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Thickness and Temperature of Drifting Floes Johnston, M NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Establishing damage criteria for multi-year ice phase I : thickness and temperature of drifting floes Johnston, M. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/20178995 Technical Report; no. CHC-TR-066, 2009-03-01 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=f3e0d369-d3de-4de4-8264-8a626d284d53 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=f3e0d369-d3de-4de4-8264-8a626d284d53 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. Establishing Damage Criteria for Multi-year Ice Phase I: Thickness and Temperature of Drifting Floes M. Johnston Transect 1 Transect 2 39 38 Transect 3 37 34 36 35 Transect 4 33 temperature 32 31 30 Transect 5 29 28 chain 27 Transect 6 26 25 24 H 23 22 1 21 2 13 Aug drill hole 3 4 thicknesses 5 1 Aug 6 7 8 9 17 Aug 10 23 Jul 11 12 13 31 May 18 2 Sep 17 16 15 14 20 Wellington Channel Austin 25 Aug Channel 7 Sep Resolute Parry Channel 20 Sep M’Clintock Channel Technical Report, CHC-TR-066 March 2009 Establishing Damage Criteria for Multi-year Ice, Phase I: Thickness and Temperature of Drifting Floes M. Johnston Canadian Hydraulics Centre National Research Council of Canada Montreal Road Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 FINAL REPORT prepared for: Transport Canada Transport Canada, Marine Safety 330 Sparks St., 10th floor (AMSRP), Tower C, Place de Ville Ottawa, ON Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD) Natural Resources Canada 580 Booth St. Ottawa, ON Canadian Ice Service Environment Canada Marine and Ice Services 373 Sussex Drive Ottawa ON Technical Report, CHC-TR-066 March 2009 CHC-TR-066 i Abstract Field measurements on multi-year ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are presented, including detailed ice thickness measurements and results of the pilot program to document changes in the temperature of multi-year ice as its drifts through the Arctic. The relevance of monitoring the full thickness temperature of multi-year ice in space and time is that this information can be used subsequently as a proxy for ice thickness and strength. This work, which will span the next four years, is of interest to Transport Canada because it will provide mariners with information to help them rate the damage potential of multi-year ice. It is of interest to the Canadian Ice Service because the results can be incorporated into thermodynamic models and ice drift predictions of multi-year ice. More than 546 m of ice was drilled on four multi-year ice floes during the program. Comparison of thickness measurements from multi-year ice in Nares Strait (2007) and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (2008) showed that ice upwards of 10 m thick exists in both regions – and, contrary to what one might expect, can be found quite easily. Due to limitations in the amount of auger flight available, the maximum ice thickness measured in Nares Strait during the 2007 season was 16.6 m, although the ice was often considerably thicker. In comparison, the maximum drill hole thickness measured in the Archipelago during the 2008 season was 16.9 m. The average floe thicknesses of the multi-year ice in Nares Strait (2007) ranged from 3.6 to more than 9.6 m, with standard deviations of 0.7 to 3.7 m. The average thickness of the four floes in the Canadian Archipelago (2008) ranged from 7.3 to 9.3 m, with standard deviations from 2.1 to 3.7 m. It should be noted that the crests of the more extreme ice ridges were not sampled during either program. Two months of full thickness temperatures for multi-year floe R02 (10.2 m thick) and three months of temperatures on multi-year floe R05 (10.4 m thick) showed that both floes warmed throughout their full thickness. The rapid warming that occurred at the bottom of Floe R05 during three weeks in August was interpreted as thinning of the ice – the bottom ice thinned by more than one metre in just three weeks. The same cannot be said of Floe R02 because the data terminated prematurely in late July, prior to the onset of bottom ablation. The migration of Floe R02 was documented from 30 May to 20 September, during which time the floe drifted about 1000 km through the Canadian Archipelago. In comparison, Floe R05 circulated in Wellington Channel until 16 August, when the last positional data were obtained from that floe. CHC-TR-066 ii BLANK PAGE CHC-TR-066 iii Résumé Dans ce rapport, on présente des données de terrain sur la glace pluri-annuelle provenant de l’archipel Arctique canadien. Ceci inclut notamment des renseignements détaillés sur l’épaisseur de la glace, de même que des résultats du programme pilote visant à recenser les changements de température de cette glace durant sa migration dans l’Arctique. Des profils thermiques recueillis périodiquement constituent une façon indirecte de suivre l’évolution de l’épaisseur de la glace et de sa résistance mécanique durant son trajet. Ces travaux, qui s’étaleront sur une période de quatre ans, présentent un intérêt pour Transport Canada, puisqu’ils fourniront de l’information à l’équipage des navires circulant dans ces régions. Cette information pourrait servir à mieux évaluer les dommages potentiels résultant de l’interaction du navire avec la glace pluri-annuelle. Les résultats de cette étude sont également utiles au Service canadien des glaces dans la mesure où les données obtenues peuvent être incorporées à des modèles thermodynamiques et de prédiction de la dérive de la glace pluri-annuelle. Au cours de cette étude, on a effectué des forages sur quatre floes, pour une longueur cumulative de plus de 546 m. L’analyse des données sur l’épaisseur de la glace pluri-annuelle dans le détroit de Nares (2007) et dans l’archipel Arctique canadien (2008) révèle, dans les deux cas et contraire à toute attente, la présence courante de floes de plus de 10 m d’épaisseur. Dans le détroit de Nares, l’épaisseur maximale mesurée en 2007 était de 16,6 m, ce qui ne reflète toutefois qu’une limite opérationnelle : le nombre d’extensions disponibles pour la tarière cette année-là ne permettait pas d’aller plus loin, même si on avait souvent affaire avec un floe considérablement plus épais. La profondeur maximale des forages dans l’archipel en 2008 était de 16,9 m. L’épaisseur moyenne de la glace pluri-annuelle dans le détroit de Nares (2007) variait entre 3,6 et plus de 9,6 m, avec des écarts-types de 0,7 à 3,7 m. L’épaisseur moyenne des quatre floes recensés dans l’archipel (2008) variait entre 7,3 et 9,3 m, avec des écarts-types de 2,1 à 3,7 m. À noter que dans l’une ou l’autre de ces régions, des forages dans la crête des floes les plus épais n’ont jamais été entrepris. Les profils thermiques des floes R02 (10,2 m) et R05 (10,4 m), recueillis sur une période de deux et trois mois respectivement, indiquent un réchauffement graduel des floes sur toute leur épaisseur. Un réchauffement rapide à la base du floe R05 durant trois semaines en août est attribué à une réduction dans l’épaisseur du floe – en trois semaines seulement, la base du floe aurait subi une ablation de plus de 1 m. On ne peut en dire autant du floe R02, puisque l’acquisition de données s’est terminée de façon prématurée à la fin de juillet, avant le début de cette phase d’ablation. La migration du floe R02 a été suivie du 30 mai au 20 septembre. Au cours de cette période, le floe a dérivé sur une distance d’environ 1000 km dans l’archipel canadien. En comparaison, le floe R05 dérivait encore dans le chenal Wellington le 16 août, date du dernier relevé provenant de ce floe. CHC-TR-066 iv CHC-TR-066 v Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................i Résumé.........................................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................... v List of Figures.............................................................................................................................vii List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................ix 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Reports
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