THE POTENTIAL OF DISINTEGRATION AND THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM FOR PEOPLE OF Budiana Setiawan Center for Policy Research of Education and Culture Ministry of Education and Culture

Natuna Regency in Province is one of the outer islands of the Republic of . So, it is considered to have potential for disintegration. Even more, Malaysia has contested Indonesian ownership of Natuna Islands by reason of geographical and history proximity. Historically, Natuna Islands were once part of the Sultanate since 1597. Geographically, the Natuna Islands are closer to Malaysia than the rest of Indonesia. As a result, economic, social and cultural interaction of Natuna people is more oriented to Malaysia

Even though the Natuna Islands are economically, and socio‐culturally closer to Malaysia, it has not caused the spirit of Indonesian nationalism to diminish and make the Natuna people desire join Malaysia. This is due to Natuna people's perspective upon Indonesia. They assume Indonesia is a large country with a wider area and larger population than Malaysia.

National inclusion of Natuna people requires examining both citizenship and ethnicity. In regard to the former, Natuna people are part of the citizenry of the Republic of Indonesia. In regard to the latter, most of Natuna people are , an ethnic group spread across Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. The spirit of nationalism of Natuna people is quite solid, although their ethnic ties are not restricted to one country only.

Nevertheless, if the Government of the Republic of Indonesia does not pay attention to Natuna people’s welfare, such that they are left behind other regions, the potential for disintegration can be increased, constituting a threat to the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, the government has recently made efforts to develop Natuna Regency. There are five ministries that have priority to deal with development in Natuna Regency, namely: Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Defense and Security, Tourism, Forestry and Environment, and Energy and Mineral Resources.

Keywords: disintegration, nationalism, Malaysia, Republic of Indonesia, the outermost territory

BACKGROUND

Natuna Regency geographically is one of the outermost territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The group of Natuna Islands have been incorporated into Indonesia territory based on the Decree of Republic of Indonesia Delegation, as a part of Central Province, on May 18, 1956.

Tracing its history, Malaysia once claimed that the group of Natuna Islands should be a part of their territory. Nevertheless, Malaysia's claims have never really become a conflict over territory between Indonesia and Malaysia. People of Natuna Regency has never openly released issue of wanting to break away from Indonesia and join to Malaysia. Whereas, as a region that geographically closer to Malaysia and historically related to Johor Sultanate, economic and socio‐ cultural influences were more pronounced from Malaysia than Indonesia in the past.

The problems in this paper as follows. First, how does spirit of nationalism of people in Natuna Regency, both juridically and administratively become a part of territory of the Republic of Indonesia, but geographically, economically, and socio‐culture is closer to Malaysia? Second, is there a potential disintegration of people of Natuna Regency, then choose to become a part of

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Malaysia? Third, what is government's efforts to protect Natuna Regency, so it cannot be separated from territory of the Republic of Indonesia’s sovereignty?

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this paper is, first, to find out factors that determine spirit of nationalism of people in Natuna Regency is stronger to Indonesia than Malaysia. Second, to get an idea of whether or not there is a potential disintegration of people of Natuna Regency. Third, knowing government's efforts to safeguard of Natuna Regency as a part of Indonesia’s sovereignty.

DESCRIPTION

The London Treaty in 1824, which was an agreement between British and Dutch regarding division of colonies, did not include the group of Natuna Islands explicitly into British and Dutch colonies. Thus, the group of Natuna Islands to be a part of the Republic of Indonesia’s territory was not based on the London Treaty. The claim of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia towards the group of Natuna Islands has caused a dispute with Malaysia. Malaysia states that the group of Natuna Islands should belong to Malaysia. First, based on history, since 1597 the group of Natuna Islands are a part of the territory of Johor Sultanate, one of sultanates of Malaysia’s territory now. Second, geographically the group of Natuna Islands is "flanked" between western Malaysia () and eastern Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak). Thus, both geographically and historically, people of Natuna Regency have close relations with Malaysia than Indonesia.

Malaysia also considered that the London Treaty of 1824 could not be used as legal basis for control of Indonesia to possess the group of Natuna Islands, because it had never been truly controlled by the Dutch. Otherwise, Indonesia claims the group of Natuna Islands as a part of its territory because there was evidence of traces of Dutch control to the islands. The existence of Dutch control was an airfield in Subi Island, which was actually built by Japanese Government when it occupied Indonesia in 1942. When Japan lost in second World War, the airfield was taken over by Dutch forces. The Dutch attack on the airfield in Subi Island was “the only evidence" of Dutch control in the group of Natuna Islands.

FINDINGS

Consider to the history, economic, social, and cultural daily life of Natuna people closer to Malaysia than Indonesia; certainly raises question: What do their spirit of nationalism? All of them are not impossible to bring consequences for weakening nationalism of Natuna people. This is coupled with a fact that developmental by central government has not reached to the group of Natuna Islands. The infrastructure and superstructure in Indonesia's foremost islands are still far behind other regions, especially in Java. If the spirit of nationalism of Natuna people are not well fortified, it is not impossible to threat national integration of Indonesia.

The interesting thing is condition that mentioned above does not make Natuna people want to join Malaysia. Even though their geographically closer to Malaysia, they have never made an effort to break away from Indonesia and join to Malaysia. This seems to be influenced by their perspective of both countries. For them, Indonesia is a big country, with a bigger area and a larger population than Malaysia. In addition, Natuna people see Indonesia is one of countries that pioneered independence from colonies territory in Asia region. In early era of independence of

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both countries, Indonesia became a more respected country by others countries in Asia region than Malaysia. It seems to be an attractiveness for Natuna people choose to be a part of Indonesia.

Natuna people have not seem to think seriously about their past history that was once part of Johor Sultanate and Riau Sultanate. In this case, Natuna people seems to be "not too attached emotionally" to two sultanates. This is caused by their region as a part of North , far away with capital of Johor Sultanate and Riau Sultanate. Thus, nationalism of Natuna people as a cultural phenomenon rather than a political phenomenon, as stated by John Hutchinson (2004). Their nationalism is fluider, because it is rooted in history and ethnicity of Malayness, which is influenced by Johor sultanates and Riau sultanates.

Among six types of nationalism, as stated by Retno Listyarti, state nationalism type is seen suitable to be applied to Natuna people, which is a combination between citizenship and ethnicity. In this case, in terms of citizenship, Natuna people politically legitimate as a part of Indonesian citizens. Ethnically, the most of Natuna people are Malays ethnic. In this case, Malay ethnic group not only exists in Indonesia, but spreads across several others countries, namely: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam. Thus, Natuna people naturally has ethnic ties with Malay ethnic group who inhabit in Indonesia’s territory, especially Malay people in Riau Islands, east coast of Sumatra, and west coast of .

Regarding to existence of the outermost islands that bordering to other countries, the Government of Republic of Indonesia has issued Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 78 of 2005 concerning Management of the Outermost Small Islands.

In this regard, strengthening spirit of nationalism as a part of Indonesian nation is impossible for growing in Natuna people as long as the central government never gives attention and development to them as a community who inhabitant in the outermost islands. But in reality, even though it has been a part of Indonesia since 1956, for decades there has not been significant development in the group of Natuna Islands. Massive development has only begun to occur in recent years. This developmental is in accordance to Nawacita program from regime President and Vice President Jusuf Kalla. There are five ministries that are prioritized to handle development in Natuna Regency, namely: Fisheries and Marine, Defense and Security, Tourism, Environment and Forestry, and Energy and Mineral Resources. Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime has built a Sentra Kelautan dan Perikanan Terpadu (Integrated Marine and Fisheries Center) in Lampa Strait, North Natuna District. Ministry of Defense and Security makes vulnerable for security disturbances and to be territory of defense against infiltration from other countries. Ministry of Tourism is conducted with a consideration that Natuna Regency has many beautiful places that can be developed as tourist destinations. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources will develop oil and gas production in East Natuna Block. Ministry of Forestry and Environment has role of conducting a study and evaluation of impact of development on environmental and community aspects in Natuna Regency.

CONCLUSION

Malaysia had sued Indonesia as ownership of the group Natuna Islands region by reason of geographical proximity and history. Tracing its history, the group of Natuna Islands have been a part of Malaysia. Geographically, the group of Natuna Islands are closer to Malaysia than Indonesia. This causes economic and social interaction of Natuna people closer to Malaysia than Indonesia. However, it does not cause Natuna people desires disintegration from Indonesia, and

42 The 7th International Symposium of Journal Antropologi Indonesia join to Malaysia. This is due to Natuna community's perspective about Indonesia as a large country with bigger territory and larger population than Malaysia. The other reason, Indonesia was seen as a respected country among other countries in Asia.

Natuna people are belonging in state nationalism type, which is a combination of citizenship and ethnicity. Thus, the spirit of nationalism of people is quite strong because their ethnic ties are not restricted to one country only.

Nevertheless, if the government of The Republic of Indonesia does not pay attention to welfare of Natuna people, so potential for such disintegration can increase and threaten territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, at present the government has sought development in Natuna Regency. With a touch of development in Natuna Regency, it is expected to minimize potential for disintegration and increase spirit of nationalism of people in Natuna Regency.

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DEVELOPMENT AS EXCLUSION, ITS IMPACTS AND COMMUNITY RESPONSES: THE ORANG RIMBA AND THE ORANG BADUY COMPARED Dedi Supriadi Adhuri Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

The conventional definition of development sees it as interventions geared towards the improvement of people’s welfare. In contrast to this conceptualisation, this presentation will argue that development is a process of exclusion that brings marginalization and creates poverty. In this regard, the paper will provide an example of development in Jambi that has excluded the Orang Rimba from their place of life and livelihoods. The development, which in this context took the form of logging and forest conversion to plantation, not only threatened the survival of the Orang Rimba due to the significant decrease of natural resources upon which the people depended, but also the loss of space where they can express or practice their culture as a system of ideas. After describing some tangible impacts of this exclusion in regard to the Orang Rimba, to

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