knowledge and great passion for linguistics have inspired and encouraged me in all the time of syntactic research I spend at QMUL.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Chinese Nationalism
    The Birth of Chinese Nationalism By Salvatore Babones May 3, 2019 In China, May 4 is Youth Day, a holiday established by the Communist Party in 1949 and celebrated on and off ever since. On this day in 1989, more than 100,000 students demonstrated in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, a key milestone on road to the tragic events of June 4, when Chinese troops opened fire on the civilians amassed there. This year, China’s president and Communist Party leader, Xi Jinping, has called on students to commemorate a very special Youth Day. But it’s not the 30th anniversary of 1989’s pro- democracy protests that he has in mind. Rather, it is the 100th anniversary of May 4, 1919, that he wants to commemorate. On that day a century ago, another group of students rallied in Tiananmen Square. In May 1919, the leaders of World War I’s victorious allies were meeting in Paris to determine the shape of the postwar world. Most Westerners know that the resulting Treaty of Versailles profoundly influenced subsequent European history through the foundation of the League of Nations, the rise of Adolf Hitler, and eventually World War II. Some may even know how the peace treaty, the Balfour Declaration, and the Sykes-Picot Agreement created the modern Middle East. But Westerners are less aware that the Treaty of Versailles also helped set in motion the series of events that led to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Chinese Civil War, and today’s tensions between the United States and China over freedom of navigation in the South China Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Prezentacja W Szeregach Armii Krajowej
    W szeregach Armii Krajowej Wojna obronna 1939 r. i okupacja “1 IX 1939 r. atak III Rzeszy i Słowacji na Polskę. 17 IX 1939 r. do grona agresorów dołącza ZSRS. 6 X zakończyła się bitwa pod Kockiem. Polska przegrała, a jej terytorium zostało podzielone. Źródło: Wikipedia Polskie Państwo Podziemne (PPP) • Na terenach zajętych przez Niemców oraz Sowietów powstały tajne struktury Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego . PPP istniało od 27 września 1939 . • W konspiracji odwzorowano najważniejsze państwowe instytucje, jak np.: • Wojsko • Sądownictwo • Rząd • Szkolnictwo • Instytucje kultury • Parlament Struktura PPP Źródło: ipn.gov.pl Siły zbrojne PPP 27 IX 1939 r. Słu żba Zwyci ęstwu Polski 13 XI 1939 r. Zwi ązek Walki Zbrojnej 14 II 1942 r. Armia Krajowa Armia Krajowa “14 II 1942 r. w miejsce ZWZ powstała Armia Krajowa. Prowadziła działalność pod okupacją niemiecką i sowiecką oraz poza terytorium II RP. “Stanowiła integralną część sił zbrojnych RP. Jej głównym zadaniem było organizowanie oraz prowadzenie oporu zbrojnego przeciwko okupantowi oraz przygotowanie i przeprowadzenie ogólnokrajowego powstania. “Podlegała Naczelnemu Wodzowi oraz rządowi RP na uchodźstwie. Jej organem dowodzenia była Komenda Główna z Komendantem Głównym AK na czele. AK była najsilniejszą i najlepiej zorganizowaną podziemną armią okupowanej Europy! W 1944 r. liczyła niemal 400 tys. żołnierzy! Struktura Marek Ney-Krwawicz, Armia Krajowa , Warszawa, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1993. Podział terytorialny “Komendzie Głównej AK w 1944r. podlegało 16 okręgów terenowych. Dzieliły się one na inspektoraty, obwody i placówki. Wszystkie one nosiły kryptonimy, czyli tajne nazwy. Źródło: Wikipedia Etapy działania AK KONSPIRACJA POWSTANIE ODTWARZANIE sił zbrojnych Początki w konspiracji “Działalność żołnierzy Podziemia inaugurowało złożenie przysięgi i przyjęcie pseudonimu.
    [Show full text]
  • Spis Treści Fundacja Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej 1990–2010
    SPIS TREŚCI FUNDACJA GENERAŁ ELŻBIETY ZAWACKIEJ 1990–2010 W dwudziestolecie działalności Fundacji (Maria Dmochowska) ........... 1 Naukowy i popularyzatorski dorobek Fundacji Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej (Katarzyna Minczykowska) .................................................. 5 Wystawa „Fundacja Generał Elżbiety Zawackiej 1990–2010” (kurator: Dorota Kromp, oprac. grafi czne: Tomasz Pietrzyk) PRZYCZYNKI HISTORYCZNE Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet w II Rzeczypospolitej (Małgorzata Piastowicz) ............................................................................................. 15 Wpływ warunków obozowych na fi zyczny i psychiczny stan zdrowia więźniarek niemieckich obozów koncentracyjnych (Agnieszka Fedorowicz) ...................... ...................................................................... 39 ŹRÓDŁA Źródła do dziejów tajnego nauczania w regionie Kujaw wschodnich i ziemi dobrzyńskiej 1939–1945 ( Bogdan Ziółkowski ) .................... 49 KRONIKA Rozstrzygnięcie II edycji konkursu „Wielcy zwyczajni” (Nadia Czachowska, „Aż do ofi ary życia mego...” Danuta Siedzikówna „Inka”; Edyta Socha, Wartości, które cenili bardziej niż własne życie – esej o bohaterach „Kamieni na szaniec”; Marcin Mater nowski, Charakterystyka żołnierzakobiety, która odeszła już na wieczną wartę, z wykorzystaniem materiałów dokumentalnych) Na okładce: (Elżbieta Skerska) .................................................................................. 67 Budynek siedziby Refl eksje z XXV Jubileuszowego Zjazdu Łagierników żołnierzy Fundacji Generał Armii
    [Show full text]