As to What Is Structural and What Is Not

IMPLEMENTATION OF IIT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN BUILDINGS

as to what is structural and what is not.”19 On the contrary, this 5.12 View of the facade of iit Alum- transposed order found difficult to prevent structure from undue ni Memorial Hall under construc- stress or temperature differences involving the facade mechanical tion, used as a generic solution for deformations, to the detriment of its water-tightness and durabil- other campus buildings. The steelwork shows that horizontal ity. plates were executed in continuity with As a consequence, mullions spanning between the uprights of non-bearing steel mullions to resem- the framework run regularly along the elevation at �� ft intervals, ble the skeleton frame behind, as part their dimension —consistent with floor heights— determined to of the formwork needed to encase it in prevent the �-inch-brick panels from cracking, as it had in the concrete. This solution transformed the buildings previously executed according to the �� ft. module. This building structural principles and their way, the problem of design seemed to be displaced towards a for- execution process into its external image.

19 Ibid., «Structural and Spatial Concepts,» ch.�, pp. ��-��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 251 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.13 Views of building corner solu- mal solution, to be faced from a paradoxical tectonic posture al- tion (right), facade mullion behind most exclusively focused on the problem of dimensional coordina- structural support (left, top), and tion of the thicknesses and modulations of its different elements. intermediate facade mullions (left, Notwithstanding, the quest of this image turned to be impos- bottom) of typical iit buildings, un- sible, whereas the logical order of the envelope demanded to place der construction. its structural support behind the facade for its protection and best performance as a constructive whole, implies a discontinuity in structure modulation all over the border [Fig. �.�� (b)]. Faithful to his will of representation, Mies nevertheless finally reduced the numerous technical problems by attaching the skin to the exterior face of the frame, thereafter allowing a symmetri- cal treatment of the reentrant corners, turned by terminating the skin on the center line of the corner column, its exposed portion acting as a “pivoting agent”20 [Figs. �.�� (c), �.��]. These corners were compounded in part out of a steel angle facing, representing the steel skeleton frame behind the concrete,

20 Ibid., «Low-rise Skeleton Frame Buildings,» ch. �, pp. ��-��.

252 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION OF IIT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN BUILDINGS

5.14 View of typical corner of iit buildings as finished (left), and diagram of all its constructive elements (above). Although the detail of the corner showed the intersection of the tangency planes between the building enclosure and the outer side of the square support, and not just the node of the grid ordering the campus —which actually coincides with the longitudinal axis of the inner steel rolled section, later embedded in concrete— the detail was able to effectively convey the idea of an skeleton frame structure, ordered according to the latter. Given the fact that none of the shown standard steel sections were actually structural, slimmer sections could be and in part out of two flanking I-sections that formed the receiv- used, therefore giving the impression of a ing frame for the infill brick walls. Mies's honesty, emphasizing lighter and graceful construction. the actual tectonic nature of this famous corner detail, is proved to be deliberated by finishing the corner before it reaches the ground and making it rest on a brick base, clearly free of any structural function [Figs. �.��-�.��]. Hence, the part of the building actually bearing loads —its steel skeleton frame— becomes present. This treatment, “was his way to distinguish between the primary structure of the building and the secondary structure of the skin”,21 i.e. that the skin of a building requires an additional structure of its own, even if secondary, or that the structure of a building can set an order for its skin.

5.2.2 Shaping Construction To Understand Structure

While losing in terms of constructive coherence, the building, without hiding these contradictions, nonetheless reached such a

21 Schulze, F. (��), «Revival: Modernism Without Utopia, ��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (Chicago: uoc), ch. �, p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 253 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

level of refinement in its clear formal articulation as to acquire an intense capacity to communicate its own internal logic. There- upon, architecture breaks through purely linguistic problems, typical of a classical architecture.22 It is in this quest for a so-called

5.15 View of iit typical building fa- “critical nature of the generalized ideal” that Mies puts common cade under construction (right), and construction through an ordered language which, in a paradoxi- vertical section details (above). cal self-representation of its structure, calls to a critical experience Previously set rolled-section mullions in the beholder. were used as an exposed formwork This way, an idea of the general order in the campus Master against which to pour concrete over steel Plan layout is achieved. But this is true only when recognized in columns, therefore a necessary element an everyday experience, that re-frames and shatters the familiar for the final image. —by virtue of a critical sight that perceives the common in the general, and the general in the common. Within this only apparently arbitrary way of working within the design components, which seemed functional when they were actually just a recall to the structure behind it, Mies confirmed his own self-confidence to modify —or even break— his own rules whenever he finds it appropriate. As famously described,

22 Lambert, Ph. (��) «Learning a Language,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (Montreal/New York: cca/wmaa), pp. ��-��.

254 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION OF IIT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN BUILDINGS

“(...) the real structure of Alumni Memorial Hall, though sup- 5.16 View of iit typical building pressed, is expressed: what one knows is there is not what one roof under construction, 1947. actually sees, but it is made evident by what one sees. Mies's As experienced in some of his previous reasoning is tortuous, but ever so much his own: to demon- European work, Mies did not use a continuous slab to solve the construction of strate that the supporting steel frame is the basis, or essence, the roof, but instead precasted concrete of the building, it is indicated, rather than shown, externally; slabs, alternating its direction according to acknowledge that what shows, moreover, is not fact but to the requirements of the spaces housed [Figs. �.��, �.��] 23 symbol of fact” . beneath it. In addition to this, the homogeneous dimensions of the skeleton Here, that so-called tectonic form of iit buildings seems to pose frame allowed the horizontal bracing of 24 a contradiction between their raw construction and the ideal- the entire structure by just changing the ized representation of their material properties and structuring orientation of its last bay. principles. Indeed, tectonic form is here referred as the composition of constructive elements that, while breaking down into its ready-made components, moves attention to the relation of the

23 Schulze, F. (��) Op. cit., ch. �, pp. ��-��.

24 Rather than the complementary relationship between its technical and represen- tational forms of classical tectonic theory. For an examination of these two modes of the tectonic form in Mies's American work, see Frampton, K. (��), «Mies van der Rohe: Avant-Garde and Continuity,» in Frampton, K. and Cava, J. (ed.) Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture (Chicago: Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts), ch. �, pp. ��-��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 255 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.17 Views of Alumni Memorial Hall North facade (left), and South facade (opposite page), as finished in 1947. The extensive use of glass in the North facade effectively clearly described the inner steel structure of the buildings (left). However, while the vertical plates of the facade no difference was made between mullions and structural supports (opposite page). Similarly, the change in the deepness of girders to cover the inner voids in the buildings set the final width of the horizontal plates, which resulted in an oversized dimension that resembled those of the roof section.

parts in the whole at the same time. This tension in the proportion between the individual elements of an assembled form finds special justification when its arrangement makes visible the invisible play of forces of load and support in the structure, calling forth a new mode of perception and experience of the whole building.25 In other words, “(...) when a structural concept has found its implementation through construction, the visual result will affect us through certain expressive qualities which clearly have something to do with the play of forces and corresponding arrangement of parts in the building, yet cannot be described in terms of

25 On this regard, see Hays, K.M., «Reproduction and Negation: The Cognitive Project of the Avant-Garde,» in Ockman, J., and Colomina, B. (eds.) (��) Architecture- production (New York: Princeton Architectural Press), pp. ��-��. Noteworthy, the author has later developed these ideas concerning specifically the American work both of Mies —see Hays, K.M. «The Mies Effect,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. (��) Op. cit., pp. ��-��— and of Hilberseimer —see Hays, K.M. (��) Mod- ernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer (Cambridge, Mass: mit).

256 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Image source: Heald, H.T. (��) «Cooperation between Industry and Education», Illi- nois Tech Engineer, vol. ��, p.�� [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. IMPLEMENTATION OF IIT CAMPUS MASTER PLAN BUILDINGS

construction and structure alone.”26

To sum up, design is extended to structure and construction by means of proportion, which acquires then a main role in the arrangement of the specific constructive solutions given to a building [Figs. �.��, �.��], as “(...) through tectonics the architect may make visible, in a strong statement, that intensified kind or experience of reality which is (...) the experience of forces related to forms in a building. Thus structure, the intangible concept, is realized through construction and given visual expression through tectonics.”27

26 Sekler, E. (��), «Structure, Construction, Tectonics», in Kepes, G. (ed.) Struc- ture in Art and Science (New York: Georg Braziller), pp. ��-��. Although the text focuses more generically in the corner details later developed for Mies's high-rise buildings, it acknowledges their common origin at iit campus.

27 Ibid. [emphasis added].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 257 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.19 Views from ‘Mies van der Rohe. Architecture’ exhibit at Chi- cago, 1947. The show featured many of Mies's less known projects by the time, mainly from his early American work, still in need to be properly documented. Given that the number of buildings by Mies in America was very limited by then, no images of completed buildings, except for the iit Minerals and Metals Building (bottom), were shown. On the contrary, detailed plans and models for several ongoing designs for iit —such as the Library and Administration Building (top, and bottom), or an oversized reproduction of the photomontage of the latest version of iit campus Master Plan design (top)— were here publicly displayed for the first time, probably trying to promote their construction. Various photomontages of other designs —including those for the Concert Hall, or different compositional exercises developed at Mies's Architec- ture studio classes at iit (left, top)— completed the show.

5.3 moma Exhibition and Public Recognition

Given the favorable prospects of the first results, by the Spring of ��, Mies was invited to set a small exhibit at Chicago South Side,28 featuring his early American work [Fig. �.��]. Focused in many of his latest designs by the time, Mies assumed the show

28 The exhibit took place at The Renaissance Society, Chicago, between May ��th– June � th, ��. Mies benefited from the support of the German émigré Ulrich Middel- dorf, then Chairman of ther Art History Department at the uoc, where the gallery was housed. Also Honorary Curator at the aic —that iit School of Architecture was planning to leave by then—, he enthusiastically stated that “to Mies van der Rohe the architecture of today owes a great number of fundamental ideas which have become generally accepted and which are now a part of the common language of many,” in Middledorf, U. (��) Mies van der Rohe. Architecture (Chicago: uoc), exhibition brochure.

258 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MOMA EXHIBITION AND PUBLIC RECOGNITION

as an opportunity to gain support for the completion of all the iit approved buildings at campus, some of which he managed to 5.20 Images of iit campus build- complete for his upcoming retrospective, opening next Autumn, ings as displayed in a review of ‘Mies 29 at the prestigious Museum of Modern Art (moma), New York. van der Rohe’ exhibition at moma, However, despite the amount of documentation produced by the New York, 1947. time the exhibition took place, few iit buildings were finally dis- iit buildings and designs were generally played [Fig. �.��].30 Notwithstanding, the exhibition —and, more ignored by the exhibition reviews of the significantly, the edited catalog, that praised iit campus Master specialized press, that focused mainly Plan and gave wide coverage to its buildings31— reported great in his most famous European projects publicity for Mies's work, which came to be widely acknowledged and buildings (left). Only a few of them were included in the show —a full-scale in the u.s. since then.32 The impact of the exhibition was especial- mock-up of the corner detail planned for ly relevant among iit academic community, who followed enthu- the Library and Administration Build- siastically the news,33 and effectively secured the further imple- ing, oversized views of the Minerals and mentation of his designs for iit campus —the completed buildings Metals Research Building, as well as had proved to be a model for iit's wider and more ambitious plans of Alumni Memorial Hall facade and in the area. interior stairs (above), completed with four panels of exterior views drawings of the Auditorium and Student Union Building, the Library and Adminis- 29 The exhibition was held at the moma, New York (Sept. ��th –Nov. �� rd, ��), curated by Ph. Johnson, who was also responsible for the catalog of the show. Mies had tration Building, the Gymnasium and a determinant presence both in the installation and the exhibition catalog, which he Swimming Pool Building, and the Field supervised carefully [see chapter � for further details]. House. Noteworthy, the photomontage

30 They occupied a mural extending half of a wall of the exhibition hall, as indicated of iit campus Master Plan design was in the exhibition plan elaborated by Mies [see Fig. �.�]. Despite it has been traditionally discarded. assumed that “no such mural, however, appears in any installation photograph” in Ri- ley, T. (��) «Making History: Mies van der Rohe and The Museum of Modern Art,» in Riley, T., Bergdoll, B. (eds.) et al. Mies in Berlin (New York: moma), note ��, p.��, partial views of it can be appreciated in reviews of the exhibition [see Fig. �.��].

31 Johnson, Ph. (��) «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: moma), pp. ��-��.

32 Johnson's catalog came to be “the most enduring of all the Mies histories”, as expressed in Riley, T. (��) «Making History: Mies van der Rohe and The Museum of Modern Art,» in Op. cit., p. ��, where Riley points the fact that “in �� there were few writings by him, and less about him” [emphasis in the original].

33 See, for instance, the complimentary tone in Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), «Mies van der Rohe Works are Displayed», Technolog y News, �� (�): � (Nov. ��th, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 259 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.21 Views of a study model by som for the residential expansion of iit campus, 1947 (juxtaposed to a 1943 version of Mies's academic campus model). Under the new Educational, Research, and Housing Development Program of ��,

iit sought to expand its existing campus Master Plan over �� acres to be renewed, extending to ��th St. to the South, Michigan Ave. to the East;�� st St. to the North, and to the New York Central Railroad tracks in the West.

260 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.4 iit and South Side Redevelopment Plan

Since the end of the war, iit had been more or less inderect- ly involved in several planning strategies that had been develop- ing in the Chicago South Side area. Created in �� after Illi- nois State Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act of ��, Chicago Land Clearance Commission (clcc) surveyed the city for blighted land, to sell it below cost to developers after relocating the families living there. This public organization was significantly chaired, among others, by iit president Henry T. Heald, a circumstance that facilitated the acquisition of the land required for the expansion of iit boundaries through a coordinated bidding for publicly auctioned properties.34 In addition to this, iit was a founding member of a private organization participated by most of the relevant institutions settled at the Chicago Central South Side —South Side Planning Board (sspb). Formally established 35 5.22 Announcement of residential in �� as a non-profit organization composed of citizens, in representation of the interests of the broad range of institutions expansion plan for iit campus, 1947. A new expansion plan for iit campus was operating in Chicago South Side, its the purpose was to initiate publicly announced by President Henry and promote the redevelopment of seven square miles in the area, T. Heald, who declared that “(...) repre- aiming to the erradication of over �� acres of blight and slums in senting the first actual building of per- an operation of what was to be called ‘urban renewal.’ manent housing in the redevelopment Given the favorable prospects for land acquisition and finan- plan for South Side Planning Board, the cial support from government programs for promoting the rein- new structures will provide desperately 36 tegration of war veterans, Heald comissioned a parallel study needed living quarters for veteran stu- for the expansion possibilities of iit campus. Probably unaware of dents and staff members.” the prestige to be granted by Mies's campus Master Plan, Heald assigned the elaboration of the new plan to the Chicago firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (som) [Figs. �.��, �.��] that effectively designed a whole new residential area by the Spring of ��.

34 Already used for the development of its campus Master Plan, this strategy had been succesfully used by iit for the acquisition of the Mecca Flats, as described in Blue- stone, Daniel, «Chicago's Mecca Flat Blues», Journal of The Society of Architectural Histo- rians, � (��): ��-�� (Dec., ��)

35 Originally established as the South Side Development Association in ��.

36 iit had subscribed the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (nrotc) Program to subsidize their education since its foundation during World War ii. See Illinois Insti- tute of Technology (ed.) «Navy to Send �� Men to iit on July �», in Technolog y News, �� (��): �-� (Jun. �st, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 261 262 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.23 iit campus by the year 1948, in its urban context (opposite page);

“Illinois Tech Builds”, internal iit bulletin (left).

Public recognition of Mies's work for iit, together with financial support from the

fwa, brought an impulse for the campus Master Plan, which extended its building program beyond State St., to include new communitarian facilities: “(...) rather than flee from the encroaching blight, the trustees decided to stand and fight — to build a great midwestern technological institution and at the same time to take the lead in redeveloping the entire south side area.”

But, despite Heald's initial statement that the whole plan was “scheduled for completion in ��”, and “despite the present high costs of construction, building operations are to be vigorously prosecuted to ensure its completion in �� and relieve a press-

Key

IIT Buildings* 15 South Union Building (Tempo- Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

1 iit Armour Mission Building rary Building No. �) 29 iit Chemistry Building (/

2 iit Main Building 16 igt Classrooms & Laboratories Whisnick Hall)

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- Temporary Building 30 Vendome Storage Building

age Building 17 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 31 arf Electrical Engineering

4 Physics Hall 18 arf Ice Lab Research Building

5 Chapin Hall 19 arf Explosives Test Cell 32 Fowler Hall

6 Parking Lot 20 arf Laboratories 33 iit Fraternity Row

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 21 iit Machinery Hall (/ Mechani- 34 Graduate Hall search Building cal Engineering Building) 35 Farr Hall

8 iit Transformer Vault (/Cen- 22 iit Armour Laboratory (/ Gas tral Electrical Vault) Dynamics Lab) Other Relevant Structures 9 iit Civil Engineering Building 23 iit Economics–Mechanics in the Area (Temporary Building No. �) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 36 Huber & Huber Motor Exp.

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 24 Armour Research Foundation 37 Mandel Residence

(Section �) (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 38 Chicago Housing Authority

11 arf Test Cell 25 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) (cha) Dearborn Homes

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Re- 26 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 39 ‘The Mecca’ Flats

search Building (Units �, � & �) 27 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 40 Keith Public School 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) Memorial Hall) 41 Binga Bank & Arcade Bdg.

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 28 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 263 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.24 Exhibition of Mies's iit campus Master Plan model (3rd version), 1948.

A fully reworked model of Mies's iit campus Master Plan design was presented in his brand-new Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering Building, as part of an openhouse exhibition housed at iit Alumni Memorial Hall, during the Spring of �� (left) to attract enrollment

(Note that igt square appears here parallel to arf Research Buildings, according to the previous �� Master Plan version, while all the main buildings are close to their final design). Renderings of the most relevant campus buildings —elaborated the year before for the exhibition at moma (opposite page, top)— were also 37 displayed at the show, and widely repro- ing housing demand”, som's Farr and Fowler Residence Halls duced by internal publications (opposite were not completed until the end of �� [Fig. �.��]. This situa- page, bottom). tion, added to the fact of the poor results, notably far from the constructive quality of Mies's buildings, might had influenced the final dissmissal of the plan, as well as a renovated impulse for the completion of Mies's original campus design, fully publicized [Figs. �.��, �.��].38 Moreover, iit campus plans now following the direction set by sspb somehow restored Hilberseimer's position too, that had became more influential as an active member of the organization.39 Notwithstanting, Hilberseimer's option for a so-called “superblock of, say, an area of two square miles”,40 —developed from his early studies of the mid-��s for the residential expansion of iit, underlying beneath som proposal— was discarded by sspb, considered an immense area that would be hardly perceived as urban in the traditional sense. More cautiously, sspb proposed to redevelop the dense urban fabric of Chicago South Side with

37 Alumni Association of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) «Proposed $��,��,�� Campus with Student and Staff Units» in The Technometer (Chicago: n.p.) (Apr., ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. Stating that “new buildings will be of modern design inside and out,” Heald seemingly had also underestimated the difficulties in Mies's architecture.

38 “College architecture goes modern. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, international- ly-known modernist in architecture, shows (...) a scale model of the functional building design he has created for the new $�,��,�� campus of Illinois Institute of Technology. The model will be on display April ��st through May as part of a comprehensive exhi - bition of the Chicago architect's chief works (...),” as announced in Armsey, J., News Re- leases, April ��th, �� (Chicago: iit Dept. of Public Relations), n.p. [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

39 Probably sponsored by Heald for his common use of the Chicago South Side as a case study in his classes at iit, Hiberseimer had joined sspb since its very foundation.

40 Hilberseimer, L. (��). Op. cit., p. ��.

264 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

negotiable half-mile-square units of �� by �� ft. across the 5.25 Views of a full model of Mies's seven-square-mile extension of its Plan.41 Consequently, the cus- iit campus Master Plan (3rd version, tomary Chicago block of �� by �� ft. seemed to be definitely left), featuring an iit internal bulle- questioned in favour of bigger units. tin (above), 1948. Furthermore, partially following cclc's disengagement for the orthogonal layout of the streets of Chicago, sspb promotied an increased flexibility in the smaller scale, while nevertheless kept the grid order in a bigger scale, as a guarantee to provide an appropriate connection with the rest of the existing urban fabric. This matched exactly the principles of iit campus Master Plan, as Mies had set them ten years ago.42

41 South Side Planning Board (sspb) (��) An Opportunity for Private and Public Invest- ment in Rebuilding Chicago (Chicago: sspb), n.p.

42 A circumstance that Heald seemed to be aware of; see Heald, H.T. (��) The President of Illinois Institute of Technology Reports Ten Years of Progress, ��-��. Chicago: iit Press.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 265 266 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.4.1 A Plan Made Out of Assembled Urban Fragments

As a matter of fact, due to the complexity of the land acquisition process, iit campus Master Plan just made its way in partial, dismemberd fragments [Fig. �.��]. The design only found a possibility of actual implementation after the war ended, when land prices of the surrounding neighborhoods, mostly occupied with workers employed at Chicago industries, dropped. While often described as a ‘tabula rasa’,43 its completion nonetheless happened 44 to be extremely slow when coming to reality, and would never 5.26 iit campus buildings in its ur- be developed as a single operation. ban context (opposite page), 1949;

view of arf Minerals and Metals Building Extension (above).

43 Whiting, S. (��), «Bas-Relief Urbanism: Chicago's Figured Field,» in Lambert, Ph., Op. cit., pp. ��ff.

44 “(...) We anticipated a building period of ten years and we considered [the] risk that the first buildings [would be] outmoded before the last was finished (...) These ten years are gone by now. It may take us ten more years to finish the campus. But I am not afraid of that,” in Mies van der Rohe, L., Notes from Mr. van der Rohe's Talk at the Women's Club, iit, ��. [Papers of L. Mies van der Rohe, box ��, ‘Speeches, Articles and Other Writings’, Manuscript Division (Washington d.c., loc)].

Key

IIT Buildings* 15 South Union Building (Tempo- 29 iit Chemistry Building (/

1 iit Armour Mission Building rary Building No. �) Whisnick Hall)

2 iit Main Building 16 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 30 Gunsaulus Hall

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- Temporary Building 31 arf Electrical Engineering

age Building 17 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. Research Building

4 Physics Hall 18 arf Ice Lab 32 Fowler Hall

5 Chapin Hall 19 arf Explosives Test Cell 33 iit Fraternity Row

6 Parking Lot 20 arf Laboratories 34 Graduate Hall

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 21 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 35 Farr Hall search Building & Storage Shed cal Engineering Building)

8 iit Transformer Vault 22 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas Other Relevant Structures (/Central Electrical Vault) Dynamics Lab) in the Area

9 iit Civil Engineering Building 23 iit Economics–Mechanics 36 Huber & Huber Motor Exp. (Temporary Building No. �) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 37 Mandel Residence

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 24 Armour Research Foundation 38 Chicago Housing Authority

(Section �) (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab (cha) Dearborn Homes

11 arf Test Cell 25 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 39 ‘The Mecca’ Flats

12 arf Mechanical Engineer 26 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 40 Keith Public School

Research Building (Units �, � & 27 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 41 Binga Bank & Arcade Bdg. �) [& Storage Sheds] Memorial Hall)

13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 28 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 267 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.27 Redevelopment Plan for the In fact, clcc reports on Chicago South Side, suggested that South Central Area of Chicago, 1950. existing limitations as the block layout, even if preserved, seemed iit (no.�) was part of the South Side Plan- now anyhow loosened in its positive assumption that “redevel- ning Board of the Chicago Plan Com- opment should change the outmoded street pattern and provide mission (cpc), already integrated into open spaces for grass and trees, parks and playgrounds”.45 Such Chicago's city government since �� as approach certainly might have favoured a certain flexibility to a public institution. The cpc coordinated sspb in its aim to coordinate an ordered ‘composition’ of the mul- the redevelopment plans of each of the tiple ongoing development plans in the area. Its main goal was to private organizations in the South Side, shape a shared Redevelopment Plan for the South Side with the negotiating with them the extension and characteristics of the autonomous city, represented by Chicago Plan Comission (cpc) [Fig. �.��]. pieces of land they aspired to occupy, to This was intended to facilitate an arrangement with the arrange them in a whole built environ- Metropolitan Housing Council for the relocation of its residents, ment. Note that the extension of iit to the according to their particular interests in the area, into projects

East of State St. (no.�) —labeled here as planned by the Chicago Housing Authority. sspb Redevelopment ‘iit Housing’— was already demarcated Plan assumed the specific urban vision of the on-going iit Mas- in the cpc Redevelopment Plan for Chi- ter Plan for its whole operation: density was kept low, and large, cago South Side, while iit did not own open, landscaped areas for pedestrian and communal life were the land yet. included. Permeable perimeters in all of its partial developments maintained public accessibility —although sometimes just in a visual way— in order to resemble, in long term, the idea of a single, unified operation[Fig. �.��]. The environmental model of iit campus Master Plan — characterized by Hilberseimer as “a pattern of alternating open

45 Chicago Land Clearance Commission (clcc) and McKinlay, J. (ed.) (��) Rede- velopment Project no.�: A Report to the Mayor and the City Council of the City of Chicago and to the Illinois State Housing Board (Chicago: clcc), p. �.

268 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

and closed spaces”— proved effective to organize the different 5.28 “Existing and Proposed Re- redevelopment plans of the independent institutions operating development Projects in the South in Chicago South Side, while keeping their integrity amidst the Central Area”, under the coordina- transforming relations between them. tion of sspb, 1950.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 269 270 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

5.29 View of different iit campus buildings (left) in their urban context (opposite page), by the year 1950.

Key

IIT Buildings* 16 South Union Building (Tempo- 30 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

1 iit Armour Mission Building rary Building No. �) Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

2 iit Main Building 17 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 31 iit Chemistry Building (/

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- Temporary Building Whisnick Hall)

age Building 18 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 32 Gunsaulus Hall

4 Physics Hall 19 arf Ice Lab 33 arf Electrical Engineering

5 Chapin Hall 20 arf Explosives Test Cell Research Building

6 Parking Lot 21 arf Laboratories 34 Fowler Hall

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 22 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 35 iit Fraternity Row search Building & Storage Shed cal Engineering Building) 36 Graduate Hall

8 iit Transformer Vault (/Central 23 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas 37 Farr Hall

Electrical Vault) Dynamics Lab) 38 arf Administation Offices (/

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. 24 iit Economics–Mechanics Bdg. Chemical Research Bdg. �) (Temporary Building No. �) (Temporary Bdg. No. �)

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 25 Association of American Other Relevant Structures (Sections � & �) Railroads (aar) Research Lab in the Area

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar 39 Mandel Residence

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) 40 Chicago Housing Authority

Research Building (Units �, � & 26 Armour Research Foundation (cha) Dearborn Homes

�) [& Storage Sheds] (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 41 ‘The Mecca’ Flats 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 27 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 42 Keith Public School

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 28 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 43 Binga Bank & Arcade Bdg.

15 Institute of Gas Technology 29 iit Navy Building (/Alumni

(igt) Labs North Building Memorial Hall)

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 271 272 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

Mies understanding of urban evolution as both a repetitive 5.30 Mies's Master Plan for iit cam- and a creative process showed particularly efficient to surpass this pus (3rd version) inserted in its urban situation. iit Master Plan had embraced the conflict between pre- context (opposite page), 1950. existence and intervention, of design and reality, from the very moment of its conception, assuming that any insertion of novelty in an already structured urban fabric would entail both structural continuity and discontinuity —a continous composition of inde- pendently designed buildings that nonetheless had to share common principles [Fig. �.��]. The operative flexibility of this strategy inspired all the following projects of the different institutions in the area. More precisely characterized as an operation of “inner city landfill,”46 this urban strategy implied a steady negotiation of the spatial requirements of each of the elements of the Master Plan, constantly redefining its role and relevance into the whole according to their own inner structuring laws.

46 Whiting, S. (��), «Bas-Relief Urbanism: Chicago's Figured Field,» in Lambert, Ph., Op. cit., p. ��.

Key

Preexisting IIT Buildings (igt) Labs North Building Building 1 Gunsaulus Hall 14 iit Naval Science (/Navy) Bdg. 25 iit Mechanical Engineering

2 Armour Research Foundation 15 iit Metallurgy & Chemical Building

(arf) Electrical Engineering Engineer Building 26 iit Civil Engineering & Me-

Research Building 16 iit Chemistry Building chanics Building 3 Fowler Hall 27 American Railroad Association 4 iit Fraternity Row Mies van der Rohe's (aar) Administration Building 5 Graduate Hall IIT Campus Master Plan 28 Auditorium & Student Union 6 Farr Hall Design Buildings Building

7 arf Administration Offices (/ 17 arf Chemistry Research Bdg. 29 aar Laboratories Building

Chemical Research Bdg. �) 18 arf Laboratory 30 aar Mechanical Lab

8 iit Minerals & Metals Research 19 iit Civil Engineering Building 31 Undefined (Parking Lot?) Bdg. & Storage Shed (Temporary Building No. � 32 Gymnasium & Swimming Pool

9 Power Plant 20 igt Labs Central Bdg. 33 Field House 10 Central Electrical Vault 21 Library & Administration 34 Athletic Field 11 arf Mechanical Engineer Re- 22 Humanities Building (/Lewis search Bdg (Units �, � & �) Hall) Other Relevant Structures 12 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 23 Mechanical Engineering Bdg. in the Area

13 Institute of Gas Technology 24 iit Architecture & Applied Arts 35 Mandel Residence

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 273 EXPANSION, 1946-50: CITY PLANNING BY MEANS OF ARCHITECTURE

5.31 Photomontage of a model of Mies himself precisely pointed that, when the city is under- Mies's iit campus Master Plan (3rd stood as an organism composed of interrelated parts, any effec- version), inserted in its urban con- tive intervention necessarily “presupposes the existence of some text, c.1950. order which gives meaning to these and which acts as a medium Note that the aerial photo used for the in which they can grow and unfold.”47 Again, when one thinks photomontage in which the new model of this order as the formal structure inherent to any element in was set is the same as that of its earlier a planned intervention, these words seem to resonate all along version. This fact gives account of that what was actually evaluated in the pic- Mies's previous experience on city planning —limited but ex- ture was the development of iit campus tremely significant— of his European practice. The architect's Master Plan as it was designed by Mies, challenge was to embrace a limited whole which, although ren- and not its later extension plans, or even dered from the very beginning, was to be progresively deepened its relation to the existing urban context. and intensified inwards [Fig. �.��].

47 Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), «Introduction», in Hilberseimer, L. (��) The New City: Principles of Planning (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. xv.

274 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IIT AND SOUTH SIDE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 275 276 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY �. URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, ��-��

[iit Campus Master Plan] Its radical and conservative at once.

It is radical in accepting the driving and sustaining forces of our time —Sci- ence and Technology. It has a scientific character but it is not science. It uses technological means but is not Technology.

It is conservative as it is not only concerned with a purpose but also with a meaning; as it is not only concerned with a function but also with an expression. It is conservative as it is based on the eternal laws of architecture —Or- der, Space, and Proportion 1

1 Mies van der Rohe, L., Notes from Mr. van der Rohe's Talk at the Women's Club, iit, �� [Papers of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Manuscript Division, box ��, ‘Speeches, Articles and Other Writings’ (Washington d.c., loc)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 277 278 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.1 Open Plan as Event Space

Despite during the ��s Hilberseimer and Mies had jointly 6.1 iit campus by the year 1951, in developed their work on iit campus, by the early ��s the situ- its urban context (opposite page). ation had changed drastically. Following the end of the war, enrollment at iit increased to the point that a strong need for new residential space for staff, faculty, and students emerged [Fig. �.�]. This situation led to the approval for immediate construction of four new residential facilites, for which a site at the ne corner of

Key

IIT Buildings* (igt) Labs North Building Memorial Hall)

1 iit Armour Mission Building. 16 South Union Building 30 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

2 iit Main Building (Temporary Building No. �) Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 17 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 31 iit Chemistry Building (/ age Building Temporary Building Whisnick Hall)

4 Physics Hall 18 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 32 Gunsaulus Hall

5 Chapin Hall 19 arf Ice Lab 33 arf Electrical Engineering

6 Parking Lot 20 arf Explosives Test Cell Research Building

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 21 arf Laboratories 34 Fowler Hall

search Building & Storage Shed 22 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 35 iit Fraternity Row

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Bdg.) 36 Graduate Hall

(/Central Electrical Vault) 23 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas 37 Farr Hall

9 iit Civil Engineering Building Dynamics Lab) 38 arf Administation Offices (/

(Temporary Building No. �) 24 iit Economics–Mechanics Bdg. Chemical Research Bdg. �)

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) (Temporary Building No. �) (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 25 Association of American Other Relevant Structures ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab in the Area

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar 39 Mandel Residence

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) 40 Chicago Housing Authority

Research Building (Units �, � & 26 Armour Research Foundation (cha) Dearborn Homes

�) [& Storage Sheds] (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 41 ‘The Mecca’ Flats 13 Library (Temporary Bdg. No. �) 27 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 42 Keith Public School

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 28 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 43 Binga Bank & Arcade Bdg.

15 Institute of Gas Technology 29 iit Navy Building (/Alumni

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 279 280 280 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

the campus was chosen. While Mies would have been the logical 6.2 Mies and Hilberseimer's Mas- choice as a designer, his late response, being occupied at the time ter Plan for future iit campus resi- with several other projects,2 caused his displacement. Driven by a dential expansion, in its urban context , c.1951 (opposite page). pragmatic sense for opportunity, iit Board of Trustees decided in Though schematic, the proposal by Mies �� to assign the commission for the first building —Gunsaulus and Hilberseimer was eventually led out Hall— to the office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrillsom ( ), which almost literally —housing facilities were effectively produced a building generically related to the modern- finally reoriented towards the south; a iit ist style originally introduced at campus by Mies. group of buildings in the north of the However, the poor results routinely produced by som, add- campus and outdoor parking facilities ed to the uncertainty generated by the consultations to the same limited a services area, a row of frater- office regarding the campus residential expansion east of State nities was planned immediately south St., despising the prior studies made by Mies and Hilberseimer, of it, and buildings of different heights, most probably generated considerable skepticism among them. In interconnected by community services fact, when compared with the campus finally built, it is possible and working facilities, occupied the rest to identify numerous similarities with a discarded plan indepently of the land. elaborated by Mies and Hilberseimer [Figs. �.�-�.�]. Being approved their Master plan for the academic area, and in view of the new priorities of the institution, Hilberseimer and

2 See Appendix.

Key

Preexisting IIT Buildings Research Building 26 Auditorium & Student Union

1 iit Minerals & Metals Research 14 Fowler Hall 27 American Railroad Association

Building & Storage Shed 15 Farr Hall (arr) Laboratories Building

2 Power Plant 28 arr Mechanical Lab 3 Central Electrical Vault Buildings in Mies van der Rohe 29 arr Engineering Lab 4 arf Mechanical Engineer & Hilberseimer's IIT Campus 30 Field House Research Building (Units �, � & Master Plan Design 31 Gymnasium & Swimming Pool

�) [& Storage Sheds] 16 arf Chemistry Research Bdg. 32 Athletic Field

5 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. 17 arf Laboratory 33 iit General Housing (Temporary Building No. �) 18 Institute of Gas Technology 34 Water Pond

6 arf Life Science Research (igt) Labs (/igt South Bdg.) 35 iit Apartment Bdg. (Types � & �)

Building 19 igt Labs (/igt Central Bdg.) 36 iit Apartment Bdg. (Type �) 7 Institute of Gas Technology 20 Library & Administration 37 Gas Station (igt) Labs (/igt North Bdg.) 21 Humanities Bdg. (/Lewis Hall) 38 iit Commons Building

8 iit Naval Science (/Navy) Bdg. 22 iit Mechanical Engineering 39 Chapel 9 iit Metallurgy & Chemical Building 40 iit Student Housing (/Dormi-

Engineer Building 23 iit Architecture & Applied Arts tory) 10 iit Chemistry Building � 24 Civil Engineering & Mechanics 41 iit Student Housing (/Dining 11 Gunsaulus Hall Building Hall)

12 American Railroad Association 25 iit Electrical Engineering & 42 iit Fraternities (arr) Administration Building Physics Building 43 Pedestrian Bridge 13 arf Electrical Engineering 44 Parking Lot

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 281 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.4 Mies's Master Plan for future iit campus residential expansion, c.1951.

6.3 Mies and Hilberseimer's iit Mies decided to concentrate on their own work. While the for- Campus Master Plan, in its origi- mer focused the development of several theoretical projects on the nal extension for the academic area South Side of Chicago, developed in collaboration with various (left), and Master Plan for residential associations operating in the area, the latter focused on his archi- expansion beyond State St. (right), tectural practice. c.1951. In fact, the impact of Mies’s work outside iit, which by then started to have a major coverage in the literature, had granted him a number of professional assignments, that now forced him to divide his attention to the campus. This new situation led to a dif-

282 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.4 Mies's design for iit Architec- ture, Design and Planning Building, main floor plan (left, top), vertical sections (left, bottom), and main access facade (above), c.1951. The building was accessed via a staircase ferent attitude, where a more relaxed application of the principles with an intermediate deck before the on which he had initially designed his Master Plan, allowed him doors. The interior was symmetrically to address new issues in the forthcoming campus buildings arising arranged as a single space, only divided by a central space for public events. This from other professional experiences and projects apart from iit. was sided by two nonstructural service The role of Mies at iit experienced a drastic change. shafts and open wooden partitions, and a Perhaps the most singular example of this situation was the pair of stairs leading to a conventionally building designed to accommodate the Department of Architec- divided basement. ture, Design and Planning, later known as the s.r. Crown Hall. [Fig. �.�]. The building, whose design was completed by ��, had an immediate impact in most specialized publications, and was followed with great attention from criticism.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 283 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

During its design, Mies experimented with a variety of forms. Drawings from earlier stages in the process display a building akin to those previously erected in the academic area, structured by a columnar grid and enclosed by walls of brick infill below rows of windows. This design soon evolved to a clear-span structure, where the roof was supported by an exterior structure. After years of intense work, the resulting building was widely recognized as the most architecturally relevant structure of the campus. The singular importance of the structure derives mainly from the fact that it was Mies’s first realization of a clear-span structure of large-scale dimensions. Column free, the building fulfilled which Mies later would describe as one of his major architectural objectives, not only on iit campus, but also in his whole career —the materialization of a “universal space”. Within 6.5 Mies and Hilberseimer's iit the frame of a rational approach to construction, an option for Campus Master Plan, in its origi- flexibility emerged as nal extension for the academic area “(...) [Mies] discovered that one or more activities can be (left), and Master Plan for residential expansion beyond State St. (right), brought together and unified within a single space, a pos- c.1951. sibility which has the advantage of a built-in provision for change, precisely because the structural shell is independent of the functional subdivisions”.3

3 Carter, P. (��), «Clear Span Buildings,» in Mies van der Rohe at Work (New York: Praeger), ch. �, p. ��.

284 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.6 Mies's design for iit Architec- ture, Design and Planning Building, views of the presentation model, c.1951. Despite the lightness conferred by its structural system, the dimensions of the building —�� ft. length x �� ft. width x �� ft. high— were closer to monumental rather than institutional architecture. It was essentially composed of � steel por- tal frames, fully welded. Each frame was made of a pair of rolled steel sections acting as columns that carry a � ft. deep plate girder. From these frames, spaced �� ft. on center, the roof was hung. While Mies had conceived several designs in which he tried The perimeter walls was fully glazed to accomplish such aim prior to Crown Hall, none of them could with oversized sheet glass. Rolled steel have been built. Notably, although the clear-span structure sections acting as mullions, welded to scheme would later led him to other uses for universal space in both the floor and roof fasciae, support building, Mies’s motive here developed originally from his view of ed them. The modulated facade section architectural education, and therefore closely linked to his work was composed of an upper single pane of at iit according to Baukunst, as clear glass, and two lower panes of sand- “(...) the idea of students and teachers of all levels of experience blasted glass. Air intakes were conve- assembling and working within sight of each other greatly niently placed beneath them to provide appealed to him, since it reminded him of the Bauhütte, the air renovation. medieval shelter in which designers, craftsmen and laborers worked side by side”.4

4 Schulze, F, and Barnes, R. (��) The Campus Guide: Illinois Institute of Technology (New York: Princeton Architectural Press), p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 285 286 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.7 Site plan of Robert F. Carr Me- morial Chapel final design (left), and

iit campus in its urban context (opposite page), by the year 1952.

Since �� Heald resigned the presidency of iit. He was suc- ceeded by J. Rettaliata, who served for over two decades, during a period in which iit experienced its greatest academic and physical growth. Under his tenure, the building program begun by Heald would be completed, and the campus fully transformed into a great complex of modern architecture [Fig. �.�].

Key

IIT Buildings* 16 Institute of Gas Technology 30 iit Navy Building (/Alumni

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. (igt) Labs North Building Memorial Hall)

2 iit Main Building 17 South Union Building (Tempo- 31 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- rary Building No. �) Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

age Building 18 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 32 iit Chemistry Building (/ 4 Physics Hall Temporary Building Whisnick Hall)

5 Chapin Hall 19 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 33 Gunsaulus Hall

6 Parking Lot 20 arf Ice Lab 34 Robert F. Carr Memorial

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 21 arf Explosives Test Cell Chapel

search Building & Storage Shed 22 arf Laboratories 35 arf Electrical Engineering

8 iit Transformer Vault 23 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- Research Building (/Central Electrical Vault) cal Engineering Bdg.) 36 Fowler Hall

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. 24 iit Armour Laboratory 37 iit Fraternity Row (Temporary Building No. �) (/Gas Dynamics Lab) 38 Graduate Hall

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 25 iit Economics–Mechanics 39 Farr Hall

(Sections �, � & Steam Generat- Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 40 arf Administation Offices (/ ing Plant) 26 Association of American Chemical Research Bdg. �)

11 arf Test Cell Railroads (aar) Research Lab

12 arf Mechanical Engineer � (/aar Administration/aar Other Relevant Structures Research Building (Units �, � & Technical Center) in the Area �) [& Storage Sheds] 27 Armour Research Foundation 41 Mandel Residence

13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 42 Chicago Housing Authority

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 28 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) (cha) Dearborn Homes

15 arf Administrative Offices 29 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 43 Keith Public School

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 287 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.8 Rendering of initial scheme for Mies's Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel (above), and views of the final building (left), 1952. During its design process, the Chapel adopted two major planning schemes. The initial scheme consisted of two pieces: the chapel proper, and a nearby parish house with living quarters and a hall with a conference room (above). The final scheme was a single, one-story block, that nonetheless established a vivid dialogue with the surrounding residential blocks due to its contrast in scale and use (right).

Whether if Mies could not find approved his Master Plan extension for the residential area of the campus, he was nonetheless commissioned several significant buildings byiit Trustees, aware of the poor results achieved by som. Among these, a singular structure was the Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel. Completed in ��, the building followed the scheme of the academic buildings of the campus, designed as a steel-skeleton frame structure with a basement. The construction was supported by a brick-bearing wall, whose skillful construction, like the steel-frame roof, was fully exposed from within with no possible concealment. Despite of its modesty both in planning and in scale, the building remained significant for Mies's digni- fied use of elemental materials with utmost simplicity, which was here especially evident [Fig. �.�].

288 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

By ��, iit Commons Building was completed [Fig. �.�]. 6.9 Front elevation of Mies's iit Planned to serve student and faculty social activities, it was locat- Commons Building, 1954. ed close to housing and fraternity facilities. Its exposed steel-skel- With only a single story above grade, iit eton structure with glass and brick infill panels, treated in the Commons did not require fireproofing. This allowed a clear expression of its simplest way, was here elegantly solved with notably simple weld- structure, made of beams and girders ed details, exemplifies Mies's own frequently expressed goal of and supported by wide-flange steel col- beinahe nichts [“almost nothing”]. umns with a roof of resting precast-concrete slabs, fully exposed in its interior.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 289 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.10 Exterior view of Mies's aar Technical Center Building (left, top), and interior views of aar Engineer- ing Research Lab Building (left, bottom), and aar Mechanical Research Lab Building (right), 1950-56.

The American Association of Railroads (aar) group [Fig. �.��], erected between �� and ��, was based primarily on the constructive model of a steel-skeleton frame with glass and brick infill, originally developed in the campus first buildings. But, as usual in Mies’s American practice, later buildings incorporated subtle alterations for a better constructive performance. In the aar Technical Center, the corner detail of brick conveniently rises higher at the base of the wall, before the steel begins above. In addition to this, the corner of the aar Engineering Re- search Lab features back-to-back ide flanges, that run the entire length of the column. A similar use of the wide-flange is evident in the aar Mechanical Research Lab but with a singular treatment of the elevation, since brick is used on most of the two short sides, while fenestration on the long sides is arranged in two bays, each with twelve windows.

290 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

In the residential area, the three towers that followed the con- 6.11 Exterior view of iit residential struction of Gunsaulus Hall were finally assigned to Mies around group compounded by Carman, Bai- ��. Taking advantage of the location of Gunsaulus and Farr ley, and Cunningham Halls, 1953-55. Mies relied on a previously experienced Halls built by som —and probably with the studies developed by model, which he now perfected in reg- Hilberseimer in mind— Mies organized the group of apartment ular, compact blocks. Here, windows blocks. As a way to relate the designs Mies aligned the columnar ran above brick panel, indented slightly grids of all three buildings on the site. But, in a completely new behind the supporting columns of the approach, he created a spatial center that, while being open and exposed reinforced concrete structure. dynamic, kept together the surrounding buildings. Distinctively, these increased in thick- ness nearer to the ground, according to the structural behaviour of the building.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 291 292 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.12 iit Residential facilities facing

to 32nd St., already closed (above); iit campus by the year 1953, in its urban context (opposite page). By the time Carman Hall was completed, existing houses just beside it were still

used for iit fraternities. These would be razed to make way for the Residence Halls.

Thereby, Mies extended the fluid space of the buildings of the academic area, now reinterpreted according to the larger scale of residential buildings on campus, which appear as resting in the middle of a park [Fig. �.��]. Carefully calibrated, relationships between buildings and open spaces clearly responded both to spatial and functional criteria.

Key

IIT Buildings* (igt) Labs North Building 31 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. 17 South Union Building (Tempo- Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

2 iit Main Building rary Building No. �) 32 iit Chemistry Building

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 18 igt Classrooms & Laboratories (/Whisnick Hall) age Building Temporary Building 33 Gunsaulus Hall

4 Physics Hall 19 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 34 Carman Hall Apartments

5 Chapin Hall 20 arf Ice Lab 35 Robert F. Carr Memorial

6 Parking Lot 21 arf Explosives Test Cell Chapel

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 22 arf Laboratories 36 arf Electrical Engineering

search Building & Storage Shed 23 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- Research Building

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Bdg.) 37 Fowler Hall

(/Central Electrical Vault) 24 iit Armour Laboratory 38 iit Fraternity Row

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. (/Gas Dynamics Lab) 39 Graduate Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) 25 iit Economics–Mechanics 40 Farr Hall

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 41 arf Administation Offices (/ (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 26 Association of American Chemical Research Bdg. �)

ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar Other Relevant Structures 12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) in the Area Research Building (Units �, � & 27 Armour Research Foundation 42 Mandel Residence

�) [& Storage Sheds] (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 43 Chicago Housing Authority

13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 28 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) (cha) Dearborn Homes

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 29 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 44 Keith Public School

15 arf Administrative Offices 30 iit Navy Building 16 Institute of Gas Technology (/Alumni Memorial Hall)

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 293 294 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

Mies would arrange these in such a way that in their inter- 6.13 iit campus by the year 1954, in relation, he could introduce the same dynamic spatial attributes its urban context (opposite page). with which he had ordered the academic area. But, now, the new campus section referenced to a continuous ground plane, that appeared as an uninterrupted green extension of metropolitan scale. Once Mies's residential blocks were completed between �� and �� [Fig. �.��], Hilberseimer proposed to delete sections of street that crossed along the campus residential area. In line with his theoretical work on urban redevelopment, he suggested two instruments to intervene into the dense urban fabric of Chicago South Side. On one hand, the demolition of existing row houses, to be replaced by mid-rise exempt buildings. On the other hand, traffic restriction by means of suppressing part of the street system. Restricted access would be limited to dead-end ways, while the remaining street sections, covered with lawn, would be reinte- grated as pathways between the buildings.

Key

IIT Buildings* (igt) Labs North Building Memorial Hall)

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. 17 South Union Building 32 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

2 iit Main Building (Temporary Building No. �) Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 18 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 33 iit Chemistry Building (/ age Building Temporary Building Whisnick Hall)

4 Physics Hall 19 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 34 Gunsaulus Hall

5 Chapin Hal 20 arf Ice Lab 35 Carman Hall Apartments

6 Parking Lot 21 arf Explosives Test Cell 36 Commons Building

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- 22 arf Laboratories 37 Robert F. Carr Memorial

search Bdg. & Storage Shed 23 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- Chapel

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Bdg.) 38 arf Electrical Engineering

(/Central Electrical Vault) 24 iit Armour Laboratory Research Building

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. (/Gas Dynamics Lab) 39 Fowler Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) 25 iit Economics–Mechanics 40 iit Fraternity Row

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 41 Graduate Hall (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 26 Association of American 42 Farr Hall

ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab 43 arf Administation Offices (/

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar Chemical Research Bdg. �)

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) Research Building (Units �, � & 27 aar Mechanical Engineering Other Relevant Structures �) [& Storage Sheds] 28 Armour Research Foundation in the Area 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 44 Mandel Residence

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 29 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 45 Chicago Housing Authority

15 arf Administrative Offices 30 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (cha) Dearborn Homes

16 Institute of Gas Technology 31 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 46 Keith Public School

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 295 296 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

Preserving the urban fabric in the shape of footpaths, street 6.14 iit campus by the year 1955, in closures became an imperative instrument to transform iit cam- its urban context (opposite page). pus environment into a continuous and large green area, which in turn endowed an unity to the different buildings erected [Fig. �.��]. This work was later reinforced by successive partial landscaping projects, conceived by Caldwell, in order to provide an entity to the open green spaces, which would keep on changing according to developments in the campus.

Key

IIT Buildings* (Temporary Building No. �) 35 iit Chemistry Building (/

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. 19 igt Classrooms & Laboratories Whisnick Hall)

2 iit Main Building Temporary Building 36 Tennis Courts

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 20 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 37 Bailey Hall

age Building 21 arf Ice Lab 38 Cunningham Hall Apartments

4 Physics Hall 22 arf Explosives Test Cell 39 Gunsaulus Hall

5 Chapin Hall 23 arf Laboratories 40 Carman Hall Apartments

6 Parking Lot 24 iit s.r. Crown Hall [& Institute 41 Commons Building

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- of Design] 42 Robert F. Carr Memorial

search Building & Storage Shed 25 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- Chapel

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Bdg.) 43 arf Electrical Engineering

(/Central Electrical Vault) 26 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas Research Building

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. Dynamics Lab) 44 Fowler Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) 27 iit Economics–Mechanics 45 iit Fraternity Row

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 46 Graduate Hall (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 28 Association of American 47 Farr Hall

ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab 48 arf Administation Offices (/

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar Chem. Research Bdg. �)

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) Research Building (Units �, � & 29 aar Mechanical Engineering Other Relevant Structures �) [& Storage Sheds] 30 Armour Research Foundation in the Area 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (arf) Magnetic Recording Lab 49 Mandel Residence

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 31 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 50 Chicago Housing Authority

15 arf Administrative Offices 32 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (cha) Dearborn Homes

16 igt South Building 33 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 51 Keith Public School

17 Institute of Gas Technology Memorial Hall) 52 cha Stateway Gardens

(igt) Labs North Building 34 iit Metallurgy & Chemical 18 South Union Building Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 297 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.15 Aerial view of iit campus in Internal redevelopment found a strong suport in the on- 1955, as seen from ne, with the limits going urban policies at Chicago South Side. In fact, Rettaliata of its expansion Master Plan high- maintained a close relationship with civic and business leaders lighted. of Chicago, and served on numerous boards of directors. It was Municipalities received assistance from his influence in the business community which allowed him to federal government, to buy the land re- strengthen and broaden iit Board of Trustees. As a consequence, quired for the implementation of private- parallel to the construction activity on the campus, iit extended ly promoted plans, which often involved sspb the relocation of the resident population its influence to , committed with the whole transformation and the economic activities in the area. experienced by the South Side [Figs. �.��, �.��]. The favorable economic prospects — already manifest since the early postwar years — encouraged the Federal Government to strengthen its programs to support the redevelopment of the most degraded urban and suburban areas in the great cities of the u.s. Such financial support was managed by city councils, which defined the areas of ‘urban renewal,’ as they would become commonly known. Municipalities, with the support of developers and private institutions, made a their own studies of the economic potential in selected areas aiming for investment opportunities.

298 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPEN PLAN AS EVENT SPACE

6.16 Aerial photograph of iit cam-

pus in 1955, as seen from ne (above);

iit campus Master Plan Aerial view (left). After financing the demolition of di- lapidated buildings, local government auctioned the vacant land at cost price between promoters with interests in the area, so that the successful bidder could acquire the land at a lower price than its real cost, in order to facilitate its subsequent urban development. Profits made by City Council with restricted land auctions Note the perspective included in the were deposited in investment funds that generally reversed in fi- lower left corner, representing the status of iit campus Master Plan in ��, over nancing other urban renewal projects, as the difference between the layout of �� campus Master Plan the amount of the investment and the subsequent sale price of design. land could be offset against the capital gains generated and the collection of taxes.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 299 300 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPERATIVE SCHEMES TO STRUCTURE URBAN SPACE

6.2 Operative Schemes to Structure Urban Space 6.17 Mies van der Rohe's 1955 Mas- ter Plan for future iit campus, in its urban context (opposite page). By the early ��s, iit had already acquired, with the help of the clcc, almost all the properties east of the elevated metro train that it did not own yet. The campus Master Plan had been already redesigned to include residential facilities, changing its original urban model. In a short of ‘inner suburbanization’ of the existing city, the usual limit of the street perimeter was progressively flattened and replaced by a low-density occupation of the block. Such newly redevelopment was emphasized with an extensive lawn surface extending over the ground plane that allowed restructuration while maintaining the gridiron order. Residential buildings were placed facing large communal green spaces [Fig. �.��], away from a few preserved but hidden parkways —consequently, still following the grid— exclusively for people transportation and distribution of goods.

Key

Buildings in Mies van der Rohe Research 40 Individual Fraternity House & Hilberseimer's IIT Campus 20 Institute of Gas Technology 41 Individual Fraternity House Master Plan Design (igt) Laboratory 42 Women's Dormitory 1 Test Cell 21 igt Administration 43 Farr Hall 2 Heating Plant 22 Architecture–Planning–Design 44 Dormitory 3 Transformer Vault 23 Mechanical Engineering 45 Graduate Dormitory 4 Metals Research 24 Lewis Hall 46 Dormitory 5 Civil Engineering 25 Chemistry 47 Fowler Hall 6 Physics–Electrical Engineer 26 Metallurgy & Chemical Engi- 48 Chapel 7 Manteinence neering Building 49 Carman Hall 8 American Railroad Association 27 Alumni Memorial Hall 50 Gunsaulus Hall

(arr) Administration Building 28 Gymnasium 51 Bailey Hall

9 arr Mechanical 29 Field House 52 Cunningham Hall 10 Chemistry Research 30 Filling Station 53 Apartment Building 11 Engineering Research 31 Commons 54 Apartment Building 12 Mechanics Research 32 Shopping Center 55 Apartment Building 13 Library & Administration 33 Individual Fraternity House 56 Athletic Field 14 Student Union 34 Individual Fraternity House 57 Tennis Courts

15 arr Lab Building 35 Individual Fraternity House 58 Parking Lot

16 arr Lab Building 36 Individual Fraternity House 59 Pedestrian Bridge

17 arr Engineering Lab 37 Group Fraternity House 60 Overpass 18 Research Administration 38 Individual Fraternity House 19 Physics–Electrical Engineering 39 Individual Fraternity House

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 301 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

1 3

1 3 6.18 Mies's iit campus Master Plan, blueprint of final design, c.1955 (right); Hilberseimer's diagram of his ‘Settlement Unit’ scheme (above). iit campus final Master Plan extension beyond State St. (left) shared a strong formal sameness with Hilberseimer's low-density communities (above), interconnected by a metropolitan-scale distribution and transportation network —both were crossed by infrastructures, here running along a lowered way (no.�) dividing working areas (no.�) and residential areas (no.�). Although Mies's architecture remained as the spatial and organizational mean through which urban order was constructed, Hilber- Not in vain, the solution adopted for iit campus Master Plan, seimer's interest in the landscaped urban combining low-rise communal buildings and medium-size resi- settlement, with nature and infrastruc- dential towers somehow resembles Hilberseimer’s earlier scheme 5 ture as structuring elements of a decen- of the ‘Settlement Unit’ [Fig. �.��]. Indeed, this extension of iit tralized urbanism, foreshadowed it. was simultaneous to the development of Hilberseimer’s unsuc- cessful proposal —based in his ‘Settlement Unit’ model too—for the redevelopment of Chicago Near South Side [Fig. �.��],6 which he could have tested here at a smaller scale. Audaciously bold in his vision, Hilberseimer found here

5 An analogous parallelism has been noted in Llobet i Ribeiro, X. (��), «Re- urbanización del Campus del iit,» in Hilberseimer y Mies. La metrópoli como ciudad jardín (Barcelona: Fundación Caja de Arquitectos), part iii: «Estructuras,» ch. �, p. ��, ill. ��., based on the earlier study of the campus by Hilberseimer dating from the year ��, probably delineated by A. Caldwell. This would be indicative of an hypothetical testing of the feasibility of Hilberseimer's model for iit campus Master Plan all along its development, despite the fact that the scheme would be denatured with the later erection of community facilities along ��st Street.

6 First published in South Side Planning Board (sspb), and Hirsch, M.H. (ed.) (��) Community Appraisal Study: A Summary of Current Proposals (Chicago: sspb), n.p.

302 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OPERATIVE SCHEMES TO STRUCTURE URBAN SPACE

6.19 Hilberseimer's “Traffic Rede- velopment Plan for the South Side of Chicago” (above); “Chicago. South Side Section Redevelopment” (left). According to Hilberseimer's Plan for Chicago South Side Redevelopment, the street pattern of the blocks occupied

by iit campus—above, highlighted in red— would eventually dissapear, except for State St. that, once expanded, would connect the whole ‘section’ with the rest of the city.

“(...) a region large enough for his ideas to be put into seri- ous action, an area where (...) the relentless figure of the grid of Chicago could be transformed into a natural pattern of dwellings and open spaces whose prime purpose was to provide comfortable and pleasant residence”.7

7 Harrington, K. (��), «Ideas in action: Hilberseimer and the Redevelopment of the South Side of Chicago,» in Op. cit., p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 303 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.20 “Building Types Study, no. 218: 6.2.1 Urban Intervention through Architectural Design College Buildings—Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ill.,” 1955. A powerful asset in Hilberseimer operative strategy laid in A view of Mies's new buildings for iit his awareness of the limitations of the customary statistical ap- against the preexisting campus facili- proach to intervention by urban planners. Beyond a certain scale, ties, quoted as “old and new together”, surveillance had proved unable to gather all the necessary data headed the introductory text of this mo- to suggest a single solution, due to inner contradictions in their nogaphic study in a specialized maga- complex social realities. zine. According to the article, iit clearly ilustrated the problem of “coexisting As a consequence, he “attempted to study the underlying na- obsolescence of many facilities and im- ture of the modern city”—the only permanent ground in its vary- perative demand for more and new types ing manifestations—, thereupon to develop an appropriate form, of space”, characteristic of the American that he would call ‘the new pattern’, able to accommodate it. As university campus in the mid ��s. appropriately noted by scholars, Hilberseimer’s strategy, “instead Paradoxically, the inner pages dedicat- of demonstrating the opposition between inductive and deductive ed to iit showed only the campus new thinking”, consisted in buildings as isolated pieces. “(...) attempting to study data at a higher level and to generate solutions whose general application would encompass the entire range of results that might be developed from the infinity of studies of individual elements”.8

So, apparently, Hilberseimer's aim was to achieve the highest level of generality. To sum up, it has been argued that, just as his

8 Ibid., p. ��.

304 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY URBAN INTERVENTION THROUGH ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

“proposals form a coherent essay that clearly reflects a point of view” and being his ‘Settlement Unit’ theories “far in advance of the empirical proof of their validity”, to criticize him “one must accept or reject the [whole] argument”.9 But, nevertheless, when one examines his �� design for iit residential expansion beyond State St. is easy to appreciate the limited impact of Hilberseimer's architectural ideas in the final solution [Fig. �.��]. Whatever iit campus Master Plan included from Hilberseimer's theories was brought to reality only through Mies's assimilation of the singular process of land development operating at Chicago South Side. Keeping this in mind, one can understand Mies criticism to the work of city planners. On one hand, as he saw it, these had traditionally misinterpreted the diverse nature of the problems of American cities, especially after the war. “Most of the discussion has been about its technical aspects. Some see the problem simply as a traffic problem. Others think everything could be solved by 6.21 “Illinois Institute of Technolo- clearing the slums”, he noted.10 On the other hand, he claimed an gy, Chicago, Ill.,” by Mies (top), and active role for the architect, arguing that “still others think city “Fraternity-Dormitory and Apart- planning is exclusively an architectural task” [Fig. �.��].11 ment Buildings. Project for iit, Chi- Even if admitting this was actually possible, little room was cago,” by Hilberseimer (bottom). left for optimism. Mies warned that Hilberseimer limitations concerning ar- “(...) only a few [planners or architects] see the city as an en- chitectural design favored his submission tity subject to a principle of order without which it cannot to Mies's decisions, which eventually pre- exist. We have lost the sense for the integrated whole. We no vailed, sometimes in clear contradiction longer seek the essence of things. We no longer believe in the with these. necessity for an objective order. If we did, as we should, we would understand the nature of the elements of city planning, and act accordingly”.12

His stance was to be ended with his famous quoting —if often de-contextualized— “(...) order is the disposition of equal and unequal things, attributing to each its place”.13 Unequal things, therefore, can find a proper place too, but only when their disposition is ordered in the same way as equal ones. Mies's plea for the architect's responsibility when working at urban scale —here dis- guised in the shape of self-criticism— was based in understanding that any group of constructed elements, equal or unequal, could

9 Ibid.

10 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d./��?). Undated manuscript for a speech on city planning (� pages) [Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Archive, box ��, file: ‘Misc. Drafts and Speeches’ (Washington d.c., loc)], p. �. While the speech is catalogued in the archives under the label «Lafayette Park», its Master Plan was designed by Mies, Hilberseimer and Caldwell between �� and ��, overlapping to iit campus Master Plan extension of ��.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 305 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.22 Mies's s.r. Crown Hall, c.1956

arrange an integrated urban space if they were put into relation with the whole city according to its very own principles. Actually a long-term battle against the obtrusive dullness in the economical basis of the grid, building design was requested to reflect, without deferring to the abstraction of its foundation, certain elusive, indeterminate, and fleeting aspects of the complexi- ties of urban order, their resolution far beyond the possibilities of a single intervention. For Mies, it was the architect's responsibility —both the continuator or the reformist— to enable an open space of a freedom that, even if born within the limitations of a specific mismatched built context, could remain open to reformu- lation, thereby allowing a possibility for future integration. Seen under this perspective, the overall success of the campus redevelopment seemed already patent, as eloquently reflected in the dedication ceremony of s.r. Crown Hall in �� [Figs. �.��, �.��]. By then, it was already clear that “(...) this same bold spirit that created the Chicago architectural tradition motivated the creation of this campus. Twenty years ago this was a slum. This transformation could have happened nowhere else. Not because there aren't slums in many other cities. They do exist in minor form in other plac-

306 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY URBAN INTERVENTION THROUGH ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

6.23 Mies's s.r. Crown Hall, c.1956

es. But because Chicago is a place of courageous thinking, a slum gives way to a brand new campus —crisp and clean and beautiful and harmonious— a model of a total environment. (...) But this is even more than a beautiful total environment replacing a slum. It is an environment truly of our time. (...) It is the best expression of a whole culture that is growing

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 307 308 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY URBAN INTERVENTION THROUGH ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

out of a technical civilization. These buildings are built on 6.24 iit campus by the year 1956, in one great principle —that architecture should be part of our its urban context (opposite page). time and that the technology of our time should be expressed in every building decision from the over-all concept to the smallest detail. Such an ordered expression of our time and such a development of technology into art gives us faith and encouragement and gives us a cornerstone on which we can build a culture (...).” 14

14 Saarinen, E. (��), «s.r. Crown Hall Dedication Speech, Apr. �� th, ��» in Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) Dedication Ceremonies: s.r. Crown Hall, Dedicated to the Advancement of Architecture, Design, and City and Regional Planning (Chicago: iit), n.p. [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

Key

IIT Buildings* Research Bdg.) 33 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. 17 Institute of Gas Technology Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

2 iit Main Building (igt) Labs North Building 34 iit Chemistry Building (/

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 18 South Union Building Whisnick Hall) age Building (Temporary Building No. �) 35 Tennis Courts

4 Physics Hall 19 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 36 Bailey Hall 5 Chapin Hall & Armour Temporary Building 37 Cunningham Hall Apartments

Research Foundation (arf) 20 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 38 Gunsaulus Hall

Magnetic Recording Lab 21 arf Laboratories 39 Carman Hall Apartments

6 Parking Lot 22 iit s.r. Crown Hall [& Institute 40 Commons Building

7 arf Minerals & Metals Re- of Design] 41 Robert F. Carr Memorial

search Building & Storage Shed 23 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- Chapel

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Bdg.) 42 arf Electrical Engineering

(/Central Electrical Vault) 24 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas Research Building

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. Dynamics Lab) 43 Fowler Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) 25 iit Economics–Mechanics 44 iit Fraternity Row

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 45 Graduate Hall (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 26 Association of American 46 Farr Hall

ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab 47 arf Administation Offices (/

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar Chemical Research Bdg. �)

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) Research Building (Units �, � & 27 aar Mechanical Engineering Other Relevant Structures �) [& Storage Sheds] 28 aar Laboratory Building in the Area 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 29 Field House 48 Mandel Residence

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 30 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 49 Chicago Housing Authority

15 arf Administrative Offices 31 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (cha) Dearborn Homes

16 igt South Building (/iit Physics 32 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 50 Keith Public School

& Electrical Engineering Memorial Hall) 51 cha Stateway Gardens

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 309 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.3 The Construction of an Urban Landscape

6.25 iit campus, view of inner green Possibly trying to temper the difficulties of this approach, a court, 1956. series of landscape projects by former iit student A. Caldwell was The views clearly illustrate the relevance incorporated, after he joined iit faculty and started collaboration of the landscaping project by A. Cald- with Mies and Hilberseimer. His design was to be continuously well to enhance certain spatial aspects in reworked until Mies departure from iit in ��, in order to reab- the campus design. These were achieved sorb residual spaces in the campus as a consequence of the delay through a definition of its inner courts in land acquisition and urbanization process [Fig. �.��]. that favored spatial relationships across the different buildings, providing an Conceived to modulate a counterpoint to Mies's austere overall unity when the whole was still to buildings of standardized components, landscaping provided — be completed. once mature— a primary framework for a spatial interrelation between the inner buildings, with large shared communal open fields. This strategy would set a standard for future collaborations between Mies, Hilberseimer and Caldwell.15

15 Their later collaboration for Lafayette Park, Detroit, was indeed designed between �� and ��, simultaneously to iit campus Master Plan late revisions.

310 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN URBAN LANDSCAPE

6.26 iit campus, views of inner green courts, 1956. Green courtyards served as a prelude to the executed buildings, in order to provide them with an institutional character according to its relevance, and mitigate the negative effects of the problems for

the implementation of iit campus Mas- ter Plan. As a result of this situation, the landscaping project developed by Caldwell was forced to continuous ad- justments and redefinitions, parallel to those experimented by Mies and Hilber- seimer's design.

In fact, although thoroughly detailed, the material quality of Mies’s buildings was secondary to the relationship among the buildings themselves, as to that between their ground floor and the exterior surrounding them, both spatially and visually. On this regard, Caldwell’s careful placing of greenery effectively de- creased even more the perceived scale of interior spaces, therefore providing them with spatial clarity and definition[Fig. �.��].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 311 312 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REDEVELOPMENT: OPENING A SPACE FOR CRITICAL CONSTRUCTION

6.4 Redevelopment: Opening a Space for Critical Construction

All this in mind, the peculiarity of iit campus planning pro- 6.27 iit campus by the year 1957, in cess can be understood from the specific perspective of its realiza- its urban context (opposite page). tion process and Mies’s emphasis on the compositional law of his ------

Key

IIT Buildings* 17 Institute of Gas Technology Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. (igt) Labs North Building 34 iit Chemistry Building (/

2 iit Main Building 18 South Union Building Whisnick Hall)

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- (Temporary Building No. �) 35 Tennis Courts

age Building 19 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 36 Bailey Hall 4 Physics Hall Temporary Building 37 Cunningham Hall Apartments

5 Chapin Hall 20 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 38 Gunsaulus Hall 6 Parking Lot 21 Siegel Hall 39 Carman Hall Apartments

7 Armour Research Foundation 22 arf Laboratories 40 Commons Building

(arf) Minerals & Metals Re- 23 iit s.r. Crown Hall [& Institute 41 Robert F. Carr Memorial search Building & Storage Shed of Design] Chapel

8 iit Transformer Vault 24 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 42 arf Electrical Engineering (/Central Electrical Vault) cal Engineering Bdg.) Research Building

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. 25 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas 43 Fowler Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) Dynamics Lab) 44 iit Fraternity Row

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 26 iit Economics–Mechanics 45 Farr Hall

(Sections �, � & Steam Generat- Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 46 arf Administation Offices (/ ing Plant) 27 Association of American Chemical Research Building �)

11 arf Test Cell Railroads (aar) Research Lab

12 arf Mechanical Engineer � (/aar Administration/aar Other Relevant Structures Research Building (Units �, � & Technical Center) in the Area �) [& Storage Sheds] 28 aar Mechanical Engineering 47 Mandel Residence

13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 29 aar Laboratory Building 48 Chicago Housing Authority

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 30 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) (cha) Dearborn Homes

15 arf Administrative Offices 31 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 49 Keith Public School

16 igt South Building (/iit Physics 32 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 50 cha Stateway Gardens & Electrical Engineering Memorial Hall)

Research Bdg.) 33 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 313 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.28 Aerial photograph of iit cam- original project. The singularity of the implementation process of pus in 1957, as seen from southeast. iit campus Master Plan design, discontinuous and widely spaced in time [Fig. �.��], gave its various buildings an episodic character, as if they had successively emerged with an apparent indifference to the overall continuity of their sequence. Apparently, each new building of the campus was only linked to the preceding ones by means of a constructive theme, that appeared repeatedly and in a somehow unconcerned way. In fact, more than a progressive development where sponta- neity might eventually appear, the whole complex seems to be the result of a process that only reached an integration with the city once completed [Fig. �.��]. As a consequence of its long state of uncompletion, it was never indifferent to anything around it, and did not allow intermediate positions, forcing its context in favor or against it. A subtle subjectivity was made patent all along the implementation of Mies’s Master Plan campus design: the intensity of the spatial relations established between every new building and the previously constructed ones, qualified the existing voids in the campus, which, at the same time, progressively nullified the old buildings to the point of making them irrelevant. Most of the vacant land —full of meaning in Mies’s design, as its emptiness was already part of his urban language— remained undeveloped and

314 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REDEVELOPMENT: OPENING A SPACE FOR CRITICAL CONSTRUCTION

6.29 iit campus residential area beyond State St., 1956. The design benefitted not only from the local conditions of private dwelling, but also from a broader civic realm of shared

green spaces included in the sspb Rede- velopment Plan. Free to operate over the block boundaries, Mies adopted an overall Modernist planning strategy, nonetheless completed with a design extending across different scales. This rendered visible different links between the metropolitan context and local conditions of the site, as well as suggested unprecedented ones. deliberatedly kept void for decades, therfore imposing sudden dis- continuities to the original campus that paradoxically discarded any harmonious synthesis. Actually, it seems difficult to conceive this landscape as a synthesis. Rather, it shows as the remains of an additive composition —designed to be entirely consistent only when completed, its intermediate stages appeared for a long time

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 315 316 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REDEVELOPMENT: OPENING A SPACE FOR CRITICAL CONSTRUCTION

as the incomplete traces of bigger plan, abandoned in an abrupt 6.30 iit campus by the year 1958, in way. its urban context (opposite page). Such lack of continuity seemed particularly intense when the campus was completed, partially because the relentless resolution of the residential extension of the campus beyond State St. This made Mies’s design fragmentation to look both as a intentional and as unintentional at the same time: intentional in its buildings, designed to shine autonomously with a character of their own; unintentional in its fractured landscape, that could not avoid the elevated train line drastically dividing it [Fig. �.��].

Key

IIT Buildings* Research Bdg.) 33 iit Metallurgy & Chemical

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. 17 Institute of Gas Technology Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall)

2 iit Main Building (igt) Labs North Building 34 iit Chemistry Building (/

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- 18 South Union Building Whisnick Hall) age Building (Temporary Building No. �) 35 Tennis Courts

4 Physics Hall 19 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 36 Bailey Hall 5 Chapin Hall Temporary Building 37 Cunningham Hall Apartments

6 Parking Lot 20 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 38 Gunsaulus Hall 7 Armour Research Founda- 21 Siegel Hall 39 Carman Hall Apartments

tion (arf) Minerals & Metals 22 arf Laboratories 40 Commons Building

Research Building [& North 23 iit s.r. Crown Hall [& Institute 41 Robert F. Carr Memorial Addition] & Storage Shed of Design] Chapel

8 iit Transformer Vault 24 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 42 arf Electrical Engineering (/Central Electrical Vault) cal Engineering Bdg.) Research Building

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. 25 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas 43 Fowler Hall

(Temporary Building No. �) Dynamics Lab) 44 iit Fraternity Row

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) 26 iit Economics–Mechanics 45 Farr Hall

(Sections �, � & Steam Generat- Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 46 arf Administation Offices (/ ing Plant) 27 Association of American Chem. Research Bdg. �)

11 arf Test Cell Railroads (aar) Research Lab 47 Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity

12 arf Mechanical Engineer � (/aar Administration/aar House Research Building (Units �, � & Technical Center) �) [& Storage Sheds] 28 aar Mechanical Engineering Other Relevant Structures 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 29 aar Laboratory Building in the Area

14 arf Life Science Research Bdg. 30 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’) 48 Chicago Housing Authority

15 arf Administrative Offices 31 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) (cha) Dearborn Homes

16 igt South Building (/iit Physics 32 iit Navy Building (/Alumni 49 Keith Public School

& Electrical Engineering Memorial Hall) 50 cha Stateway Gardens

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 317 URBAN SCALE AND CLEAR STRUCTURE, 1951-59

6.31 Aerial photograph of iit cam- Furthermore, a challenge is posed when trying to under- pus in 1958, as seen from nw. stand what gives coherence to the whole landscape of the campus; what provides unity to the different buildings, and turns them into something more than a mere accumulation of fragments. And here a paradox emerges —it is not possible to identify what bonds together the different buildings if not invoking “the figure that they create together”, while their differences cannot be minimized either. The common formalization that unites them is always subject to the patent individuality of each of the buildings that comprise it. Perhaps their only thing in common was their refusal to integrate: where one would expect balance and serenity, a tough, tense and stubborn challenge —at times even inhospita- ble— was found. Arising from the higher and abstract order of a Master Plan that did not explain the context, rather than in a distant, hypothetical completion, the different iit buildings by Mies remained far from reconciled, and drop out of their surroundings during the implementation process of his campus design. Since they could not came to terms with them in the shape of in a synthesis in the intermediate stages of the discontinous implementation of Mies's Master Plan, its irresolution and fragmentation became a constitutive characteristic to it.

318 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REDEVELOPMENT: OPENING A SPACE FOR CRITICAL CONSTRUCTION

Consequently, the architecture of iit campus always was epi- 6.32 Aerial photograph of iit cam- sodic and fragmentary. It was divided by absences and gaps that, pus in 1958, as seen from sw. not being able to be filled by a specific plan, could not be over- looked or minimized. As a result of the continuous transformation of the Master Plan, that gave the different buildings a meaning, the architect's attention jumped forth and back from the general to the individual, from an architecture open to an spatial dialogue with its surroundings, to another that denies it. Accepting what once was convincingly argued by the original project, it claimed nonetheless that it should be rethought again everytime it is applied, as context itself is not something static. Seemingly, Mies's priority in every single stage of iit campus Master Plan, was to remain aware of the role later developed of each by his buildings, so it was not subverted until the conclusion of the implementation sequence.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 319 320 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REDEVELOPMENT: OPENING A SPACE FOR CRITICAL CONSTRUCTION

In ��, faced with the magnitude of the assignments obtained 6.33 iit campus by the year 1959, in by his office, Mies decided to resign from his post as Head of iit its urban context (opposite page). Architecture and Urbanism Department, in order to devote all his time to his architectural practice. As a result of his resignation as Head of the Department, Rettaliata decided to permanently withdraw the campus Master Plan commission from him, and gave it to som. This would motivate a conflict with Hilberseimer and Caldwell, largely responsible for many of the decisions taken. Nevertheless, Hilberseimer decided to continue teaching at iit. This would not be the case of Caldwell who, more passionate, sided Hilberseimer to defend Mies and, despite the disapproval of both, decided to resign at iit.

Key

IIT Buildings* 17 Institute of Gas Technology Whisnick Hall)

1 iit Armour Mission Bdg. (igt) Labs North Building 35 Tennis Courts

2 iit Main Building 18 South Union Building (Tempo- 36 Bailey Hall

3 iit Buildings & Grounds Stor- rary Building No. �) 37 Cunningham Hall Apartments

age Building 19 igt Classrooms & Laboratories 38 Gunsaulus Hall 4 Physics Hall Temporary Building 39 Carman Hall Apartments

5 Chapin Hall 20 arf [of iit] Administration Bdg. 40 Commons Building 6 Parking Lot 21 Siegel Hall 41 Robert F. Carr Memorial

7 Armour Research Founda- 22 arf Laboratories Chapel

tion (arf) Minerals & Metals 23 iit s.r. Crown Hall [& Institute 42 arf Electrical Engineering Research Building [& North of Design] Research Building

Addition] & Storage Shed 24 iit Machinery Hall (/Mechani- 43 Fowler Hall

8 iit Transformer Vault cal Engineering Building) 44 North Hall

(/Central Electrical Vault) 25 iit Armour Laboratory (/Gas 45 South Hall

9 iit Civil Engineering Bdg. Dynamics Lab) 46 McCormick Student Dinning

(Temporary Building No. �) 26 iit Economics–Mechanics Hall

10 iit Boiler Plant (/Heating Plant) Building (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 47 Lewis Hall (Sections �, � & Steam Generat- 27 Association of American 48 Farr Hall

ing Plant) Railroads (aar) Research Lab 49 arf Administation Offices (/

11 arf Test Cell � (/aar Administration/aar Chemical Research Bdg. �)

12 arf Mechanical Engineer Technical Center) 50 Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity

Research Building (Units �, � & 28 aar Mechanical Engineering House

�) [& Storage Sheds] 29 aar Laboratory Building 51 Triangle Fraternity House 13 Library (Temp. Bdg. No. �) 30 Ogden Field (/‘The Bog’)

14 arf Life Science Research 31 Gymnasium (Temp. Bdg. No. �) Other Relevant Structures Building 32 iit Navy Building (/Alumni in the Area

15 arf Administrative Offices Memorial Hall) 52 Chicago Housing Authority

16 igt South Building (/iit Physics 33 iit Metallurgy & Chemical (cha) Dearborn Homes & Electrical Engineering Engineer Bdg. (/Perlstein Hall) 53 Keith Public School

Research Building) 34 iit Chemistry Building (/ 54 cha Stateway Gardens

* Structures in red designed by Mies van der Rohe

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 321 322 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY part ii – Critical Assessment

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 323 324 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 7. CONCLUSIONS

Let us say that our work is to develop architecture —and in the process, to develop ourselves.1

1 Caldwell, A. (��), «Architecture: Vision of Structure,» in The Structurist, ��/��: �� (��-��)

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 325 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 “Geometric / Organic Landscape,” in a book by Hilberseimer, 1955. In his urban studies, Hilberseimer distinguished the geometric layout both in free and autocratic cities, seeing urban forms as expressions of organizational systems in history. While grid cities had often been characterized as rationalistic —and hence the opposite of organic— he distinguished between the grids of cities that served autocratic societies, imposing a geometric plan on the landscape with dominant axes leading to important buildings, and those of free ones, where “rectangularity does not necessarily force an axial, geometrical pattern upon the city.” From here, Hil- berseimer, concluded that one of the hallmarks of planning was to allow for organic change, whenever and however it became desirable.

326 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORDER PRINCIPLES

7.1 Historical Transformation of Order Principles

Given the circumstances of their American exile, Mies and 7.2 “Assembly Line / Bread Line” Hilberseimer opted for a combination of planning and design in (bottom, left) “Unformed Masses / Formed Masses” (bottom, right). the unusually long process of development of iit campus Master Plan design. They managed to establish a of set structuring prin- German urban debates concerning the contemporary city during the late ��s ciples that proved to be open enough to be succesively reoriented, and early ��s had already detected un- in a time of deep historical changes. In a revision of the ongoing precedented social problems raised by decentralizing planning policies in the u.s. since the Depression mass-market modes of production and iit years, campus Master Plan put forward a new model of urban organization. Any balance —even if just intervention, according to what its authors understood as histor- temporary— for self-development was ically unprecedented problems in city planning [Fig. �.�]. Its aim considered possible only according to the was to achieve a space for a progressive self-development consis- essentially new principles in the process- tent with what they perceived as a new reality, illustrated by the es and relationships operating within the impact of war and the emergence of its mass-consumption econ- transforming milieu of the city. omy at a scale never seen before, that transformed American city planning as it had been commonly performed.2 As a solution, they proposed an open, low-density pattern, to be integrated in the existing urban fabric by means of metropolitan infrastructures which suggested, through a particular articulation of the preexisting cityscape with a newly programmed, green landscape [Fig. �.�], a natural evolution of the organicist

2 Cohen, J.-L., «German Desires of America: Mies's Urban Visions,» in Bergdoll, B., Riley, T. (eds.) et al. (��) Mies in Berlin (New York: moma), pp. ��-��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 327 CONCLUSIONS

principles of the Prairie style according to new urban demands. This new urban model cannot be understood without taking into account Hilberseimer's contribution to it. Despite the fact that its very basic guidelines were inherited from ait campus Mas- ter Plan —which Mies had designed by himself— Hilberseimer's theories, ellaborated simultaneously to the redesign of iit campus Master Plan by the early ��s, most probably influenced it.

7.1.1 Structured Elements within a Decentralized Pattern

Thus considered, the development of Hilberseimer's so-called ‘Settlement Unit’ urban model3 shows today especially revealing. Originally conceived from his own personal research concerning the Garden City since the late ��s,4 Hilberseimer finally formulated his scheme of the ‘Settlement Unit’ for the first time when he arrived to the u.s. While its intention was to propose a urban scheme able to operate with the “elements of city planning” in pure Modernist terms of function, circulation, or density ratios,5 its final configuration was nonetheless to be informed by the spe- cifics of the environment. Intending to conflate the infrastructural systems of contemporary cities into their preexisting environmental conditions, its decentralized ‘pattern’ was meant to produce a radically recon- ceived ‘built landscape’ consonant with the “inorganic accumnu- lation of opposed elements” of the American metropoli [Fig. �.�].6 In Hilberseimer's own words, as “(...) problems change with the social pattern of their time, the means of realizing the aims of city planning also change. For those means depend, in any era, on the concurrent status of science and technology. The present problem of city planning cannot be solved by the patterns of the past. To attempt to solve them thus would lead to decorative, not structural, formations”.7

3 Hilberseimer, L. (��), «The Elements of City Planning,» Armour Engineer and Alumnus � (�): �� (Dec., ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

4 Spaeth, D., «Ludwig Hilberseimer's Settlement Unit. Origins and Applications,» in Pommer, R., Spaeth, D., and Harrington, K. (��) In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilberseimer—Architect, Educator and Urban Planner (New York: Rizzoli), pp. ��-��.

5 Hilberseimer, L. (��), «The Elements of City Planning,» Op. cit., pp. �-��.

6 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Amerikanische Grostädte,» in Groszstadt Architektur (Stuttgart: J. Hoffmann), p. �. [quoted according to «American metropolises,» in Hil- berseimer, L., Aureli, P. V., and Anderson R. (eds.) (��) Metropolisarchitecture and Se- lected Essays (New York: Columbia University, gsapp Books), pp. ��-��].

7 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The New City: Principles of Planning (Chicago: Paul Theo- bald & Co.), p. �� [emphasis added].

328 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORDER PRINCIPLES

7.3 Land use survey (left), and statistical data (above) of blocks adja-

cent to iit, 1942. American metropolises had been a subject of inspiration for a whole generation of German architects. Given their dynamism and their energic transformations and growth, the structuring principles beneath the urban fabric of American metropolises were seen as more adequate for a contemporary society. Most likely, Hilberseimer's —and Mies's— experience since his arrival to America appeared to him as the perfect opportu- However, such structural formations implied a certain social nity to verify what had been hitherto a conflict, when he followed that merely theoretical debate. “(...) new social demands present new technical problems; new technics entail new problems for society. Society, as a rule, comes gradually to cope with the new problems which technology creates”.8

Hilberseimer's opinion that “cities of our industrial age, however, have not yet found the pattern adequate to their potentialities, according to their function and technological development”, nevertheless would derive in a straight Modernist stance when assuming that “they are a mere conglomeration of unrelated parts, each disturbing the other”. Perhaps too optimistically, Hilberseimer concluded that “old cities could be replanned and remade into well-functioning organisms, in which each part is related to other parts and to an harmonious whole,”9 polemically implying that existing social

8 Ibid.

9 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The Nature of Cities: Origin, Growth, and Decline. Pattern and Form. Planning Problems (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), pp. ��-��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 329 CONCLUSIONS

patterns might be ignored for the good of a well-functioning order.

7.1.2 Structural Order vs. Transitional Organization in City Planning

Seen under this perspective, the notion of ‘order’ reveals particularly relevant. During the years of their collaboration for iit campus Master Plan design, Hilberseimer and Mies shared a common understanding for the urban order operating in Amer- ican contemporary cities. Although based upon a common conceptualization, it was to be developed in slightly different ways by each of them. As a matter of fact, Hilberseimer wisely did assume the limitations of urban planning when facing the continuous evolution of the social forces in the city, admitting that “there is always a lag” and, consequently, “the implications of a new alignment of forces are usually not generally appreciated until after the negative effects of the workings of those forces have become apparent”.10 It was the formal organization of the pattern, providing an order without the establishment of either a focus or a hierarchy, which allowed these to be conveniently rearranged. It is not hard to imagine how Mies shared his reaction against the “wild decen- tralization” and unsatisfactory “planless disurbanization”, with a call “for immediate constructive action”.11 Again, new patterns of form in the city were meant to reflect new forms of society. Indeed, Mies had already pronounced himself on the fundamental issue of order throughout his early career in Europe. Close to a conceptualization of metropolitan Architecture by Hilber- seimer that “represents the design of today's operative socio-economic conditions” and “is essentially a creation of space”,12 Mies's notion of order was characterized as an “encounter with an immanent plan; participation in the creation”,13 this fully Modernist notion of order by Mies being far from any normative condition of everyday life. On the contrary, it demanded an active attitude towards a progressive transformation, from its very foundations, of an already existing reality. Not in vain, Mies had followed closely

10 Ibid.

11 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The New Regional Pattern: Industries and Gardens, Workshops and Farms (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. ��.

12 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Architektur ist Raumschöpfung,» in Op. cit, p. �� [«Ar- chitecture is the creation of space,» in Op. cit, p. ��].

13 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d./��?) Undated and unpaged manuscript notebook [Mies van der Rohe Archive, Manuscript collection (moma, New York)], transcribed in «Appendix ii Notebook (��-��) �. Notes for Lectures,» in Neumeyer, F. (��) The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe and the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press.), p. ��.

330 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORDER PRINCIPLES

7.4 Nature as provider of efficient structural principles (above); model of Hilberseimer's ‘Settlement Unit’ (left). Since the late ��s, European architectural theory had found inspiration in the field of biology. Its great development by means of the use of new technologies, such as microscopic photography, was a common source of inspiration among a whole generation of modern artists and designers. Not by chance, these theories were indeed widely present in architectural debates at the early days of Bau- haus School, where the evolution of large scale systems —as, for instance, contemporary cities— was seen as analogous to the patterns in the growth of crystallo- graphic formations. certain theories of the epoch, inspired in natural processes [Fig. �.�], for which “production of novelty entails transitions that are slow, small, and subtle”,14 amidst a continuous iteration, slightly distinct, in every generation of any coherent organization. Unveiling hidden aspects of its inner structure, the resulting whole was to reveal itself as “not merely a sum, or resultant, but also an emergent novelty, or creative synthesis”15 out of the different realities preceding it.

14 Wheeler, W.M. (��) Emergent Evolution and the Social (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.), p. ��. Quoting as underlined in Mies's own English copy, preserved at Ludwig Mies van der Rohe collection, Special Collections Department of the University Library (uoc, Chicago) [see Appendix].

15 Ibid., p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 331 CONCLUSIONS

7.1.3 Surpass Order from Within It

As a matter of fact, these ideas seemed to fit especially well with the particularities of Chicago cityscape. The renowned land division of the homogeneous grid ordering its flatlands had laid the assumption, since the very early days of the foundation of the city, that such easily identifiable properties were interchangeable, thus promoting successive —and commonly unrestrained— speculation within its platted neighborhoods [Fig. �.�].16 Consequently, despite the strictness implied by the grid's geometrical definition of the ordinance and the ensured stability provided by metropolitan infrastructures, Chicago blocks have never been entirely reg- ular. Developed mostly in assembled groupings of lots, commonly adopted to obtain a distinction between different projects,17 this 7.5 “Square Mile Map of Chicago, variety allowed a progressive implementation of the different ur- 1940,” elaborated by cpc. ban interventions, in a continuous re-organization of the territory Commonly transferred from the block that definitely suited iit institutional situation [Fig. �.�]. to the inner structure of the buildings, After his emigration to America, Mies amplified this notion the grid order often liberated urban de- of order, as one can find in some of his sparse pronouncements resign from the boundaries of the existing garding urban planning. Curiously enough, he would take care in streets, therefore not always drawn in making a sharp distinction between the notion of ‘order’ and that urban studies. of ‘organization’. In his characteristic aphoristic argumentation, Mies promptly pointed that “(...) one can only order what is already ordered in itself. Or- der is more than organization. Organization is the determination of function. Order, however, imparts meaning”.18

Subsequently, “(...) if we would give to each thing what intrinsically belongs to it, then all things would easily fall into their proper place; only there they could really be what they are and there they would fully realize themselves. The chaos in which we live would give way to order and the world would again become meaningful and beautiful”.19

16 Whiting, S. (��), «Superblockism: Chicago's Elastic Grid,» in EL-Khoury, R. and Robbins, E. (eds.) Shaping the City: Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design (New York: Routledge), pp. ��-��.

17 Ibid.

18 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d./��?) Undated manuscript for a lecture [Mies van der Rohe Archive, Manuscript collection, file ‘Misc. Drafts and Speeches’ m( oma, New York)], p. �; transcribed in «Appendix, iv ��-��. �. Lecture. Chicago, occasion and date unknown,» in Neumeyer, F. (��) Op. cit., p. ��. This speech is described in the archives as “Manuscript of one important address Mies gave here in German”. Mies did not become an American citizen —and therefore did not speak fluent English— until ��,.

19 Ibid, p. �.

332 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORDER PRINCIPLES

May the reason for such a gloomy remark amidst his com- 7.6 “Illinois Institute of Technolo- paratively professional prosperity remain unknown to us, it just gy, Chicago. 1940. Final Scheme”. cannot be but speculated that the American city in those years Mies took care to describe the relevance appeared to him highly functional though, in some way, less of the gridiron as a structuring principle meaningful than it could possibly be. Notwithstanding, such dis- for his iit campus Master Plan design, clearly expressed in his schemes for its tinction between order and organization, while promoting a civic general floorplan. Noteworthy, the mod- commitment traditionally adopted by conservatives —thereupon ule structuring iit campus Master Plan deriving to traditional forms— is here used by Mies to argue in a was slightly smaller than the typical proactive way. Chicago South Side lot, only to resemble From these lines, it can be inferred that, for him, order was the grid at the larger scale of the whole neither a mean of regulation nor an abstract a priori. More pre- intervention. cisely, order appeared as a given fact in a specific reality of a specific historical moment, only to be grasped in the complex, sometimes unpredictable, ever changing relations in the city —“this world,” he once declared, “and no other is offered to us. Here we must take our stand.”20 A specific order was patent through the different manifestations of the chaotic everyday in contemporary cities, which nonetheless could be transformed into experiences of

20 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d./ca.��). Undated and unpaginated manuscript for a speech [Mies van der Rohe Archive, Manuscript collection, file ‘Misc. Drafts and Speeches’ (Washington d.c., loc)], transcribed as «Appendix, iv ��-��, �. Miscella- neous—Notes to Lectures,» in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op cit., p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 333 CONCLUSIONS

the persistence of their principles. Not by chance, Hilberseimer had presented analogous theories about urban planning, characterized by a clear and recogniz- able structure according to a pattern, rather than by the formalization of a figure.21 This ‘organic’ order appeared as a “correct set of interrelations of the parts”, in “a coherent and comprehensi- ble reciprocity of elements similar to those suggested by complex organisms or structures”. Significantly paralleling Mies, Hilberseimer carefully point- 7.7 A portion of iit campus under ed that such an order “should not be mistaken for organization, implementation of Mies's Master Plan, c1953. which is a mechanical one”, to conclude that “order deals with life Invariably in its succesive versions, Mies's as well as with the forms and means of life; organization, mere- 22 iit campus Master Plan was shaped after ly with figures”. While for him traditional urban planning had a pattern of orthogonally sliding blocks considered order as something that the building plan as a figure spotted with pieces of a verdant carpet, could impose over the presumed disorder of its surroundings, he, combining a low land coverage with a on the contrary, contemplated it as something already present in low building density that enabled the the world, generally manifested in a natural way. His pattern was insertion of green spaces in the urban an effort to give formal expression of this underlying, pre-existing fabric. This image was able propose a order —to give it a structure. Mies himself gave a full explanation kind of architecture that, supported in of his use of the term ‘structure’ as a “philosophical idea”: its undefined green voids, managed to “(...) the structure is the whole from top to bottom to the last establish an operative dialogue with the detail—with the same ideas. That is what we call structure.”23 city to transform the strictness of the underlying structuring principle of the grid into an open, constructed environment. Famously rendered as a nonhierarchical combination of interrelated building blocks extending over a significant portion of the essentially horizontal “field”24 of Chicago South Side urban fabric [Fig. �.�, �.�], iit campus Master Plan took advantage of this conceptualization, structured according to the grid. Whether this image would be, most likely, Mies's responsibility, one cannot but admit the power of Hilberseimer's determined vision to engage the complex —often contradictory— roles of public policies, private development interests, and residents in urban planning, ap-

21 This would put into context the approach to the insertion of Mies's iit campus Master Plan design into the urban fabric of Chicago South Side by S. Whiting, recalling the theory on the perception of form by A. Hildebrand, in Whiting, S. (��), «Bas-Re- lief Urbanism: Chicago's Figured Field,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) Mies in America (New York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), p. ��. Apparently, Whiting here seems to be judging the reception of the images produced by Mies —and perhaps the way this conditioned the development of the whole Chicago South Side Redevelopment Plan—, despite the fact that these never described a final form, or even adjusted to the reality of the campus, but just tried to convey an idea of the possibilities of the principles in his design.

22 Hilberseimer, L. (��) Op. cit., pp. xiv-xv.

23 Carter, P., «Mies van Der Rohe: An Appreciation, This Month, of His �� th Birth- day,» in Architectural Design ��: �� (Mar., ��). Mies's explanation was probably motivated by the broader meaning of the German word ‘Struktur’.

24 Whiting, S. (��), «Points and Fields: Chicago's Urban Orders,» in Op. cit., p. ��.

334 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORDER PRINCIPLES

parently secundary for Mies. The design not only rejected any ac- 7.8 Photomontage of an aerial view commodation to status quo, but also attempted a wholly new vision of the model of a later stage of iit for the following regeneration of the area, pushing to action and campus Master Plan design, c.1943, transformation in a shared direction for the highest good of all. extending over Chicago South Side Indeed, one can easily appreciate here Hilberseimer's Modernist vicinity. The aerial view provided a synthetic and conception of urban planning as an integral organization. synoptic perspective of the design, illus- But Hilberseimer's naive assumption of a linear grow for his trating aspects of it otherwise impercep- comprehensive plans, with all its elements reflecting a perfectly tible, such as the relevance of the spatial clear, unified and balanced point of view in all their stages, actu- relationships across the different scales ally disabled any realization. Despite the ‘scientific’ approach to between its different buildings, and be- the modern city in his theoretical research, his awareness of the tween the campus and the existing city “symptoms of the current imbalance in the order of the world”, infrastructures. may not be enough “to provide the means for reconciling man to the force of the Zeitgeist” or even “aiding it in achieving its purposes”.25 Indeed, any comprehensive organization —including the postulated by Hilberseimer's ‘Settlement Unit’— seems today to be formulated, paradoxically, against any social evolution.

25 Harrington, K. (��), «Ideas in action: Hilberseimer and the Redevelopment of the South Side of Chicago,» in Harrington, K., Pommer, R., and Spaeth, D. (eds.) In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilberseimer. Architect, Educator and Urban Planner (New York/ Chicago: Rizzoli/aic), p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 335 CONCLUSIONS

7.2 The Paradoxical Modernity of Industrial Construction

Mies’s early American work, commonly characterized as an exploration of the combination possibilities of a steel structure with other traditional construction materials, may be summarized as the search for a satisfactory answer to the problem of reconciling the different —and often contradictory— structural and constructive requirements, while giving to such combination a clear and —apparently— simple expression. This was only possible thanks to Mies’s ability to simoultaneously link and tension the elements of the various systems of order, naturally different, that appear in any building. If meaning was to be achieved by an exposure the inner principles of a building, Mies’s approach to structure and construction by means of composing an ‘image of articulation’, effectively exposed a coherent interdependence of the problems inherent to building design —which may be not self-evident but in fact remain present— transcending the criticism about its mannerism. However, the problem of the artificiality of his use of representation probably arises from the fact that, retrospectively pointing to industrial development as one of its origins, modern historiography has traditionally endowed it, a posteriori, an integrity that it probably never had. To this, it should be added the problem of its historical evolution, as it has always been, in fact, subject of a continous rework on the basis of its own terms of efficiency. Even if presenting extensive or partial architectural achievements, the relevance attributed to industrial construction by History of Architecture has varied widely in time. Whatever the case, its relevance is anyway justified by its will, clearly modern, to achive a clearer understanding both of the principles that drive it —which, although true, remain problematic because they apparently emerge outside the disciplinar debate— and of its possibilities of articulation. Indeed, facing the criticism that claims that such representation would not be really necessary, one could argue that, by crit- ically re-reading the roles attributted by modern historiography to industrial construction, and by opening a future of possibilities for a more significant development to an important tradition in the u.s., this architecture is already a radically modern and pur-

336 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THE PARADOXICAL MODERNITY OF INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

poseful effort. Not in vain, the required perception and sensitivity to achieve such transfiguration out of the most common urban reality where it was developed, is probably something that can be only acquired in a late career.

7.2.1 Structural Principles from a Tectonic Standpoint

The familiar portrait of Mies’s early American work as an abstract architecture, sustained by a rigorous discipline and au- thenticity often characterized by the “poetry of assembled components”26 of his buildings, has been long considered to have redeemed the common steel framed structure through the development of its own expressive potential. Moreover, its endur- ance and permanence in time has favoured its insertion into an allegedly a-historical constructive discourse, as the categorical severity with which he always completed his whole practice has provided a basis for its understanding as “an act of construction first”, taking account of “structural unit as the irreducible essence of architectural form.”27 Despite their apparent overexposure, these ideas have been able to subsume in Mies’s early buildings for iit campus, usually reworked from fragmentary evidence,28 reconsidering them from the point of view of the representation of their structural order. Indeed, the expressive ability of the different structural and constructive solutions that Mies developed for his buildings at iit suggests not only his utmost care for structural design, but also a willpower to make them an extension of the whole spatial concept of the campus. Such approach, paralleling classical architectural theories about the tectonic form,29 seems to make up a framework to effectively understand their actual role in the campus Master Plan 7.9 Classical treatises on tecton- design —as a means to enhance the spatial experience of an ur- ic theory by G. Semper (top), and ban environment through constructive means [Fig. �.�]. by K. Bötticher (bottom), that Mies brought with him to America.

26 Frampton, K. (��), «Mies van der Rohe: Avant-Garde and Continuity,» in Frampton, K. and Cava, J. (ed.) Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture (Chicago: Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts), ch. �, pp. ��-��.

27 Frampton, K. (��), «Rappel a l'Ordre: The Case for the Tectonic», in Architec- tural Design �� (�-�): ��.

28 See, for instance, Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure (Stutt- Images sources: Semper, G. (��) Der Stil gart/Zurich: Verlag für Architektur), or Carter, P. (��) Mies van der Rohe at Work (New in den Technischen und Tektonischen Künsten York/London: Praeger/Phaidon). oder Praktische Ästhetik (München: Frie- drich Bruckmann's Verlag), frontispice 29 Most remarkably, between the few German books that Mies could get sent from (top); Bötticher, K. (��) Die Tektonik his personal library when he emigrated to the u.s., one can find some of the classic texts der Hellenen (Potsdam: Verlag von Ferdi- on tectonic theory —Bötticher, K. (��) Die Tektonik der Hellenen (Potsdam: Verlag von nand Riegel), frontispice (bottom) [Mies Ferdinand Riegel), and Semper, G. (��) Der Stil in den Technischen und Tektonischen Kün- van der Rohe Prints and Drawings col- sten oder Praktische Ästhetik. (Munich: Friedrich Bruckmann's Verlag) [see Appendix]— so lection, Manuscripts and Rare Books De- it would not be too adventurous to infer his awareness about these ideas, if not a special partment, Richard J. Daley Library (uic, significance for him. Chicago)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 337 CONCLUSIONS

Indeed, when recalling classic theory, the tectonic form in building is described in two modes: “The first involves a constructional element, that is shaped so as to emphasise its static role and cultural status. (...) The second mode involves the representation of a constructional element which is present, but hidden.”30

Considered this way, tectonic theory can be a basis for an architecture that grants to structural design the revelation of re- fined and at the same time self-reflexive structural forms, able to transform buildings into open structures of skeletal transparency. Distinguished by its refusal of any willful symbolization, it can instead go further than the supposed immediacy of material or purpose. When conceived of the potential in self-expression, not only of the immanent geometric principles that order structure but of the consciousness in the process of its production, architecture is able to blur the boundaries of its autonomy and open itself to all kind of uses and interpretations. His deep control of the necessary relation —and occasional conflict— between appearance and reality of a building, allowed him a freedom that turned his construction into great architectural lessons. This is where Mies’s abstraction lies: in the opening of specific structure to a realm of subjective experience where its abstract structuring principles can be interpreted through its image. When the language of technology is adopted, it is the understanding of its intrinsic abstraction, despite the distance imposed in its reception by the image of the built object, what constitutes the real challenge of its shaping. Once overcame, other considerations —what the structure contains, the use we may make of it, etc.— appear as secondary. In Mies’s own words, “It is true that architecture depends on facts, but its real field of activity lies in the realm of significance.”31

30 Frampton, K. (��), Op. cit., p. ��. Frampton concludes that “These two modes can be seen as paralleling the distinction that Semper made between the ‘structural-technical’ and the ‘structural-symbolic’,” summarizing here the classical approach to tectonic theory by Bötticher as the foundation for the later one formulated by Sem- per. Noteworthy, Frampton insisted in identifying here the originally different German terms for building and construction in the English term of structure.

31 Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), «Inaugural Address as Director of Architecture at ait, ��,» in Johnson, Ph. (��), Mies van der Rohe (New York: Braziller/moma), pp. ��- ��.

338 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FROM AN INTEGRATED DESIGN TO AN OPEN COMPOSITION

7.2 From Integrated Design to Open Composition

Mies's plan to extend the campus beyond the boundaries of the block so it could link to the existing city infrastructures of the city demanded a continuous negotiation with its surroundings. iit campus Master Plan was a transforming design that evolved from an integrated design to an open composition, parallel to its transforming relation with its immediate context, in a continuous self-reinterpretation that took special care of not to disrupt its own internal functionality. The success of Mies's proposal laid in its particular combination of a double commitment: on one hand, to solve short-term functional needs within the bounds of the properties progressively acquired by iit; on the other, a steady long-term determination for keeping a clear organization according to the very own formal structure of its previously executed fragments. It was the formal logic of the pattern, the open possibility in its design, that allowed a redefinition of the campus relation with its environment that enabled future expansions, despite the increasing complexity of the whole. Paradoxically, that possibility would only be appreciated years after iit was effectively adopted as a model for the further redevelopment of the whole Chicago South Side area which —completed before governmental agen- cies became involved in what was to be known as the Urban Re- newal Program— set a prototype of what was to come in later years. In other words, the redevelopment of the whole Chicago South Side area followed an image describing what iit was intended to be, and not an existing architectural solution, although this image could inspire an operative method itself. Seemingly, Mies understood order as a historically specific ground, essential for the subsequent evolution of any social organization. He strive to materialize it through an open spatiality where communities would be allowed to extend toward previously unrealized potentialities. The way to achieve this was a self-refer- ential organization of his different architectural designs, in which time would remain suspended in a permanent commitment. Perhaps no one summarized this attitude as clearly as Cald- well would do some years later. Asking himself “what should we say our work is? How do we work with structure?”, he answered

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 339 CONCLUSIONS

promptly: “structure contains the embryo of what it is—the principle”, “a sequence of parts, proceeding from an inner principle: an idea of parts”.32 He concluded enthusiastically: “Let us say that our work is to develop architecture —and in the process, to develop ourselves”.33

32 Caldwell, A. (��), «Architecture: Vision of Structure,» in The Structurist, ��/��: �� (��-��) [later reissued as «Architecture: Vision of Structure—L'Architecture: Vision de la Structure—Architektur: Einsicht in die Struktur,» in Blaser, W. (��)Architecture and Nature. The Work of Alfred Caldwell—Architecture et Nature. L'Œuvre d'Alfred Caldwell— Architektur und Natur. Das Werk von Alfred Caldwell (Basel/Boston/Stuttgart: Birkhäuser Verlag), pp. ��-��.

33 Caldwell, A. (��), «Architecture: Vision of Structure,» in Op. cit., p. ��.

340 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FROM AN INTEGRATED DESIGN TO AN OPEN COMPOSITION

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 341

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

The most important way to study Mies —a method that he would surely have endorsed— is to examine his buildings. (...) To understand them, however, context is essential; we offer here a shortlist of the literature on Mies that we regard as the most important thus far published.1

1 Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��), «Bibliographic Afterword» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition (Chicago: uoc Press), p. ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 343 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.1 Specific Bibliography

Most remarkably, virtually every monograph on Mies van der Rohe's work includes a selected bibliography attached at the end.1 But, paradoxically, this is commonly done just to acknowledge the impact of Mies's work, usually quoting other authored works either by scholars or relevant figures of architectural criticism, without delving into any further connection with what is shown. Instead, only few studies inquire into the ideas present into Mies's work, contributing with their own interpretation to enlighten our knowledge about them. Perhaps one reason for this situation lays in the circumstances of the widespread diffusion of Mies's work. On one hand, this may be a consequence of the important number of publications promoted by his direct disciples, commonly presented by means of a visual discourse, probably enhanced by the formal immediacy of Mies's works and the architect's care for their representation. Although these need to be taken into account as sources of original information —most of them were trained at iit— the significance of Mies's work clearly goes far beyond this. On the other hand, it is notorious today the large amount of publications from exhibitions in the general literature about Mies.2 This has usually led to the prevalence of an institutional point of view, sometimes far from unbiased. Moreover, in both cases many texts happen to have been republished on numerous occasions, a fact that has promoted their de-contextualization in

1 For an exhaustive and briefly annotated bibliography on Mies van der Rohe until the ��s, see also Spaeth, D. (��) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: An Annotated Bibliography and Chronology (New York/London: Garland). Other bibliographic studies with a more generic approach —eg., Harmon, R. (��) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Master Architect: A Selected Bibliography (Monticello, Il.: Vance Bibliographies)— have been discarded due to their limited impact in further studies. Spaeth's bibliography has been completed by a later compilation of articles on Mies published between ��-��, deposited in the Mies in America Research Files (cca, Montreal).

2 An overview of the most influent publications about the work of Mies van der Rohe and a discussion on how these have paralleled the evolution of the critique of his work through different exhibitions can be found in Schulze, F. and Windhorst, E. (��), «Appendix b: Mies's Career in Publications and Exhibitions,» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��-��.

344 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

a short of timeless discourse. Within this context, the bibliographical selection here presented tries to reflect not only a relevance of discourse —a credit that, one could argue, does not justify historical significance by itself— but also a historical significance —which does not necessarily imply a relevance in its discourse, either. In line with this approach, such relevance has been established according to how these texts can clarify some of Mies's ideas about some of the top- ics involved in the development of iit Master Plan or its different buildings (e.g. urban planning, steel frame construction, etc.), here detailed to justify their pertinence. While sometimes these ideas were not explicitly expressed by Mies, there is evidence of his wide personal interests.3 In addition to this, the sparse texts by Mies himself, usually reprinted in several publications, have been traced from their first edition to allow their contextualization, both within the development of his work and within its critical reception. Therefore, a selection of monographs in their first edition is listed below, arranged in alphabetical order by author's last name. Exceptionally, first editions in other languages are reported4 when they have been significant for the study and/or interpretation of iit. Finally, a selection of articles on Mies's early American work has been added, divided in two groups: those written while iit Master Plan was been defined and slowly implemented, and those published after Mies's death, when his design was already completed. All of them are listed in chronological order of publication.

3 As it can be appreciated when one examines his personal library, preserved at the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Collection, University Library Special Collections, uic [See Appendix].

4 These texts have been annotated with side notes describing their Spanish edition, where available. For a summary of their peculiarities, and a general review of the treatment of Mies's works in the major reference texts of History of Architecture until the mid ��s, see: Sainz, J., «Mies traducido,» A&V Monografías de Arquitectura y Vivienda, �: ��-�� (Apr.–Jun., ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 345 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.1.1 Monographs Covering Mies's Early American Work

Achilles, Rolf, Harrington, Kevin, Myhrum, Charlotte (eds.) et al. ��. Mies van der Rohe, Architect as Educator. Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press.5 Particularly: -- Part i: Mies van der Rohe: Architect as Educator, especially the articles: -- Padovan, Richard, «Machines à Méditer,» ��-��. -- Neumeyer, Fritz, «Mies as Self-Educator,» ��-��. -- Harrington, Kevin, «Order Space, Proportion—Mies Curriculum at iit,» ��-��. -- Part ii: Catalog of the Exhibition, especially the articles: -- «� iit Curriculum ��-��,» ��-��. -- «� iit as a Model of a University Campus,» ��-��. -- «� Graduate Studies under Mies,» ��-��. -- Part iii: Appendix, especially the articles: -- «iit Courses in Architecture ��-��,» ��-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Solved Problems: a De- mand on Our Building Methods,» ��-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Explanation of Educa- tional Program,» ��-��.

——— and Myhrum, Charlotte. ��. Guide to the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago: Mies Centennial Project.

Blake, Peter. ��. The Master Builders. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Particularly: -- Chapter ii: «Mies van der Rohe and the Mastery of Struc- ture,» ��-�� [the whole chapter was later reprinted as an independent book in Blake, Peter. ��. Mies van der Rohe. Architecture and Structure. New York: Penguin Books].

5 Catalog for the travelling exhibition of the same name, displayed at iit Depart- ment of Architecture, Chicago (Jun. �th–Jul. ��th, ��), as a part of the Mies Centennial Project. The book focuses in Mies's American works, while the German ones were later included in Wolsdorff, Ch. (ed.) (��) Der Vorbildliche Architekt: Mies van der Rohes Ar- chitekturunterricht ��-�� am Bauhaus und in Chicago (Berlin: Nicolai/Bauhaus-Archiv), as a catalog of the later display of the exhibition at Bauhaus-Archiv, Museum für Ge- staltung, Berlin (Oct. ��rd, ��–Jan. �� th, ��).

346 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SPECIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blake, Peter (ed.) et al. ��. Four Great Makers of Modern Architecture. New York: Columbia University Press.6 Particularly: -- Blake, Peter, and Kallman, Gerhardt M., «A Conversation [Spanish ed.: Kallman, Gerhardt M., with Mies van der Rohe,» ��-��. and Blake, Peter, «Una conversación,» -- Heald, Henry, «Mies van der Rohe at iit,» ��-��. in Jarauta, Francisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Escritos, diálogos -- Johnson, Philip, «A Personal Testament,» ��-��. y discursos (Murcia: coaat; col. de Arqui- -- Brenner, Daniel, «Mies, the Educator,» ��-��. tectura), ��-��; later reprinted as «Con- -- Brownson, Jacques, «The Urban Space Concepts of Mies versación �», in Puente, Moisés (ed.) van der Rohe,» ��-��. ��. Conversaciones con Mies van der Rohe. -- Blake, Peter, «People, Mass Production, and the Miesian Certezas americanas (Barcelona: G. Gili), Universal,» ��-��. ��-��]. itch -- F , James Marston, «Mies van der Rohe and the Platonic [Spanish ed.: Fitch, James Marston, Virtues,» ��-��. «Mies van der Rohe y las verdades

platónicas,» prologue to Jarauta, Fran- Blaser, Werner. ��. Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure. cisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag für Architektur [English ed.: �� (�nd Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: expanded ed., ��). Mies van der Rohe: The Art of Structure—Die coaat; col. de Arquitectura), �-��]. Kunst Der Struktur. Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser]. Particularly: -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Baukunst unserer Zeit (mei- [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- ne berufliche Laufbahn) [Introduction],» s.n., later reprinted wig, «Mi carrera profesional,» in Jarau- in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kurnstlose ta, Francisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� [English Mies van der Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discur- ed.: «Building Art of Our Time (My Professional Career),» sos (Murcia: coaat; col. de Arquitectura), in ��. The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art ��-��; later reprinted as «La arquitectura de nuestro tiempo», in Neumeyer, Fritz. (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��-��]. ��. Mies van der Rohe. La palabra sin arti- -- «Vorwort [Foreword],» ��. ficio. Reflexiones sobre arquitectura, ��-�� -- «Entwicklung zur Struktur [The Approach to Structure],» (Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Arquitec- ��. tura nº �), ��]. ies van der ohe -- M R , Ludwig, «Leitgedanken zur Erziehung [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- in der Baukunst [Principles of Architectural Education],» �� wig, «Bases para la educación en el arte

[later revised and expanded in Blaser, Werner. ��. Mies van de construir,» in Jarauta, Francisco, et der Rohe: Lehre und Schule—Principles and School, Basel/Stutt- al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Es- gart: Institute for the History & Theory of Architecture at critos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: coaat; the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich/Birkhäus- col. de Arquitectura), ��-��; later reprint- er), �-��; later reprinted in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van ed as «Directrices para la enseñanza de der Rohe—Das Kunstlose Wort: Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: la arquitectura,» in Neumeyer, Fritz. Siedler), ��-��. ��. Mies van der Rohe: La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre Arquitectura,�� -�� -- «Illinois Institute of Technology (iit), Chicago,» ��-��. (Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Arquitec- -- «Crown Hall (iit) Architecture and Design Building,» ��-��. tura nº �), ��-��]. -- «After Mies or Thirty Years Later,» ��.

———. ��. Mies van der Rohe. New York: Praeger. [Spanish ed.: Blaser, Werner. ��. Mies van der Rohe. Barcelona: G. Gili, col. Stu- ———. ��. Mies van der Rohe: Lehre und Schule—Principles and dio Paperback].

6 Verbatim record of the symposium of the same name, held at the School of Archi- tecture, Columbia University, New York (Mar.–May, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 347 BIBLIOGRAPHY

School,7 Basel/Stuttgart: Institute for the History & Theory of Ar- chitecture at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; Exploration Book series, vol. �./Birkhäuser [later reprinted as ��. Mies van der Rohe, Continuing the Chicago School of Architecture. Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser]. Particularly: -- «Die Lehre Mies' [The Principles of Mies],» �-��. -- «Die Schule Mies' [The School of Mies],» ��-��. -- «Zur Persönlichkeit von Mies van der Rohe [The Personality of Mies van der Rohe],» ��-��. -- «Mies' Lehrtätigkeit am ait Chicago nach �� [Mies Teach- ing at ait in Chicago after ��],» ��-��. -- «Lehrplan am iit, ��-�� [The curriculum at iit, ��- ��],» ��-��. -- Priestley, William, «Mies' Program for Architectural Edu- cation,» p. �� (original text in English). -- «Diagram for Architectural Education, ��,» ��-�� (original text in English). [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Antrittsrede als Direktor der wig, «Discurso inaugural como director Architekturabteilung am Armour Institute of Technology de la sección de Arquitectura del ait,» (ait), Chicago, �� November �� [Introductory Address as in Jarauta, Francisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Head of the Department of Architecture at Armour Institute Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Escritos, diálogos th of Technology (ait), Chicago, November �� , ��],» ��-��. y discursos (Murcia: coaat; col. de Arqui- -- «The Architectural Curriculum (ait Bulletin ��-��),» ��- tectura), ��-��]. �� (original text in English). -- «Architecture: Synopsis of the �-year curriculum (iit Bulletin ��-��),» �� (original text in English). [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Peterhans' Seminar für visu- wig, «El seminario de adiestramiento vi- elles Training der Architekturabteilung des iit (Chicago, � sual de Walter Peterhans en la sección de Februar ��) [Peterhans' Visual Training Course at the Ar- arquitectura del iit,» in Jarauta, Fran- chitectural Department of iit (Chicago, February � th, ��)],» cisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der ��-��; later reprinted as «Peterhans' Seminar für visuelles Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: Training» in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das coaat; col. de Arquitectura), ��-��; later Kurnstlose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� reprinted as «Seminario Peterhans para [English ed.: «Peterhans's Seminar for Visual Training at entrenamiento visual», in Neumeyer, the Architecture Department of iit,» in ��. The Artless Word: Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe. La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre arquitectura, Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit ��-�� (Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Press), ��-��]. Arquitectura nº �), ��-��]. -- «Walter Peterhans: Visual Training,» ��-�� (original text in English). -- «Drawing and Visual Training,» ��-�� (original text in En- glish). -- «Materials and Construction,» ��-�� (original text in En- glish).

7 The English text was simultaneously published in the u.s. in a different edition in Blaser, W. (��) After Mies: Mies van der Rohe, Teaching and Principles (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold).

348 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

-- «Space and Proportion,» ��-�� (original text in English). -- «Aphorismen von Mies [Aphorisms by Mies],» ��-��. [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- -- Danforth, George E., «Architecture and Planning at iit, wig, «Aforismos ��,» in Jarauta, Fran- ��-��,» ��-�� (original text in English). cisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der -- «City and Regional Planning (iit Bulletin, ��-��),» �� Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: (original text in English). coaat), ��-��]. -- «iit Campusbauten [iit Campus Buildings, ��-��],» ��- ��.

Blaser, Werner. ��. Mies van der Rohe, s.r. Crown Hall: Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser.

———. ��. Mies van der Rohe, iit Campus: Illinois Institute of Tech- nology. Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser.

Carter, Peter. �� (reprinted in ��). Mies van der Rohe at Work. [Spanish ed.: Carter, Peter. �� Mies New York: Praeger (/London: Phaidon Press). Particularly: van der Rohe trabajando. Barcelona: Phaid- -- Chapter �: «Structural & Spatial Concepts,» ��-��. on Press. Trans. G. Deza. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Three Building Types,» especially: -- Chapter �: «Conceptos estructura- -- «Low-rise Skeleton Frame Buildings,» ��-��. les y espaciales,» ��-��. -- «Clear Span Buildings,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Tres tipos de edificio,» especifically the sections «Edificios -- Chapter �: «Urban Spaces,» especially the sections: de baja altura con armazón,» ��- -- «Illinois Institute of Technology, a Campus in the City,» ��, and «Edificios de planta libre,» ��-��. ��-��. -- «Landscaping,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Espacios urbanos,» es-

-- Chapter �: «Education of Architects,» ��-��. pecifically the sections «iit, un cam- -- Chapter �: «Conclusion,» especially the section: pus en plena ciudad,» ��-��, and -- «Buildings and Projects,» ��-��. «Paisajismo,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «La formación del arqui- Cohen, Jean-Louis. �� (��, �nd ed., revised and expanded). tecto,» ��-��]. Mies van der Rohe. Paris: Hazan [English ed.: �� (��, �nd ed., -- Chapter �: «Conclusión,» especif- revised and expanded). Mies van der Rohe. London: Spon (Basel/ ically the section «Obras y proyec- Boston: Birkhäuser) Translated by M. Rosengarten]. Particularly: tos,» ��-��. [Spanish ed.: Cohen, Jean-Louis. �� -- Chapter v: «��-��: Chicago et les paradigmes améric- (��, �nd ed., revised and expanded) Mies ains» [«Chicago and the American Paradigms (��-��),» van der Rohe. Trans. J. Calatrava. Madrid: ��-��]. Akal. Particularly: -- Chapter v: «��-��: Chicago y los Drexler, Arthur. ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. New York: G. paradigmas americanos,» ��-��].

Braziller. Particularly: [Spanish ed.: Drexler, Arthur. ��. -- «Text,» �-��, ills. ��-��, ��-��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Barcelona: Bru- guera. Trans. V. Scholz]. ———. ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, ��-��. New York: Mu- seum of Modern Art.8

8 Catalog of a selection of the drawings shown at the moma, New York (Feb. ��th– Apr. ��th, ��) and later at The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (May � th–Aug. ��th, ��), as a part of the Mies Centennial Project. The exhibition traveled to Europe and

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 349 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Spanish ed.: Frampton, Kenneth. ��. Frampton, Kenneth, and Cava, John (ed.) ��. Studies in Tectonic Estudios sobre cultura tectónica: Poéticas de la Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century construcción en la arquitectura de los siglos xix Architecture. Chicago: Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies y xx. Madrid: Akal. Trans. A. Bozal, in the Fine Arts. Particularly: scientific supervision, J. Calatrava. Par- -- Chapter �: «Mies van der Rohe: Avant-Garde and Continu- ticularly: ity,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Mies van der Rohe: Vanguardia y continuidad,» ��- Gastón Guirao, Cristina. ��. Mies: el proyecto como revelación del ��)]. lugar. Barcelona: Fundación Caja de Arquitectos. -- «Introducción» ��-��. -- «Epílogo», ��-��, especially the section: -- «La forma se impone al material: Un sistema universal» ��-��.

nd rd [Spanish ed.: Giedion, Sigfried. ��. Giedion, Sigfried. �� (� ed., ��; � revised and expanded Espacio, tiempo y arquitectura: El futuro de ed., ��; �th revised ed., ��; �th revised ed., ��) Space, Time and una nueva tradición. Barcelona: Reverté. Architecture. The Growth of a New Tradition. Cambridge, Mass.: Har- Trans. J. Sainz Avia. Particularly: vard University Press. Particularly: -- Parte v: La evolución norteamericana, -- Part v: American Development, especially the chapter: and especially the chapter: -- «Towards Pure Forms,» ��-��. -- «Hacia las formas puras,» ��- -- Part vi: Space-Time in Art, Architecture and Construction, especial- ��. ly the chapter: -- Parte vi: El espacio-tiempo en el arte, la -- «Mies van der Rohe and the Integrity of Form,» ��-��,9 arquitectura y la construcción, and especially the chapter: including «The Illinois Institute of Technology, ��,» -- «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe y ��-��, and «On the Integrity of Form,» ��-��. la integridad de la forma», including the sections «El Illinois Hilberseimer, Ludwig. ��. Mies van der Rohe. Chicago: Paul Institute of Technology, �� en Theobald. Particularly: adelante», ��-�� and «Sobre -- Chapter �: «Material and Structure,» ��-��. la integridad de la forma», ��- -- Chapter �: «Proportion,» ��-��. ��]. -- Chapter �: «Space Concept,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «A New Architectural Language,» ��-��. -- Chapter ��: «Illinois Institute of Technology,» ��-��.

was displayed at the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin (Nov. ��th, ��–Jan. �� th, ��), and at Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona (Apr. � th–May ��th, ��), with occasion of the reconstruction of the German Pavilion for the �� International Exhibition by Mies van der Rohe. Both exhibitions had their own catalogs —Winkler, K.-J. (ed.) (��) Mies van der Rohe, ��-�� (Weimar: Hochschule für Architektur und Bauwesen), and Drexler, A. (��) Mies van der Rohe, ��-�� (Barcelona: Pavelló Alemany de Mies van der Rohe).

9 This chapter was not included in the book until the third edition was released in ��, when several buildings of Mies's iit campus Master Plan had been already erected. It was not until the forth edition was published in ��, that Giedion added the final section «On the Integrity of Form» at the end of the chapter, which emphasized the coherence in all of Mies's American work. Some of Mies's late works were incorporated in its fifth edition in ��, which finally completed the chapter on Mies as we know it today. For further information about the particular treatment of Mies's American work by Giedion, see Neumeyer, F., «Giedion en Mies van der Rohe: Een Paradox in de Historiografie van Het Moderne», Archis �: ��-�� (Apr., ��).

350 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) ��. This Is Our Job: A Definition of Purpose. Chicago: iit Press.10

———. ��. a program and a plan. Chicago: iit Press.11

———. ��. Blue Print for Progress. Chicago: iit Press.12

———. ��. This is War! Chicago: iit Press.13

———. ��. From the Record: The Story of Four Years of Progress. Chi- cago: iit Press.14

———. ��. Appointment with Peace. Chicago: iit Press.15

———. �� (�nd ed., ��). Technology Center Today and Tomorrow. A Building and Expansion Program to Transform Today's Outgrown Campus into a Modern Center of Technological Education and Research. Chicago: iit Press.16

———, and Heald, Henry T. ��. The President of Illinois Institute of Technology Reports �� Years of Progress, ��-��. Chicago: iit Press.

Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) ��. Better Buildings, Bet- ter Industrial Design and Better Cities: How iit Proposes to Help Up-Date the Physical Patterns of Our Time. Chicago: iit Press.17

———. ��. Dedication Ceremonies: s.r. Crown Hall, Dedicated to the Advancement of Architecture, Design, and City and Regional Planning. Chicago: iit Press.18

10 Printed for internal diffusion [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. Included in the case exhibit Expanding Campus Boundaries: The iit Building Program During World War ii, displayed at iit Archives, Paul V. Galvin Library, Chicago (May, ��–Jan., ��), researched, written, and curated by Catherine Bruck, University Archivist.

11 Idem.

12 Idem.

13 Idem.

14 Idem.

15 Idem.

16 Idem. Including the supplements «Toward Tomorrow. Special Development Pro- gram» (�st ed., ��), and «Creative Philanthropy. Special Development Program» (� nd ed., ��). Printed for internal diffusion [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

17 Transcript of an address given by John T. Rettaliata —then president of iit— at the Chicago Club (Jun. � th, ��). Printed for internal diffusion [ iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

18 Transcript of the speech given by Mies van der Rohe, John T. Rettaliata and E. Saarinen, among others, with occasion of the dedication ceremony held on Apr. ��th, ��. Printed for internal diffusion [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 351 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. ��. Illinois Institute of Technology: Its Purpose and Its History. Chicago: iit Press.19

——— and Macauley, Irene. ��. The Heritage of Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago: iit Press.20 Particularly: -- Chapter xi: «Out of the Chaotic Rubble,» ��-��. -- Chapter xii: «The Realm of Pure Art,» ��-��.

———. ��. Converging Visions: The Making of a University. Chica- go: iit Press.21

———. ��. Illinois Institute of Technology: Main Campus Guide. Chi- cago: iit Press.22

nd rd [Spanish ed.: Johnson, Philip C. ��. Johnson, Philip C. �� (� revised and enlarged ed., ��; � Mies van der Rohe. Buenos Aires: Victor revised and enlarged ed., ��). Mies van der Rohe. New York: Bra- Lerú. Trans. N. Ottalenghi. Particular- ziller/The Museum of Modern Art.23 Particularly: ly: -- Johnson, Philip C., «��-��,» ��-�� and «��-��,» ��- -- Johnson, Philip C., «��-��,» ��- ��. �� and «��-��,» ��-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Inaugural Address as Direc- -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «��: tor of Architecture at Armour Institute of Technology, ��,» Discurso inaugural como direc- ��-��, also known as ‘the Banquet Speech’, later reprinted tor de la Facultad de Arquitectura as «Antrittsrede am Armour Institute of Technology, Chica- del ait,» ��-��, later reprinted as «Discurso de ingreso como director go (��)» in ��: Mies van der Rohe: Principles and School—Lehre del Departamento de Arquitectura und Schule (Zurich: Institute for the History & Theory of Ar-

del ait», in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. chitecture at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), ��- op. cit., ��-��. ��; and in ��. Mies van der Rohe, Continuing the Chicago School of -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, Architecture (Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser), ��-��, and in Neumey- «��: Mensaje al Illinois Institute er, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunstlose Wort. Gedanken of Architecture (sic.),» ��-�� [lat- zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), ��-��. er reprinted as «Mensaje al iit,» in -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Architecture and Technology. Jarauta, Francisco, et al. (eds.) ��. In Three Addresses at the Blackstone Hotel, April ��th, ��, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Escritos, on the Occasion of the Celebration of the Addition of the diálogos y discursos (Murcia: coaat; Institute of Design to Illinois Institute of Technology, Chi- col. de Arquitectura), ��-��, and cago, ��», ��-��, also known as ‘the id Merger Speech’, as «Arquitectura y tecnología», in

Puente, Moisés (ed.) ��. Conver- saciones con Mies van der Rohe. Certezas americanas (Barcelona: G. Gili), �-�]. 19 Printed for internal diffusion [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

-- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «��: 20 Idem. Initially distributed among iit Board of Trustees, and later among the fac - Carta con motivo de la inaugura- ulty and university staff (Dec., ��). The text often quotes Peebles, J. (��) A History of Armour Institute of Technology, ��-�� (Chicago: n.p). ción del Crown Hall,» ��]. 21 Printed for internal diffusion [iit Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

22 Idem.

23 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the moma, New York (Sept. ��th –Nov. �� rd, ��). Notoriously, this was the only monograph devoted to Mies until �� and, consequently, the only source of his sparse writings, then scattered and hard to find in the u.s. Although those included in the catalog were directly translated from the German by Johnson himself, it seems quite possible that Mies had overseen the results.

352 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

later reprinted as «Technik und Architektur» in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kurnstlose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� [English ed.: «Architecture and Technology,» in ��. The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��]. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Crown Hall Dedication Speech, ��,» ��-��.

Jencks, Charles A. ��. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. [Spanish ed.: Jencks, Charles A., ��. El London: Academy Editions. Particularly: lenguaje de la arquitectura posmoderna. Barce- -- Part i: The Death of Modern Architecture, especially its section lona: G. Gili. Particularly: «Univalent Form,» ��-��. -- Part i: La muerte de la arquitectura moderna, and especially its section «Contenido univalente,» ��-��]. Krohn, Carsten. ��. Mies van der Rohe. The Built Work. Basel: Birkhäuser.

Lambert, Phyllis (ed.) et al. ��. Mies in America. Montreal/New York: Canadian Centre for Architecture/Whitney Museum of American Art;24 Harry N. Abrams. Particularly: -- Oeschlin, Werner, «“Not From an Aestheticizing, but from a General Cultural Point of View”. Mies's Steady Resistance to Formalism and Determinism: a Plea for Value-criteria in Architecture,» ��-��. -- McAtee, Cammie, «Alien #��: Mies's First Trip to America», ��-�� [first printed as «Alien #��», Harvard Design Magazine, ��: ��-�� (Summer ��), and later as «Be- sucher-Visum #��: Mies' erste Reise nach Amerika», Bauwelt, �� (�): ��-�� (December ��th, ��)], especially: -- Part ii: «Mies in America,» especially the sections: -- «From Bauhaus to Armour,» ��-��. -- «Organic Architecture,» ��-��. -- «Mies's American Voice,» ��. -- Lambert, Phyllis, «Mies Immersion,» ��-��, especially: [Spanish ed.: Lambert, Phyllis, «In- -- «Introduction,» ��-��, especially the section: mersión en Mies: la etapa americana», -- «Representation as a Mode of Study,» ��-��. A&V Monografías de Arquitectura y Vivienda, -- «Learning a Language,» ��-��, especially the sections: ��: ��-�� (Nov.–Dec., ��, ‘Mies van der Rohe. Berlín/Chicago’, special issue)]. -- «The ait Commission & the Campus Plan,» ��-��. -- «Conceptual Schemes for the ait Scheme,» ��-��. -- «Presentation Drawings for ait Scheme,» ��-��. -- «Evolution of the iit Scheme,» ��-��. -- «Forging a Language,» ��-��. -- «Space and Structure,» ��-��, especially the section: -- «s.r. Crown Hall, iit (��-��),» ��-��.

24 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the wmaa, New York (Jun. ��st–Sept. ��rd, ��), later displayed at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chica - go (Feb. ��th—May ��th, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 353 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-- Mertins, Detlef, «Living in a Jungle: “Mies, Organic Archi- tecture, and the Art of City Building,» ��-��, especially: -- «Expression of Structure,» ��-��. -- «Technology—Nature—Art,» ��-��. -- «City Landscape,» ��-��. -- Whiting, Sarah, «Bas-relief Urbanism: Chicago's Figured Field,»25 ��-�� [later reprinted in Waldheim, Charles and Ray, Katerina R. (eds.) et al. ��. Chicago Architecture. Histories Revisions, Alternatives (Chicago/London), ��-��], especially: -- «Flatland: The Impenetrable Density of Chicago's Near South Side,» ��-��. -- «Manifest Destiny: iit and the Urban Frontier,» ��-��. -- «Points and Fields: Chicago's Urban Orders,» ��-��. -- «Mies's iit: Bas Relief Campus,» ��-��. -- «Contours of Proliferation: Chicago Near South Side,» ��-��. -- «Conclusion: Rethinking the Gravity Field,» ��-��. -- Hays, K. Michael, «The Mies Effect,»26 ��-��. -- Eisenman, Peter, «Mies and the Figuring of Absence,»27 ��- �� [later reprinted in Eisenman, Peter. ��. Written Into the Void: Selected Writings, ��-��. (New Haven/London: Yale University Press), ch. ��, ��-��]. [Spanish ed.: Koolhaas, Rem, «Mi- -- Koolhaas, Rem, «Mies-takes,» ��-�� [later reprinted as estakes,» in a+t, ��: ��-�� (Spring, ��, «Miestakes» in Koolhaas, Rem and McGetrick, Brendan ‘Nueva materialidad’, special issue). (eds.) et al. ��. Content: Triumph of Realization. Köln/London: Taschen].

Llobet i Ribeiro, Xavier. ��. Hilberseimer y Mies. La metrópoli como ciudad jardín. Barcelona: Fundación Caja de Arquitectos.28 Particularly: -- Part ii: «Infraestructuras,», and especially: -- Chapter �: «La Unidad de Asentamiento,» ��-��, espe-

25 Originally a chapter of Whiting, S. (��) The Jungle in the Clearing. Space, Form and Democracy in America, ��-�� (PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford Anderson, supervisor), ch. �, pp. ��-��.

26 Article based on a lecture delivered at the symposium Beyond Mies, held at iit, Chi- cago (Sep. ��th–��th, ��), with occasion of the McCormick Tribune Campus Building Competition, ��.

27 Article based on the project report submitted by the author to the McCormick Tribune Campus Building Competition, ��.

28 Additional documents concerning original interviews with some of Mies's disciples at iit, here omitted, can be found in Llobet i Ribeiro, X. (��), «Epílogo,» in Mies y Hilberseimer. La metrópolis como ciudad jardín (PhD diss., Barcelona: Universitat Politècni- ca de Catalunya; M. Codinachs, supervisor), pp. ��-��. Part of the compiled documentation is shared with Jiménez Gómez, E. Mª (��) El pilar en Mies van der Rohe: el lèxic de l'acer (PhD diss., Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; J. Ferrándiz, supervisor), focused on the evolution of specific constructive aspects in Mies's work. Regarding iit, see «�ª època. El pilar grey h», ch. �, pp. ��-��.

354 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

cially the sections: -- «La Metrópolis como Ciudad Jardín,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Metamorfosis de las Grandes Ciudades,» ��-��, especially the sections: -- «Estrategias de Transformación Urbana,» ��-��. -- «Reconstrucción del Paisaje Natural,» ��-��. -- Part iii: «Estructuras,» and especially: -- Chapter �: «Los Nuevos Estándares,» ��-��, especially: -- «Reurbanización del Campus del iit,» ��-��.

Michaels, Leonard. ��. Contemporary Structure in Architecture. London: Reinhold Publishing. Particularly: -- Chapter i: «Contemporary Structure,» �-��, and especially: -- «The Skeleton Frame,» �-��. -- Chapter ii: «Structure in Architectural Design,» ��-��, and especially the section: -- «Structural Form,» ��-��.

Mertins, Detlef (ed.) et al. ��. The Presence of Mies. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.29 Particularly: -- Mertins, Detlef, «New Mies,» ��-��. -- Neumeyer, Fritz, «A World in Itself: Architecture and Tech- nology,» ��-��. -- Colomina, Beatriz, «Mies Not,» ��-��. -- Krauss, Rosalind, «The Grid, the /Cloud/, and the Detail,» ��-��. -- Hays, K. Michael, «Odysseus and the Oarsmen, or Mies's Abstraction Once Again,» ��-��.30

——— and Jennings, Michael W. (eds.) ��. g: An Avant-Garde Journal of Art, Architecture, Design and Film. ��-��. London/Los Angeles: Tate Publishing/Getty Research Institute. Translated by S. Lindberg and M. Ingrid Christian. Particularly: -- Mertins, Detlef, «Architecture, Worldview, and World Im- age in g,» ��-��. -- Miës van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Industrial Construction,» [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, ��-�� [English facsimile of the original text «Industrielles Ludwig, «Construcción industrial», in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe: La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre -Ar quitectura, ��-�� (Madrid: El Croquis, 29 Collection of essays from a symposium organized by the University of Toron- Bib. de Arquitectura nº �), ��-��]. to School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, held at the Council Chamber, Toronto City Hall (Sept. ��th, ��) with occasion of the �� th anniversary of the Toron - to-Dominion Centre, by Mies van der Rohe.

30 An expanded version was later reissued in Hays, Michael K. (��), «Abstraction's Appeareance,» in Somol, R.E. Autonomy and Ideology: Positioning an Architectural Avant-Gar- de in America (New York/Montreal: Monacelli Press/cca), pp. ��-��, part of the proceedings of the conference Autonomy and Ideology: Positioning an Architectural Avant-Garde in America, ��-��, held at the cca, Montreal, with the support of Columbia gsapp, New York, and the moma, New York (Feb. �st–�rd, ��), and organized by Ph. Lambert.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 355 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bauen,» in G, �: �-�� (Jun., ��), later published in Neumey- er, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe: Das Kunstlose Wort: Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), ��-�� [English ed.: «Industri- al Construction,» ��. The Artless Word. Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��-��].

———. ��. Mies. London: Phaidon Press. Particularly: -- Organic Architecture, especially the sections: -- «ait/iit: Open Campus,» ��-��. -- «iit: Clear Construction,» ��-��. -- Unfolding Structure, especially the sections: -- «Farnsworth to Crown Hall: Clear Span,» ��-��. -- Event Space: Living Life Large, ��-��.

[Spanish ed.: Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe: Das Kunstlose Wort: Gedan- Mies van der Rohe: La palabra sin artificio. ken zur Baukunst. Berlin: Siedler [English ed.: ��. The Artless Word. Reflexiones sobre Arquitectura, ��-��. Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art. Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press. Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Arquitectu- Translated by M. Jarzombek]. Particularly: ra nº �]. Particularly: -- Neumeyer, Fritz, «Einleitung. Die Tradition der Rezeption: -- Neumeyer, Fritz «Introducción. Mies van der Rohe in der Geschichtsschreibung zur moder- Tradición de la recepción: Mies van nen Architektur,» xi-xxii [«Introduction: Mies van der Rohe der Rohe en la historiografía de la in the Historiography of Modern Architecture,» xi-xxii]. arquitectura moderna,» ��-��. -- Neumeyer, Fritz, «vi. Die Architektur der Erkennenden: Der -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, doppelte Weg in die Ordnung,» ��-�� [«vi. Architecture «Apéndice ii: Manifiestos, textos y conferencias. Cuaderno de Notas for the Search of Knowledge: The Double Way to Order», ��-��. (�) Apuntes para conferen- ��-��]. cias,» ��-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, n.d. [��?]. Undated and un- -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, paged manuscript notebook, transcribed as «Anhang ii No- «Apéndice iv: Manifiestos, textos y tizheft (��–��) �. Vortragsnotizen,» ��-��. [«Appendix ii conferencias, ��-��. (�) Confer- Notebook (��–��) �. Notes for Lectures,» ��-��]. encia en Chicago,» ��-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, n.d. [��?]. Undated manu- -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, script for a lecture, transcribed as «Anhang iv ��–��. �. «Apéndice iv: Manifiestos, textos y Vortrag, Chicago (o. Datum),» ��-�� [«Appendix iv ��– conferencias, ��-��. (�) Apuntes ��. �. Lecture. Chicago, occasion and date unknown,» ��- para conferencias, hacia ��,» ��- ��; later reprinted as «[��]31 [With infinite slowness arises ��]. the great form]» in Ockman, Joan (ed.) and Eigen, Edward. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, ��. Architecture Culture, ��-��: A Documentary Anthology «Apéndice iv: Manifiestos, textos y conferencias, ��-��. (��) Líneas (New York: Columbia University, gsapp), pp. ��-��]. maestras para la enseñanza de la -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, n.d. [ca.��]. Undated man- arquitectura ��,» ��-��]. uscript for a speech, transcribed as «Anhang iv ��–��. �. Vermischtes—Notizen zu Vorträgen (um ��),» ��-�� [«Appendix, iv ��–��, �. Miscellaneous—Notes to Lec- tures,» ��-��]. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Leitgedanken zur Erziehung

31 Note that the date, given by the editor, is not consistent with Neumeyer's.

356 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

in der Baukunst,» ��-�� [«Principles for Education in Building Art,» ��-��].

Peebles, James C. ��. A History of Armour Institute of Technology, ��-��. Chicago: n.p.32

Peter, John. ��. The Oral History of Modern Architecture: Interviews With the Greatest Architects of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harry N. Abrams. Particularly: -- Peter, John, «Conversation with Ludwig Mies van der Ro- [Spanish ed.: Peter, John, «Conver- he,»33 ��-��. sación �», in Puente, Moisés (ed.) ��. -- Johnson, Philip, «On Mies van der Rohe,» ��-��. Conversaciones con Mies van der Rohe. Cer- tezas americanas (Barcelona: G. Gili), ��- ��]. Puente, Moisés (ed.) ��. Conversations with Mies van der Rohe: American Certainties. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. [Spanish ed.: Puente, Moisés (ed.) ��. Conversaciones con Mies van der Rohe. Cer- -- Ábalos, Iñaki, «Mies's American Period and its Relevance tezas americanas. Barcelona: G. Gili. Par- Today,» ��-��. ticularly:

-- Ábalos, Iñaki, «Actualidad del Riley, Terence, Bergdoll, Barry (eds.) et al. ��. Mies in Berlin. Mies americano,» ��-��]. 34 New York: Museum of Modern Art. Particularly: [Spanish ed.: Riley, Terence, «Hacer

-- Riley, Terence, «Making History: Mies van der Rohe and historia: Mies y el moma», A&V Mono- The Museum of Modern Art,» ��-��. grafías de Arquitectura y Vivienda, ��: ��-�� -- Bergdoll, Barry, «The Nature of Mies's Space,» ��-��. (Nov.–Dec., ��, ‘Mies van der Rohe. -- Mertins, Detlef, «Architectures of Becoming: Mies van der Berlín/Chicago’, special issue)]. Rohe and the Avant-Garde,» ��-��. -- Riley, Terence, «From Bauhaus to Court-House,» ��-��.

Schulze, Franz. ��. Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography. Chica- [Spanish ed.: Schulze, Franz. ��. Mies go: University of Chicago Press.35 Particularly: van der Rohe: Una biografía crítica. Madrid: -- Chapter �: «Departure and Flight, ��-��,» ��-��. Hermann Blume. Trans. J. Sainz Avia. -- Chapter �: «Revival: Modernism Without Utopia, ��-��,» Particularly: ��-��. -- Chapter �: «El abandono y la huida, -- Chapter �: «America: The Triumph of Steel and Glass, ��- ��-��,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «La recuperación: mod- ��,» ��-��. ernidad sin utopía, ��-��,» ��- ��. Schulze, Franz (ed.) et al. ��. Mies van der Rohe: Critical Essays. -- Chapter �: «América: El triunfo del New York: Museum of Modern Art. Paricularly: acero y el cristal,» ��-��].

32 Unpublished text, based in Hendricks, W., «Historical Sketch of Armour Insti - tute of Technology», in Armour Engineer and Alumni, � (�): ��-��, ��-�� (May, ��).

33 Transcript of Peter, John, «Conversations regarding the future of Architecture: Mies van der Rohe», Print, �� (�) (��).

34 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the moma, New York ( Jun. �� st–Sept. ��th, ��), later displayed at Staatliche Museen – Preussischer Kulturbe- sitz, Berlin (Dec. �� th, ��–Mar. ��th, ��) and finally at Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona (Jul. ��th–Sept. ��th, ��).

35 In collaboration with the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the moma, New York.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-- Schulze, Franz, «Introduction,» ��-��. -- Pommer, Richard, «Mies van der Rohe and the Political Ide- ology of the Modern Movement in Architecture,» ��-��. -- Neumeyer, Fritz, «Space for Reflection: Block versus Pavil- ion,» ��-��. -- Schulze, Franz and Freed, James Ingo, «Mies in America: An Interview with James Ingo Freed Conducted by Franz Schulze,» ��-��.

——— (ed.) and Drexler, Arthur. �� (Part i), �� (Part ii). The Mies van der Rohe Archive. An Illustrated Catalog of the Mies van der Rohe Drawings in the Museum of Modern Art, �� vols. New York: Garland Publishing. Particularly: -- Part ii: «��-��. The American Work,» especially: -- Vol. Eight: ‘iit, volume �’ (Master Plan, General Studies, Preliminary Studies, and other buildings and projects). -- Vol. Nine: ‘iit, volume �’ (Library and Administration Building). -- Vol. Ten: ‘iit, volume �’ (Alumni Memorial Hall, Field House Building, Gymnasium, Natatorium, and other buildings and projects). -- Vol. Eleven: ‘iit, volume �’ (Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering Building (/Perlstein Hall), and other buildings and projects). -- Vol. Twelve: ‘iit, volume �’ (Robert F. Carr Memori- al Chapel of Saint Savior, s.r. Crown Hall, and other buildings and projects). -- Vol. Twenty: ‘Unidentified Drawings’.

——— and Barnes, Richard. ��. The Campus Guide: Illinois In- stitute of Technology. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

——— and Windhorst, Edward. ��. Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «America Beckons: ��-��,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Architect and Educator: ��-��,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «A New Architectural Language: ��-��,» ��- ��. -- Chapter �: «The ��s,» ��-��. -- Chapter ��: «American Apogee: Commercial and Institu- tional Work: ��-��,» ��-��.

Sharp, Denis (ed.) ��. The Rationalists: Theory and Design in the Modern Movement. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co. Particularly: -- Carter, Peter, «Mies van der Rohe,» ��-��.

358 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

Shell, William S. ��. Impressions of Mies: An Interview on Mies van der Rohe. His Early Chicago Years, ��-��, with former students, Edward A. Duckett and Joseph Y. Fujikawa. Chicago: s.n.

Spaeth, David A. ��. Mies van der Rohe. New York: Rizzoli. Par- ticularly: [Spanish ed.: Spaeth, David A. ��. -- Frampton, K., «The Unknown Mies van der Rohe,» �-��. Mies van der Rohe. Trans. S. Castán. Bar- -- Chapter iv: «��-��,» ��-��. celona: G. Gili. Particularly: -- Frampton, Kenneth, «Preface: The

Speyer, A. James. ��. Mies van der Rohe. Chicago: aic.36 Unknown Mies van der Rohe,» �-��. -- Chapter iv: «��-��», �� -��].

Speyer, A. James. ��. Mies van der Rohe Drawings: From the Collec- tion of A. James Speyer. New York: Max Protetch Gallery.

Swenson, Alfred, and Chang, Pao-Chi (eds.) ��. Architectural Ed- ucation at iit, ��-��. Chicago: iit Press. Particularly: -- «The iit Department of Architecture and its Predecessors: ��-��,» �-��. -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «The Architecture Curriculum at iit,» ��-��.37 -- «The iit Undergraduate Curriculum in Architecture,» especially the sections: -- «Drawing Sequence,» ��-��. -- «Visual Training Sequence,» ��-��. -- «Construction Sequence,» ��. -- «Planning Sequence,» ��-��. -- «Architecture Sequence,» ��-��. -- «The iit Graduate Program in Architecture,» ��-��.

Tegethoff, Wolf. ��. Die Villen und Landhausprojekte von Mies van der Rohe: Wohnen in Einen Neuen Zeit. Essen/Krefeld: Richard Bacht/Kaiser-Wilhelm-Museum Krefeld38 [English ed.: ��. Mies van der Rohe. The Villas and Country Houses. New York/Cam- bridge, Mass.: The Museum of Modern Art/mit Press. Translat-

36 Catalog of the retrospective exhibition on Mies van der Rohe, organized at the aic, Chicago, in collaboration with the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts (Apr. �� th–Jun. ��th, ��) by A. James Speyer, aic curator of contemporary art.

37 From an iit brochure published in ��. For a complete study, see McAtee, Cam- mie D. (��) Mies van der Rohe and Architectural Education: The Curriculum at the Illinois In- stitute of Technology, Student Projects, and Built Work (m.a. Diss., Kingston, Ontario: Queen's University; P. du Prey, supervisor). The essay includes «Appendix b: Three iit Reading Lists, ��-��,» a series of transcripts of documents by W. Peterhans, among others, at cca collections [Fonds Myron Goldsmith, ��-�� ( cca Archives, Montreal)].

38 Catalog of the exhibition organized at Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, Krefeld (May ��th–Jul. ��th, ��), with the support of The Mies van der Rohe Archive at the moma, New York, on the occasion of the public opening of the restored Lange and Esters Houses by Mies van der Rohe, now owned by the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 359 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ed by Russell M. Stockman]. Particularly: -- «Einführung,» �� [«Introduction,» ��].

Wolsdorff, Christian (ed.) ��. Der Vorbildliche Architekt: Mies van der Rohes Architekturunterricht ��-�� am Bauhaus und in Chicago. Berlin: Nicolai/Bauhaus-Archiv.39 Particularly: -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Architecture,» �� (text originally published in English). -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «The Architectural Curricu- lum ��/��,» ��-�� (text originally published in English).

Zevi, Bruno. ��. Poetica dell'architettura neoplastica. Milan: Ed. Po- [Spanish ed.: Zevi, Bruno. ��. Poética litecnica Tamburini, Studi monografici d'architettura, vol. �. de la arquitectura neoplástica. Buenos Aires: Ed. Victor Lerú]. Zukowsky, John, Dal Co, Francesco (eds.) et al. ��. Mies Recon- [Spanish ed.: Zukowsky, John and Dal sidered: His Career, Legacy, and Disciples. New York/Chicago: Rizzo- Co, Francesco (eds.) et al. ��. Mies van li/The Art Institute of Chicago.40 Particularly: der Rohe. Su arquitectura y sus discípulos. Ma- -- Frampton Kenneth, «Modernism and Tradition in the Work drid: mopu. Particularly: of Mies van der Rohe, ��-��,» ��-��. -- Frampton Kenneth, «Modernidad -- Dal Co, Francesco, «Excellence: The Culture of Mies as y tradición en las obras de Mies van Seen in his Notes and Books,» ��-��. der Rohe, ��-��,» ��-�� [origi- -- Tigerman, Stanley, «Mies van der Rohe and his Disciples, or nally published in Frampton Ken- The American Architectural Text and Its Reading,» ��-��. neth, «Modernidad y tradición en las obras de Mies van der Rohe,» A&V Monografías de Arquitectura y ——— (ed.) et al. ��. Chicago Architecture and Design, ��-��: Vivienda, �: �-�� (��). Reconfiguration of an American Metropolis. Munich/Chicago: Prestel/ 41 -- Dal Co, Francesco, «Perfección: La Art Institute of Chicago. Particularly: cultura de Mies a través de sus notas -- Schulze, Franz, «Mies van der Rohe in America,» ��-��. y escritos,» ��-��.

-- Tigerman, Stanley, «Mies van der Rohe y sus discipulos, o el texto ar- quitectónico americano y sus lectu- ras,» ��-��].

39 Catalog of the exhibition organized at Bauhaus-Archiv/Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin (Nov. ��th, ��–Jan. �� th, ��), as part of the Mies van der Rohe Centennial Project. The book focuses in Mies's German production, while the American work had been previously included in Achilles,R., Harrington, K., and Myhrum, Ch. (��), Op. cit.

40 Catalog for the travelling exhibition The Unknown Mies van der Rohe and his Disciples of Modernism, organized at the aic, Chicago (Aug. �� th, ��–Oct. � th, ��), in collaboration with the Rosenbaum Foundation, by J. Zukowsky, aic curator of architecture. This exhibition was later displayed as Mies van der Rohe. Vorbild und Vermächtnis at the Deutsches Architekturmuseum, Frankfurt, (Dec. ��th, ��–Feb. �� th, ��); as Mies Van Der Rohe: Sa Càrriere, Son Héritage et Ses Disciples, at the Centre Georges Pompidou/Centre de Création Industrielle, Paris (Apr. �st–Jun. ��th, ��); and as Mies van der Rohe: su arquitectura y sus discípulos, at Sala del mopu/Arquería de Nuevos Ministerios, Madrid (Sept. ��th–Nov. � st, ��).

41 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the aic, Chicago (Jun. ��th, ��–Aug. �� th, ��) by J. Zukowsky, aic curator of architecture.

360 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MONOGRAPHS COVERING MIES'S EARLY AMERICAN WORK

8.1.2 Selected Articles on iit Before Mies's Death

1937 - «Overseaers», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (November, ��).

1938 - «Armour's Architect», Time Magazine, ��: �� (September ��th, ��). - «To Armour», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (October, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe Joins Armour Faculty», Pencil Points, ��: �� (October, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe to Teach in Chicago», Magazine of Art, ��: �� (October, ��). - «Named Architectural Head of Armour Institute of Technology», Architecture and Engineer, ��: ��-�� (October, ��). - «Architecture by Mies van der Rohe», Bulletin of the Insti- tute of Chicago, � (��): �� (December, ��).

1939 - Behrendt, Walter Curt, «Architecture by Mies van der Rohe», Magazine of Art, � (��): �� (October, ��).

1942 - Nelson, George, «Buildings to Come», Architectural Fo- rum, �� (�): �� (February, ��).

1943 - «Metals and Minerals Research Building; Drawings for the Library and Administration Building, Illinois Insti- tute of Technology, Designed by Mies van der Rohe», Architects' Journal, (��): �-�� (January, ��). - «Metals and Minerals Research Building, Illinois Insti- tute of Technology», Architectural Forum, (��): ��-�� (No- vember, ��).

1944 - Monson, Donald, «Plan for Illinois Technology», Weekly Bulletin of the Michigan Society of Architects, �� (��): � (Novem- ber, ��).

1946 - «Metals and Minerals Research Building», and «Draw- ings for the Library and Administration Building, Illi- nois Institute of Technology,» Architects' Journal, (��): �-�� (January, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 361 BIBLIOGRAPHY

- «Illinois Tech Replans �� City Blocks; Architect: Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (Septem- ber, ��).

1947 - «Mies van der Rohe, architecte», L'Architecture d'Aujo- urd'hui, �� (��): ��-�� (January, ��). - «L'institut de technologie de l'Illinois», L'Architecture d'Au- jourd'hui, �� (��): ��-�� (January, ��). - «Modular Purity at Chicago», Architects' Journal, ��: �� (March, ��). - Speyer, James A., «Mies van der Rohe: His First Large u.s. Exhibition Shows How He Helped to Create the Modern Style From Chairs to Skyscrapers», Art News, ��: ��-�� (September, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Record, ��: ��-�� (Sep- tember, ��). - Blake, Peter, «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (November ,��). - Eames, Charles, «Mies van der Rohe exhibition at moma», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (December, ��).

1948 - «Institute de Technologie en Illinois (u.s.a.)», Techniques et Architecture, � (�-�): �� (��).

1949 - Ryckwert, Joseph, «Mies van der Rohe», Burlington Magazine, ��: ��-�� (September, ��). - «Building Groups, i.i.t.», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (September, ��). - Whitcomb, Mildred E., «Campus Design: An interview with Mies van der Rohe», College and University Bussiness, � (�): �� (April, ��).

[Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, 1950 - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Architecture and Tech- Ludwig. «Mensaje al Illinois Institute of nology. In Three Addresses at the Blackstone Hotel, Technology», in Jarauta, Francisco, et April ��th, ��. On the Occasion of the Celebration of al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Es- the Addition of the Institute of Design to Illinois Insti- critos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: coaat; tute of Technology, Chicago, ��», Arts and Architecture, col. de Arquitectura), ��-��; later re- �� (��): ��, ��-�� (October, ��) [reprinted in Bauen und printed as «Arquitectura y tecnología», Wohnen, ��: � (December, ��), Interiors, ��: ��-�� (De- in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der cember, ��) and later as «Technik und Architektur» in Rohe. La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunstlose arquitectura, ��-�� (Madrid: El Cro- quis, Bib. de Arquitectura nº �), ��-��, Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), ��-�� [En- and as «Arquitectura y Tecnología», in glish ed.: «Architecture and Technology». ��. The Art-

Puente, Moisés (ed.) ��. Conversaciones less Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, con Mies van der Rohe. Certezas americanas Mass.: mit Press), ��-��]. (Barcelona: G. Gili), �-�]. - «Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (Jan- uary, ��).

362 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT BEFORE MIES'S DEATH

- «Mies van der Rohe», L'Architecture d'Aujour d'hui, ��: ��-�� (May, ��). - Weber, Hugo, «Mies van der Rohe in Chicago», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (�-�): �-�� (December, ��).

1951 - Roth, Alfred, «Bemerkungen zu den Wohnhochhaus- ern von Mies van der Rohe in Chicago», Werk, Bauen+ Wohnen, ��: �-� (January, ��). - «Mies and Architecture: Effect of Time on Architec- ture», Architectural Review, ��: �� (March, ��). - Condit, Carl W., «Mies van der Rohe», Journal of Aesthet- ics, �: ��-�� (June, ��). - «Chapel Designed for Illinois Tech», Architectural Record, [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- ��: �� (August, ��). wig, «Una capilla. Illinois Institute of - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «A Chapel: Robert F. Technology», in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Carr Memorial Chapel of St. Saviour, Illinois Institute Mies van der Rohe. La palabra sin artificio. of Technology», Art News, ��: �� (October, ��) [later Reflexiones sobre arquitectura, ��-�� reprinted in Architectural Record, ��: �� (December, ��) (Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Arquitec- tura nº �), ��-��]. and in Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (Spring, ��), later reprinted as «A Chapel. Illinois Institute of Technology» in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunst- lose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), ��-�� [English ed.: «A Statement on the Design of the Carr Chapel, Illinois Institute of Technology» ��. The Art- less Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��]. - «Two More Buildings for i.i.t.», Interiors, ��: �� (October, ��). - Llewelyn-Davies, Richard, «‘Endless Architecture’, a Lecture Delivered at the aa on June ��th», Architectural As- sociation Journal, ��: ��-�� (November, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe's New Buildings», Architectural Fo- rum, �� (�): ��-�� (November, ��).

1952 - Wachsmann, Konrad, «Mies van der Rohe, His Work», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (March, ��). - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Six Students talk with Mies», interview with students of the School of Design, North Carolina State University, Line Magazine � (�): ��-�� (February, ��).42 - Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, «The Evolution of Wright, Mies and Le Corbusier», Perspecta, � (�): �-�� (Summer, ��).

42 Apparently, Mies repeated some of his statements in a later interview with students at the Architecture League, New York, c.��. This circumstance has motivated a dicussion around the date in which these were actually formulated.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 363 BIBLIOGRAPHY

- «Illinois Institute of Technology a Chicago», Metron, � (��): ��-�� (��). - «Mies van der Rohe», Domus, ��: �-� (November, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe Designs a Chapel», Architectural Re- cord, ��: �� (December, ��).

1953 - «Mies Designs a New Lab for Railroad Research», Archi- tectural Record, ��: �� (February, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Forum, ��: �-�� (Febru- ary, ��). - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «The End of the Bau- haus», Line Magazine, �: ��-�� (Spring, ��).

[Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Aphorisms», Perspecta, �: wig, «Aforismos ��», in Jarauta, Fran- ��-�� (Spring, ��) [later reprinted as «Aphorismen von cisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Mies,» in Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: la structure. Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag für Architektur Die coaat; col. de Arquitectura), ��-��]. Kunst Der Struktur (Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser), ��-��]. - Wright, E., «Van der Rohe's Steel», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (September, ��). - Malcomson, Reginald, «Noveaux Bâtiments de l'Insti- tut Technique de l'Illinois, Chicago», L'Architecture d'Aujo- urd'hui, �� (��-�): ��-�� (December, ��).

1954 - «Another Mies Building and a New Mies Design; Car- man Hall, i.i.t. and Chicago Convention Hall», Architec- tural Record, ��: �� (January, ��). - «Less is More», Time Magazine, ��: ��, �� ( June ��th, ��). - «i.i.t. Building for the College of Architecture, Planning and Design, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», and «Designs another Building for Illinois Institute of Technology», Architectural Record, ��: ��, (July, ��). - «Mies Hangs a Roof», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (July, ��). - «iit Building for the College of Architecture, Planning and Design, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (August, ��). - Johnson, Philip, «School at Hunstanton, Norfolk. Com- ment by Philip Johnson as an American follower of Mies van der Rohe», in Architectural Review ��: ��-�� (Sep- tember, ��)

1955 - «Mies van der Rohe», and «Illinois Institute of Tech- nology, Chicago; New Buildings», Architectural Record, ��: ��-�� (January, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (April, ��). - «Student Commons (Illinois Institute of Technology,

364 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT BEFORE MIES'S DEATH

Chicago, Ill.)», Progressive Architecture, ��: ��-�� (July, ��). - «iit Housing», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-��, ��-�� (November, ��).

1956 - «iit Dedicates Crown Hall, New Design Building by Mies», Architectural Forum, ��: ��, �� (June, ��). - Blaser, Werner, «Mies van der Rohe, Chicago School, ��-��», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (��): �� (‘Mies van der Rohe, �� Jährig’, special issue, July, ��) [later reissued as «Apr. ��th, ��: Address at the Dedication of Crown Hall,» in Blaser, W. (��), Mies van der Rohe, s.r. Crown Hall: Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (Basel/Boston: Birkhäuser), p. ��]. - «Technische Hochschule des Staates Illinois in Chica- go—Institut Technologique de l'Etat d'Illinois, à Chi- cago—Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (��): ��-�� (‘Mies van der Rohe, �� Jährig’, special issue, July, ��). - Giedion, Sigfried, «Der moralische Einfluss der - Ar chitektur Mies van der Rohes», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (��): ��-�� (‘Mies van der Rohe, �� Jährig’, special issue, July, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe's Latest iit Building, s.r. Crown Hall», «Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology», and «An Architecture Building for iit», Architectural Re- cord, ��: ��-�� (August, ��). - «Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology. Mies's Enormous Room», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (Au- gust, ��). - «Mies' Crown Hall, i.i.t.», Interiors, ��: ��-�� (October, ��). - Malcomson, Reginald, «Mies van der Rohe», L'Architec- ture d'Aujourd'hui, � (��): ��-�� (November, ��).

1957 - «Mies van der Rohe, Chicago: ��-��. Stahl und glas architektur», Baukunst und Werkform, �: ��-�� (January, ��). - Rogers, Ernesto N., «Problematica di Mies van der Rohe», Casabella, ��: �-� (February-March, ��). - «Personal Contributions to American Architecture», Ar- chitectural Review, ��: ��-�� (May, ��). - «Emergence of a Master Architect», Life Magazine, ��: ��-�� (March ��th, ��). - «The Miesian Superblock», Architectural Forum, ��: ��- �� (March, ��). - Peter, John, «Conversations regarding the future of Ar-

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 365 BIBLIOGRAPHY

chitecture: Mies van der Rohe», Print, �� (�) (��).

1958 - «Quelques écrits de Mies van der Rohe [Some Writings by Mies van der Rohe]», L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, �� (��): ��-��, ��-�� (September, ��, ‘L'œuvre de Mies van der Rohe’ special issue). [Spanish ed.: Norberg-Schulz, Chris- - Norberg-Schulz, Christian, «Rencontre avec Mies van tian, «Una conversación con Mies van der Rohe [Talks with Mies van der Rohe]», L'Architec- der Rohe», in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. ture d'Aujourd'hui, �� (��): �� (September, ��, ‘L'œuvre Mies van der Rohe. La palabra sin artificio. de Mies van der Rohe’ special issue), reprinted in «Ein Reflexiones sobre arquitectura, ��-�� Gespräch mit Mies van der Rohe», Baukunst und Werk- (Madrid: El Croquis, Bib. de Arquitec- form, �� (��): ��-�� (November, ��), and later reprinted tura nº �), ��-��. in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunstlose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), ��-�� [En- glish ed.: «Christian Norberg-Schulz: A talk with Mies van der Rohe» ��. The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��-��]. - Blake, Peter, «Modern Architecture: The Difficult Art of Simplicity», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (May, ��).

1959 - Mumford, Lewis, «The Lessons of the Master», American Institute of Architects Journal, ��: ��-�� (January, ��). - López, R., «Visite aux usa, �� leçon de Mies van der Rohe», L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, ��: �-� (February, ��). - «Royal Gold Medal for Architecture, ��», Royal Insti- tute of British Architects Journal, ��: ��-�� (February, ��). [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Interview», in Interbuild, Ludwig, «Conversación �», in Puente, � (�): �-�� (June, ��).43 Moisés (ed.) ��. Conversaciones con Mies - Spence, Basil, «Presentation of the Royal Gold Medal van der Rohe. Certezas americanas (Barcelo- for �� to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe», Royal Institute of na: G. Gili), �-��]. British Architects Journal, ��: ��-�� (July, ��). [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Appreciation for the wig, «Agradecimiento por la Royal Gold Royal Gold Medal», Royal Institute of British Architects Jour- Medal», in Jarauta, Francisco, et al. nal, ��: �� (July, ��). (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Escri- - Cadbury-Brown, H.T., «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: tos, diálogos y discursos (Murcia: coaat; col. de Arquitectura), ��-��]. An Address of Appreciation», Architecture Association Jour-

[Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- nal, �� (��): ��-�� (July–August, ��) [later reissued as wig, «Discurso de agradecimiento», in «L. Mies van der Rohe in conversation with H.T. Cad- 44 Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe. bury-Brown», in aa Files, �� (December, ��), ��-��]. La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre arqui- - Shankland, Graeme, «Architect of ‘the Clear and the tectura, ��-�� (Madrid: El Croquis, Reasonable’», in The Listener, lxxii (��): ��-�� (Octo- Bib. de Arquitectura nº �), ��. ber ��th, ��).

43 Also known as the ‘No Dogma’ interview.

44 Transcript of an public interview, broadcasted by the bbc on May �� th, ��.

366 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT BEFORE MIES'S DEATH

1960 - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Wohin gehen wir nun?/ [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- Où allons-nous?/ Where do we go from here?», Werk, wig, «¿Hacia dónde nos dirigimos?», in Bauen+Wohnen, �� (��): �� (January, ��), later reprinted Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe. La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre arqui- in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunstlose tectura, ��-�� (Madrid: El Croquis, Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� [English Bib. de Arquitectura nº �), ��]. ed.: «Where Do We Go from Here?», in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Build- ing Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��]. - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Presentation of the Gold Medal of Honor to L. Mies van der Rohe, faia», Journal of American Institute of Architects, ��: ��-�� (June, ��). - «A medal for L. Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (April, ��). - «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Winner, Gold Medal, American Institute of Architects», Architectural Record, ��: �� (March, ��). - Jordy, William H., «The formal image: usa», in Architec- tural Review �� (��): ��-�� (March, ��) [later expanded in Jordy, William H., and Bacon, Mardges (ed.). ��. "Symbolic Essence" and Other Writings on Modern Architecture and American Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press].

1961 - Carter, Peter, «Mies van der Rohe. On Architectural Education», Architectural Design, ��: �� (March, ��). - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Mies van der Rohe, an Appreciation on the Occasion, This Month, of His ��th Birthday», Architectural Design, ��: ��-�� (March, ��), trascript of a broadcasted speech at The Voice of America, later reprinted as «Dankrede im Sender ‘Voice of Amer- ica’ aus Anlafl des ��. Geburtstages», in Neumeyer, F. (��) Mies van der Rohe—Das Kunstlose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� [English ed.: «Thank-you Speech on the Voice of America on the Occasion of His Seventy-fifth Birthday», (��) The Artless Word: Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��]. - Carter, Peter, «Mies van der Rohe», Werk, Bauen+ Wohnen, � (��): ��-�� (��). - Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Towards a Unity», Arts and Architecture, ��: ��-�� (April, ��). - Jordy, William H., «The place of Mies in American Architecture», Zodiac, �: ��-�� (��) [transcript of the homonymous lecture given at The Voice of America Forum Lectures, Architecture series No. �: 1-8, (Spring, ��)].

1962 - Banham, Reiner, «Almost Nothing is Too Much», Architec- tural Record, ��: ��-�� (August, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 367 BIBLIOGRAPHY

- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, «Ich mache niemals ein Bild», Die Bauwelt, �� (��): ��-�� (August, ��).

1964 - Burckhardt, Lucius, and Blaser, Werner, «Mies van der Rohe», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, �� (��): ��-�� (‘Objektive Architektur—Mies van der Rohe’, special issue, Novem- ber, ��).

[Spanish ed.: Carter, Peter, «Los es- 1965 - Carter, Peter, «Mies' Urban Spaces», Architects' Year Book, pacios urbanos de Mies», in Cuadernos ��: ��-�� (��). Summa — Nueva Visión , ��: �-�� (Dec.,

��) Trans. S. Alpersohn and M. Pérez 1966 - Jencks, Charles, «The Problem of Mies», Architectural Asso- Rivas. Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión]. ciation Journal, ��: ��-�� (May, ��), later reprinted in [Spanish ed.: Jenks, Charles A. ��. Jencks, Charles A. ��. Modern Movements in Architecture. Movimientos modernos en arquitectura. Trans. (New York: Anchor Press), Chapter �: The Problem of Mies, Fernando G. Fernández. Madrid: Her- especially its section «Farce and the Belief in Essence,» mann Blume. Particularly: ��-��. -- Chapter �: El problema de Mies, especially «La etapa americana: farsa - Blaser, Werner, «Hommage an Mies», Werk, Bauen+ y esencia,» ��-��, later reprinted Wohnen, � (��): ��-�� (‘Ludwig Mies van der Rohe �� in A&V Monografías de Arquitectura y Jahre’, special issue, May, ��). Vivienda, �: ��-�� (Apr.–Jun., ��)]. - Joedicke, Jürgen, «Zu diesem Heft», Werk, Bauen+ Wohnen, � (��): �� (‘Ludwig Mies van der Rohe �� Jahre’, special issue, May, ��). - Smithson, Peter, «“Ich verdanke Mies van der Rohe so viel...”—“Je dois tant à Mies van der Rohe...”—“My own debt to Mies van der Rohe...”», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (��): �� (‘Ludwig Mies van der Rohe �� Jahre’, special issue, May, ��). - «Mies at ��», Progressive Architecture, ��: ��-�� (March, ��). - «Gold Medal of the Chicago Chapter of the aia to Lud- wig Mies van der Rohe», Architectural Record, ��: �� (July, ��). [Spanish ed.: Kuh, Katharine, and Ber- - Kuh, Katherine, «Mies van der Rohe: Modern Classi- man, Avis (ed.). ��. Mi historia de amor cist», Saturday Review, �� (�): ��-��, �� (January ��rd, ��) con el arte moderno. Madrid/México d.f.: [partially reprinted in Berman, Avis, and McNaught, Turner/Fondo de Cultura Económica. Lawrence (ed.), «An interview with Katherine Kuh», Trans. B. Moreno Carrillo. Particularly: Archives of American Art Journal, � (��): �-�� (��), later re- -- «Mies van der Rohe en Chicago,» printed and expanded as «Mies van der Rohe in Chica- ��-��]. go», in Kuh, Katherine and Berman, Avis (ed.) ��. My Love Affair With Modern Art (New York: Arcade), ��-��. - Entenza, John, «The Presentation of the Gold Medal, Chicago Chapter, American Institute of Architects», Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, �-� (��) [partially reissued in Spaeth, David. ��. Mies van der Rohe (New York: Rizzoli), pp. ��-��].

368 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT BEFORE MIES'S DEATH

1967 - Furlong, William B. «The Expanding World of iit», Chi- [Spanish ed.: «Mies habla», in Jarauta, cago, n.d: ��-�� (Winter, ��). Francisco, et al. (eds.) ��. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Escritos, diálogos y discursos

(Murcia: coaat; col. de Arquitectura), 1968 - «Mies Speaks: “I Do Not Design Buildings, I Develop ��-��]. Buildings”», Architectural Review, �� (��): ��-�� (De- cember, ��). - Schulze, Franz, «I Always Wanted to Know About the Truth», Panorama (Chicago Daily News): 4 (April ��th, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 369 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.1.3 Selected Articles on iit After Mies's Death

1969 - Ruegenberg, Sergius, «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (��- ��)», Deutsche Bauzeitung, �: �� (September, ��). - Kurtz, Stephen A., «Mies van der Rohe (��-��)», Progressive Architecture, ��: �-�� (November, ��). - Koenig, Giovanni Klaus, «Gropius o Mies», Casabella, ��: ��-�� (November, ��). - McQuade, Walter, «Mies», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (October, ��). - «Obituary: Mies van der Rohe ��-��», Architectural Record, ��: � (September, ��). - «Truth, Clarity and Order… the Messages of Mies», In- land Architect, ��: �-�� (August–September, ��). - «Obituary: Mies van der Rohe (��-��)», The New York Times (August ��th, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe, Disciplinarian for a Confused Age», Time Magazine, ��:��-�� (August ��th). «Mies van der Rohe, ��-��», Arkitekten, ��: ��-�� (��). [Spanish ed.: Smithson, Alison and Pe- - Smithson, Alison and Peter, «Mies van der Rohe», Ar- ter, «Mies van der Rohe», in Cuadernos chitectural Design, ��: ��-�� (July, ��) [later reissued Summa – Nueva Visión ��: �-� (Dec., ��). in «Mies' pieces,» in Smithson, Alison and Peter. ��. Trans. S. Alpersohn, and M. Pérez Ri- Changing the art of inhabitation (London/Munich: Artemis), vas. Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión; later �-��]. reprinted as «Piezas de Mies,» in Smith- - Gueft, Olga, «Protean Career of Ludwig Mies van der son, Alison and Peter. ��. Cambiando el Rohe», Interiors, ��: � (September, ��). arte de habitar. Trans. S. Estévez (Barcelo- - Blake, Peter, «Mies van der Rohe: Some Notes on the na: G. Gili), �-��]. Architect and his Work», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (October, ��). - Sweeney, James J., «Tribute to Mies van der Rohe», Il- linois Institute of Technology (n.p.): �-� (October ��th, ��) [partially reissued in Spaeth, David. ��. Mies van der Rohe (New York: Rizzoli), pp. ��-��].

1972 - Winter, John, «The Measure of Mies», Architectural Re- view, ��: ��-�� (February, ��).

1973 - Rowe, Colin, «Neo-“Classicism” and Modern Architec-

370 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT BEFORE MIES'S DEATH

ture ii», Oppositions, �: ��-�� (September, ��)45 [later re- [Spanish ed.: «Neo-“clasicismo” y ar- printed as «Neo-"Classicism" and Modern Architecture quitectura moderna ii», in Rowe, Colin. ii», in Rowe, Colin (��) The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa ��. Manierismo y arquitectura moderna y otros ensayos. Trans. F. Parcerisas (Barce- and Other Essays (Cambridge, Massachusetts: mit Press), lona: G. Gili), ��-��]. pp. ��-��].

1977 - Beeby, Thomas H., «Vitruvius Americanus. Mies's Or- nament», Inland Architect, ��: ��-�� (May, ��). - Beeby, Thomas H., «Flowering Grid», Architectural Re- view, �� (��): ��-�� (October, ��, ‘Chicago’ special issue). - Schulze, Franz, «How Chicago Got Mies—and Har- vard Didn't», Inland Architect, ��: ��-�� (May, ��).

1978 - Blake, Peter, «Modern Architecture; the Difficult Art of Simplicity», Architectural Forum, ��: ��-�� (May, ��). - Blundell-Jones, Peter: «Organic Versus Classic», aa Quarterly, ��: ��-�� (��).

1979 - Joedicke, Jürgen, «Zur Geschichte der modernen Ar- chitektur: Die Schule Mies van der Rohes—Sur l'his- toire de l'architecture moderne: L'école de Mies van der Rohe—On the history of modern architecture: The school of Mies van der Rohe», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, �� (��): ��-�� (October, ��).

1981 - Fujikawa, Joseph, «Mies Office, ��-��»,a +u: Architec- ture and Urbanism, ��: ��-�� (January, ��).

1982 - Takayama, Masami, «Architecture of Independent El- ements: Miesian Design Approach», a+u: Architecture and Urbanism, ��: ��-� (June, ��).

1983 - McSheffrey, Gerald R., «Mies's Greatest Bequest», Ar- chitectural Education, �: ��-�� (��). - Padovan, Richard, «Mies van der Rohe Reinterpreted», uia International Architect, �: ��-�� (��).

1984 - Hays, K. Michael, «Critical Architecture: Between Cul- ture and Form», Perspecta, ��: ��-�� (��). - Tegethoff, Wolf: «On the Development of the Con- ception of Space in the Works of Mies van der Rohe», Daidalos, ��: ��-�� (September, ��).

45 According to the author, this article was originally written as an independent essay between ��-��, when Mies's design for s.r. Crown Hall was first published.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 371 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1985 - Huxtable, Ada L., «The Making of a Master», The New York Times Book Review (December �st, ��) [later reissued in Huxtable, Ada L. (��) On Architecture: Collected Reflec- tions on a Century of Change (New York: Bloomsbury), pp. ��-��].

[Spanish ed.: Filler, Martin, «La ar- 1986 - Filler, Martin, «Building & Nothingness», The New York quitectura y la nada», A&V Monografías Times Books Review, �� (��) (June ��th, ��, ‘The Mies van de Arquitectura y Vivienda, �: ��-�� (��)]. der Rohe Mystique’, special issue). - Paricio, Ignacio, «Tres observaciones inconvenientes sobre la construcción en la obra americana», A&V Mono- grafías de Arquitectura y Vivienda, �: ��-�� (��). - Giovannini, Joseph, «Mies at moma: a Visionary in Con- text», Art News, ��: ��-�� (May, ��). - Filler, Martin and Rykwert, Joseph, «A Posthumous Mies: Two Views», Art in America, ��: ��-�� (April, ��). - Gowan, James, «Reflections on the Mies Centennial», Architectural Design, ��: �-�� (��). - Tigerman, Stanley, «Mies van der Rohe: a Moral Mod- ernist Model», Perspecta, ��: ��-�� (��). - Jordy, William H., «The Return of Mies van der Rohe», The New Criterion, �: �� (May, ��), ��. - Goldberg, Bertrand, «Kindergarten Plauderei», Inland Architect, � (��): ��-�� (March–April, ��, ‘Mies van der Rohe’ special issue, F. Schulze consultant ed.). - Beeby, Thomas H., «Crafting a Language», Inland Ar- chitect, � (��): ��-�� (March–April, ��, ‘Mies van der Rohe’ special issue, F. Schulze consultant ed.). - Lohan, Dirk, «Mies Re-considered», Inland Architect, �� (�): �-� (November–December, ��).

1988 - Cacciari, Massimo, «Mies's Classics», Res, ��: �-�� (Au- tumn, ��).

1990 - Lambert, Phyllis and Campbell-Lange, Barbara-Ann, «Mies van der Rohe: Vintage Photographs and Draw- ings», Newsline. Magazine of the Graduate School of Archi- tecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, �: � (May, ��). - Brown, W. Gordon, «Form as the Object of Experi- ence», Journal of Architectural Education, � (��): ��-�� (Win- ter, ��). - Evans, Robin, «Mies van der Rohe's Paradoxical Sym- metries», aa Files, ��: ��-�� (Spring, ��) [later reprinted as «Les symetries paradoxales de Mies van der Rohe», Le Visiteur, �: ��-�� (Summer, ��)].

372 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT AFTER MIES'S DEATH

1992 - Domer, Dennis, «Walter Peterhans and Visual Training at Illinois Institute of Technology», The Structurist, ��/��: ��-�� (��/��). - Neumeyer, Fritz, «Giedion en Mies van der Rohe: Een Paradox in de Historiografie van Het Moderne», Archis �: ��-�� (April, ��) [later reprinted as «Giedion og Mies van der Rohe: et paradoks i modernismens historiogra- fi», Skala: Nordisk Magasin for Arkitektur og Design, ��: ��-�� (June, ��), and as «Giedion und Mies van der Rohe. Ein paradoxon in der Historiographie der Moderne», Bauwelt, �� (�): ��-�� (December ��th, ��)].

1993 - Spaeth, David A., «Teaching Methods of Mies and Hil- berseimer», Inland Architect, �� (�): ��-�� (July–August, ��). - Ott, Randall, «The Horizontal Symmetry of Mies van der Rohe», Dimensions, �: ��-�� (Spring, ��).

1994 - Colomina, Beatriz, «Mies Not», Newsline. Magazine of the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Co- lumbia University, � (�): �� (January–February, ��).

1995 - Sonderegger, Andreas, «Kunst im Pragmatischen», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, �� (�-�): ��-�� (‘Wahr nehmen/Per- ce(voir)/Truth and Perception’, special issue, July–Au- gust, ��).

1998 - Bluestone, Daniel, «Chicago's Mecca Flat Blues», Jour- nal of The Society of Architectural Historians, � (��): ��-�� (December, ��), [later reprinted in Page, Max and Ma- son, Randall (eds.) ��. Giving Preservation a History: His- tories of Historic Preservation in the United States (New York/ London: Routledge), ��-��]. - «Mies van der Rohe: The Built Work, vol. �», Kenchiku Bunka, �� (��): ��-�� (January, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe, vol. �», Kenchiku Bunka, �� (��): ��-�� (February, ��).

1999 - Watson, Victoria, «Abstract Architecture and the De- sire to Make Something That Is New», Journal of Architec- ture, �: ��-�� (Spring, ��). - Bohringer, Hannes, «The Absence of Architecture: Mies und die Moderne», Arch+, ��: ��-�� (April, ��). - Lewis, Diane, «Mies, Myself and Me: Notes on the Architecture of Mies van der Rohe», Daidalos, ��: ��-�� (��). - Mertins, Detlef, «Design After Mies», Any, ��: ��-��

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 373 BIBLIOGRAPHY

(��, ‘Design after Mies’, special issue). - Lambert, Phyllis, «Mies's Student Union», Any, ��: ��-�� (��, ‘Design after Mies’, special issue).

2000 - Ford, Edward R. and Beeby, Thomas, «Towards a Technological Architecture?: Case Study of the Illinois Institute of Technology Commons Building», Perspecta, ��: ��-�� (��). - Evans, Robin, «In Perspective: Conceptual vs. Actual Structure», Perspecta, ��: ��-�� (��).

2001 - McAtee, Cammie D., «Alien #��: Mies's First Trip to America», Harvard Design Magazine, ��: ��-�� (Summer, ��). - Schulze, Franz, «Mies van der Rohe: The Unabridged Version», Art in America, �� (��): ��-�� (October, ��). - «Mies van der Rohe», Casabella, ��-�� (��): ��-�� (De- cember, ��–January, ��).

2002 - «Mies van der Rohe Today», Kenchiku Bunka, �� (��): ��- �� (April, ��).

2006 - Carter, Peter, «Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: l'architettura non e un martini cocktail [Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Architecture is Not a Martini Cocktail]», Casabel- la, �� (��): �-� (February, ��).

2008 - Bergdoll, Barry, «Schinkel and Mies: Nature's Perspec- tive», a+u: Architecture and Urbanism, ��: ��-�� (January, ��, «Schinkel and Mies», special issue). - Mumford, Eric. ��. «National Defense Migration Program and the Transformations of American Urban- ism, ��-��», Journal of Architectural Education ��: ��-��. Washington d.c.: Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. - Hartoonian, Gevork, «Mies», Fabrications: The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zea- land, �� (�): ��-�� (December, ��).

2010 - «Crown Hall iit», a+u: Architecture and Urbanism, ��: ��- �� (March, ��, ‘Reinvigorating ��th Century Master- pieces’, special issue).

374 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT AFTER MIES'S DEATH

8.2 General Bibliography

Traditionally, the long but continous process of the realization of iit campus Master Plan has difficulted its proper historical contextualization. Indeed, this process has been usually simpli- fied in order to make it fit into a compartimentalized sequence of events, commonly used by major reference studies to charater- ize the evolution of architecture and urban planning during that time. With the aim of providing a global overview of the complexity of the circumstances in which iit campus Master Plan was first conceived and later implemented, the selected general bibliography has been grouped according to different thematic perspectives. Among these, a first group tries to describe the global situation and ideas debated in American architecture and urban planning, immediately after, during, and before World War ii. A second selection of texts tries more specifically to picture different aspects of Chicago architecture and urban planning during the same period. Finally, a third group of publications tries to elucidate the influence of European Modernism —and more specifically of the architectural ideas that emerged in Germany around the Bauhaus— on American architecture during this time span.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 375 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8.2.1 American Architecture and Urbanism Around World War ii

Albrech, Donald (ed.) et al. ��. World War ii and the Ameri- can Dream. How War-Time Building Changed a Nation. Cambridge, Mass./Washington d.c.: mit Press/National Building Museum.46 Particularly: -- Reed, Peter S., «Enlisting Modernism,» �-��.

Anderson, Stanford, and Pollak, Martha D. ��. The Education of the Architect: Historiography, Urbanism, and the Growth of Architectural Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass: mit Press. Particularly: -- Schwarzer, Mitchell, «Modern Architectural Ideology in Cold War America,» ��-��.

Drexler, Arthur, Hitchcock, Henry-Russell and Kassler, Elizabeth B. ��. Built in usa, ��-��. New York: Museum of Modern Art/Arno Press. Particularly: -- Drexler, Arthur, «Post-war Architecture,» ��-��.

Cohen, Jean-Louis. ��. Architecture in Uniform: Designing and Build- ing for the Second World War. New Haven/Montreal: Yale University Press/Canadian Centre for Architecture.47 Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Overture: The Test of War,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Architects and Cities Go Off to War,» ��-��.

[Spanish ed.: «El Superbloque», in Col- Colquhoun, Alan. ��. Essays in Architectural Criticism: Modern quhoun, Alan. ��. Arquitectura moderna y Architecture and Historical Change. London/Cambridge, Mass.: mit cambio histórico. Ensayos, ��-��. Trans. Press;48 Oppositions Books. Particularly: P. Bonet. Barcelona: G. Gili, col. Arqui- -- Chapter �: «Architecture and the City,» ��-��, and especially tectura y crítica, ��-��]. the article «The Superblock», ��-��.

46 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the cca, Montreal (Apr. ��th–Sept. ��th,��), later displayed at Cité de l'Architecture & du Patrimoine, Paris (Apr. ��th–Sept. �th, ��).

47 Published for the exhibition Bauhaus. A Conceptual Model celebrating Bauhaus ��th anniversary exhibition, organized at Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin (Jul. ��th–Oct. �th, ��).

48 Published for the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago, Illinois, and the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, New York.

376 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTED ARTICLES ON IIT AFTER MIES'S DEATH

Giedion, Sigfried, Sert, Josep Lluís, and Léger, Fernand. ��. [Spanish ed.: Giedion, Sigfried, Sert, «Nine Points on Monumentality», originally unpublished,49 [later Josep Lluís, and Léger, Fernand, reissued in Ockman, Joan, and Eigen, Edward (��) Op. cit., ��- «Nueve puntos sobre la monumentali- ��]. dad—Nine Points on Monumentality», in Costa, Xavier (ed.) ��. Josep Lluís Sert: arquitecto en Nueva York—Josep Lluís Goldhagen, Sarah W., Réjean, Legault (eds.) et al. ��. Anxious Sert: Architect in New York. Barcelona: Mu- Modernisms: Experimentation in Postwar Architectural Culture. Montre- seu d'Art Contemporani, ��-��]. al/Cambridge, Mass.: Canadian Centre for Architecture/mit Press. Particularly: -- Goldhagen, Sarah W. and Réjean, Legault, «Critical Themes of Postwar Modernism,» ��-��. -- Goldhagen, Sarah W., «Reconceptualizing the Modern,» ��-��.

Mock, Elizabeth (ed.) ��. Built in usa: ��-��. A Survey of Con- temporary American Architecture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.

Nelson, George. ��. Industrial Architecture of Albert Kahn Inc. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co.

Ockman, Joan, Eigen, Edward (eds.) et al. ��. Architecture Culture, ��-��: A Documentary Anthology. New York: Columbia Univer- sity Graduate School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation/ Rizzoli. Particularly: -- Ockman, Joan, «Introduction,» and especially the section «The Americanization of Modernism,» ��-��. -- Giedion, Sigfried, Sert, Josep Lluís, and Léger, Fernand, (��), «Nine Points on Monumentality,» ��-��.

Scott, Mel. ��. American City Planning Since ��. Berkeley: Uni- versity of California Press. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «A New Perspective: The Urban Community in National Life,» pp. ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Defense, War, and the Struggle Against Blight,» pp. ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Inquiry and Innovation. Responses to Urban Flux,» pp. ��-��.

Shanken, Andrew M. ��. ��x: Architecture, Planning, and Con- sumer Culture on the American Home Front. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press. Particularly:

49 The essay was intended for publication in a volume planned by the American Ab- stract Artists, New York, which never appeared. It was later reworked in an expanded version which finally came out asG iedion, S., «The Need for a New Monumentality» in Zucker, P. (ed.) (��) Op. cit.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 377 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-- Chapter �: «Old Cities, New Frontiers. Mature Economy Theory and the Language of Renewal,» ��-��.

Turner, Paul Venable. ��4 Campus: An American Planning Tradi- tion. New York/Cambridge, Mass.: The Architectural History Foundation/mit Press. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «The University as City Beautiful,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «Dynamism, Change and Renewal,» ��-��, and especially the sections: «Campus Planning as Process,» ��-��; «Movement and the Urban Model,» ��-��.

Wright, Gwendolyn. ��. usa. London: Reaktion, Modern Ar- chitectures in History series. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Architecture, The Public and the State, ��- ��,» ��-��. -- Chapter �: «The Triumph of Modernism, ��-��,» ��-��.

[Spanish ed.: Giedion, Sigfried (��), Zucker, Paul (ed.) ��. New Architecture and City Planning: A Sympo- «Sobre una nueva monumentalidad», sium. New York: Philosophical Library. Particularly: in Giedion, Sigfried. Arquitectura y co- -- Giedion, Sigfried, «The Need for a New Monumentality,» munidad. Trans. José Mª C. Ferraris. ��-��; later reprinted in Giedion, Sigfried. ��. Architek- Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión; col. Arqª. tur und Gemeinschaft. Hamburg: Rowohlt, ��-�� [English ed.: contemporánea, ��-��; later reprinted as ��. Architecture, You and Me. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard «La necesidad de una nueva monumen- University Press, part ii, ��-��]. talidad» in Rovira, Josep Mª (ed.) ��. Sigfried Giedion. Escritos escogidos. Trans. J.

Siguan (Murcia: coaat; col. de Arqui- tectura), ��-��].

378 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM AROUND WWII

8.2.2 Chicago Architecture and Urban Planning Around World War ii

Blaser, Werner. ��. Architecture and Nature. The Work of Alfred Caldwell—Architecture et Nature. L'œuvre d'Alfred Caldwell—Architektur und Natur. Das Werk von Alfred Caldwell. Basel/Boston/Stuttgart: Birkhäuser Verlag. Particularly: -- Lambert, Phyllis, «Preface—Préface—Vorwort,» �-��. -- Blaser, Werner, «Alfred Caldwell. Architect and Educa- tor—Alfred Caldwell. Architecte et pédagogue—Alfred Caldwell. Architekt und Erziher,» ��-��. -- Caldwell, Alfred, «Architecture: Vision of Structure—L'architecture: Vision de la structure—Architektur: Einsicht in die Struktur,» ��-�� [originally published as «Architecture: Vision of Structure,» in The Structurist, ��/��: ��-�� (��–��)].

Chicago Plan Commission (ed.) ��. Land Use in Chicago. Report of the Chicago Land Use Survey. Directed by the Chicago Plan Commission and Conducted by the Works Projects Administration. Chicago: cpc.

———. ��. Chicago Looks Ahead. Design for Public Improvements. Chicago: cpc.

———. ��. A Plan to Guide Redevelopment in the South Central Area of Chicago. Chicago: cpc.

———. ��. Introducing... The Central South Area Plan. Chicago: cpc.

Chicago Land Clearance Commission (ed.) ��. Redevelopment Project no.�: A Report to the Mayor and the City Council of the City of Chicago and to the Illinois State Housing Board. Chicago: clcc/John McKinlay.

———. ��. Redevelopment Project no.�: A Second Report. The nylic Redevelopment Plan. Chicago: clcc/John McKinlay.

Condit, Carl W. ��. The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area, ��-��. Chica- go/London: University of Chicago Press. Particularly:

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 379 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-- Chapter xi: «The Chicago School in the ��th Century,» ��– ��.

———. ��. Chicago: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology. Chi- cago: University of Chicago Press. Particularly: -- Vol. ii: ��-��.

Domer, Dennis (ed.) ��. Alfred Caldwell: The Life and Work of a Prairie School Landscape Architect. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Press.

El-Khoury, Rodolphe and Robbins, Edward (eds.) ��. Shaping the City: Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design. New York: Rout- ledge. Particularly: -- Whiting, Sarah, «Superblockism: Chicago's Elastic Grid,» ��-��.

Freestone, Robert, and Amati, Marco (eds.) ��. Exhibitions and the Development of Modern Planning Culture. Farnham, Surrey: Ash- gate Publishing. Particularly: -- Colman, Scott, «�. Promoting the New City: Ludwig Hilber- seimer at the Art Institute of Chicago, ��»50, ��-��.

Grube, Oswald W., von Seidlein, Peter C., and Fischer, Wend. ��. �� Jahre Architektur in Chicago. Kontinuität von Struktur und Form. Munich: Neue Sammlung, Staatliches Museum für Angewandte Kunst51 [English ed.: Schulze, Franz (ed.) et al. ��. �� Years of Architecture in Chicago: Continuity of Structure and Form. Chicago: Fol- lett Publishing Co. Translated by D. Norris]. Particularly: -- Schulze, Franz, «Chicago Architektur der Zwischenkriegs,» ��-�� [«Chicago Architecture Between the Two Wars,» ��- ��]. -- Grube, Oswald W., Pran, Peter C., and Schulze, Franz, «Zweite Chicagoer Schule der Architektur,» [«The Second Chicago School of Architecture»], ��-��, especially the sections: -- «Große Spannweiten,» ��-�� [«Large Spans,» ��-��] and «Schulen und Universitäten,» ��-�� [«Schools, Colleges, and Universities,» ��-��].

50 Originally developed in Colman, Scott. ��. Organism and Artifact — The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Circle and the Chicago School: Architecture, Planning and Sociology, circa �� (PhD diss., Sydney: University of Sydney).

51 Catalog for the travelling exhibition of the same name, commissioned by the American Institute of Architects (aia) and the Chicago Historical Society (chs). The exhibition was organized at the Die Neue Sammlung, Staatliches Museum für Angewand- te Kunst, Munich, and later exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (May-Jun., ��), as part of the Illinois-usa Bicentennial Exhibition.

380 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM AROUND WWII

Hilberseimer, Ludwig K. ��. The New City. Principles of Planning. Chicago: Paul Theobald. Particularly: -- Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig: «Introduction,» ��-��, later re- [Spanish ed.: Mies van der Rohe, Lud- printed as «Vorwort zu: Ludwig Hilberseimer, The New City, wig, «Prólogo al libro The New City», in Chicago ��» in Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe— Neumeyer, Fritz. ��. Mies van der Rohe. Das Kurnstlose Wort. Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler), �� La palabra sin artificio. Reflexiones sobre arqui- [English ed.: «Introduction to Ludwig Hilberseimer, The New tectura, ��-�� (Madrid: El Croquis, City: Principles of Planning» ��. The Artless Word: Mies van Der Bib. de Arquitectura nº �), ��]. Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ��].

———. ��. The New Regional Pattern: Industries and Gardens, Workshops and Farms. Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.

———. ��. The Nature of Cities. Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.

Hirsch, Arnold. ��. Making The Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago ��-��. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Interdis- ciplinary Perspectives on Modern History). Particularly: -- Chapter � «The Loop versus the Slums,» ��-��.

Hoyt, Homer. ��. One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of The Growth of Chicago to Its Land Values, ��-�� Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Reps, John W. ��. The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States. New York: Princeton University Press. Particularly: -- Chapter ��, «Gridiron Cities and Checkerboard Plans,» ��- ��. -- Chapter ��, «Cities For Sale, Land Speculation in American Planning,» ��-��. -- Chapter ��, «Chicago Birth and Fair: The Rebirth of Ameri- can Urban Planning,» ��-��.

Rowe, Colin. ��. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays [Spanish ed.: «La estructura de Chica- Cambridge, Mass: The mit press. Particularly: go», in Rowe, Colin. ��. Manierismo y -- «Chicago Frame,» ��-�� [originally published as «Chicago arquitectura moderna y otros ensayos. Trans. F. Frame: Chicago's Place in The Modern Movement», Architec- Parcerisas. Barcelona: G. Gili, chapter �, tural Review, �� (�): ��-�� (August, ��)]. pp. ��-��.

South Side Planning Board (ed.) ��. An Opportunity for Private and Public Investment in Rebuilding Chicago. Chicago: sspb.

———. ��. Community Appraisal Study: A Summary of Current Pro- posals. Chicago: South Side Planning Board/Morris H. Hirsh.

Pommer, Richard, Spaeth, David, and Harrington, Kevin.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 381 BIBLIOGRAPHY

��. In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilberseimer—Architect, Educator and Urban Planner. New York: Rizzoli. Particularly the articles: -- Spaeth, David, «Ludwig Hilberseimer's Settlement Unit. Origins and Applications,» ��-��. -- Harrington, Kevin, «Ideas in Action. Hilberseimer and the Redevelopment of the South Side of Chicago,» ��-��.

Waldheim, Charles, Ray, Katerina R. (eds.) et al. ��. Chicago Architecture. Histories Revisions, Alternatives. Chicago/London: Uni- versity of Chicago Press. Particularly: -- Bluestone, Daniel, «Preservation and Renewal in Post- World War ii Chicago,» ��-��. -- Schwarzer, M., «Forms of the Grid,» ��-��.

Zukowsky, John (ed.) et al. ��. Chicago Architecture and Design, ��-��: Reconfiguration of an American Metropolis. Munich/Chica- go: Prestel/Art Institute of Chicago.52 Particularly: -- Tigerman, Stanley, «Chicago Architects. Genealogy and Exegesis,» ��-��.

52 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the aic, Chicago (Jun. ��th, ��–Aug. ��th, ��).

382 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING AROUND WWII

8.2.3 Influence of European Modernism on American Architecture Around World War ii

Barron, Stephanie, Affron, Matthew (eds.) et al. ��. Ex- iles+Émigrés: The Flight of European Artists from Hitler. Los Angeles: Harry N. Abrams/Los Angeles County Museum of Art.53 Par- ticularly: -- Barron, Stephanie, «European Artists in Exile: a Reading Between the Lines,» ��-��, especially the section «The Exile as Teacher,» ��-��. -- Hahn, Peter, «Bauhaus and Exile: Bauhaus Architects and Designers Between the Old World and the New,» ��-��. -- Schulze, Franz, «The Bauhaus Architects and the Rise of Modernism in the United States,» ��-��. -- James-Chakraborty, Kathleen, «Changing the Agenda: From German Bauhaus Modernism to u.s. International- ism,» ��-��.

Bergdoll, Barry, Dickerman, Leah (eds.) et al. ��. Bauhaus ��-��: Workshops for Modernity. New York: Museum of Modern Art.54 Particularly: -- Dickerman, Leah, «Bauhaus Fundamentals,» ��-��. -- Bergdoll, Barry, «Bauhaus Multiplied: Paradoxes of Archi- tecture and Design In and After the Bauhaus,» ��-��.

———, Riley, Terence (eds.) et al. ��. Mies in Berlin. New York: Museum of Modern Art.55 Particularly: -- Riley, Terence, «From Bauhaus to Court-House,» ��-��. -- Cohen, Jean-Louis, «German Desires of America: Mies's [Spanish ed.: Cohen, Jean-Louis, Urban Visions,» ��-��. «Anhelos alemanes de América», A&V Monografías de Arquitectura y Vivienda, ��: ��-�� (Nov.–Dec., ��, ‘Mies van der

rd Rohe. Berlín/Chicago’, special issue)]. 53 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at lacma (Feb. �� –May ��th, ��), later exhibited at Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Jun. �� th–Sept. � th, ��), and finally at Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin (Oct. � th, ��–Jan. �� th, ��).

54 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the moma, New York in cooperation with the Bauhaus-Archiv Berlin, the Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau, and the Klassik Stiftung Weimar (Nov. �th, ��–Jan. �� th, ��).

55 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at the moma, New York (Jun. ��st–Sept. ��th, ��), later displayed at Staatliche Museen — Preussischer Kultur - besitz, Berlin (Dec. ��th, ��–Mar. ��th, ��) and at Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona (Jul. ��th–Sept. ��th, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bötticher, Karl. �� (�st version; ��, � nd version). Die Tekton- ik der Hellenen. Potsdam: Verlag von Ferdinand Riegel [English ed.: Bötticher, K. «The Principles of the Hellenic and German Ways of Building». Translated by David Britt from the �st German version, in Herrmann, Wolfgang (ed.) ��. In What Style Should We Build? The German Debate on Architectural Style. Santa Monica: Getty Center for the History of Art and Humanities, ��-��].

Borchardt-Hume, Archim (ed.) ��. Albers and Moholy-Nagy. From the Bauhaus to The New World. London: Tate Publishing.56 Particularly: -- Foster, Hal, «The Bauhaus Idea in America,» ��-��.

Fleming, Donald, and Bailyn, Bernard (eds.) ��. The Intellec- tual Migration: Europe and America, ��-��. Cambridge, Mass./ London: Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University Press (Perspectives in American History series, vol. �). Particularly: -- Jordy, William H., «The Aftermath of the Bauhaus in Amer- ica», ��-��.

Giedion, Sigfried (ed.) ��. A Decade of New Architecture—Dix Ans d'Architecture Contemporaine—Ein Jahrzehnt Moderner Architektur. Zu- rich: Editions H. Girsberger/Congrès Internationaux d'Architec- ture Moderne (ciam).

Hays, K. Michael. ��. Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer. Cambridge, Mass: mit Press.57 Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Reproduction and Negation: The Cognitive Project of Neue Sachlichkeit,»58 ��-��.

[Spanish ed.: Hilberseimer, Ludwig Hilberseimer, Ludwig. ��. Groszstadt Architektur. Stuttgart: J. K., ��. La arquitectura de la gran ciudad. Hoffmann [English ed.: Aureli, Pier Vittorio and Anderson, Barcelona: G. Gili. Trans. P. Madrigal Richard (eds.) ��. Metropolisarchitecture and Selected Essays. New Devesa. Particularly: York: Columbia University, Graduate School of Architecture, -- «Urbanismo,» �-��, especially the Planning and Preservation]. Particularly: sections: «Aplicación esquemáti- -- «Städtebau,» �-�� [«Urban Planning,» ��-��], and especially ca,» �-�, and «Grandes ciudades americanas,» �.

56 Catalog for the exhibition of the same name, organized at The Tate Modern, Lon- don (Mar. �th–Jun. �th, ��), later displayed at Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Germany (Jun. ��th–Oct. � st, ��) and at wmaa, New York (Nov. � nd, ��–Jan. �� st, ��).

57 Originally a chapter of Hays, K.M (��) Modernism and the Posthumanist Subject: The Architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer (PhD diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; S. Anderson, supervisor), ch. �, pp. ��-��.

58 First published as Hays, K. Michael, «Reproduction and Negation: The Cogni- tive Project of the Avant-Garde,» in Ockman, J., and Colomina, B. (eds.) (��) Architec- tureproduction (New York: Princeton Architectural Press), pp. ��-��.

384 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHICAGO ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING AROUND WWII

the sections: -- «Schematische Anwendung,» � [«The geometric city,» ��]. -- «Amerikanische Grostädte,» � [«American metropolises,» ��-��]. -- «Industriebauten,» ��-�� [«Industrial Buildings,» ��-��], -- «Edificios Industriales,» ��-��, es- and especially the sections: pecially the sections: «El error de -- «Gottfried Sempers Irrtum,» �� [«Gottfried Semper's G. Semper,» y «Simbolismo en la mistake,» ��-��]. fachada,» ��, «Construcciones in- -- «Fassadensymbolismus,» ��-�� [«The symbolism of fa- dustriales puras,» ��-��, «Sistemas cades,» ��-��]. de construcción,» ��, «Construc- ciones bajas,» ��, «Valoración del -- «Reine Ingenieurwerke,» �� [«Pure engineering works,» proceso constructivo,» ��-��, and ��]. «Dominio y valor de los medios,» -- «Die Konstruktionsweisen,» �� [«Means of construc- ��. tion,» ��]. -- «Flachbauten,» �� [«Low-rise buildings,» ��]. -- «Berücksichtigung des Arbeitsprozesses,» ��-�� [«Consid- eration for construction processes,» ��-��]. -- «Schöpferische Beherrschung der Mittel,» �� [«The creative mastery of means,» ��]. -- «Bauhandwerk und Bauindustrie,» [«Building Trades and -- «Construcción artesanal y con- the Building Industry,» ��-��], and especially the sections: strucción industrial,» ��-��, espe- -- «Die veränderten Voraussetzungen,» �� [«The altered cially the sections: «Los nuevos premises,» ��]. presupestos,» ��, and «Libertad de -- «Freiheit des Schaffens,» �� [«Freedom of creation,» creación,» ��. ��]. -- «Groszstadtarchitktur,» ��-�� [«Metropolisarchitecture,» -- «Arquitectura de la gran ciudad,» ��-��], and especially the sections: ��-��, especially the sections: «Ar- -- «Architektur ist Raumschöpfung,» �� [«Architecture is quitectura es creación de espacio,» the creation of space,» ��]. ��-��, «Relación entre la construc- -- «Das Verhältnis von Außenbau zu Innenbau,» �� [«The ción interior y exterior,» ��, «El relationship between exterior and interior,» ��-��]. problema de la arquitectura,» ��, «Célula elemental y organismo -- «Das Problem der Architektur,» �� [«The problem of urbano,» ��, «Los elementos de- architecture,» ��-��]. terminantes del ritmo,» ��, «Iden- -- «Einzelzelle und Stadtorganismus,» �� [«Individual tidad entre construcción y forma,» cell and urban organism,» ��]. ��-��, and «La luz [sic.] general»]. -- «Die Träger des Rythmus,» ��-�� [«The bearers of rythm,» ��]. -- «Identität von Konstruktion und Form,» �� [«The iden- tity of construction and form,» ��-��]. -- «Das allgemeine Gesetz,» �� [«The general law,» ��- ��].

James-Chakraborty, Katheleen (ed.) et al. ��. Bauhaus Culture. From Weimar to the Cold War. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press. Particularly: -- James-Chakraborty, Katheleen, «�: From Isolationism

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 385 BIBLIOGRAPHY

to Internationalism. American acceptance of the Bau- haus,» ��-��.

Jordy, William H. and Pierson, William H. ��. American Build- ings and Their Architects, � vols. New York: Doubleday/Oxford Uni- versity Press. Particularly: -- Jordy, William H., The Impact of European Modernism in the Mid-Twentieth Century, vol. �, and especially: -- Chapter iv: «The Laconic Splendor of the Metal Frame,» ��-��.

Kentgens-Craig, Margret. ��. Bauhaus–Architektur: Die Rezep- tion in Amerika, ��-��. Frankfurt am main: P. Lang/Bauhaus Dessau Foundation [English ed., ��. Bauhaus and America: First Contacts ��-��. Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press]. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Rezipiertes Bauhaus-bild,» ��-�� [«Image of the Bauhaus as Received in America,» ��-��]. -- Chapter �: «Kontroverse um Bauhaus-Architektur,» ��-�� [«Controversies Surrounding Bauhaus Architec- ture,» ��-��], and especially the section: -- «Das Armour Institut und ehemalige Bauhaus-Stu- denten» [«The Armour Institute and Former Bau- haus Students»].

[Spanish ed.: Kepes, Gyorgy. ��. El Kepes, György. ��. Language of Vision. Chicago: Paul Theobald. Lenguaje de la visión. Buenos Aires: Infini- Particularly: to. -- Giedion, Sigfried, «Art Means Reality,» �-�. -- Giedion, Sigfried, «Arte significa -- Hayakawa, Samuel, «The Revision of Vision,» �-��. realidad,» ��-��. -- Chapter i: «Plastic Organization,» ��-��, and especially the -- Hayakawa, Samuel, «La revisión de sections: la visión,» ��-��. -- «The Spatial Forces,» ��-��. -- Chapter i: «La organización plásti- -- «Fields of Spatial Forces,» ��. ca,» ��-��. -- «Spatial Tension; Dynamic Equilibrium,» ��-��. -- «The Space Span of Plastic Organization: Nearness, Similary or Equality, Continuance, Closure,» ��-��. -- «Organization of Spatial Progression. The Equivocal Space,» ��-��. -- Chapter ii: «La representación visu- -- Chapter ii: «Visual Representation,» ��-��, and especially al,» ��-��]. the sections: -- «Transparency, Interprenetation,» ��-��. -- «Closing the Surface: Complete Rapport of the Spatial Forces,» ��-��. -- «Disintegration of the Fixed System of Meaning Orga- nization,» ��-��. -- «Reintegration,» ��-��.

———. ��. The New Landscape in Art and Science. Chicago: Paul

386 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCE OF MODERNISM ON AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

Theobald.59 Particularly: -- Chapter v: «Thing, Structure, Pattern, Process,» ��-�. -- Chapter x: «Symmetry, Perception, Module/Organic Design,» ��-��. -- Chapter xi: «Continuity, Discontinuity, Rhythm, Scale,» ��-��.

———. ��. Structure in Art and in Science. New York: G. Braziller. Particularly: -- Seckler, Eduard F., «Structure, Construction, Tectonics,» ��-��.

Mertins, Detlef, and Jennings, Michael W. (eds.) ��. G: An Avant-Garde Journal of Art, Architecture, Design and Film. ��-��. London/Los Angeles: Tate Publishing/Getty Research Institute. Translated by S. Lindberg and M. Ingrid Christian. Particularly: -- Mertins, Detlef, «Architecture, Worldview, and World Im- age in g,» ��-��. -- Hilberseimer, Ludwig, «Construction and Form,» ��-�� [English facsimile of the original article «Konstruction und Form,» in Richter, Hans (ed.). G–Zeitschrift für elementare Ge- staltung, �: � (June ��), pp. ��-��]. -- Hilberseimer, Ludwig, «American Architecture,» ��-��. [English facsimile of the original article «Amerikanische Ar- chitektur», in Richter, Hans (ed.): G –Zeitschrift für Elementare Gestaltung, �: � (March, ��)].

Moholy-Nagy, Làszló. ��. Von Material zu Architektur. Munich: [Spanish ed.: Moholy-Nagy, Làszló. A. Langen Verlag, Neue Bauhausbücher No.��. [English ed.: ��. ��. La nueva visión. Principios básicos del The New Vision: From Material to Architecture. New York: Brewer, Bauhaus. Trans. Brenda L. Kenny. Bue- Warren & Putnam, later reissued as Moholy-Nagy, Làszló and nos Aires: Infinito. Particularly: -- Chapter i: «Preliminares,» ��-��], Gropius, Walter (ed.) ��. The New Vision. Fundamentals of Design, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., and especially the sections: «Acerca del progreso técnico,» ��-��, and New Bauhaus Books Series No.�]. Particularly: «No en contra del progreso técnico, -- Chapter i: «erziehungsfragen,» �-�� [«preliminaries,» ��-��], sino con él,» ��-��. and especially the sections: -- Chapter iv: «El espacio (arquitec- -- «wie steht es um die technik?,» �� [«but how about the tura),» ��-��], and especially the technical progress?,»] ��. sections: «El espacio es la relación -- «nicht gegen die technik, sondern mit ihr,» �� [«not de posición de los cuerpos,» ��, «La against technical progress, but with it,»] ��. experiencia de la Arquitectura,» -- Chapter iv: «der raum (architektur),» ��-�� [«space (archi- ��-��. «La creación espacial no tecture),» ��-��], and especially the sections: depende primordialmente del espacio,» ��-��, and «Lo biológicamente puro y simple tomado como guía,» ��-��]. 59 Publication from the materials displayed at the exhibition of the same name, organized at the Hayden Gallery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. (Spring, ��), according to the premises presented in his article «The New Land- scape,» Arts and Architecture, �� (�) (July ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 387 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-- «raum ist lagebeziehung von körpern,» �� [«space is the position relation of bodies,»] ��. -- «über das erlebnis das architektur,» ��-�� [«the experience of architecture,» ��-��]. -- «raumgestaltung ist nicht in ersterlinie eine frage des baumaterials,» �� [«space creation is not primarily a question of the building material,»] ��. -- «das biologische als regulator schlechthin,» ��-�� [«the biological pure and simple taken as the guide,»] ��-��.

———. ��. Vision in Motion. Chicago: P. Theobald. Particularly: [Spanish ed.: Moholy-Nagy, Làszló. -- Chapter ii: «New Method of Approach—Design for Life,» ��. Pintura, fotografía, cine, y otros escritos ��-��, and especially the sections: sobre fotografía. Trans. G. Vélez and C. -- «Quality of Relationships,» . Zelich. Barcelona: Ed. G. Gili. Particu- -- «Established Paths of Thought,» . larly: -- «Forms and Shapes,» . -- «Nuevo método de enfoque— -- «The Age of Assemblage,» . Diseño para la vida,» ��6-�6�], and -- Chapter iii: «New Education—An Organic Approach,» and especially the sections: «Calidad de especially the sections: las relaciones,» ��, «Inercia Men- -- «Space-Time Problems,» . tal,» ��-��, «Formas,» ��-��, and «La edad del ensamblaje,» ��]. -- «The Architectural Department,» . -- «The Larger Concept of Structure,» . -- «Spatial Concepts,» .

Oswalt, Philipp, (ed.) et al. ��. Bauhaus Streit, ��-��: Kon- troversen und Kontrahenten [English ed: ��. Bauhaus Conflicts, ��-��: Controversies and Counterparts. Translated by Melissa Th. Hause]. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz.60 Particularly: -- Betts, Paul, «The Bauhaus as a Cold War Weapon,» ��-��.

[Spanish ed.: Semper, Gottfried, and Semper, Gottfried, ��. Der Stil in den Technischen und Tektonischen Azpiazu, Juan Ignacio (ed.) ��. Semper: Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik. München: Friedrich Bruckmann's el estilo. El estilo en las artes técnicas y tectóni- Verlag [English ed.: Semper, Gottfried, Mallgrave, Harry F., cas, o, Estética práctica y textos complementa- and Robinson, Michael (eds.) ��4. Style in the Technical and Tectonic rios. Trans. J. I. Azpiazu. Buenos Aires: Arts; or Practical Aesthetics. Los Angeles: Getty Publications]. Azpiazu ed.].

Turner, Paul Venable. ��4. Campus: An American Planning Tra- dition. New York/Cambridge, Mass.: The Architectural History Foundation/mit Press. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «Dynamism, Change and Renewal,» ��-��,

60 Published simultaneously in both languages with occasion of the exhibitions com- memorating the ��th Anniversary of the founding of the Bauhaus: Modell Bauhaus— Bauhaus. A Conceptual Model, organized at Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin (Jul. ��th–Oct. �th, ��), and Bauhaus ��-��: Workshops for Modernity, organized at The Museum of Modern Art, New York (Nov. �th, ��–Jan. �� th, ��).

388 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCE OF MODERNISM ON AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

and especially the section: «The Impact of Modern Architec- ture on Campus Planning,» ��-��.

nd Wingler, Hans Maria, Stein, Joseph (eds.) et al. �� (��, � [Spanish ed.: Wingler, Hans Maria, revised ed.;61 ��, �rd revised ed.). Das Bauhaus, ��-��: Weimar Stein, Joseph (eds.) et al. ��. La Bauhaus, Dessau, Berlin und die Nachfolge in Chicago seit ��. Bramsche: Gebr. Weimar, Dessau, Berlin: ��-��. Trans. Rasch [English ed. ��. The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chi- F. Serra Cantarell. Barcelona: G. Gili] cago. Translated by W. Jabs and B. Gilbert. Cambridge, Mass.: (See note �� below). mit Press]. Particularly: -- Chapter �: «The New Bauhaus Chicago, ��-��,» ��-��, and especially the articles:62 -- «The New Bauhaus, ��-�� / School of Design in Chi- cago, ��-�� / Institute of Design since ��,» ��. -- «The New Bauhaus. Educational Program and Faculty,» ��. -- Keck, George F., «Problem of Architecture,» ��. -- Kepes, Gyorgy, «Education of the Eye,» and «The Task of the Educator in Industrial Society,» ��. -- «Declaration of Loyalty of the Members of The New Bauhaus for Làszló Moholy-Nagy,» ��. -- Members of the Institute of Design / Illinois Institute of Technology, «Manifesto, ��,» ��.

61 Published for the exhibition �� Jahre Bauhaus, with occasion of the ��th anniversary of the Bauhaus, organized by the Württembergischer Kunstverein at Kunstgebäude am Schloßplatz, Stuttgart, in collaboration with the Bauhaus-Archiv, Darmstadt (May �th–Jun. ��th, ��) and later displayed as Fifty Years Bauhaus at iit, Chicago (Aug. ��th– Sept. ��th, ��), among other institutions. The English edition of this catalog, entitled �� years Bauhaus. German Exhibition, had a separated supplementary booklet, which included, among others, a foreword by iit's President John T. Rettaliata, the article Danforth, G., «Architecture and Plan- ning at Illinois Institute of Technology», pp.�-�, describing Mies's curriculum at iit [later reprinted in Blaser, W. (��) Mies van der Rohe: Lehre und Schule—Principles and School. (Basel/Stuttgart: Institute for the History & Theory of Architecture at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich/Birkhäuser), ��-��], and the essay Wingler, H.-M., «Repercussion and further development of the Bauhaus in America» [later reprinted in Wingler, H.-M. (��) Bauhaus in America: Resonanz und Weiterentwicklung—Repercussion and Further Development (Berlin: Bauhaus-Archiv)].

62 The Spanish editor decided not to include this chapter. Consequently, the title of the text was amended, and none of these articles has ever been published in Spanish.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 389 390 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY part iii – Appendix

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 391 392 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 9. RESEARCH RESOURCES

I had not a conventional architectural education. I worked under a few good architects; I read a few good books. —and that's about it.1

1 Mies van der Rohe, inteviewed in Kuh, K., «Mies van der Rohe: Modern Classi- cist», Saturday Review, �� (�): ��-��, �� (Jan. ��rd, ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 393 APPENDIX

9.1 Usual Block Lotting Options at Chicago South Side

Several historic planimetries of Chicago Near South Side describe the historical evolution of the urban fabric in the studied area. However, they are not easy to relate to each other, according to the different level of accuracy with which these were elaborated. In addition to this, despite the overall regularity imposed by the city grid, it is fairly common to find numerous variations in the width of the blocks all along the different areas of the city, and specifically in the studied one, a circumstance that makes hard to match all the available documents covering it. In order to be able to use all these documents in a consistent way, 2 block allotment has been established as a reference unit. Even if such decision has allowed an approximation to the actual dimensions of these documents —according to Hoyt,3 the most usual lotting in Chicago is �� x �� ft. [Fig. �.�]—, still, block lotting presents many variants, not only between different the neighborhoods, but also inside each of them. As a starting point, all the ait 9.1 “Various methods of subdivid- different variations that can be found in the surroundings of ing a 40 acre tract, 1320 feet square.” campus have been drawn [see the following pages], as they can be Several studies have been made about appreciated, as precisely as possible, in the most complete sources Chicago lot dimensions, according to of documentation available.4 The aim is to have a constant refer- land use and/or accessiblity needs. For ence that allows to assign a defined scale to such documentation, residential purposes —as it was the case allowing the manipulation of the different available plats for the of Chicago Near South Side before it studied area within a specific, standard scale. As the dimensions became occupied by industries— Hoyt of the different iit campus Master Plan designs can be easily set pointed that, while the most common by means of their modulated buildings, it is possible, then, their lotting dimensions were �� x �� ft., the insertion in the actual context in which they were conceived. dimensions of �� x �� ft. offered the best ratios for a Chicago generic block size of �� x �� ft. (� acres).

2 Digitalization of these resources commonly used existing microfilms for a proper conservation of the original documents. Because of the size of the original documentation, this kind of reproduction accumulates slight distortions, which make difficult a re-composition of the numerous sheets available for the studied area.

3 See «The Lack of Homogeneity of Chicago Lots», in Hoyt, H. (��) One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of The Growth of Chicago to Its Land Values, ��-�� (Chicago: uoc Press), p. ��-��.

4 Chicago Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps have been used as a main source of information. Although the number of available plats for the study has been limited, these have been enough to reconstruct the urban evolution of the studied area.

394 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY USUAL BLOCK LOTTING OPTIONS AT CHICAGO SOUTH SIDE

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 395 APPENDIX

396 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY USUAL BLOCK LOTTING OPTIONS AT CHICAGO SOUTH SIDE

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 397 APPENDIX

9.2 Books at Mies's Personal Library

The contents of most of Mies's personal library, mainly composed by books in German and English, was acquired from his family in ��–�� by the University of Illinois at Chicago (uic), where they have been cataloged by Richard Seidel.5 The collection donated to the library of the uic comprises approximately �� titles. However, there is still a limited number of titles that were not included in Mies's legacy to uic, that remain today in custody of Mies's family. Another �� volumes remain in private posses- sion of Mies's grandson Dirk Lohan, and his daughter Georgia van der Rohe, kept other additional �� books. Considering all the different records, all this would represent an estimated sum of about �� books. No records could be found of these private funds until �� when, at the request of Mies's close collaborator Werner Blaser, members of the family made a selection among these books,6 which, according to them, included “the ones most important to Mies”.7 But, whatever the actual amount of books he actually owned was,8 when one looks to the complete list, some remarks can be made to Blaser's selection. Although it seems obvious that Mies would had progressively selected his own interests, most of these titles are not included in Seidel's catalog, and therefore had

5 Preserved at the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Collection, Daley Library Special Collec- tions Department at uic, Chicago, Il.

6 «Einige Bücher aus Mies' Bibliothek,» in Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur (Stuttgart: Verlag für Architektur), pp. ��-��. The list of titles was later expanded in «Literatur aus der Bibliothek von Mies,» in Blaser, W. (��) Mies van der Rohe: Leh- re und Schule (Basel: Institut für Geschichte und Theorie der Architektur/Eidgenössi- sche Technische Hochschule Zürich), pp. ��-��. Blaser also mentions an unidentified “close friend (with whom he often read)” that helped in the selection.

7 Ibid.

8 Mies liked to say that “when I left Germany I owned about �,�� books. I made a list and they sent me ��. I could return ��. Thirty of them was all I wanted to keep”, in Mies van der Rohe, L., «Six Students talk with Mies», Line Magazine � (�): ��-�� (Feb., ��) [later reprinted as «Conversation with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,» in Peter, J. (��) The Oral History of Modern Architecture: Interviews with the Greatest Architects of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harry N. Abrams), pp. ��-��]. Blaser added, years later, that Mies “would not, he said, have discovered the remaining �� unless he had read the �,�� books”, in Blaser, W. (��), Op. cit., p. ��.

398 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOOKS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

been excluded from study for a long time, or even studied apart from it.9 So, whether this selection was actually intentioned or not, it seems clear that a comprehensive view of his library can offer an outlook, not of what Mies —or his disciples— wanted to present as his own intellectual background, but of a comparative evolution of his ideas, even if these sometimes may be contradictory. When compared to the rest of the legacy as a whole, any selection becomes relative, as it may appear as a summary, a deliberate choice, or even a denial. It is from this perspective that some authors have tried to see his personal library as a gateway to his ideas,10 which, besides some brief texts preserved, he never put down in words. In fact, numerous attempts have been made to elaborate theories trying to elucidate which were his intellectual references and how he got in contact with them, as some of the preserved volumes offer signs of study [Fig. �.�]. Although contradictory records can be found 9.3 Highlighted passages in a book about Mies's intellectual dedication,11 there is no doubt that he from Mies's own personal library. followed with great interest the ideas of his time, and always tried Several volumes of Mies's personal li- to keep up-to-date with them.12 brary are underlined, and often include Indeed, the fact that certain authors are widely represented autographed notes. However, most of can be indicative of a certain affinity of Mies with their ideas. these books are not included in the selec- Moreover, one can find English editions of some of the original tion made by Werner Blaser of the most titles in German he owned, a circumstance that gives us an idea important books for Mies. Wheter Mies not only of his effort when it came to understanding certain au- left aside this texts deliberatedly or not in thors, but also of his will to be able to understand —and probably his late years, it seems obvious that they to express himself— their ideas precisely in a language other than offer relevant information to understand his own. the source of his ideas and intellectual However, even assuming that one could trace the evolution background. of Mies's ideas by the texts he read, the prospects of this scope are, without any doubt, limited.13 As a matter of fact, the date he

9 As in the case of the bibliography by Blaser.

10 Perhaps the most successful attempt in this direction is Neumeyer, F. (��) Mies van der Rohe: Das Kunstlose Wort: Gedanken zur Baukunst (Berlin: Siedler). The essay remains today as the most comprehensive and thorough reconstruction of the German intellectual context during Mies's formative years, as well as of his own personal cultural interests. While Neumeyer does not explicitly face Mies's American period, he offers a basis to understand it.

11 In Klotz, H., and Cook, J. W. (��) Architektur im Widerspruch (Zürich: Artemis), p. ��, Ph. Johnson stated: “Mies! He would never admit it, but he was an impenitent anti-intellectual [Anti-Intellektueller]. He said: “I just read... ”, and then I took a look at his library and I strongly disbelieved him —he just had three books. None of them had been taken from the bookshelf in years”[trans. by the author]. On the contrary, H. Richter remembered that Mies owned “(...) hundredweights of books and journals” in his office, as quoted in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

12 Neumeyer has also detailed this aspect of Mies's personality, from his early days at Berlin, to the late ones in the u.s., in Neumeyer, F., «Mies as Self-Educator,» in Achil- les, R., Harrington, K., Myhrum, Ch. (eds.) et al. (��) Mies van der Rohe, Architect as Educator (Chicago: uoc Press), Part i, pp. ��-��.

13 Probably limited to no more —and no less— than “(...) to provide a hypothetical

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 399 APPENDIX

acquired his books can not be established definitely, and few can be elucidated about when could Mies possibly get interested by the ideas there shown. Which of these books were already owned Mies in Germany; which ones were sent to him in ��, when he emigrated to the United States; or which ones, of those he left behind, he acquired later again, is something that can not be precisely determined. Therefore, an attempt to reconstruct the totality of Mies's personal library has been made, according to all the available records today, with the hope to contribute to a proper contextualization of the different ideas that lied behind his architecture all along his career. Assuming Seidel's Catalog for the uic collection as a starting point, its records have been here systematized in order to facilitate a comparative analysis. Consequently, the catalog has been categorized primarily according to language. It has been arranged in alphabetical order by author's last name, documenting the specific editions owned by Mies as completely as possible.14 Finally, specific sections have been included for the most numerous type of the rest of documents in Mies's personal library: periodicals, listed alphabetically, and exhibition Catalogs, listed in chronological order of publication.

reading and the basis for interpretative discussion”, as expressed in Dal Co, F., «Excel- lence: The Culture of Mies as Seen in his Notes and Books,» in Zukowsky, J., Dal Co, F. (eds.) et al. (��) Mies Reconsidered: His Career, Legacy, and Disciples (New York/Chicago: Rizzoli/aic), p. ��.

14 These have been additionally annotated with side notes describing their Spanish edition, where available.

400 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

9.2.1 German Editions at Mies's Personal Library

Adenauer, Max. ��. Das neue Köln: Ein Vorentwurf. Cologne: J.P. Bachem. Albee, Edward, and Braun, Pinkas. ��. Der Amerikanische Traum: Der Tod von Bessie Smith; Die Zoogeschichte; Der Sandkasten. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Bücherei. André, Hans. ��. Der Wesensunterschied von Pflanze, Tier und Mensch: Eine Moderne Darstellung der Lebensstufen im Geiste Thomas von Aquinas. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhand- lung.15 Aristotle. ��. Über die Seele. Translated by A. Lasson. Jena: Eu- [Spanish ed.: Aristotle, and Calvo gen Diederichs.16 Martínez, Tomás (ed.) ��. Acerca del Armstrong, Sir Walter. ��. Geschichte der Kunst in Großbritannien alma. Trans. T. Calvo. Madrid: Gredos]. und Irland. Stuttgart: Julius Hoffmann. [Spanish ed.: Armstrong, Sir Walter. ��. El arte en la Gran Bretaña e Irlanda. Arp, Jean, Giedion-Welcker, Carola, and Hagenbach, Margeri- te. ��. Hans Arp. Stuttgart: Gerd Hatje. Trans. E. Díez-Canedo. Madrid: Libre- ría Gutenberg]. Arrhenius, Svante. ��. Der Lebenslauf der Planeten. Leipzig: Aka- demische Verlagsgesellschaft. Ashbee, Charles Robert and Wright, Frank Lloyd. ��. Frank Lloyd Wright: Eine Studie zu seiner Würdigung. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. Aussen, Josef, and Guardini, Romano. ��. Geweihte Kunst. Burg Rothenfels am Main: Deutsches Quickbornhaus. Bachofen, Johann Jakob, and Bernoulli, Carl Albrecht (ed.) ��. Uhrreligion und Antike Symbole, Systematisch Angeordnete Auswahl aus Seinen Werken in Drei Bänden. Leipzig: Philipp Reclam. Baeumker, Clemens. ��. Witelo, ein Philosoph und Naturforscher des xiii. Jahrhunderts. Münster: Aschendorff. Barth, Heinrich. ��. Das Problem der Autorität: Vortrag Gehalten an einer Pfarrkonferenz in Bern. Bern: Gotthelf. Bartning, Otto. ��. Mensch und Raum. Darmstadt: Neue Darm- städter Verlagsanstalt. Bau-Anzeiger für das Saarland (ed.) ��. Saarbrücken: Sitz der

15 A �� edition is mentioned in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

16 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 401 APPENDIX

Montan-Union — Sarrebruck: Siège de Pool Charbon-Acier. Saarbrücken: Bau-Anzeiger für das Saarland. Bauke, Leopold. ��. Streifzüge durch die Tierwelt. Stuttgart: Kos- mos Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.17 ———. ��. Werkzeuge der Tiere. Leipzig: Voigtländer.18 Baumeister, Willi. ��. Das Unbekannte in der Kunst. Cologne: M. DuMont Schauberg. [Spanish ed.: Behne, Adolf, and Sanz Behne, Adolf. ��. Der Moderne Zweckbau. Munich: Drei Masken. Esquide, José Angel (ed.) ��. ��: La Behrendt, Walter Curt. ��. Die Einheitliche Blockfront als Raumele- construcción funcional moderna. Trans. J. ment im Stadtbau: Ein Beitrag zur Stadtbaukunst der Gegenwart. Giner i Olcina. Barcelona: coac/Ser- Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. bal]. ———. ��. Der Sieg des Neuen Baustils. Stuttgart: Fr. Wedekind. ———. ��. Die Holländische Stadt. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Bense, Max. ��. Aufstand des Geistes: Eine Verteidigung der Erkennt- nis. Stuttgart: Deutsche-Verlag-Anstalt. Benz, Richard. ��. Die Renaissance: Das Verhängnis der Deutschen Kultur. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. ———. ��. Geist und Reich: Um die Bestimmung des Deutschen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. Berger, Wilhelm. ��. Architektonische Gestaltung als Element der Er- ziehung. Baden-Württemberg: Deutscher Werkbund. [Spanish ed.: Bergson, Henri. ��. La Bergson, Henri. ��. Schöpferische Entwicklung. Jena: Eugen Die- evolución creadora. Trans. C. Malagarriga. derichs. Madrid: Renacimiento]. Berlage, Hendrik Petrus. ��. Gedanken über Stil in der Baukunst. Leipzig: J. Zeitler. ———. ��. Grundlagen und Entwicklung der Architektur. Vier Vorträ- ge Gehalten im Kunstgewerbemuseum zu Zürich. Berlin: Julius Bard.19 Bernoulli, Carl Albrecht. ��. Johann Jakob Bachofen und das Na- tursymbol: Ein Würdigungsversuch. Basel: B. Schwabe & Co. Bielschowsky, Albert. ��. Goethe. Sein Leben und seine Werke. Mu- nich: Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Blaser, Werner. ��. Tempel und Teehaus in Japan. Olten: Urs- Graf-Verlag/Otto Walter.20 Bloch, Ernst. ��. Geist der Utopie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhr- kamp. Bölsche, Wilhelm. ��. Eiszeit und Klimawechsel. Stuttgart: Kos- mos Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. Bötticher, Karl Gottlieb Wilhelm. ��. Die Tektonik der Hellenen.

17 Neumeyer mentions a �� edition, possibly misspelled. See Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

18 According to Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit. However, no reference to it appears either in Blaser's selection or in Seidel's catalog for uic.

19 Included in Blaser's selection.

20 Included in Blaser's selection..

402 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Potsdam: Ferdinand Riegel.21 Brandenstein, Béla. ��. Metaphysik des Organischen Lebens. Ha- belschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung. Brinckmann, Albert Erich. ��. Platz und Monument: Untersuchun- gen zur Geschichte und Ästhetik der Stadtbaukunst in Neuerer Zeit. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. Bund Deutscher Architekten, and Giefer, Alois. ��. Planen und Bauen im Neuen Deutschland. Cologne: Westdeutscher. Burckhardt, Jakob. ��. Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien: Ein [Spanish ed.: Burckhardt, Jacob. ��. Versuch. Leipzig: E.A. Seemann. La cultura del Renacimiento en Italia. Trans. ———. ��. Briefe an einen Architekten, ��-��. Munich: G. R. de la Serna. Buenos Aires: Losada]. Müller und E. Rentsch. ———. ��. Größe, Glück und Unglück in der Weltgeschichte. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Burger, Fritz. ��. Die Villen des Andrea Palladio: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Renaissance-architektur. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann/Bayerische Akademie der Wis- senschaften.22 Busch, Harald, Lohse, Bernd (eds.), and Stephany, Erich. ��. Wunderwelt der Schreine: Meisterwerke Mittelalterlicher Gold- schmiedekunst. Frankfurt am Main: Umschau. Buytendijk, Frederik Jacobus Johannes. ��. Die Weisheit der Ameisen. Translated by H. André. Habelschwerdt: Fran- kes Buchhandlung.23 ———. ��. Über das Verstehen der Lebenserscheinungen. Translated by B. Thilsch. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung. ———. ��. Erziehung zur Demut: Betrachtungen über Einige Moderne Pädagogische Ideen. Leipzig: Der Neue Geist.24 Cali, François, and Moulinier, Serge. ��. Des Gesetz der Gotik: Eine Studie über Gotische Architektur. Aus dem Französischen von Donate Calleen und Siegfried Zoner. Munich: Prestel.25 Capelle, Wilhelm. ��. Die Vorsokratiker: Die Fragmente und Quellen- berichte. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner. Carrel, Alexis. ��. Der Mensch, das Unbekannte Wesen. Translated [Spanish ed.: Carrel, Alexis. ��. La by Wilhelm E. Süskind. Stuttgart: Deutsche-Verlag-An- incógnita del hombre. México d.f.: Editorial stalt. Diana]. Carus, Carl Gustav, and Klages, Ludwig (ed.) ��. Psyche. Jena: Eugen Diederichs.

21 Idem.

22 Idem.

23 Heavily underlined by Mies, Neumeyer points it as a source for his pedagogical methodology at the Bauhaus, in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

24 Included in Blaser's selection, although in a different edition than in Seidel's catalog for uic (Ratingen: A. Henn Verlag, ��). Omitted by Neumeyer.

25 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 403 APPENDIX

Cézanne, Paul and Jedlicka, Gotthard (ed.) ��. Briefe. Transla- ted by J. Vontobel. Erlenbach/Zurich: Rentsch. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. ��. Die Grundlagen des xix. Jahr- hunderts. Munich: F. Bruckmann.26 Cingria, Alexander. ��. Der Verfall der Kirchlichen Kunst. Augs- burg: B. Filser. Coerper, Fritz. ��. Das Wirtschaftliche Europa: Eine Streitschrift Ge- gen “Paneuropa” für Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft: Eine Mahnung an die Deutsche Wirtschaft. Leipzig: Neue-Geist. Cohn-Wiener, Ernst. ��. Potsdam mit den Königlichen Schlössern und Gärten. Berlin: Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft. [Spanish ed.: Confucio. ��. Lun yu: Confucius. ��. Kung Futse: Gespräche — Lunyü. Translated by R. Reflexiones y enseñanzas. Trans. A.-H. Wilhelm. Jena: Eugen Diederichs.27 Suárez. Barcelona: Kairós]. Corte, Marcel de. ��. Das Ende einer Kultur. Munich: Kösel. [Spanish ed.: Corte, Marcel de. ��. Dacqué, Edgar. ��. Urwelt, Sage und Menschheit: Eine Naturhisto- Ensayo sobre el fin de nuestra civilización. risch-metaphysische Studie. Munich: R. Oldenbourg. Trans. F. Sabaté. Valencia: Fomento de Damaschke, Adolf. ��. Die Bodenreform: Grundsätzliches und Ge- Cultura]. schichtliches zur Erkenntnis und Überwindung der Sozialen Not. Jena: Gustav Fischer. [Spanish ed.: Dawson, Christopher. Dawson, Christopher, and Wild, Heinrich. ��. Die Gestaltung des ��. Los orígenes de Europa. Trans. F. Elías Abendlandes: Eine Einführung in die Geschichte der Abendlän- de Tejada. Madrid: Pegaso]. dischen Einheit. Translated by I. Mühlenkamp. Leipzig: J. Hegner. Dessauer, Friedrich Joseph Hubertus. ��. Philosophie der Technik: Das Problem der Realisierung. Bonn: Friedrich Cohen.28 Deventer, Salomon van. ��. Aus Liebe zur Kunst: das Museum Kröller-Müller. Translated by M. Deventer-Bottler. Colog- ne: DuMont Schauberg. Ausstellungs und Messe-Ausschuss der Deutsche Wirt- schaft (ed.) ��. Rückblick auf ein Halbes Jahrhundert: Von der Ständigen Ausstellungskommission. Cologne: Ausstellungs und Messe-Ausschuss der Deutsche Wirtschaft. Deutscher Werkbund (ed.) ��. Die Kunst in Industrie und Handel. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. Diesel, E. ��. Der Mensch, das Werk, das Schicksal. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt. [Spanish ed.: Dilthey, Wilhelm. ��. Dilthey, Wilhelm. ��. Das Erlebnis und die Dichtung. Lessing, Go- Vida y poesía. Trans. E. Imaz. México d.f.: ethe, Novalis, Hölderlin. Vier Aufsätze. Leipzig: B.G. Teub- Fondo de Cultura Económica]. ner. ———, Yorck von Wartenburg, Paul, and Schulenburg, Sig- rid (ed.) ��. Briefwechsel zwischen Wilhelm Dilthey und dem

26 Idem.

27 Idem.

28 Idem. The text is heavily underlined by Mies, and fragments of it are repeatedly quoted in one of Mies's notebooks, as studied in Neumeyer, F. (��), «Notebook ��- ��», Op. cit., Appendix, ch. ii, pp. ��-��.

404 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Grafen Paul Yorck von Wartenburg, ��-��. Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer. Dingler, Hugo. ��. Der Zusammenbruch der Wissenschaft und der Primat der Philosophie. Munich: E. Reinhardt. Drechsler, Hermann. ��. Aus der Werkstatt der Natur: Gemeinver- ständliche Einführung in die Naturwissenschaften. Berlin: Bü- chergilde Gutenberg. Drevermann, Fritz, and Prinzhorn, Hans (ed.) ��. Naturer- kenntnis: Vom Gegenstand der Naturwissenschaften. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheuer.29 Driesch, Hans. ��. Philosophie des Organischen: Gifford-vorlesungen Gehalten an der Universität Aberdeen in den Jahren ��-��. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. ———. ��. Ordnungslehre: Ein System des Nicht-metaphysischen Teiles der Philosophie. Jena: Eugen Diederichs.30 Drygalski, Erich von. ��. Freie Wege Vergleichender Erdkunde. Mu- nich: Oldenbourg. Durm, Josef. ��. Die Baukunst der Griechen. Leipzig: Alfred Krö- ner.31 Ebeling, Siegfried. ��. Der Raum als Membran. Dessau: C. Dünn- haupt. Eberstadt, Rud. ��. Neue Studien über Städtebau und Wohnungswe- sen. Jena: G. Fischer. Eckermann, Johann Peter. ��. Gespräche mit Goethe in der Letzten [Spanish ed.: Eckermann, Johann Pe- Jahren Seines Lebens. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. ter. ��. Conversaciones con Goethe en los úl- Eckhart, Meister. ��. Reden der Unterweisung: Das sind die Reden. timos años de su vida. Trans. José R. Pérez. Translated by F. Schulze-Maizier. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Madrid: Espasa Calpe]. Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley. ��. Die Naturwissenschaft auf Neu- en Bahnen — New Pathways in Science. Translated by Wil- helm H. Westphal. Braunschweig: F. Vieweg & Sohn.32 Eisler, Rudolf, and Müller-Freienfels, Richard (ed.) ��. Eis- lers Handwörterbuch der Philosophie. Berlin: E.S. Mittler. Endres, Heinz. ��. Die St.-Hedwigs-Kathedrale in Berlin: Bauge- schichte und Wiederaufbau. Berlin: Morus-Verlag. Engelhardt, Rudolf. ��. Der Weg zum Harmonischen Heim. Leip- zig: R. Voigtländer. Eucken, Rudolf. ��. Die Lebensanschauungen der Großen Denker: Eine [Spanish ed.: Eucken, Rudolf. ��. Los Entwicklungsgeschichte des Lebensproblems der Menschheit von grandes pensadores: su teoría de la vida. His- Plato bis zur Gegenwart. Leipzig: Veit.33 toria de la evolución del problema de la vida de la humanidad desde Platón hasta nuestros días. Fiedler, Konrad, and Marbach, Hans (ed.) ��. Konrad Fiedlers Trans. F. Ballvé. Madrid: Daniel Jorro].

29 Included in Blaser's selection.

30 Omitted by Neumeyer.

31 Included in Blaser's selection.

32 Idem.

33 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 405 APPENDIX

Schriften über Kunst. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Fischer, Hanns. ��. Raoul H. Francé: Das Buch eines Lebens. Leip- zig: Voigtländer. Fischer, Theodor, and Menser, Karl. ��. Karl Menser: Von sei- nem Werk, dem Künstler und Menschen. Bilder und Einführung. Dusseldorf: L. Schwann. ———. ��. Zwei Vorträge über Proportionen. Munich: R. Olden- bourg.34 [Spanish ed.: Flaubert, Gustave. ��. Flaubert, Gustave. ��. Die Sage von Sankt Julian dem Gastfreien. La leyenda de San Julián. Trans. I. Dusay. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Barcelona: Cervantes]. Foerster, Karl. ��. Warnung und Ermutigung: Meditationen, Bilder und Visionen. Berlin: Union Verlag. Ford, Henry. ��. Mein Leben und Werk. Leipzig: P. List. Francé, Annie. ��. Tier und Liebe: Geschichten von Unterdrückten und Verkannten. Berlin: J.H.W. Dietz. ———. ��. Die Kultur von Alt-Europa. Berlin-Schöneberg: P.J. Oestergaard. Francé, Raoul Heinrich. ��. Das Sinnesleben der Pflanzen. Stutt- gart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Streifzüge im Wassertropfen. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Ge- sellschaft der Naturfreunde.35 ———, and Koelsch, Adolf. ��. Floristische Lebensbilder. Stutt- gart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.36 ———. ��. Die Lichtsinnesorgane der Algen: Studien zum Ausbau der Vegetabilen Reizphysiologie i. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesell- schaft der Naturfreunde.37 ———. ��. Bilder aus dem Leben des Waldes: Mit Zahlreichen Natur- aufnahmen und � Kunstbeil. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.38 ———. ��. Der Wert der Wissenschaft: Aphorismen zu einer Natur und Lebensphilosophie. Zurich: Schröter. ———. ��. Der Bildungswert der Kleinwelt. Stuttgart: Fran- ckh'sche Verlagshandlung. ———. ��. Pflanzenpsychologie als Arbeitshypothese der Pflanzenphy- siologie. Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung.39 ———. ��. Die Natur in den Alpen. Leipzig: Theodor Thomas.40 ———, and Dopfer, H. ��. Denkmäler der Natur. Leipzig: Theo- dor Thomas, Geschäftsstelle der Deutschen Naturwis-

34 Included in Blaser's selection.

35 Idem.

36 Idem.

37 Omitted by Neumeyer.

38 A �� edition is mentioned in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

39 Omitted by Neumeyer.

40 Idem.

406 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

senschaftlichen Gesellschaft. ———. ��. Spaziergänge Durch den Hausgarten. Leipzig: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft.41 ———. ��. Die Welt der Pflanze: Eine Volkstümliche Botanik, mit Zahlreichen Abbildungen. Berlin-Wien: Ullstein & Co Bü- cher.42 ———. ��. Die Alpen, Gemeinverständlich Dargestellt. Leipzig: Theodor Thomas.43 ———. ��. Die Technischen Leistungen der Pflanzen. Leipzig: Veit & Co. ———. ��. Munich, die Lebensgesetze einer Stadt. Munich: H. Bruckmann. ———. ��. Zoësis: Eine Einführung in die Gesetze der Welt. Munich: F. Hanfstaengl.44 ———. ��. Die Gewalten der Erde: Eine Geschichte der Entfaltung des Lebens. Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher.45 ———. ��. Das Gesetz des Lebens. Leipzig: Theodor Thomas.46 ———. ��. Die Pflanze als Erfinder. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesell- schaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Das Edaphon: Untersuchungen zur Oekologie der Bodenbe- wohnenden Mikroorganismen. Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Ver- lagshandlung.47 ———. ��. Bios. Die Gesetze der Welt. Munich: Franz Hanf- staengl. ———. ��. Das Pflanzenleben Deutschlands und seiner Nachbarländer. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.48 ———. ��. Die Kultur von Morgen: Ein Buch der Erkenntnis und der Gesundung. Dresden: C. Reissner.49 ———. ��. Das Leben im Ackerboden. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesell- schaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Die Entdeckung der Heimat. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Ge- sellschaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Die Wage des Lebens: Ein Buch der Rechenschaft. Prien: Anthropos-Verlag. ———. ��. Das Liebesleben der Pflanzen. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Ge-

41 Omitted by Neumeyer.

42 Idem.

43 Idem.

44 Idem.

45 Idem.

46 Idem.

47 Idem.

48 Idem.

49 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 407 APPENDIX

sellschaft der Naturfreunde.50 ———. ��. Die Welt als Erleben: Grundriss einer objektiven Philoso- phie. Dresden: A. Huhle. ———. ��. Plasmatik: Die Wissenschaft der Zukunft. Stuttgart: Walter Seifert. ———. ��. Richtiges Leben: Ein Buch für Jedermann. Leipzig: Voigtländer. ———. ��. Grundriss der vergleichenden Biologie. Leipzig: Theodor Thomas. ———. ��. Die Seele der Pflanze. Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher. ———. ��. Wege zur Natur: Eine Einführung in die Untersuchung der Kleinwelt des Wassers und des Bodens. Stuttgart: Fran- ckh'sche Verlagshandlung. ———. ��. Das Liebesleben der Pflanzen. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Ge- sellschaft der Naturfreunde.51 ———. ��. Harmonie in der Natur. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesell- schaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Bios: Die Gesetze der Welt. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner. ———. ��. Der Weg zu Mir. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner.52 ———. ��. Phoebus: Ein Rückblick auf das glückliche Deutschland im Jahre ��. Munich: Drei Masken.53 ———. ��. Naturgesetze der Heimat. Wien: Österreichischer Bun- desverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst. ———. ��. Welt, Erde und Menschheit: Eine Wanderung Durch die Wunder der Schöpfung. Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher. ———. ��. Der Organismus: Organisation und Leben der Zelle. Mu- nich: Drei Masken. ———. ��. Urwäld. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Natur- freunde.54 ———. ��. Dinkelsbühl: Der Weg der Kultur. Leipzig: Dürr & We- ber. ———. ��. So Muβt du Leben: Eine Anleitung zum Richtigen Leben. Dresden: Carl Reissner. ———. ��. Korallenwelt: Der Siebente Erdteil. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.55 ———. ��. Lebender Braunkohlenwald: Eine Reise Durch die Heutige Urwelt. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreun- de. ———. ��. Von der Arbeit zum Erfolg: Ein Schlüssel zum Besseren

50 Omitted by Neumeyer.

51 A �� edition is mentioned in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit.

52 Included in Blaser's selection, and omitted by Neumeyer.

53 Omitted by Neumeyer.

54 Idem.

55 Idem.

408 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Leben. Dresden: Carl Reissner. ———, and Francé, Annie. ��. Sehnsucht Nach dem Süden. Leip- zig: Kittl.56 ———. ��. Die Waage des Lebens: Eine Bilanz der Kultur. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner.57 Francé-Harrar, Annie. ��. Die Tragödie des Paracelsus: Ein Jahr- tausend Deutschen Leides. Stuttgart: Seifert. ———. ��. Die Ehe von Morgen. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. Freyer, Hans. ��. Theorie des Gegenwärtigen Zeitalters. Stuttgart: [Spanish ed.: Freyer, Hans. ��. Teoría Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.58 de la época actual. Trans. L. Villorio. Méx- ———, Papalekas, Johannes C., and Weippert, Georg (eds.) ico d.f.: Fondo de Cultura Económica]. ��. Technik im Technischen Zeitalter: Stellungnahmen zur Ge- schichtlichen Situation. Dusseldorf: J. Schilling. Friedländer, Paul. ��. Platon. Berlin/Leipzig: W. de Gruyter & Co. Frieling, Heinrich. ��. Harmonie und Rhythmus in Natur und Kunst. Munich, Berlin: R. Oldenbourg. Frisch, Karl von. ��. Du Und das Leben: Eine Moderne Biologie für [Spanish ed.: Frisch, Karl von. ��. Tú Jedermann. Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher. y la vida. Trans. J. Manuel Pomares. Bar- Frobenius, Leo. ��. Das Unbekannte Afrika: Aufhellung der Schicksale celona: Plaza & Janés]. eines Erdteils. Munich: C.H. Beck. Fuchs, Eduard. ��. Illustrierte Sittengeschichte vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Munich: Albert Langen Verlag für Kunstge- schichte.59 ———. ��. Tang-plastik: Chinesische Grabkeramik des vii. bis x. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Albert Langen Verlag für Kunst- geschichte. ———. ��. Dachreiter und Verwandte Chinesische Keramik des xv. bis xviii. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Albert Langen Verlag für Kunstgeschichte. ———, and Heiland, Paul. ��. Die Deutsche Fayence-Kultur: Ein- hundertfünfzig der Schönsten Deutschen Fayencen. Munich: Al- bert Langen Verlag für Kunstgeschichte. ———. ��. Der Maler Daumier. Munich: Albert Langen Verlag für Kunstgeschichte. Fuhrmann, Ernst. ��. Der Sinn im Gegenstand: Nebst Beitrag über die Bedeutung der Ornamente. Munich: G. Mueller. Gaitanides,Johannes. ��. Passion Europa: Variationen Über ein Fast Konservatives Thema. Stuttgart: F. Vorwerk. Gebser, Jean. ��. Abendländische Wandlung: Abriss der Ergebnisse Moderner Forschung in Physik, Biologie und Psychologie, ihre

56 Omitted by Neumeyer.

57 Idem.

58 Included in Blaser's selection.

59 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 409 APPENDIX

Bedeutung für Gegenwart und Zukunft. Frankfurt am Main/ Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher.60 [Spanish ed.: Gide, André. ��. Los ali- Gidé, André. ��. Uns Nährt die Erde — Les Nourritures Terrestres. mentos terrestres y los nuevos alimentos. Trans. Translated by Hans Prinzhorn. Stuttgart: Deutsche Ver- L. Echávarri. Buenos Aires: Losada]. lags-Anstalt. Glaser, Curt. ��. Edvard Munch. Berlin: Cassirer. Gleichen-Russwurm, Alexander von. ��. Die Gotische Welt: Sitten und Gebräuche im Späten Mittelalter. Stuttgart: Julius Hoffmann.61 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, and Troll, Wilhelm (ed.) ��. Goethes Morphologische Schriften. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. Grabs, Rudolf. ��. Lebensführung im Geiste Albert Schweitzers. Ber- lin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. Grimme, Ernst Günther. ��. Aachener Goldschmiedekunst im Mittel- alter: Von Karl dem Großen bis zu Karl v. Aufnahmen von Ann Bredol-Lepper. Cologne: E. A. Seemann. Grohmann, Will. ��. Paul Klee. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.62 Grote, Ludwig. ��. Erinnerungen an Paul Klee. Munich: Prestel. Grünewald, Matthias, and Frænger, Wilhelm (ed.) ��. Der Isen- heimer Altar: �� Tafeln nach Lichtbildern. Basel: B. Schwabe. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. Guardini, Romano. ��. Aus einem Jugendreich. Mentz: Matthias Los signos sagrados. Trans. J. de Riezu. Grünewald Barcelona: Ed. Lit. Española]. ———. ��. Liturgische Bildung. Burg Rothenfels am Main: Deut- [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano, and sches Quickbornhaus63 López Quintás, Alfonso (ed.) ��. El ———. ��. Der Gegensatz: Versuche zu einer Philosophie des Leben- contraste: ensayo de una filosofía de lo vivi- dig-Konkreten. Mentz: Matthias Grünewald.64 ente-concreto. Trans. A. López. Madrid: ———. ��. Gottes Werkleute: Briefe über Selbstbildung. Erste Reihe. bac Ed.]. Burg Rothenfels am Main: Deutsches Quickbornhaus. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. Vía Crucis. Trans. F. Palau-Ribes. Ma- ———. ��. Von Heiligen Zeichen. Würzburg: Deutsches Quick- 65 drid: Rialp]. bornhaus.

[Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. ———. ��. Der Kreuzweg unseres Herrn und Heilandes. Mentz: Mat- Cartas del lago de Como. Trans. V. Bazterri- thias Grünewald. ca. San Sebastián: Dimor]. ———. ��. Briefe vom Comer See. Mentz: Matthias Grünewald.66 ———. ��. Über Wilhelm Raabes Stopfkuchen. Mentz: Matthias

60 Included in Blaser's selection. Blaser incorrectly attributes it to Hans Gebser.

61 Included in Blaser's selection.

62 Included in Blaser's selection.

63 The text is heavily underlined by Mies, and fragments of it are repeatedly quoted in one of Mies's notebooks, as studied in Neumeyer, F. (��), «Notebook ��-��», Op. cit., Appendix ii, pp. ��-��.

64 The text is heavily underlined by Mies.

65 Neumeyer mentions a �� edition. The text is heavily underlined by Mies, and fragments of it are repeatedly quoted in one of Mies's notebooks, as studied in Neumey- er, F. (��), Op. cit.

66 The text is heavily underlined by Mies, and fragments of it are repeatedly quoted in one of Mies's notebooks, as studied in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit.

410 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Grünewald. ———. ��. Freiheit, Gnade, Schicksal: Drei Kapitel zur Deutung des Daseins. Munich: Kösel. ———. ��. Das Ende der Neuzeit: Ein Versuch zur Orientierung. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. Würzburg: Werkbund. El ocaso de la edad moderna. Trans. José G. ———. ��. Welt und Person: Versuche zur Christlichen Lehre vom Mariscal, later reissued in Guardini, Menschen. Würzburg: Werkbund. Romano. ��. Obras. Tomo i, including ———. ��. Die Macht: Versuch einer Wegweisung. Würzburg: «Evolución histórica de la imagen del mundo» and «La cultura como obra y Werkbund. riesgo». Trans. José Mª Valverde. Ma- ———. ��. Der Tod des Sokrates: Eine Interpretation der Platonischen drid: Ed. Cristiandad]. Schriften Euthyphron, Apologie, Kriton und Phaidon. Ham- [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. burg: E. Rowohlt. Mundo y persona. Trans. F. González Vi- ———. ��. Über das Wesen des Kunstwerks. Vortrag in der Stuttgarter cen. Madrid: Guadarrama]. 67 Akademie der Künste. Tübingen: R. Wunderlich. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. Guilbert, Yvette, and Hessel, Franz. ��. Lied meines Lebens: Er- El poder: un intento de orientación. Trans. innerungen. Berlin: E. Rowohlt. A. Sánchez Pascual, later reissued in Gundlach, Gustav. ��. Zur Soziologie der Katholischen Ideenwelt und Guardini, Romano. ��. Obras. Tomo des Jesuitenordens. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder. i, Trans. José Mª Valverde. Madrid: Ed. Gundolf, Friedrich. ��. Dichter und Helden. Heidelberg: Weiss. Cristiandad]. ———. ��. Caesar: Geschichte seines Ruhms. Berlin: Bondi. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. La muerte de Sócrates. Trans. C. Eggers. Hagen, Oskar. ��. Deutsche Zeichner von der Gotik bis zum Rokoko. Buenos Aires: Emecé]. Munich: R. Piper & Co. [Spanish ed.: Guardini, Romano. ��. Hartlaub, Gustav Friedrich, and Haupt, Otto. ��. Das Ewige Sobre la esencia de la obra de arte. Trans. José Handwerk: Im Kunstgewerbe der Gegenwart: Beispiele Modernen Mª Valverde, later reissued in Guardini, Kunsthandwerklichen Gestaltens. Berlin: Reckendorf. Romano. ��. Obras. Tomo i. Madrid: Hartmann, Nicolai. ��. Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis. Ed. Cristiandad].

Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. [Spanish ed.: Hartmann, Nicolai. ��. ———. ��. Ethik. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Ética. Trans. X. Palacios. Madrid: En- ———. ��. Das Problem des Geistigen Seins: Untersuchungen zur cuentro]. Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geisteswissen- schaften. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.68 Hassenpflug, Gustav, and Beratungsstelle für Stahlverwen- dung (ed.) ��. Stahlmöbel. Dusseldorf: Stahleisen. Hauck, Guido. ��. Die Subjektive Perspektive und die Horizontalen Curvaturen des Dorischen Styls: Eine Perspektivisch-ästhetische Studie. Stuttgart: K. Wittwer. Hausenstein, Wilhelm. ��. Die Kunst und die Gesellschaft. Munich: R. Piper & Co. ———. ��. Barbaren und Klassiker: Ein Buch von der Bildnerei Exoti- scher Völker. Munich: R. Piper & Co. Hefele, Herman. ��. Das Gesetz der Form: Briefe an Tote. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. Heidegger, Martin. ��. Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik. [Spanish ed.: Heidegger, Martin. ��. Kant y el problema de la metafísica. Trans.

G. Ibscher Roth. México d.f.: Fondo de Cultura Económica]. 67 Omitted by Neumeyer.

68 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 411 APPENDIX

Bonn: Friedrich Cohen.69 Heinemann, Karl. ��. Goethe. Leipzig: Seemann. Heise, Carl Georg. ��. Lübeck im Bilde. Berlin: Karl Curtius. [Spanish ed.: Heinserberg, Werner. Heisenberg, Werner. ��. Wandlungen in den Grundlagen der Natur- ��. Los nuevos fundamentos de la ciencia. wissenschaft: Zwei Vorträge. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Trans. J. Mª Gimeno. Madrid: Norte y ———. ��. Das Naturbild der Heutigen Physik. Hamburg: E. Ro- sur]. wohlt. [Spanish ed.: Heinserberg, Werner. ———. ��. Physik und Philosophie. Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein ��. La imagen de la naturaleza en la física ac- & Co.70 tual: ensayo. Trans. G. Ferraté. Barcelona: Heiser, Victor. ��. Eines Arztes Weltfahrt: Erlebnisse und Abenteuer Seix Barral]. in Fünfundvierzig Ländern. Translated by R. von Scholtz. [Spanish ed.: Heiser, Victor. ��. La odisea de un médico: en �� países. Trans. J. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlag Anstlang. Hubert. Buenos Aires: Joaquín Gil]. Heiss, Robert. ��. Die Deutung der Handschrift. Hamburg: H. Go- verts. Herder, Verlag (ed.) ��. Herders Bildungsbuch. Der Mensch in seiner Welt. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder. Herig, Friedrich. ��. Menschenhand und Kulturwerden: Einführung in die Manufaktologie. Weimar: Verlag für Urgeschichte und Menschenforschung. Hermanns, Will. ��. Erzstuhl des Reiches: Lebensgeschichte der Kur und Kronstadt Aachen. Ratingen: Rheinische Bücherei. Heuss, Theodor. ��. Zur Kunst dieser Gegenwart: Drei Essays. Tü- bingen: R. Wunderlich. [Spanish ed.: Hielscher, Kurt. ��. Hielscher, Kurt. ��. Das Unbekannte Spanien: Baukunst, Land- La España incógnita. Arquitectura, paisajes, schaft, Volksleben. Berlin/Zurich: Atlantis. vida popular. Trans. M. Asenjo and E. Hildebrand, Adolf von. ��. Gesammelte Aufsätze. Strasbourg: Hahn-Echenagucia. Barcelona: E. Ca- J.H. Ed. Heitz (Heitz & Mundel). nosa]. Hildebrand, Rudolf. ��. Geist. Halle/Saale: M. Niemeyer. Hiller, Kurt. ��. Verwirklichung des Geistes im Staat: Beiträge zu einem System des Logokratischen Aktivismus. Leipzig: E. Ol- denburg. Hirmer, Max. ��. Römische Kaisermünzen. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Hoernes, Moritz, and Menghin, Oswald. ��. Urgeschichte der Bildenden Kunst in Europa von den Anfängen bis um �� vor Christi. Wien: A. Schroll & Co. Hölderlin, Friedrich ��. Gedichte von Friedrich Hölderlin. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag Huizinga, Johann. ��. Herbst des Mittelalters: Studien über Lebens- und Geistesformen des xiv. und xv. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich und in den Niederlanden. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner. Husserl, Edmund (ed.), «Festschrift, Edmund Husserl zum ��. Geburtstag Gewidmet», booklet in Jahrbuch für Philo- sophie und Phänomenologische Forschung, x (xvii +��): ��

69 Included in Blaser's selection.

70 Mies also owned an English edition.

412 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

(��). Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer. Jaeger, Werner. ��. Platos Stellung im Aufbau der Griechischen Bil- dung: Ein Entwurf. Berlin: De Gruyter. Jaspers, Karl. ��. Die Geistige Situation der Zeit. Berlin: Walter de [Spanish ed.: Jaspers, Karl. ��. Ambi- Gruyter & Co. ente espiritual de nuestro tiempo. Trans. R. de ———. ��. Die Atombombe und die Zukunft des Menschen: Politisches la Serna. Barcelona: Labor]. Bewusstsein in unserer Zeit. Munich: R. Piper & Co. [Spanish ed.: Jaspers, Karl. ��. La bom- ba atómica y el futuro del hombre. Trans. L. Jean Paul, and Reiher,Johannes (ed.) ��. Traumdichtungen. Leip- Castro. Madrid: Taurus]. zig: Insel-Verlag. Jünger, Ernst. ��. Blätter und Steine. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt. ———. ��. An der Zeitmauer. Stuttgart: E. Klett. Justi, Carl. ��. Winckelmann und seine Zeitgenossen. Leipzig: Vogel. Kaemmerer, Walter, and Poll, Bernhard (ed.) ��. Geschichte Aa- chens in Daten. Aachen: Mayer. Kähler, Heinz. ��. Wandlungen der Antiken Form. Munich: Münchner.71 Kalkschmidt, Eugen. ��. Carl Spitzweg und seine Welt: Mit �� Ab- bildungen und �� Farbtafeln. Munich: F. Bruckmann. Kant, Immanuel, and Görland, Albert (ed.) ��. Kritik der Reinen [Spanish ed.: Kant, Immanuel, and Vernunft. Berlin: Verlegt bei Bruno Cassirer.72 Fischer, Kuno (ed.) ��. Crítica de la Kehrer, Hugo. ��. Alt-Antwerpen: Eine Kunsthistorische Studie. Mu- razón pura; precedida de la Vida de Kant e nich: H. Schmidt. Historia de los orígenes de la filosofía crítica. Trans. J. de Perojo. Buenos Aires: Sope- Kerler, Dietrich H., and Bergson, Henri. ��. Henri Bergson und na]. das Problem des Verhältnisses Zwischen Leib und Seele. Ulm: Heinrich Kerler. ———. ��. Weltwille und Wertwille: Linien des Systems der Philoso- phie. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner.73 Killian, Johann. ��. Der Kristall: Das Geheimnis des Anorganischen. Berlin: Paul Zsolnay. Klages, Ludwig. ��. Persönlichkeit: Einführung in die Charakterkun- de. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheuer. Klopfer, Paul. ��. Von Palladio bis Schinkel: Eine Charakteristik der Baukunst des Klassizismus. Eszlingen: P. Neff.74 Kokoschka, Oskar, and Wingler, Hans Maria (ed.) ��. Künstler und Poeten: Bildniszeichnungen. Literarische Porträtskizzen von Herwarth Walden, Else Lasker-Schüler und anderen Schriftstel- lern aus dem Künstlerkreis Der Sturm. Feldafing Obb: Buch- heim. Kolnai, Aurel. ��. Der Ethische Wert und die Wirklichkeit. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder.

71 Included in Blaser's selection.

72 Idem.

73 Idem. Omitted by Neumeyer.

74 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 413 APPENDIX

Kranichfeld, Hermann, and André, Hans (ed.) ��. Das Teleo- logische Prinzip in der Biologischen Forschung. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung.75 Krannhals, Paul. ��. Das Organische Weltbild: Grundlagen einer Neuentstehenden Deutschen Kultur. Ungekürzte Volksausg. Mu- nich: F. Bruckmann. Kröner, Franz. ��. Die Anarchie der Philosophischen Systeme. Leip- zig: F. Meiner. [Spanish ed.: Kropotkin, Piotr Alek- Kropotkin, Petr A. ��. Die Eroberung des Brotes: Wohlstand für Alle. seevich. ��. La conquista del pan. Trans. Translated by R. Rocker. Berlin: Der Syndikalist. F. Salvoechea. Madrid: La España Mod- ———. ��. Landwirtschaft, Industrie und Handwerk: Oder die Verei- erna]. nigung von Industrie und Landwirtschaft, von Geistiger und Kör- [Spanish ed.: Kropotkin, Piotr Alek- perlicher Arbeit. Berlin: Der Syndikalist. seevich. ��. Campos, fábricas y talleres. Kropp, Ernst, and Riezler, Walter (ed.) ��. Wandlung der Form im Trans. F. Salvoechea. Madrid: La Es- xx. Jahrhundert: Dem Deutschen Werkbund Gewidmet. Berlin: paña Moderna]. H. Reckendorf. Krueger, Felix E. ��. Komplexqaulitäten, Gestalten und Gefühle. Munich: C.H. Beck. ———. ��. Der Strukturbegriff in der Psychologie. Jena: Fischer. [Spanish ed.: Landgrebe, Ludwig. ��. Landgrebe, Ludwig. ��. Philosophie der Gegenwart. Frankfurt/M: La filosofia actual: ensayo. Trans. N. Silvetti. Ullstein & Co Bücher. Caracas: Monte Ávila]. Landsberg, Paul-Louis. ��. Die Welt des Mittelalters und Wir: Ein [Spanish ed.: Landsberg, Paul L. ��. Geschichtsphilosophischer Versuch über den Sinn eines Zeitalters. La edad media y nosotros: ensayo filosófi- Bonn: Friedrich Cohen.76 co-histórico sobre el sentido de una época. Langbehn, Julius. ��. Rembrandt als Erzieher. Leipzig: C.L. Trans. J. Ramón Pérez. Madrid: Revista Hirschfeld. de Occidente]. Le Corbusier, and Hildebrandt, Hans (ed.) ��. Kommende Bau- [Spanish ed.: Le Corbusier. ��. Hacia una arquitectura. Trans. Josefina Martínez kunst. Translated by H. Hildebrandt. Stuttgart: Deutsche Alinari. Buenos Aires: Ed. Poseidon]. Verlags-Anstalt.

[Spanish ed.: Le Corbusier. ��. La ciu- ———, and Hildebrandt, Hans (ed.) ��. Städtebau. Translated dad del futuro. Trans. E. L. Revol. Buenos by H. Hildebrandt. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. Aires: Infinito]. ———, Stonorov, Oskar, and Boesiger, Willy (eds.) ��. Le Corbusier und Pierre Jeanneret: Ihr Gesamtes Werk von ��- ��. Translated by O. Stonorov and W. Boesiger. Zu- rich: H. Girsberger. Leinen, Rudolf. ��. Der Wille zum Ganzen: Prolegomena zu einer Ethik. Leipzig: Felix Meiner. [Spanish ed.: Leonardo da Vinci, ��. Leonardo da Vinci and Herzfeld, Marie (ed.) ��. Traktat von Tratado de pintura. Trans. A. González. der Malerei. Translated by H. Ludwig. Jena: Eugen Die- Madrid: Akal]. derichs.

75 A �� edition is mentioned in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit.

76 Mies owned a second copy (Bonn: Friedrich Cohen, ��), both of them heavily underlined. Neumeyer mentions a copy of Landsberg, P.-L. (��) Wesen und Bedeutung der Platonischen Akademie, eine Erkenntnis-soziologische Untersuchung. Bonn: F. Cohen, which is neither included in Blaser's selection, nor in Seidel's catalog for uic. See Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

414 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

———, and Zamboni, Giuseppe (ed.) ��. Philosophische Tagebü- [Spanish ed.: Leonardo da Vinci. ��. cher. Translated by G. Zamboni. Hamburg: E. Rowohlt. Escritos literarios y filosóficos. Trans. J. Cam- Lerski, Helmar. ��. Köpfe des Alltags: Unbekannte Menschen. Berlin: po Moreno. Madrid: M. Aguilar]. H. Reckendorf. Lindner, Werner, Steinmetz, Georg (eds.), Deutscher Bund Heimatschutz, and Deutscher Werkbund (eds.) ��. Die Ingenieurbauten in Ihrer Guten Gestaltung. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. ———, Todt, Fritz, Deutscher Bund Heimatschutz, and Deutsches Handwerksinstitut (eds.) ��. Mauerwerk. Berlin: Alfred Metzner. Loos, Adolf. ��. Sämtliche Schriften. Wien: Herold. [Spanish ed.: Loos, Adolf, and Lux, Joseph A. ��. Joseph M. Olbrich. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. Schachel, Roland (ed.) ��. Ornamento y Mächler, Martin. ��. Demodynamik. Berlin: R. Hobbing. delito y otros escritos. Trans. L. Cirlot and P. Pérez. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili]. Mæterlinck, Maurice. ��. Die Intelligenz der Blumen. Translated by F. von Oppeln-Bronikowski. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. [Spanish ed.: Mæterlinck, Maurice. ��. La inteligencia de las flores. Trans. J. Marais, Eugène Nielen. ��. Die Seele der Weißen Ameise. Trans- Bautista. Barcelona: Montaner y Si- lated by M. von der Groeben and W. de Kok. Berlin: mon]. Herbig. Marc, Franz ��. Briefe, Aufzeichnungen und Aphorismen. Berlin: P. Cassirer. Mariacher, Bruno. ��. Wegweiser zur Antike: Ein Vergnüglicher Streifzug Durch Tausend Jahre Alte Welt. Zurich: Artemis. Mau, August. ��. Pompeji in Leben und Kunst: Mit einem Kapitel über Herculaneum. Leipzig: Engelmann. Mauch, Johann Matthäus von, and Normand, Charles P. Joseph. ��. Vergleichende Darstellung Griechischer Bau-Ordnungen. Potsdam: Ferdinand Riegel. Meier-Graefe, Julius. ��. Entwicklungsgeschichte der Modernen Kunst. Munich: R. Piper & Co. ———. ��. Hans van Marées. Munich: R. Piper & Co. Meng-Koehler, Mathilde. ��. Die Bilder des Konrad Witz und Ihre Quellen: Legenda Aurea, Speculum Humanae Salvationis, Bibel. Basel: Holbein. Metzger, Max. ��. Die Alte Profanarchitektur Lübecks: �� Abbildun- gen auf �� Tafeln und �� Textbilder. Lubeck: C. Coleman. Meyer, Eduard. ��. Geschichte des Alterthums. Stuttgart: J.G. Cot- ta. Migge, Leberecht. ��. Deutsche Binnen-Kolonisation: Sachgrundlagen des Siedlungswesens. Berlin: Deutscher Kommunal-Verlag. Moessel, Ernst. ��. Vom Geheimnis der Form und der Urform des Seins. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.77 Muche, Georg. ��. Buon Fresco: Briefe aus Italien über Handwerk und Stil der Echten Freskomalerei. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth.

77 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 415 APPENDIX

Muckle, Friedrich, and Nietzsche, Friedrich W. ��. Friedrich Nietzsche und der Zusammenbruch der Kultur. Munich/Leip- zig: Duncker & Humblot. Mühlestein, Hans. ��. Die Geburt des Abendlandes: Ein Beitrag zum Sinnwandel der Geschichte. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheu- er. Müller, Otto. ��. Der Aachener Domschatz. Königstein im Taun- us: K.R. Langewiesche. Mumford, Lewis. ��. Vom Blockhaus zum Wolkenkratzer: Eine Studie über Amerikanische Architektur und Zivilisation. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. Munch, Edvard, and Göpel, Erhard (ed.) ��. Edvard Munch: Selbstbildnisse und Dokumente. Munich: Albert Langen, Georg Müller. Nawrath, Ernst Alfred. ��. Indien und China, Meisterwerke der Baukunst und Plastik: Mit �� Abbildungen und einer Karte. Wien: A. Schroll & Co. Nicolas, Raoul. ��. Die Burgen der Deutschen Schweiz. Frauenfeld: Huber & Co.

[Spanish ed.: Nietzsche, Friedrich W. Nietzsche, Friedrich W. ��. Nietzsches Werke. Leipzig: C.G. Nau- ��. Obras completas. Trans. E. Ovejero mann. Maury. Madrid: Aguilar]. ———, Rohde, Edwin, Förster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth, and [Spanish ed.: Nietzsche, Friedrich W. Schöll, Fritz (eds.) ��. Friedrich Nietzsches Briefwechsel ��. Más allá del bien y del mal. Genealogía mit E. Rohde. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag.78 de la moral. A los pueblos y patrias. Póstuma, ———. ��. Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Zur Genealogie der Moral. Aus ��. Trans. E. Ovejero Maury. Madrid: dem Nachlass ��-��. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner.79 Aguilar]. ———, and Förster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth (ed.) ��. Gedichte und [Spanish ed.: Nietzsche, Friedrich W. Sprüche. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner. ��. Poemas. Trans. V. Careaga and T. debrecht Santoro. Madrid: Hiperión]. O , Rudolf. ��. Gefühl und Ganzheit: der Ideengehalt der Psychologie Felix Kruegers. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt. Otto, Teo, Schwippert, Hans, and Wimmenauer, Karl. ��. Hans Schwippert zum ��. Lebensjahr �� von Freunden. Dus- seldorf: Schwann. Otto, Walter Friedrich. ��. Die Altgriechische Gottesidee: Vortrag, Gehalten vor der Vereinigung der Freunde des ‘Humanistischen Gymnasiums’, Berlin, den ��. November, ��. Berlin: Weid- mann. Ozenfant, Amédée. ��. Leben und Gestaltung; i: Bilanz des xx. Jahr- hunderts: Literatur, Malerei, Plastik, Architektur, Musik, Wis- senschaft, Religion, Philosophie; ii: Aufbau eines Neuen Geistes. Translated by G. Grohmann. Postdam: Müller & I. Kiepenheuer.

78 Heavily underlined, though probably not by Mies, according to Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

79 Idem. Neumeyer notes that the book originally belonged to Ada Bruhn's family.

416 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Panfoeder, Chrysostomus. ��. Das Organische. Mentz: Matthias Grünewald. Pater, Walter. ��. Griechische Studien: Gesammelte Aufsätze. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. Philipsohn, Martin. ��. Die Sinne der Pflanzen. Stuttgart: Kos- mos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde.80 Plato. ��. Die Verteidigung des Sokrates: Kriton. Translated by E. [Spanish ed.: Platón. ��. Apología de Müller. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag Socrates; Critón. Trans. E. Isla Bolaño. Plessner, Helmuth. ��. Die Einheit der Sinne: Grundlinien einer Ae- Madrid: Gredos]. sthesiologie des Geistes. Bonn: Friedrich Cohen. ———. ��. Die Stufen des Organischen und der Mensch: Einleitung in die Philosophische Anthropologie. Berlin: W. de Gruyter & Co. Poelzig, Hans. ��. Der Architekt. Berlin: Hauptverwaltung des bda. Port, Kurt, and Kerler, Dietrich Heinrich. ��. Das System der Werte: Kerlers Werkethik und die Formen des Geistes im Wertphi- losophischen Sinne. Munich: Duncker & Humbolt. Prinzhorn, Hans. ��. Leib-Seele-Einheit: Ein Kernproblem der Neuen Psychologie. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheuer. ———. ��. Nachgelassene Gedichte. Lubeck: H.G. Rahtgens Quervain, Alfred de. ��. Gesetz und Freiheit. Stuttgart: From- mann. Rave, Rolf, and Knöfel, Hans-Joachim. ��. Bauen seit ��: Ein Führer durch Berlin. Berlin: Ullstein & Co Bücher. Rave, Paul Ortwin. ��. Die Geschichte der Nationalgalerie Berlin. Berlin: Nationalgalerie der Staatlichen Museen Preussi- scher Kulturbesitz. Redslob, Edwin. ��. Das Kirchenportal. Jena: H. Costenoble. Reinhardt, Karl. ��. Poseidonios. Munich: C.H. Beck. Renard, Edmund. ��. Rheinische Wasserburgen. Bonn: F. Cohen. Richter, Hans. ��. Dada Profile: Mit Zeichnungen, Photos, Dokumen- [Spanish ed.: Richter, Hans. ��. His- ten. Zurich: Die Arche. toria del dadaísmo. Trans. E. Molina. Bue- ———. ��. Dada, Kunst und Antikunst: Der Beitrag Dadas zur Kunst nos Aires: Nueva Visión]. des xx. Jahrhunderts. Cologne: M. DuMont Schauberg.

Rickert, Heinrich. ��. Zur Lehre von der Definition. Tübingen: [Spanish ed.: Rickert, Heinrich. ��. Mohr. Teoría de la definición. Trans. L. Villoro. Riegl, Alois. ��. Stilfragen: Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Or- México d.f.: Centro de Estudios Filosóf- namentik. Berlin: G. Siemens. icos]. [Spanish ed.: Riegl, Alois, and ———, Burda, Arthur, and Dvořák, Max (eds.) ��. Die Entste- hung der Barockkunst in Rom. Wien: A. Schroll. Solà-Morales Rubió, Ignasi. ��. Problemas de estilo: fundamentos para una his- Riehl, Alois. ��. Zur Einführung in die Philosophie der Gegenwart. toria de la ornamentación. Trans. F. Miguel. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.81 Barcelona: Gustavo Gili].

80 Neumeyer mentions a �� edition, in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit.

81 Included in Blaser's selection. Although autographed as “Ada Mies”, Neumey-

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 417 APPENDIX

Rilke, Rainer Maria. ��. Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. Rocheblave, Samuel. ��. Die Französische Malerei des xix. Jahrhun- derts. Wien: Schroll & Co. Rohde, Elisabeth, and Staatliche Museen Berlin (ed.) ��. Per- gamon: Burgberg und Altar. Berlin: Henschelverlag. [Spanish ed.: Rosenberg, Alfred. ��. Rosenberg, Alfred. ��. Revolution in der Bildenden Kunst?. Munich: El mito del siglo xx: una valoración de las lu- Eher. chas anímico-espirituales de las formas en nues- ———. ��. Der Mythus des xx. Jahrhunderts: Eine Wertung der See- tro tiempo. Trans. A. Encina and W. del lischgeistigen Gestaltenkämpfe unserer Zeit. Munich: Hohenei- Prado. Buenos Aires: Odal]. chen. Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen. ��. Heilkraft und Wahrheit: Konkor- danz der Politischen und der Kosmischen Zeit. Stuttgart: Evan- gelisches Verlagswerk. Rousseau, Madeleine, Johnson Sweeney, James and Domnick, Ottomar. ��. Hans Hartung. Stuttgart: Domnick. [Spanish ed.: Roth, Alfred, and La- Roth, Alfred. ��. Zwei Wohnhäuser von Le Corbusier und Pierre Jean- huerta, Juan José (ed.) ��. Dos casas neret. Stuttgart: F. Wedekind & Co. de Le Corbusier y Pierre Jeanneret. Trans. Rückert, Otto. ��. Die Farbe als Element der Baulichen Gestaltung. J. Siguan and I. González. Murcia: Stuttgart: Akademischer Verlag Fritz Wedekind & Co. coaat]. Rudolph, Susanne. ��. Die Krise der Kunst in Malerbriefen aus den xix. Jahrhundert. Lorch, Württ.: A. Bürger. Schacht, Roland. ��. Henri Matisse. Dresden: R. Kaemmerer. Schardt, Alois J. ��. Franz Marc. Berlin: Rembrandt. Scheffler, Karl. ��. Moderne Baukunst. Leipzig: Zeitler. [Spanish ed.: Scheler, Max. ��. De lo Scheler, Max. ��. Vom Ewigen im Menschen. Leipzig: Der Neue eterno en el hombre: la esencia y los atributos de Geist. Dios. Trans. J. Marías. Madrid: Revista ———. ��. Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft. Probleme einer de Occidente]. Soziologie des Wissens. Erkenntnis und Arbeit; eine Studie über [Spanish ed.: Scheler, Max. ��. So- Wert und Grenzen des Pragmatischen Princips in der Erkennt- ciología del saber. Trans. J. Gaos. Madrid: nis der Welt; Universität und Hochschulen. Leipzig: Der Neue Revista de Occidente]. Geist.82 [Spanish ed.: Scheler, Max. ��. Ética: ———. ��. Vom Umsturz der Werte: Der Abhandlungen und Aufsätze nuevo ensayo de fundamentación de un person- Zweite Durchgesehene Auflage. Leipzig: Der Neue Geist. alismo ético. Trans. H. Rodríguez Sanz. Madrid: Revista de Occidente]. ———. ��. Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die Materiale Wertethik:

[Spanish ed.: Scheler, Max. ��. La Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines Ethischen Personalismus. idea del hombre y la historia. Trans. J. José Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer. Oliveira. Buenos Aires: Siglo xx]. ———. ��. Mensch und Geschichte. Zurich: Neuen Schweizer Rundschau. Schinkel, Carl Friedrich. ��. Sammlung Architektonischer Entwürfe von Schinkel Enthaltend theils Werke, Welche Ausgeführt Sind, theils Gegenstände, deren Ausführung Beabsichtigt Wurde: Neu-

er argues that the heavy underlining all along the book is characteristic of Mies, in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. ii, p. ��, note ��.

82 Included in Blaser's selection. Omitted by Neumeyer.

418 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

este Folge, h.� – h.�� des Ganzen Werkes. Berlin: Gropius. Schmidthüs, Karlheinz, and Guardini, Romano. ��. Christliche Verwirklichung: Romano Guardini zum Fünfzigsten Geburtstag dargebracht von seinen Freunden und Schülern. Rothenfels am Main: Burgverlag. Schmitz, Karl. ��. Heilung durch Hypnose. Bern/Munich: Fran- cke. Scholz, Heinrich. ��. Zum “Untergang” des Abendlandes: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Oswald Spengler. Berlin: Reuther & Reichard. Schopenhauer, Arthur. ��. Sämtliche Werke. Leipzig: Insel-Ver- [Spanish ed.: Schopenhauer, Arthur. lag.83 ��. Obras. Trans. E. Ovejero y Maury, Schrodinger, Erwin. ��. Was ist Leben?: Die Lebende Zelle mit den and E. González. Buenos Aires: Ateneo]. Augen des Physikers Betrachtet. Munich: L. Lehnen.84 [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. ———. ��. Die Natur und die Griechen: Kosmos Gesellschaft der Na- ��. ¿Qué es la vida? Trans. G. Mayena. Buenos Aires: Espasa Calpe]. turfreunde und Physik. Hamburg: E. Rowohlt. [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. ———. ��. Meine Weltansicht. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Bü- ��. Mi concepción del mundo; seguido de cherei. Mi vida. Trans. J. Fingerhut. Barcelona: chultz ünger S , Edmund, and J , Ernst. ��. Die Veränderte Welt: Tusquets].

Eine Bilderfibel unserer Zeit. Breslau: W.G. Korn. [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. ��. Schultze-Naumburg, Paul, and Hitler, Adolf. ��. Die Kunst La naturaleza y los griegos. Trans. F. Porti- der Deutschen: Ihr Wesen und Ihre Werke. Stuttgart: Deutsche llo. Madrid: Aguilar]. Verlags-Anstalt. Schuster, Franz. ��. Der Stil unserer Zeit: Die Fünf Formen des Ge- staltens der Äußeren Welt des Menschen, ein Beitrag zum Kultu- rellen Wiederaufbau. Wien: A. Schroll. Schwarz, Rudolf. ��. Wegweisung der Technik: �. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheuer.85 ———. ��. Über die Verfassung einer Werkschule. Aachen: Kunst- gewerbeschule. ———. ��. Gottesdienst: Ein Zeitbuch. Burg Rothenfels am Main: Werkbund Verlag Würzburg, Abt. die Burg. ———. ��. Betendes Werk: Ein Zeitbuch. Würzburg: Werkbund.86 ———. ��. Vom Bau der Kirche. Würzburg: Werkbund.87 ———. ��. Von der Bebauung der Erde. Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider.88 ———. ��. Kirchenbau: Welt vor der Schwelle. Heidelberg: F.H.

83 Included in Blaser's selection. Omitted by Neumeyer.

84 Included in Blaser's selection. Mies also owed an English edition.

85 Included in Blaser's selection, although in a different edition than in Seidel's catalog for uic (Aachener Werkschule: Aachener Werkbücher–Band �, n.d.)

86 Omitted by Neumeyer.

87 Included in Blaser's selection, although in a different edition than in Seidel's catalog for uic (Heidelberg: L. Schneider, ��). Mies also owned an English edition.

88 Included in Blaser's selection. Added by Mies to his library once in America.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 419 APPENDIX

Kerle. ———. ��. Denken und Bauen: Schriften und Bauwerke. Heidelberg: F.H. Kerle. Schwippert, Hans. ��. Mensch und Technik: Erzeugnis, Form, Ge- brauch. Darmstadt: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt. ———. ��. Der Fortschritt und die Dinge. Essen: Industrieform e.V. ———, and Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschu- le Aachen (ed.) ��. Vom Machen und Brauchen. Krefeld: Scherpe. ———. ��. Beiträge in ‘Werk und Zeit’. Dusseldorf: Deutsche Werkbund. Scott, Mackay H. Baillie. ��. Häuser und Gärten. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. Sedlmayr, Hans. ��. Die Entstehung der Kathedrale. Zurich: At- lantis. Seidlitz, Woldemar, and Manteuffel, Kurt Zoege. ��. Leonar- do da Vinci: Der Wendepunkt der Renaissance. Wien: Phaidon. [Spanish ed.: Semper, Gottfried, and Semper, Gottfried. ��. Der Stil in den Technischen und Tektonischen Azpiazu, Juan Ignacio (ed.) ��. Semper: Künsten, oder Praktische Aesthetik: Ein Handbuch für Techniker, el estilo. El estilo en las artes técnicas y tectóni- Künstler und Kunstfreunde. Munich: F. Bruckmann.89 cas; o, Estética práctica y textos complementa- Sertillanges, Antonin-Gilbert Dalmace, and Grosche, Robert. rios. Trans. J. Ignacio Azpiazu. Buenos ��. Der Heilige Thomas von Aquinas. Hellerau/Dresden: Aires: Azpiazu]. Jacob Hegner. Sierks, Hans Ludwig. ��. Grundriss der Sicheren Reichen Ruhigen Stadt. Dresden: Buchverlag Kaden & Co. [Spanish ed.: Simmel, Georg, and Simmel, Georg. ��. Philosophische Kultur: Gesammelte Essais. Leip- Habermas, Jürgen. ��. Sobre la aventura: zig: W. Klinkhardt. ensayos filosóficos. Trans. G. Muñoz and S. ———, and Kantorowicz, Gertrud (ed.) ��. Fragmente und Auf- Mas. Barcelona: Península]. sätze: Aus dem Nachlass und Veröffentlichungen der Letzten Jah- re. Munich: Drei Masken. [Spanish ed.: Spengler, Oswald. ��. Spengler, Oswald. ��. Preußentum und Sozialismus. Munich: C.H. La decadencia de Occidente. Bosquejo de una Beck. morfología de la historia universal. Trans. M. ———. ��. Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie Gª Morente. Madrid: Espasa Calpe]. der Weltgeschichte. Munich: C. H. Beck. [Spanish ed.: Spranger, Eduard. ��. Spranger, Eduard. ��. Lebensformen: Geisteswissenschaftliche Psy- Formas de vida. Psicología y ética de la person- chologie und Ethik der Persönlichkeit. Halle am der Saale: alidad. Trans. R. de la Serna. Madrid: Max Niemeyer.90 Revista de Occidente]. ———, and Bähr, Hans Walter. ��. Gedanken zur Daseinsgestal- [Spanish ed.: Spranger, Eduard, and tung. Munich: R. Piper & Co. Bähr, Hans Walter. ��. Reflexiones sobre el desarrollo de la existencia. Trans. A. Orías. Stahl, Fritz (pseudonymous). ��. Schinkel. Berlin: Ernst Was- 91 Buenos Aires: Compañía General Fab- muth. ril]. Steffes, Johann Peter. ��. Die Staatsauffassung der Moderne: Auf

89 Included in Blaser's selection.

90 Profusely underlined and annotated by Mies.

91 Included in Blaser's selection.

420 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

der Grundlage der Kulturphilosophischen Zeitideen. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder. Steinbüchel, Theodor. ��. Der Zweckgedanke in der Philosophie des Thomas von Aquino. Münster i.W: Aschendorff. Steinen, Wolfram von. ��. Vom heiligen Geist des Mittelalters: An- selm von Canterbury, Bernhard von Clairvaux. Breslau: F. Hirt. Stolper, Hans, and Fuchs, J. K. ��. Bauen in Holz: Blockbau, Fachwerk, Plattenbau und Hallenbau. Stuttgart: Julius Hoff- man. Stölzle, Remigius, and Stölzle, Paula. ��. Die Finalität in der Natur. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung.92 ———, and Stölzle, Paula. ��. Der Ursprung des Lebens: Kritische Untersuchung der verschiedenen Hypothesen. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung.93 Strache, Wolf. ��. Aachen: Stadt Karls des Großen und der Heilenden Quellen. Stuttgart: Die Schönen Bücher. Strack, Johann Heinrich. ��. Das Altgriechische Theatergebäude: Nach Sämmtlichen Bekannten Überresten Dargestellt auf neun Tafeln. Potsdam: Ferdinand Riegel. Stravinsky, Igor, and Tüngel, Richard. ��. Erinnerungen. Zu- rich: Atlantis. Strombach, Werner. ��. Natur und Ordnung: Eine Naturphilosophi- sche Deutung des Wissenschaftlichen Welt und Menschenbildes unserer Zeit. Munich: C.H. Beck. Strzygowski, Josef. ��. Der Dom zu Aachen und seine Entstellung: Ein Kunstwissenschaftlicher Protest. Leipzig: Hinrich. Stüler, Friedrich August, and Architekten und Ingenieur Verein zu Berlin (ed.) ��. Architektonisches Album. Pots- dam: Ferdinand Riegel. Sydow, Eckart von. ��. Form und Symbol: Grundkräfte der Bildenden Kunst. Potsdam: Müller & Kiepenheuer. Taut, Bruno. ��. Die Auflösung der Städte; oder, Die Erde eine gute [Spanish ed.: Taut, Bruno, and Ába- Wohnung; oder auch: Der Weg zur Alpinen Architektur; in �� los, Iñaki (ed.) ��. Escritos 1919-1920: Zeichnungen. Hagen in West: Erschienen im Folkwang. La corona de la ciudad. Arquitectura alpina. El constructor del mundo. La disolución de las Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. ��. Der Mensch im Kosmos. Trans- lated by O. Marbach. Munich: C.H. Beck. ciudades. Trans. Mª Dolores Ábalos. Ma- drid: El Croquis]. Thiis, Jens. ��. Edvard Munch. Berlin: Rembrandt. [Spanish ed.: Teilhard de Chardin, Thoma, Hans, Hege, Walter, and Residenzmuseum München Pierre. ��. El fenomeno humano. Madrid: (eds.) ��. Kronen und Kleinodien: Meisterwerke des Mittelal- Revista de Occidente]. ters und der Renaissance aus den Schatzkammern der Residenz zu Munich. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. Thomas von Aquinas. ��. Die Nachfolge Christi. Translated by F. [Spanish ed.: Tomás de Aquino, St. Braun. Leipzig: Alfred Kröner. ��. Imitación de Cristo. Trans. J. E. Nier- emberg. Barcelona: Soler].

92 Neumeyer mentions a �� edition, in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit.

93 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 421 APPENDIX

———. ��. Über das Sein und das Wesen: Deutsch-lateinische Aus- gabe. Translated by R. Allers. Wien: Thomas-Verlag J. Hegner. Tischleder, Peter. ��. Die Staatslehre Leos xiii. M. Gladbach: Volksvereins Verlag. Uexküll, Jakob Johann. ��. Theoretische Biologie. Berlin: Paetel. ———. ��. Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin: Julius Springer. ———. ��. Der Unsterbliche Geist in der Natur: Gespräche. Ham- burg: Wegner. Uhden, Richard. ��. Erdteile und Kulturen. Leipzig: R. Voigtlän- der. Unwin, Raymond. ��. Grundlagen des Städtebaues: Eine Anleitung zum Entwerfen Städtebaulicher Anlagen. Berlin: Baumgärtel. [Spanish ed.: Valéry, Paul. ��. Eupali- Valéry, Paul. ��. Eupalinos; oder über die Architektur Eingeleitet durch nos o El arquitecto; seguido de Paradoja sobre el die Seele und der Tanz. Translated by Rainer Maria Rilke. arquitecto. Trans. J. Carner, and M. Nad- Leipzig: Insel-Verlag. al. Murcia: coaat]. Velde, Henry van de. ��. Kunstgewerbliche Laienpredigten. Leipzig: H. Seemann. ———. ��. Zum Neuen Stil: Aus Seinen Schriften. Translated by H. Curjel. Munich: R. Piper & Co. ———. ��. Geschichte Meines Lebens. Translated by H. Curjel. Munich: R. Piper & Co.94 Velte, Maria. ��. Die Anwendung der Quadratur und Triangulatur bei der Grund und Aufrissgestaltung der Gotischen Kirchen. Basel: Birkhäuser. Villon, Pierre. ��. Frankreich: Die Entwicklung der Neuen Ideen nach Konstruktion und Form. Wien: A. Schroll & Co. [Spanish ed.: Voltaire (pseudony- Voltaire (pseudonymous), and Hardt Ernst (ed.). ��. Zadig oder mous). ��. Zadig; o El destino y otros cuen- das Geschick: Eine Morgenländische Geschichte. Leipzig: In- tos orientales. Trans. M. Armiño. Madrid: sel-Verlag. Valdemar]. Wachler, Ernst. ��. Die Heimat als Quelle der Bildung. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. Wagner, Adolf. ��. Der Organische Staat. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. Wagner, Martin. ��. Städtebauliche Probleme in Amerikanischen Städten und Ihre Rückwirkung auf den Deutschen Städtebau. Berlin: Deutsche Bauzeitung. Walden, Nell, Schreyer, Lothar, and Walden, Herwarth. ��. Der Sturm: Ein Erinnerungsbuch an Herwarth Walden und die Künstler aus dem Sturmkreis. Baden-Baden: Klein. [Spanish ed.: Weber, Max. ��. Histo- Weber, Max. ��. Wirtschaftsgeschichte: Abriss der Universalen Sozi- ria económica general. Trans. M. Sánchez al-und Wirtschafts-Geschichte. Munich: Duncker & Hum- Sarto. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura blot. Económica]. Weise, Erich. ��. Alexander Archipenko. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann.

94 Included in Blaser's selection.

422 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von. ��. Zum Weltbild der Physik. [Spanish ed.: Weizsäcker, Carl Frie- Stuttgart: Hirzel.95 drich. ��. La imagen física del mundo. ———. ��. Die Tragweite der Wissenschaft: i. Schöpfung und Welt- Trans. E. Martino, and J. Sanz. Madrid: entstehung: Die Geschichte zweier Begriffe. Stuttgart: Hirzel.96 bac Ed.]. Welten, Heinz. ��. Die Sinne der Pflanzen. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. Werner, Bruno Erich. ��. Die Göttin: Roman. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer. Whyte, Lancelot Law. ��. Die Nächste Stufe der Menschheit. Zu- rich: Pan-Verlag. Wichmann, Hans, and Deutscher Werkbund. ��. Made in Ger- many: Produktform. Industrial design. Munich: Peter Wink- ler. Wigand, Albert, and Müller, Armin. ��. Der Individualismus in der Natur. Habelschwerdt: Frankes Buchhandlung. Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Ulrich von. ��. Reden und Vorträge. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. Winter, Ernst Karl. ��. Die Sozialmetaphysik der Scholastik. Leip- zig: F. Deuticke. Wolf, Georg Jacob. ��. Karl Stauffer-Bern: Mit � Photogravüren und �� Abbildungen im Text. Munich: Bischoff et Höfle. Wolff, Emil. ��. Philosophie des Geistes. Munich: Oldenbourg. Wölfflin, Heinrich. ��. Die Klassische Kunst: Eine Einführung in [Spanish ed.: Wölfflin, Heinrich. ��. die Italienische Renaissance. Munich: F. Bruckmann.97 El arte clásico: iniciación al conocimiento del ———. ��. Renaissance und Barock: Eine Untersuchung über Wesen Renacimiento italiano. Trans. A. I. Bertari- und Entstehung des Barockstils in Italien. Munich: F. Bruck- ni. Buenos Aires: Ateneo]. mann. [Spanish ed.: Wölfflin, Heinrich. ��. ———. ��. Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Das Problem der Stilent- Renacimiento y Barroco. Trans. B. Teysse- dre. Madrid: A. Corazón]. wicklung in der Neuren Kunst. Munich: Hugo Bruckmann. [Spanish ed.: Wölfflin, Heinrich. ��. Worringer, Wilhem. ��. Formprobleme der Gotik. Munich: R. Pi- Conceptos fundamentales en la historia del per & Co. arte. Trans. J. Moreno. Madrid: Espasa Wright, Frank Lloyd. ��. Frank Lloyd Wright: Ausgeführte Bau- Calpe].

ten und Entwürfe von Frank Lloyd Wright. Translated by C. [Spanish ed.: Worringer, Wilhelm. 98 Richard Ashbee. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. ��. La Esencia del estilo Gótico. Trans. M. Wright, Frank Lloyd. ��. Frank Lloyd Wright. Chicago. Translated Gª Morente. Madrid: Revista de Occi- by C. Richard Ashbee. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth.99 dente]. Yoshida, Tetsurō. ��. Japanische Architektur. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth. Zederbauer, Emerich. ��. Die Harmonie im Weltall, in der Natur

95 Included in Blaser's selection. Mies also owned an English edition.

96 Included in Blaser's selection.

97 A �� edition is mentioned in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. ii, p. ��, note �.

98 The copy remains in pristine condition.

99 Not included either in uic catalog or Blaser's selection. The copy is noticeably one of the most worn volumes of Mies's library.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 423 APPENDIX

und Kunst. Wien: Orion. Zell, Theodor. ��. Streifzüge durch die Tierwelt. Stuttgart: Kos- mos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde. ———. ��. Straussenpolitik: Neue Tierfabeln. Stuttgart: Kosmos, Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde; Franckh'sche Verlags- handlung. ———. ��. Werkzeuge der Tiere. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. Ziegler, Leopold. ��. Florentinische Introduktion zu einer Philosophie der Architektur und der Bildenden Künste. Leipzig: F. Mei- ner.100 ———. ��. Zwischen Mensch und Wirtschaft. Darmstadt: Otto Reichl.101 ———. ��. Überlieferung. Munich: J. Hegner.

100 Included in Blaser's selection.

101 Idem. The text is heavily underlined by Mies, and fragments of it are repeteadly quoted in one of Mies's notebooks, as studied in Neumeyer, F. (��), «Notebook ��- ��», Op. cit., Appendix, ch. ii, pp. ��-��.

424 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GERMAN EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

9.2.2 English Editions at Mies's Personal Library

Adler, Mortimer J. ��. A Dialectic of Morals: Towards the Foun- dation of Political Philosophy. Notre Dame, Ind: Review of Politics, University of Notre Dame. ———. ��. How to Think about War and Peace. New York: Simon [Spanish ed.: Adler, Mortimer J. ��. & Schuster (H. Wolff, printer). Cómo pensar sobre la guerra y la paz. Trans. ———. ��. The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes. New Á. Romera. Rosario: Ed. Rosario]. York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.102 Aquinas, Thomas, and Phelan, Gerald B. (ed.) ��. On the Gover- nance of Rulers De Regimine Principum. London: Institute of Mediæval Studies/Sheed & Ward. ———, and Pegis, Anton C. (ed.) ��. Basic Writings of Saint Thomas Aquinas. New York: Random House.103 Agar, Herbert, and Mann, Thomas. ��. The City of Man: A Dec- laration on World Democracy. New York: Viking Press.104 Alfvén, Hannes. ��. Worlds-Antiworlds. Antimatter in Cosmology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Ardrey, Robert. ��. The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations. New York: Atheneum.105 Ascher, Charles S. ��. Better Cities. Building America. Washing- ton: U.S. Government Printing Office.106 Aristotle. ��. The Student's Oxford Aristotle, Politics and Poetics. London: Oxford University Press.107 Augustine, St., Vives, Juan Luis, and Tasker, Randolph V. [Spanish ed.: Agustín, San. ��. La ci- Greenwood (ed.) ��. The City of God — De Civitate Dei. udad de Dios. Trans. J. Cayetano Díaz de Translated by J. Healey. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.108 Beyral. Madrid: Perlado Páez]. ———, and Russell, Robert P. (ed.) ��. Divine Providence and the

102 Included in Blaser's selection.

103 Idem.

104 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

105 Included in Blaser's selection.

106 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

107 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

108 Included in Blaser's selection. Blaser also mentions a ‘first’ edition (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., ��).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 425 APPENDIX

Problem of Evil. New York: Cosmopolitan Science & Art Service. Bieber, Margarete. ��. The Greek and Roman Theater. Princeton: Princeton University Press.109 Boeke, Kees. ��. Cosmic View. The Universe in �� Jumps. New York: J. Day.110 Bohr, Niels. ��. Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. New York: John Wiley & Sons.111 [Spanish ed.: Bowra, Cecil M. ��. Bowra, Cecil M. ��. The Greek Experience. Cleveland: World Pub. La aventura griega. Trans. L.Gil. Madrid: Co. Guadarrama]. Bronowsky, Jakob. ��. Science and Human Values. New York: Ju- [Spanish ed.: Bronowski, Jacob. ��. lian Messner.112 Ciencia y valores humanos.Trans. C. Ribal- Bryson, Lyman. ��. The Next America, Prophecy and Faith. New ta. Barcelona: Lumen]. York: Harper & Brothers. Bucher, François. ��. Josef Albers: Despite Straight Lines. An Analysis of his Graphic Constructions. New Haven: Yale University Press. Cali, François, and Hervé, Lucien. ��. Architecture of Truth: The Cistercian Abbey of Le Thoronnet in Provence. New York: G. Braziller.113 Camus, Albert. ��. Resistance, Rebellion and Death. London: H. Hamilton. Chang, Amos I. T. ��. The Existence of Intangible Content in Archi- tectonic Form Based upon the Practicality of Laotzu's Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Condit, Carl W. ��. The Rise of the Skyscraper. Chicago: Universi- ty of Chicago Press.114 Cornford, Francis MacDonald, and Guthrie, W. K. C. ��. The Unwritten Philosophy and Other Essays. Cambridge, En- gland: Cambridge University Press.115 ———. ��. Principium Sapientiae: the Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.116 [Spanish ed.: Curie, Eve. ��. La vida Curie, Eve, and Sheean, Vincent. ��. Madame Curie: A Biography. heroica de María Curie, descubridora del ra- Garden City, n.y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co. dium. Trans. F. Madrid. Buenos Aires: Dornbusch, Charles H., and Heyl, John K. ��. Pennsylvania Espasa Calpe].

109 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

110 Idem.

111 Included in Blaser's selection

112 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

113 Included in Blaser's selection.

114 Idem.

115 Idem.

116 Idem.

426 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

German Barns. Allentown: Schlechter's.117 Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley. ��. The Expanding Universe. Ann [Spanish ed.: Eddington, Sir Arthur Arbor: University of Michigan Press.118 Stanley. ��. La expansión del universo. ———. ��. New Pathways in Science. Ann Arbor: University of Trans. G. Sans Huelin. Madrid: Revista Michigan Press. de Occidente]. Edgell, George H. ��. The American Architecture of To-Day. New York: Charles Scribner's & Sons.119 Einstein, Albert, and Bargmann, Sonja. ��. Ideas and Opinions. [Spanish ed.: Einstein, Albert. ��. De New York: Crown.120 mis últimos años. Convicciones y creencias. ———. ��. Out of my Later Years. Essays. New York: Philosophical Trans. A. del Hoyo. Madrid: Aguilar]. Library.121 [Spanish ed.: Eiseley, Loren C. ��. El firmamento del tiempo. Trans. F. del Valle. Eiseley, Loren C. ��. Darwin's Century: Evolution and the Men Who Buenos Aires: Compañía General Fab- Discovered It. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.122 ril]. ———. ��. The mind as Nature. New York: Harper & Row.123 ———. ��. Francis Bacon and the Modern Dilemma. Lincoln: Uni- versity of Nebraska Press.124 ———. ��. The Immense Journey. New York: Random House.125 ———. ��. The Firmament of Time. New York: Atheneum.126 Fergusson, James. ��. Rude Stone Monuments in All countries: Their Age and Uses. London: John Murray. Fitchen, John. ��. The Construction of Gothic Cathedrals: A Study of Medieval Vault Erection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.127 Fletcher, Sir Banister. ��. A History of Architecture on the Compar- [Spanish ed.: Fletcher, Sir Banister. ative Method for Students, Craftsmen and Amateurs. New York: ��. Historia de la arquitectura. Trans. M. C. Scribner's Sons. Rodríguez Viqueira. México, d.f.: Uni- versidad Autónoma Metropolitana]. Freud, Sigmund, Strachey, James, and Robson-Scott, William Douglas. ��. The Future of an Illusion. New York: Anchor books. Gamow, George. ��. One, Two, Three... Infinity: Facts and Specula- [Spanish ed.: Gamow, George. ��. tions of Science. New York: Viking Press. Uno, dos, tres..., infinito. Buenos Aires: Es- pasa Calpe]. Gardner, Isabella. ��. The Looking Glass: New Poems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ———. ��. Birthdays from the Ocean. Boston, Mass: Houghton

117 Included in Blaser's selection.

118 Idem.

119 Idem.

120 Idem.

121 Idem.

122 Idem.

123 Idem.

124 Idem.

125 Idem.

126 Idem.

127 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 427 APPENDIX

Mifflin. Ghiselin, Brewster. ��. The Creative Process. A Symposium. New York: New American Library.128 [Spanish ed.: Gilson, Étienne. ��. Giedion, S. ��. Walter Gropius: Work and Teamwork. New York: El ser y los filósofos. Trans. S. Fernández Reinhold Publishing Corp. Burillo. Pamplona: Universidad de Na- Gilson, Etienne. ��. Being and Some Philosophers. Toronto: Pontif- varra]. ical Institute of Mediæval Studies.129 Goodyear, William Henry. ��. A Renaissance Leaning Façade at Genoa. New York: The MacMillan Company. ———. ��. The Architectural Refinements of St. Mark's at Venice: With Remarks on Other Churches Showing a Similar System of Leaning Vertices; Especially Those in Orvieto, Vicenza, Milan, Pavia, Bologna, and Arezzo, and Including the Renaissance Church of S. Giorgio Maggiore at Venice. New York: Macmillan Co. ———. ��. Greek Refinements: Studies in Temperamental Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press.130 Gotshalk, D. W. ��. Art and the Social Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.131 [Spanish ed.: Gruen, Victor. ��. El Gruen, Victor. ��. The Heart of Our Cities. The Urban Crisis: Diag- Corazón de nuestras ciudades. La crisis urbana: nosis and Cure. New York: Simon & Schuster.132 diagnóstico y curación. Trans. L. Justo. Bue- Heisenberg, Werner. ��. Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in nos Aires: Marymar]. Modern Science. New York: Harper & Brothers.133 Hertz, Richard. ��. Man on a Rock. Chapell Hill: The Universi- ty of North Carolina Press.134 [Spanish ed.: Hitchcock, Henry-Rus- Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and Johnson, Philip C. ��. The sell, Johnson, Philip C., and Muñoz, International Style: Architecture Since ��. New York: W.W. Mª Teresa (ed.) ��. El estilo internacional: Norton & Co.135 arquitectura desde ��. Trans. C. Albisu. ———, Hardin, Clifford M., and Stoller, Ezra. ��. The Shel- Murcia: coaat]. don Memorial Art Gallery, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Lin- coln: University of Nebraska. [Spanish ed.: Hoffer, Eric, and Seoane Hoffer, Eric. ��. The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Rey, Julio (ed.) ��. El verdadero creyente: Movements. New York: Harper & Row.136 sobre el fanatismo y los movimientos sociales. ———. ��. The Ordeal of Change. Essays. New York: Harper & Trans. A. Garzón. Madrid: Tecnos]. Row.137 [Spanish ed.: Hoffer, Eric. ��. La prueba del cambio. Trans. M. Valverde.

México d.f.: Lib. Mexicanos Unidos]. 128 Included in Blaser's selection.

129 Idem.

130 Idem.

131 Idem.

132 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

133 Mies also owned a German edition.

134 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

135 Included in Blaser's selection.

136 Idem.

137 Idem.

428 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

———. ��. The Temper of Our Times. New York: Harper & Row.138 Howard, Ebenezer, and Osborn, Frederic J. ��. Garden Cities of To-Morrow. London: Faber & Faber Ltd.139 Hoyle, Fred. ��. The Nature of the Universe. New York: Harper & Bros.140 ———. ��. Encounter with the Future. New York: Trident Press Book. Hutchins, Robert Maynard. ��. The Higher Learning in America. [Spanish ed.: Hutchins, Robert M. New Haven: Yale University Press. ��. Aprendizaje y sociedad. Trans. M. Ber- ———. ��. No Friendly Voice. Chicago: University of Chicago torelli. Caracas: Monte Ávila]. Press.141

———. ��. Education for Freedom. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State [Spanish ed.: Hutchins, Robert M. University Press. ��. Educación para la libertad. Trans. P. ———. ��. The State of the University: A Report to the Alumni and Zuloaga. México d.f.: Jus]. Friends of the University of Chicago, October ��th, ��. Chica- go: The University of Chicago. ———. ��. The University of Utopia. Chicago: The University of Chicago.142 ———. ��. The Learning Society. New York: F. A. Praeger. Huxley, Aldous. ��. Ends and Means. New York: Harper & Brothers.143 Huxley, Julian. ��. Evolution. The Modern Synthesis. New York: Harper & Brothers.144 ———. ��. Religion Without Revelation. New York: Harper & Brothers. ———. ��. New Bottles for New Wine. New York: Harper & Brothers.145 Jaeger, Werner. ��. Paidea: The ideals of Greek Culture. Vol. �: Ar- chaic Greece. The Mind of Athens. London: Oxford Univer- sity Press.146 Jefferson, Thomas, Koch, Adrienne, and Peden, William H. [Spanish ed.: Jefferson, Thomas, (eds.) ��. The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Koch, Adrienne, and Peden, William New York: The Modern library.147 H. (eds.) ��. Autobiografía y otros escritos. Trans. A. Escohotado and M. Sáenz de Heredia. Madrid: Tecnos].

138 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

139 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

140 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

141 Profusely underlined by Mies.

142 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

143 Idem.

144 Idem.

145 Idem.

146 Idem.

147 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 429 APPENDIX

———, Hilliard, William, and Cometti, Elizabeth. ��. Jeffer- son's Ideas on a University Library; Letters from the Founder of the University of Virginia to a Boston Bookseller. Charlottesville: Tracy W. McGregor Library, University of Virginia. [Spanish ed.: Joyce, James, ��. El ar- Joyce, James. ��. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: tista adolescente, retrato. Trans. Dámaso Modern library. Alonso. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva]. Kahler, Erich. ��. Man the Measure: A New Approach to History. [Spanish ed.: Kahler, Erich. ��. New York: Pantheon Books Inc. Historia universal del hombre. Trans. J. Kandinsky, Wassily, and Rebay, Hilla (ed.) ��. Point and Line to Márquez. México d.f.: Fondo de Cultura Plane; Contribution to the Analysis of the Pictorial Elements. Económica]. Translated by H. Dearstyne and H. Rebay. New York: [Spanish ed.: Kandinsky, Wassily. ��. Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation for the Museum of Punto y línea sobre el plano. Contribución al análisis de los elementos pictóricos. Trans. Non-Objective Painting. R. Echavarren. Buenos Aires: Nueva Kapp, Reginald O. ��. Towards a Unified Cosmology. New York: 148 Visión]. Basic Books. Kiesler, Frederick. ��. Contemporary Art Applied to the Store and its Display. New York: Kroch's & Brentano's. ———. ��. Inside the Endless House. New York: Simon & Schus- ter.149 Klee, Paul, and Read, Herbert. ��. Paul Klee on Modern Art. Translated by P. Findlay. London: Faber & Faber. [Spanish ed.: Langer, Susanne K. ��. Langer, Susanne K. ��. Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Nueva clave de la filosofía. Un estudio acerca Symbolism of Reason, Rite and Art. New York: New Ameri- del simbolismo de la razón, del rito y del arte. can Library. Trans. J. Rest, and V. M. Erhart. Buenos Le Corbusier. ��. Aircraft. London: Studio Ltd.150 Aires: Sur]. Lerner, Max. ��. The Age of Overkill. New York: Simon & Schus- [Spanish ed.: Le Corbusier. ��. Air- ter.151 craft: "l'avion accuse...". Trans. C. del Olmo Leipziger, Hugo. ��. The City, the Housing and the Community Plan: and C. Rendueles. Madrid: Abada]. Some Basic and Historical Considerations. Austin: University of Texas. Leiris, Michel, and Pach, Walter. ��. The Prints of Joan Miro. New York: C. Valentin. Lincoln, Abraham, and Roe Merwin (ed.) ��. Speeches and Let- ters of Abraham Lincoln, ��-��. London: J.M. Dent. [Spanish ed.: Lorenz, Konrad. ��. El Lorenz, Konrad. ��. King Solomon's Ring: New Light on Animal anillo del rey Salomón. Estudios de psicología Ways. New York: Crowell. animal. Trans. R. Margalef. Barcelona: ———. ��. On Agression. Brace-World, New York: Harcourt.152 Labor]. Lowe, Victor, and Johnson, Allison H. ��. Whitehead and the Modern World: Science, Metaphysics, and Civilization. Three Essays on the Thought of Alfred North Whitehead. Boston: Bea-

148 Included in Blaser's selection.

149 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

150 Included in Blaser's selection.

151 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

152 Idem.

430 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

con Press. Mann, Thomas. ��. Last Essays. Translated by R. Winston. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.153 Malraux, André. ��. The Voices of Silence. New York: Doubleday. [Spanish ed.: Malraux, André. ��. Maritain, Jacques. ��. An Introduction to Logic. Translated by I. Las voces del silencio: visión del arte. Trans. Choquette. New York: Sheed & Ward.154 D. C. Bayón y E. de Lóizaga. Buenos ———. ��. Science and Wisdom. Translated by B. Wall. London: Aires: Emecé]. G. Bles.155 [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. Ciencia y sabiduría. Trans. O. Nicolás De- ———, and Adler, Mortimer Jerome (ed.) ��. Scholasticism and risi and Eugenio E. Melo. Buenos Aires: Politics. Translated by Mortimer J. Adler. New York: the Desclée, de Brouwer]. Macmillan Co.156 [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. ———. ��. Ransoming the Time. Translated by H. Lorin Binsse. El Crepúsculo de la civilización. Trans. A. 157 New York: C. Scribner's Sons. Bartra. México d.f.: Quetzal].

———. ��. Saint Thomas and the Problem of Evil. Translated by [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. M. L. Cunningham Andison. Milwaukee: Marquette La educación en este momento crucial. Trans. University Press.158 L. de Sesma. Buenos Aires: Desclée de ———. ��. The Twilight of Civilization. Translated by L. Landry. Brouwer]. New York: Sheed & Ward.159 [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. ———. ��. Education at the Crossroads. New Haven: Yale Univer- Los derechos del hombre y la ley natural. Trans. sity Press.160 A. Weiss and H. Fuad Miri. Buenos Ai- ———. ��. The Rights of Man and Natural Law. Translated by res: Biblioteca Nueva]. [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. Doris C. Anson. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.161 El alcance de la razón. Trans. A. L. Bixio. ———. ��. Art and Scholasticism, with Other Essays. Translated by Buenos Aires: Emecé]. James F. Scanlan. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. [Spanish ed.: Maritain, Jacques. ��. ———. ��. Philosophy of Nature. Translated by Y. Simon. New Filosofía de la naturaleza: ensayo crítico acerca 162 York: Philosophical Library. de sus límites y su objeto. Trans. J. Román 163 ———. ��. The Range of Reason. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. Delgado. Buenos Aires: Club de Lecto- ———. ��. An Introduction to Philosophy. Translated by E.I. Wat- res]. kin. New York: Sheed & Ward.164 Marshall, Roy K. ��. The Nature of Things. New York: Holt. McAndrew, John. ��. Guide to Modern Architecture. Northeast States.

153 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

154 Omitted by Neumeyer.

155 Idem.

156 Idem.

157 Idem.

158 Idem.

159 Omitted by Neumeyer.

160 Idem.

161 Included in Blaser's selection.

162 Idem.

163 Idem.

164 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. Omitted by Neumeyer.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 431 APPENDIX

New York: Museum of Modern Art. [Spanish ed.: Moro, Tomás. ��. More, Thomas. ��. Utopia; With the “Dialogue of Comfort”. Lon- Utopía. Buenos Aires: Austral]. don: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. Mumford, Lewis. ��. Men Must Act. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. ———. ��. The South in Architecture. The Dancy Lectures, Alabama College, ��. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Munitz, Milton. ��. Theories of the Universe. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press.165 Murchie, Guy. ��. Music of the Spheres. Boston: Houghton Mif- flin. Nef, John Ulric. ��. The United States and Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.166 ———. ��. The Universities Look for Unity: An Essay on the Responsi- bility of the Mind to Civilization in War and Peace. New York: Pantheon Books, Inc. ———. ��. A Search for Civilization. Chicago: H. Regnery.167 ———. ��. Bridges of Human Understanding. New York: Universi- ty Publishers.168 Nelson, George. ��. Industrial Architecture of Albert Kahn, Inc. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co., Inc. Northrop, F. Stuart C. ��. The Meeting of East and West: An In- quiry Concerning World Understanding. New York: The Mac- millan Co. Novalis (pseudonym), and Klee, Paul. ��. The Novices of Sais. Translated by R. Mannheim. New York: C. Valentin.169 [Spanish ed.: Oparin, Aleksandr Iva- Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich. ��. The Origin of Life. New York: novich. ��. El origen de la vida. Trans. F. The Macmillan Co.170 Jímenez de Asúa. Buenos Aires: Losada]. Oppenheimer, J. Robert. ��. The Open Mind. Lectures. New York: [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. Simon & Schuster.171 ��. España invertebrada. Bosquejo de algunos Ortega y Gasset, José. ��. Invertebrate Spain. Translated by M. pensamientos históricos. Madrid: Revista de Adams New York: W.W. Norton.172 Occidente]. ———. ��. The Dehumanization of Art; and Other Writings on Art and [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. Culture. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Garden City, ��. La Deshumanización del arte y otros ensayos de estética. Madrid: Revista de Oc- cidente].

165 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

166 Idem.

167 Idem.

168 Idem.

169 Idem.

170 Included in Blaser's selection, although in a different edition than in Seidel's catalog for uic (New York: Dover Publications, ��).

171 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. Blaser refers to a different author, possibly misspelled.

172 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

432 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

New York: Doubleday.173 ———. ��. Man and People. Translated by Willard R. Trask. [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. New York: W.W. Norton.174 ��. El hombre y la gente. Madrid: Revista ———. ��. What is Philosophy? Translated by M. Adams. New de Occidente]. [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. York: W.W. Norton.175 ��. ¿Qué es filosofía? Madrid: Revista de ———. ��. The Modern Theme. Translated by J. Cleugh. New Occidente]. York: Harper & Bros.176 [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, ��. El ———. ��. History as a System; and Other Essays Toward a Philosophy tema de nuestro tiempo. El ocaso de las revolu- of History. Translated by J. William Miller. New York: ciones: el sentido histórico de la teoria de Ein- 177 W.W. Norton. stein. Madrid: Revista de Occidente].

———. ��. Man and Crisis. Translated by M. Adams. New [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. York: W.W. Norton.178 ��. Historia como sistema. Madrid: Revis- ———. ��. On Love. Translated by T. Talbot. Cleveland: World ta de Occidente]. Publishing Co.179 [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. ———. ��. The Origin of Philosophy. Translated by T. Talbot. ��. En torno a Galileo: esquema de las crisis. Trask. New York: W.W. Norton.180 Madrid: Revista de Occidente]. [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. Parkinson, Franziska Raabe. ��. There is Music in the Street. New ��. Estudios sobre el amor. Buenos Aires / York: Philosophical Library. México d.f.: Espasa Calpe]. Panofsky, Erwin. ��. Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism. Latrobe, [Spanish ed.: Ortega y Gasset, José. Pa.:The Arch Abbey Press.181 ��. Origen y epílogo de la filosofía. Madrid: aul P , Bruno. ��. Monograph of the Work of Bruno Paul: With �� Fondo de Cultura Económica].

Photographs of Houses and Gardens. New York: Architectural [Spanish ed.: Panofsky, Erwin. ��. Book Publishing Co. Arquitectura gótica y escolástica. Trans. E. Picasso, Pablo, Larrea, Juan, and Pach, Walter (ed.) ��. Guer- Revol. Buenos Aires: Infinito].

nica. Reproductions. Translated by A. Haggerty Krappe. [Spanish ed.: Platón. ��. La República. New York: Curt Valentin. Trans. J. Manuel Pabón and M. Fernán- Plato, Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Sydenham, Floyer, Cary, Henry, dez Galiano. Madrid: Instituto de Estu- and Wright, J. (eds.) ��. Five Dialogues of Plato Bearing on dios Políticos]. Poetic Inspiration. London: J.M. Dent & Sons. ———, and MacDonald Cornford, Francis (ed.) ��. The Re- public of Plato. Translated by F. MacDonald Cornford. Oxford: Clarendon Press J. Johnson, printer). Polanyi, Michael. ��. The Logic of Liberty: Reflections and Rejoin- ders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Price Lucien, and Whitehead, Alfred North. ��. Dialogues of

173 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

174 Idem.

175 Idem.

176 Idem.

177 Idem.

178 Idem.

179 Idem.

180 Idem.

181 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 433 APPENDIX

Alfred North Whitehead. Boston: Little Brown & Co.182 Pyke, Magnus. ��. The Boundaries of Science. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. Radhakrishnan, S. ��. Recovery of Faith. New York: Harper & Brothers. Rasch, Heinz. ��. Some Roots of Modern Architecture. London: Ti- ranti. Rasmussen, Steen Eiler. ��. London. The Unique City. Harmond- sworth: Penguin Books (abridged ed.).183 Read, Herbert. ��. The Grass Roots of Art: Four Lectures on Social Aspects of Art in an Industrial Age. New York: Wittenborn & Co. Robertson, Martin. ��. Greek Painting. Geneva: Skira. [Spanish ed.: Rodin, Auguste, and Rodin, Auguste, and Read, Herbert (ed.) ��. Cathedrals of Fran- Déstefano, José R. (ed.) ��. Las cate- ce. Translated by E. Chase Geissbuhler Boston: Beacon drales de Francia. Trans. Ángel O. Nessi. Press.184 Buenos Aires: Ateneo]. Rourke, Constance, and Brooks, Van Wyck. ��. The Roots of American Culture and Other Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.185 [Spanish ed.: Runes, Dagobert D. ��. Runes, Dagobert D. ��. The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Diccionario de filosofía. Trans. M. Sacris- Philosophical library.186 tán. Barcelona: Grijalbo]. Russell, Bertrand. ��. The Scientific Outlook. New York: W.W. [Spanish ed.: Russell, Bertrand. ��. Norton & Co.187 El Panorama científico. Trans. G. Sans ———. ��. Authority and the Individual; with a Terminal Essay Phi- Huelin. Madrid: Revista de Occidente]. losophy and Politics. Boston: Beacon Press.188 [Spanish ed.: Russell, Bertrand. ��. ———, and Egner, Robert Edward (ed.) ��. Bertrand Russell's Autoridad e individuo. México d.f.: Fondo Best. Silhouettes in Satire. New York: New American Li- de Cultura Económica]. brary.189 [Spanish ed.: Russell, Bertrand, and aarinen Egner, Robert E. (ed.) ��. Lo mejor de S , Eliel. ��. The City, its Growth, its Decay, its Future. New 190 Bertrand Russell. Trans. M. Aurelio Gal- York: Reinhold Publishing Co. marini. Barcelona: Edhasa]. Sachs, Paul J. ��. Modern Prints and Drawings: A Guide to a Bet- [Spanish ed.: Saarinen, Eliel. ��. La ter Understanding of Modern Draughtsmanship. New York: ciudad, su crecimiento, su decadencia, su porve- Knopf. nir. Trans. Roberto A. Champion. Bue- Schneer, Cecil J. ��. The Search for Order; the Development of the nos Aires: Poseidon]. Major Ideas in the Physical Sciences from the Earliest Times to

182 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

183 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

184 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

185 Idem.

186 Idem.

187 Idem.

188 Included in Blaser's selection.

189 Idem.

190 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

434 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

the Present. New York: Harper & Bros.191 Schrödinger, Erwin. ��. Science and Humanism: Physics in Our [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. Time. London: Cambridge University Press.192 ��. Ciencia y humanismo: la física en nues- ———. ��. Nature and the Greeks. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- tro tiempo. Trans. I. Bolívar. Madrid: Al- versity Press.193 hambra]. ———. ��. What is life? And Other Scientific Essays. Garden City: [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. ��. La Naturaleza y los griegos. Trans. F. Porti- Doubleday.194 llo. Madrid: Aguilar]. ———. ��. Mind and Matter. Cambridge: Cambridge University [Spanish ed.: Schrödinger, Erwin. Press.195 ��. Mente y materia: conferencias Tarner ———. ��. My View of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- leidas en el Trinity College, Cambridge, en Oc- 196 versity Press. tubre de ��. Trans. J. Wagensberg. Bar- Schwarz, Rudolf. ��. The Church Incarnate: the Sacred Function of celona: Tusquets]. Christian Architecture. Translated by C. Harris. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co.197 Schweitzer, Albert. ��. The Philosophy of Civilization. New York: The Macmillan Co. Sert, Josep Lluis, Bastlund, Knud, and Giedion, Siegfried. ��. José Luis Sert: Architecture City Planning Urban Design. Zu- rich: Les Editions d'Architecture. Seuphor, Michel, and Mondrian, Piet. ��. Piet Mondrian: Life and Work. New York: H.N. Abrams. ———. ��. Construction and Geometry in Painting: from Malevitch to ‘Tomorrow’. New York: Galerie Chalette. Shapley, Harlow. ��. Flights From Chaos: A Survey of Material Sys- [Spanish ed.: Shapley, Harlow. ��. tems from Atoms to Galaxies, Adapted from Lectures at the College De estrellas y hombres: la respuesta humana a of the City of New York, Class of �� Foundation. New York: un universo en expansión. Trans. Mª Tere- Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill Book Co. sa Toral. México d.f.: Fondo de Cultura ———. ��. Of Stars and Men. The Human Response to an Expanding Económica]. Universe. Boston: Beacon Press.198 Simson, Otto von. ��. The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Ar- [Spanish ed.: Simson, Otto von. ��. La chitecture and the Medieval Concept of Order. New York: catedral gótica. Los orígenes de la arquitectura Bollingen.199 gótica y el concepto medieval de orden. Trans. F. Villaverde. Madrid: Alianza]. Smith, Homer William. ��. Kamongo; or, The Lungfish and the Pa-

191 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

192 Included in Blaser's selection.

193 Idem. Mies also owed a German edition.

194 Included in Blaser's selection. Mies also owed a German edition.

195 Included in Blaser's selection.

196 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. The English edition is mitted by Neumeyer.

197 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. Mies also owned a German edition and, according to Blaser, he helped with the translation, “that is, he helped Cynthia Harris to understand Schwartz's ideas”, in Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur (Stuttgart: Verlag für Architektur), p. ��.

198 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

199 Idem.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 435 APPENDIX

dre. New York: Viking Press. Smith, Huston. ��. The Religions of Man. New York: Harper & Row.200 Sorokin, Pitirim A. ��. Contemporary Sociological Theories. New York: Harper & Brothers. Stanton, Frank, Piel, Gerard, and Handlin, Oscar. ��. Three Lectures: the Heritage of Mind in a Civilization of Machines. Waterville: The College. [Spanish ed.: Sullivan, Louis H. ��. Sullivan, Louis H. ��. The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Autobiografía de una idea. Trans. Luis de Press of the American Institute of Architects.201 Cabrera. Buenos Aires: Infinito]. ———, and Athey, Isabella (ed.) ��. Kindergarten Chats revised [Spanish ed.: Sun-tzu. 1��. Los 13 ��) and Other Writings. New York: Wittenborn, Schultz. artículos sobre el arte de la guerra. Trans. C. Sun Tzu. ��. The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Castells. Barcelona: Anagrama]. London: Oxford University Press/Clarendon Press.202 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. ��. The Future of Man. Translated by N. Denny New York: Harper & Row.203 [Spanish ed.: Thompson, D'Arcy Went- Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. ��. On Growth and Form: A New worth. ��. Sobre el crecimiento y la forma. Edition. Cambridge: University Press.204 Trans. J. Tyler Bonner. Madrid: Her- Thoreau, Henry David, and Anderson, Charles Roberts (ed.) mann Blume]. ��. Walden; or, Life in the Woods. New York: Collier [Spanish ed.: Thoreau, Henry David. Books.205 ��. Walden; o, La vida en los bosques. Thucydides, Crawley, Richard, and Gavorse, Joseph (ed.) ��. Trans. J. Molina y Vedia. Buenos Aires: The Complete Writings of Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War. Emecé]. New York: Modern Library. Toynbee, Arnold, and Murray, Gilbert. ��. Greek Historical Thought, from Homer to the Age of Heraclius. New York: New American Library.206 Tunnard, Christopher, Pushkarev, Boris, and Baker ,Geoffrey. ��. Man-Made America: Chaos or Control? An Inquiry into Selected Problems of Design in the Urbanized Landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press.207 United Nations, and Le Corbusier. ��. Report of the Headquar- ters Commission to the Second Part of the First Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Lake Success, New York: United Nations. United States Government. ��. Our Cities. Washington: u.s.

200 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

201 Included in Blaser's selection.

202 Idem.

203 Idem.

204 Idem. Seidel's catalog for uic reports a �� edition. Marked by Mies.

205 Included in Blaser's selection, although in a different edition than in Seidel's catalog for uic (New York: The Modern Library, ��).

206 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

207 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

436 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Government Printing Office.208 ———. ��. Technology and Planning. Washington: u.s. Govern- ment Printing Office. ———. ��. National Resources Planning Facts. Washington d.c.: u.s. Government Printing Office. ———. ��. Our National Resources: Facts and Problems. Washing- ton: u.s. Government Printing Office.209 United States National Resources Planning Board, and Hansen, Alvin H. ��. After the War — Full Employment. Post-war Planning. Washington: u.s. Government Printing Office. Valentiner, Wilhelm Reinhold, and Kolbe, Georg. ��. Georg Kolbe: Plastik und Zeichnung. Munich: Wolff. Vercors (pseudonymous) ��. The Silence of the Sea. Translated by [Spanish ed.: Vercors (pseudonymous). C. Connolly. New York: The Macmillan Co. ��. El Silencio del mar. Trans. C. Peri Voltaire (pseudonymous), Van Doren, Carl, and Adler, S. M. Rossi. Barcelona: Laia]. (eds.) ��. Candide. Cleveland: World Publishing Co. [Spanish ed.: Voltaire (pseudonymous). ��. Cándido. Trans. J. Marche- Waley, Arthur. ��. Yuan Mei, Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet. Lon- na. Buenos Aires: Centro Ed. de Améri- don: G. Allen & Unwin.210 ca Latina]. Walker, Ralph. ��. The American Institute of Architects: ��-��. New York: Aldus. Watson-Baker, W. ��. World Beneath the Microscope. London: Studio Ltd. Weaver, Lawrence. ��. Small Country Houses of To-Day. London: Offices of Country Life. Weiss, Paul. ��. The World of Art. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.211 Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von. ��. The History of Nature. Trans- [Spanish ed.: Weizsäcker, Carl Fried- lated by Fred D. Wieck. Chicago: University of Chicago rich. ��. Historia de la naturaleza. Trans. Press.212 E. Kleen. Madrid: Rialp]. ———. ��. The World View of Physics. Chicago: University of [Spanish ed.: Weizsäcker, Carl Frie- Chicago Press.213 drich. ��. La Imagen física del mundo. ———. ��. The Relevance of Science, Creation and Cosmology. Lon- Trans. E. Martino and J. Sanz Guijarro. Madrid: Ed. Católica]. don: Collins.214 [Spanish ed.: Weyl, Hermann. ��. La Weyl, Hermann. ��. Symmetry. New Jersey: Princeton Univer- simetría. Trans. J. Grané.Buenos Aires: sity Press.215 Nueva Visión].

208 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

209 Idem.

210 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

211 Idem.

212 Included in Blaser's selection.

213 Included in Blaser's selection. Mies also owned a German edition.

214 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. Mies also owned a German edition.

215 Included in Blaser's selection.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 437 APPENDIX

Wheeler, William Morton. ��. Emergent Evolution and the Social. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. [Spanish ed.: Whitehead, Alfred Whitehead, Alfred North. ��. The Aims of Education and Other North. ��. Los fines de la educación y otros Essays. New York: Macmillan Information. ensayos. Trans. J. Mantovani and D. Ivni- ———. ��. Adventures of Ideas. New York: Macmillan Co.216 ski. Buenos Aires: Paidós]. ———. ��. Science and the Modern World: Lowell Lectures, ��. [Spanish ed.: Whitehead, Alfred New York: New American Library.217 North. ��. Aventuras de las ideas. Trans. Whitman, Walt, and Van Doren, Mark (ed.) ��. Walt Whitman. C. Botet. Barcelona: José Janés]. New York: Viking Press. [Spanish ed.: Whyte, Lancelot Law. Whyte, Lancelot Law. ��. Accent on Form: An Anticipation of the ��. La forma de lo desconocido. Trans. E. L. Revol. Buenos Aires: Sur]. Science of Tomorrow. New York: Harper.

[Spanish ed.: Whyte, Lancelot Law. ———. ��. The Unconscious Before Freud. New York: Basic Books. ��. El inconsciente antes de Freud. Trans. Wright, Frank Lloyd. ��. The Disappearing City. New York: W.F. 218 Mª Luisa Díez-Canedo. México d.f.: Ed. Payson. Joaquín Mortiz]. ———. ��. An Organic Architecture: The Architecture of Democracy. London: Lund, Humphries & Co. Yang, Chen Ning. ��. Elementary Particles: A Short History of Some Discoveries in Atomic Physics. New Jersey: Princeton Uni- versity Press.

216 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic.

217 Idem.

218 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

438 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER DOCUMENTS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

9.2.3 Other Documents at Mies's Personal Library

Books in Other Languages

Berlage, Hendrik Petrus. ��. Studies over Bouwkunst, Stijl en Samenleving. Rotterdam: W.L. & J. Brusse.219 Bernard, Joseph. ��. Les Albums d'Art Druet xv: �� Phototypies. No- tice de Stanislas Fumet. Paris: Librairie de France. Cali, François, and Moulinier, Serge. ��. L'Ordre Grec. Essai sur le Temple Dorique. Grenoble: Arthaud.220 Fernández, Justino. ��. José Clemente Orozco: Forma e Idea. Méxi- co, d.f.: Porrúa Hnos. y Cía. Francastel, Pierre. ��. Peinture et Société. Naissance et Destruction [Spanish ed.: Francastel, Pierre. ��. d'un Espace Plastique, de la Renaissance au Cubisme. Lyon: Pintura y sociedad. Trans. E. Benarroch. Audin. Madrid: Cátedra]. Bordes, L. ��. Auguste Guénot. �� Phototypies. Paris: Librairie de France. Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, and Wright, Frank Lloyd. ��. Frank Lloyd Wright. Paris: Éditions ‘Cahier d'art’. Kahnweiler, Daniel Henry. ��. Juan Gris: sa Vie, son Œuvre, ses Écrits. Paris: Gallimard. Kalivoda, František. ��. Brno, Město Páce a Pokroku: Exkurze Čes- koslovenským Veletržním Městem. Brno: Blok. Katavolos, William. ��. Organics: Een Kwadraat Blad van Steen- drukkerij De Jong & Co. — A Quadrat Print of Steendrukkerij De Jong & Co. Hilversum: Steendrukkerij De Jong. Le Corbusier. ��. Vers Une Architecture. Paris: G. Crès et Cie.221 [Spanish ed.: Le Corbusier. ��. Hacia ———. ��. Une Maison, un Palais: “À la Recherche d'une Unité Archi- una arquitectura. Trans. J. Martínez Ali- tecturale”. Paris: G. Crès et Cie.222 nari. Buenos Aires: Ed. Poseidón]. ———, Boesiger, Willy, and Yoshizaka, Takamasa (eds.) ��. Ru Korubyuje Zen Sakuhinshū. Tokio: n.p. ———, Jeanneret, Pierre and Bill, Max (ed.) ��. Œuvre Com- plète, ��-��. Translated by A. John Dakin. Zurich: Girsberger.

219 Included in Blaser's selection.

220 Idem.

221 Mies also owned a German edition.

222 With the autograph “à Mies van der Rohe, très simpatheticament, ��” by the author, as noted in Neumeyer, F. (��), Op. cit., ch. iv, p. ��, note ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 439 APPENDIX

———, Jeanneret, Pierre, and Boesiger, Willy (ed.) ��. Œuvre Complète, ��-��. Erlenbach-Zurich: Éditions d'architecture. ———, and Jeanneret, Pierre. ��. Requête de MM. Le Corbusier et P. Jeanneret à M. le Président du Conseil de la Société des Nations: Construction du Palais de la Société des Nations. Paris: Imprimerie Union. Maillol, Arístides, and George, Waldemar. ��. Maillol: �� phototypies. Notice de Waldemar George. Paris: Librairie de France. Prévost, Jean. ��. Eiffel. Paris: Rieder.223 Raval, Marcel H., and Moreux, Jean-Charles. ��. Claude-Nico- las Ledoux, ��-��. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.224 Rogers, Ernesto Nathan. ��. La chapelle de Notre-Dame du Haut à Ronchamp de Le Corbusier. Milano: Editoriale Domus. [Spanish ed.: Rubió i Tudurí, Nicolás Rubió i Tudurí, Nicoláu Maria. ��. Actar: Discrimination des María. ��. Actar: discriminación entre las Formes de Quiétude, Formes de Mouvement dans la Construction. formas de quietud y movimiento en la construc- Paris: Imprimerie Union. ción. Trans. M. Plá. Murcia: coaat]. Sandberg, Willem Jacob H.B. ��. Nu � — Maintenant � — Now � — Jetzt �. Hilversum: Steendrukkerij de Jong & Co. Straat, Evert. ��. Amsterdam: Stadt der Kultur. Translated by E. Meter-Plaut. Amsterdam: Städt Presseamt. Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre. ��. Construire la Terre — Building the Earth: Estraits d'Œuvres Inédites. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

Periodicals

American Exhibition. ��-. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago. Annual of Architecture, Structure & Townplanning. ��-. Calcutta: As- sociation of Architects, Engineers & Townplanners, In- dia/Publishing Corporation of India. Die Antike. ��-. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Architectural Design. ��-. London: Standard Catalog Co. Architectural Forum, The. ��-. New York: Billboard Publications. L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui. ��-. Boulogne, Seine: s.n. Architecture de Lumière. ��-. Paris: s.n. Architecture: The aia Journal. -��. Washington d.c.: American In- stitute of Architects. The Art Bulletin. ��-. New York: College Art Association of America. Artnews. ��-. New York: ARTnews Associates. The Arts. ��-. Desmond Shawe-Taylor.

223 Included in Blaser's selection.

224 Added by Mies to his library once in America.

440 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

Atlantis; Länder, Völker, Reisen. ��-. Leipzig: Bibliographisches In- stitut, ag/Atlantis Verlag. Auktion. ��-. Kornfeld & Klipstein. Auktion. ��-. Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Kunstkabinett/Roman Nor- bert Ketterer. Baukunst und Werkform. ��-. Der Baumeister. ��-. München: Georg D.W. Callwey. Bitumen. ��-. Hamburg: Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumen-In- dustrie. Blätter für Deutsche Philosophie Zeitschrift der Deutschen Philosophischen Gesellschaft. ��. Berlin: Junker & Dünnhaupt/Deutsche Philosophische Gesellschaft. Cahiers d'Art. ��-. Paris: Christian Zervos. enba: Revista de Arte. ��-. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Escola Nacional de Belas Artes. G. Zeitschrift für Elementare Gestaltung. n.d. Geist der Zeit. ��-. Berlin: Herbert Stubenrauch Verlagsbuch- handlung/Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz. ��-. Berlin: Gebr. Mann/Stif- tung Preussischer Kulturbesitz Lebendiges Handwerk aus Nordrhein-Westfalen. ��-. Ratingen b. Düsseldorf: Henn/Arbeitsgemeinschaft des Kunsthand- werks Nordrhein-Westfalens. Liturgical Arts. ��-. New York: Liturgical Arts Society. Magazine of Art. ��-. Washington d.c.: American Federation of Arts. Measure: a Critical Journal. ��-. Chicago: H. Regnery Co./Robert Maynard Hutchins. Modern Hospital. ��. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. Moderne Kunst: Gemaelde, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen. ��-. Campione bei Lugano: Roman Norbert Ketterer/Wenzel Nachbaur. Museum der Gegenwart. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Museen für Nevere Kunst. ��-. Berlin: E. Ratheneau/Ludwig Justi. Partisan Review. ��. New York City: Partisan Review. Perspektiven; ein Jahrbuch. n.d. Vienna: Forschungsinstitut für euro- päische Gegenwartskunde. Philosophische Hefte. ��-. Berlin: Verlag der Philosophischen Hef- te/Maximilian Beck. Plans. ��. Paris: Plans. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association. ��-. Washington d.c.: The Office/American Cat. Philosoph- ical Association. Reden und Gedenkworte. ��. Heidelberg: Verlag L. Schneider/Or- den pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste. Report. ��-. New York: J.J. O'Brien & Son/Société anonyme. Die Schildgenossen. ��. Wützburg: Werkbund. Student Independent. ��-. Chicago: iit.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 441 APPENDIX

Task. A Magazine for Architects and Planners. ��-. Die Tat. ��-. Jena: Eugen Diederichs/Giselher Wirsing & Ernst Wilhelm Eschmann. Ulm: Zeitschrift der Hochschule für Gestaltung — Journal of the Ulm School for Design. ��-. Ulm: Hochschule für Gestaltung. View. ��-. New York: View/Charles Henri Ford. Volk im Werden. ��-. Leipzig: Armanen-Verlag. Wendingen: Maandblad voor Bouwen en Sieren. ��-. Amsterdam: De Hooge Brug/Genootschap ‘Architectura et Amicitia’. Werk. ��-. Bern: Bund Schweizer Architekten, Schweizerischer Werkbund & Schweizerischer Kunstverein.

Exhibition Catalogs and Conference Proceedings

1911 - Der Städtebau nach den Ergebnissen der Allgemeinen Städte- bau-Ausstellung in Berlin nebst einem Anhang: Die Internationale Städtebau-Ausstellung in Düsseldorf. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Akademische Hochschule für die Bilden- den Künste, Berlin (May �st–Jun. ��th, ��), and at the Kunstpalast, Düsseldorf (Aug. �th–Sept. ��th, ��). Ber- lin: Ernst Wasmuth/Werner Hegemann.

1927 - Grossstadt und Volkstum. Proceedings of the Tagung für Nationalerziehung conference, celebrated at the Fich- te-Gesellschaft Veranstaltet, Hannover (Mar. �th–�th, ��). Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt/Tagung für Nationalerziehung, and Wilhelm Stapel.

1928 - Reden der Münchener Tagung. Proceedings of the Werk- bundfragen—Flugschriften der ‘Form’ No.� conference, Berlin (Jul. �th, ��). Berlin: Hermann Reckendorf/ Emil Preetorius.

1934 - Modern Works of Art. �th Anniversary Exhibition. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (Nov. ��th, ��–Jan. ��th, ��). New York: moma/ Alfred H. Barr.

1936 - Museum of Living Art: A.E. Gallatin Collection. Catalog of the exhibition held at New York University, New York (Dec., ��). New York: G. Grady Press/George L. K. Morris, James Johnson Sweeney, and Jean Hélion. - Art in Our Time. An Exhibition to Celebrate the ��th Anniver- sary of the Museum of Modern Art and the Opening of its New Building. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum

442 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGLISH EDITIONS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

of Modern Art, New York (May ��th–Sept. ��th, ��)225. New York: moma. - Grosse Deutsche in Bildnissen ihrer Zeit. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Kronprinzenpalais, Berlin (Aug.– Sept., ��) with occassion of the xi. Olympischen Spiele, Berlin. Berlin: Ullstein/Staatliche Museen

1938 - Walker Evans. American Photographs. Catalog of the exhibition held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York (Sept. ��th–Nov. ��th, ��). New York: moma/Lincoln Kirstein.

1939 - Picasso, �� Years of His Art. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (Nov. ��th, ��–Jan. �th, ��). New York: moma/Alfred H. Barr.

1941 - Britain at War. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Muse- um of Modern Art, New York (May ��nd–Sept. �nd, ��). New York: moma/Guy Murchie, Wheeler Monroe and T.S. Eliot. - Salvador Dalí. Paintings, Drawings, Prints. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (Nov. ��th, ��–Jan. ��st, ��). New York: moma/James Thrall Soby.

1942 - André Masson. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Arts Club of Chicago (May �� nd–Jun. ��rd, ��). Chicago: Arts Club of Chicago.

1945 - Wassily Kandinsky, ��-��. Paintings and Writings. Ca- talog of the exhibition held at the Solomon R. Guggen- heim Foundation, New York (Mar. ��th–May ��th, ��). New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation/Hilla Rebay. - Art Concret. Catalog of the exhibition held at the René Drouin Gallery, Paris (Jun. ��th–Jul. ��th, ��). Paris: Galerie René Drouin/Nelly van Doesburg.

1946 - Dix-neuf Peintures de Picasso. Catalog of the exhibition held at Louis Carré Gallery, Paris (Jun. ��th–Jul. ��th, ��). Paris: Galerie Louis Carré.

1948 - Alberto Giacometti. Sculptures, Paintings. Catalog of the exhi-

225 The catalog included a subtitle stating that the exhibition took place “at the time of the New York World's Fair” (i.e., Apr. ��th, ��–Oct. �� th, ��), though it actually did not remain opened that long.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 443 APPENDIX

bition held at the Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York (Jan. ��th–Feb. ��th, ��). New York: The Gallery/Jean-Paul Sartre.

1950 - Whitehead and the Modern World. Science, Metaphysics, and Civilization. Three Essays on the Thought of Alfred North White- head. Proceedings of an addresses delivered at a special commemorative session at the meeting of the Western Division of the American Philosophical Association, celebrated at Knox College, Galesburg, Ill. (May �th, ��). Boston: Beacon Press/Victor Lowe, Charles Hartshorne and A. H. Johnson.226

1954 - Die Künste im Technischen Zeitalter. Proceedings of the conference celebrated at the Technischen Hochschu- le München, Munich (Nov. ��th–��th,��). Munich: R. Oldenburg/Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste/ Clemens Podewils - Architektonische Gestaltung als Element der Erziehung. Procee- dings of the annual meeting of the Deutscher Werkbund at Baden-Württemberg, Mannheim (Feb. ��th, ��). Mannheim: Deutschen Werkbund Baden-Württem- berg/Wilhelm Berger.

1956 - Künstlerisches Schaffen Industrielles Gestalten. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Städtisches Museum, Osnabrück ( Jul. �st–Sept. ��th, ��). Osnabrück: Tapetenfabrik Rasch/Hans Schwippert/Walter Borchers.

1957 - Buildings for Business and Government. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (Feb. ��th–Apr. ��th, ��). New York: moma. 1958 - Rudolf Schwarz. Die Baukunst der Gegenwart. Proceedings of the Immatrikulationsfeier der Staatlichen Kunstakade- mie conference, Dusseldorf (Feb. ��th, ��). Düsseldorf: L. Schwann/Staatlichen Kunstakademie, Hochschule fur Bildende Künste. - Konrad Wachsmann. Bauen in unserer Zeit: Produkte der Ma- schinen, Trainingsmethoden, Details und Produkte. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Welz Gallery, Salzburg (Apr. ��th–May ��th, ��). Salzburg: Galerie Welz/Hans Eck- stein. - ��th Anniversary Exhibition. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Sidney Janis Gallery, New York (Sept. ��th–Nov.

226 Included in Blaser's selection, but not in Seidel's catalog for uic. Later published in ��.

444 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER DOCUMENTS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

�st, ��). New York: Sidney Janis.

1959 - Evolution after Darwin — Vol. i: The Evolution of Life. Vol. ii: The Evolution of Man. Vol. iii: Issues in Evolution. Proceed- ings presented at Darwin centennial celebration, held at the University of Chicago (Nov. ��.) Chicago: the Uni- versity of Chicago, Centennial Discussions/Sol Tax.227

1960 - Meisterwerke des Deutschen Expressionismus. Catalog of the exhibition held at Kunsthalle, Bremen (Mar. ��th– May �st, ��), Kunstverein, Hannover (May ��th–Jun. ��th, ��), and Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne (Sept. ��th–Nov. ��th, ��). Stuttgart: Dr. Cantz'sche Drucke- rei. - Paul Klee: Werke aus der Nachlass-Sammlung Felix Klee. Ca- talog of the exhibition held at the Akademie der Künste, Berlin (Dec. ��th, ��–Jan. ��th, ��). Berlin: Akademie der Künste/Herta Elisabeth Killy, and Lothar Juckel. - Moderne Kunst des xix und xx Jahrhunderts: Plastik, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen, Graphik. Catalog of the auction held at the Klipstein and Kornfeld Gallery, Bern (Jun. ��th–��th, ��). Bern: Klipstein & Kornfeld. - Sonja Henie, Niels Onstad Samlingen. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo (Nov. ��th, ��– Jan. �st, ��). Oslo: Kunstnernes Hus/Henning Gran. - Franz Kline: New paintings. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Sidney Janis Gallery, New York (Dec. �th–��th, ��). New York: Sidney Janis. - Hans Richter: Ein Leben für Bild und Film; mit einer Autobio- graphie. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Städtische Galerie, Munich (May ��th–Jun. �th, ��). Munich: Städ- tische Galerie. - Hans Richter, �� Ans de Peintures-rouleaux. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Denise René Gallery, Paris (Mar. �th–��st, ��). Paris: Galerie Denise René. - Berlin: Ort der Freiheit für die Kunst. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Städtische Kunsthalle, Recklinghausen ( Jun. �nd–Jul. ��th, ��), at Staatliche Hochschule für Bil- dende Künste, Wien (Aug. �nd–Sept. �th, ��), and at the Nationalgalerie, Berlin (Sept. ��th–Nov. �th, ��). Berlin: Die Nationalgalerie/Staatliche Hochschule für Bildende Künste/Leopold Reidemeister.

1961 - Hans Richter. Meditazioni sul Tempo. Catalog of the exhi-

227 Included in Blaser's selection. Later published in ��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 445 APPENDIX

bition held at the Alibert Gallery, Rome (Jan. ��th–Jan. ��th, ��). Milan: Galleria Pagani del Grattacielo/Gior- gio Kaisserlian. - Sam Francis. Werke ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Klipstein and Kornfeld Gallery, Bern (Nov. �th–Dec. ��st, ��). Bern: Stämpfli. - Modern Masters. An Exceptional Selection of Paintings Repre- senting Various Aspects of the Post-Impressionist, Cubist, Expres- sionist, Surrealist and New French Schools. Catalog of the exhibition held at International Galleries, Chicago (Sept. ��th–Oct. �th, ��). Chicago: International Galleries.

1962 - Hommage à Jean-Hans Arp. Catalog of the Exhibition held at Galerie du perron, Geneva (Jun. ��th–Sept. �st, ��). Geneva: Galerie du perron. - Günter Fruhtrunk. Catalog of the exhibition held at Gal- leria Pagani, Milan (Oct., ��). Milan: La Galleria/Al- berto Sartoris and Jean Arp. - Werner Graeff. Catalog of the Exhibition held at Kunst- verein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, Düsseldorf, Kunsthalle Grabbeplatz (Nov. �th–Dec. �th, ��). Düs- seldorf: Der Kunstverein/Karl Heinz Hering. - Jean-Hans Arp: Sculpture, Relief, Drawing. Catalog of the exhibition held at New Art Center Gallery, New York (Nov. �rd–��th, ��). New York: The Gallery. - Reginald Cotterell Butler, Recent Sculpture. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York (Oct. ��th–Nov. ��th, ��). New York: Pierre Matisse Gallery. - Robert Motherwell. New paintings and Collages. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Sidney Janis Gallery, New York (Dec. �th–��th, ��). New York: Sidney Janis.

1963 - Lee Gatch. Recent Paintings. Catalog of the exhibition held at Staempfli Gallery, New York (Mar. ��rd–Apr. ��th, ��), and the Arts Club of Chicago (May ��th–Jun. ��th, ��). Bern: Stämpfli & Cie. - American and European Modern Masters. Catalog of the exhibition held at Stephen Hahn Gallery, New York (Jan. ��th–Feb. ��th, ��). New York: The Gallery.

1964 - Henryk Berlewi: Retrospektive Ausstellung. Gemalde, Zeichnun- gen, Grafik, Mechano-Fakturen, Plastik, von �� bis Heute. Catalog of the exhibition held at Maison de France, Ber- lin (Oct.–Nov., ��). Berlin: Gerhard. - The Classic Spirit in ��th Century Art: Painters and Sculptors from Brancusi and Mondrian to Today. Catalog of the exhi-

446 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER DOCUMENTS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

bition held at the Sidney Janis Gallery, New York (Feb. �th–��th, ��). New York: Sidney Janis/Rudi Blesh. - Albers — Homage to the Square. �� New Paintings by Josef Al- bers. Catalog of the exhibition held at Sidney Janis Gal- lery, New York (Sept. ��th–Oct. ��th, ��). New York: Sidney Janis. - Edward Hopper. Catalog of the exhibition held at Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (Sept. ��th – Nov. ��th, ��). New York: wmaa/Lloyd Goodrich.

1965 - New Paintings by Richard Anuszkiewicz. Catalog of the exhibition held at Sidney Janis Gallery, New York (Nov. �rd–��th, ��. New York: Sidney Janis. - J. J. P. Oud: Bauten ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at Die Neue Sammlung, Munich ( Jul. ��th–Aug. ��nd, ��). Munich: Die Neue Sammlung. - Ben Nicholson, ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Marlborough-Gerson and André Emmerich Galler- ies, New York (Apr., ��). New York: Marlborough-Ger- son/André Emmerich. - The Responsive Eye. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (Feb. ��th–Apr. ��th, ��). New York: moma/William Chapin Seitz.

1966 - Peter Behrens (��-��). Gedenkschrift mit Katalog aus Anlass der Austellung. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Pfalz- galerie, Kaserslautern (��), et al. Wien: Kaserslautern Pfalzgalerie/Wilhelm Weber. - Deutscher und Französischer Meisterwerke des xx. Jahrhunderts: Gemälde, Plastik. Catalog of the exhibition held at Wil- helm Grosshennig Gallery, Düsseldorf (Nov. ��th, ��– Feb. ��th, ��). Düsseldorf: Die Galerie.

1967 - Arp: Sculpture, Collage, Drawing. Catalog of the exhibition held at Kovler Gallery, Chicago (��). Chicago: Kovler Gallery. - Sculpture, a Generation of Innovation. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Art Institute of Chicago (Jun. ��rd–Aug. ��th, ��). Chicago: aic. - Avantgarde Osteuropa ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Deutschen Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst (Kunstverein Berlin) and the Akademie der Künste, Berlin (Oct. �st–Nov. ��st, ��). Berlin: Deutsche Gesell- schaft für Bildende Kunst/Eberhard Roters & Hannah Weitemeier.

1968 - Werner Heldt: Œuvre-Katalog der Bilder von Heldt ��-��:

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 447 APPENDIX

mit �� Kunstdrucktafeln und �� Farbreproduktionen. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Akademie der Künste, Ber- lin (Jun. ��rd–Jul. ��th, ��). Hannover: Kestner-Gesell- schaft/Wieland Schmied. - Moderne Graphik des xix und xx. Jahrhunderts. Catalog of the auction celebrated at the Klipstein and Kornfeld Gal- lery, Bern (Jun. ��th–Jun. ��th, ��). Bern: Klipstein & Kornfeld. - Lee Krasner. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Marl- borough-Gerson Gallery, New York (Mar., ��). New York: Marlborough-Gerson. - Lipchitz: The Cubist Period, ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, New York (Mar. �st–Apr. ��th, ��). New York: Marlbor- ough-Gerson/Alfred Werner. - Erich Mendelsohn. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Akademie der Künste und des Vereins Deutsches Bau- zentrum, Berlin (Jan. ��th–Feb. �th, ��). Berlin: Akade- mie der Künste/Julius Posener and Peter Pfankuch. - European ��th Century Artists. Catalog of the exhibition held at Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, (Jan. �th–Feb. �st, ��). New York: Sidney Janis.

1969 - Watercolors, Drawings, Gouaches. Catalog of the exhibition held at Beyeler Gallery, Basel (Jan.–Mar., ��). Bâle:- Galerie Beyeler. - Walter Rheiner: ��-��. Catalog of the exhibition held at the Akademie der Künste, Berlin (Jun. �th–Jul. �th, ��). Berlin: Akademie der Künste/Walther Huder.

448 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OTHER DOCUMENTS AT MIES'S PERSONAL LIBRARY

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 449 APPENDIX

9.3 Mies's iit Buildings Timeline

Resor House

ait/iit Campus Master Plan

Key 1

1 Elaborated on the basis of Cowell, E. (compiler) (��), «Building Chronology», foldout booklet in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/ Montreal: wmaa/cca), reworked by the author.

450 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIES'S IIT BUILDINGS TIMELINE

Resor House

ait/iit Campus Master Plan Museum for a Small City Concert Hall

iit Minerals & Metals Research

iit Metallurgy & Chemical Engineering

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 451 APPENDIX

Resor House

iit Campus Master Plan Museum for a Small City Concert Hall

iit Minerals & Metals Research iit Metallurgy & Chemical Engineering

iit Engineering Research

iit Field House, Gym, Natatorium

iit Library & Administration

Key

452 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIES'S IIT BUILDINGS TIMELINE

iit Campus Master Plan

iit Metallurgy & Chemical Engineering

iit Engineering Research

iit Field House, Gym, Natatorium

iit Library & Administration

iit Chemistry (/Whishnick Hall)

iit Navy (/Alumni Memorial Hall)

iit Lithographic Foundation Farnsworth House

iit Humanities (/Lewis Hall) Cantor Drive-in Restaurant Joseph Cantor House

iit Civil Engineering Mechanics

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 453 APPENDIX

iit Campus Master Plan iit Metallurgy & Chemical Eng.

iit Library & Administration iit Chemistry (/Whishnick Hall) Farnsworth House

iit Humanities (/Lewis Hall) Cantor Drive-in Restaurant Joseph Cantor House iit Civil Engineering Mechanics

iit Institute of Gas Technology The Arts Club of Chicago

iit Boiler Plant iit Civil Engineering Mechanics

aar Research Algonquin Apartments

iit Student Union ��-�� Lake Shore Drive Apt.

iit r.f. Carr Memorial Chapel

Key

454 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIES'S IIT BUILDINGS TIMELINE

iit Campus Master Plan

iit Library & Administration

Farnsworth House

iit Humanities (/Lewis Hall) Cantor Drive-in Restaurant

iit Civil Engineering Mechanics

iit Institute of Gas Technology The Arts Club of Chicago

iit Boiler Plant

aar Research Algonquin Apartments

iit Student Union ��-�� Lake Shore Drive Apts.

iit r.f. Carr Memorial Chapel

iit Architecture /Inst. of Design Leon J. Caine House

iit Fraternity /Dormitory Housing Indiana University Fraternity

iit Mechanics Research Prefabricated Row Houses Robert H. McCormick House Morris Greenwald House

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 455 APPENDIX

iit Campus Master Plan

iit Library & Administration

iit Humanities (/Lewis Hall)

iit Student Union ��-�� Lake Shore Drive Apts.

iit r.f. Carr Memorial Chapel

iit Architecture /Inst. of Design Leon J. Caine House iit Fraternity /Dormitory Housing Indiana University Fraternity

iit Mechanics Research Prefabricated Row Houses Robert H. McCormick House Morris Greenwald House �� x �� House

iit Apartments (/Carman Hall) Manheim National Theater

aar Mechanical Engineering

iit Commons Harry Berke Apartment Bdg. Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg. �� Esplanade Apartments Bdg. Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg.

iit Apts. (/Bailey & Cunningham) Convention Hall

Key

456 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIES'S IIT BUILDINGS TIMELINE

iit Campus Master Plan

iit Library & Administration

iit Architecture /Inst. of Design

iit Fraternity /Dormitory Housing Indiana University Fraternity

Morris Greenwald House

aar Mechanical Engineering

iit Commons

Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg. �� Esplanade Apts. Bdg. Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg.

iit Apts. (/Bailey & Cunningham) Convention Hall Museum of Fine Arts Master Plan Museum of Fine Arts Cullinan Hall

iit Electrical Eng. & Physics Seagram Bdg. Aachen Administration Bdg.

aar Engineering Laboratory Pavillion Apts. & Townhouses Lafayette Park Master Plan

iit Electr. Eng. & Physics (/Siegel)

iit Metals Research Addition

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 457 APPENDIX

iit Campus Master Plan

iit Fraternity /Dormitory Housing Morris Greenwald House Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg. �� Esplanade Apartments Bdg. Commonwealth Prom. Apt. Bdg. Museum of Fine Arts Cullinan Hall Seagram Bdg. Aachen Administration Bdg.

aar Engineering Laboratory Pavillion Apts. & Townhouses Lafayette Park Master Plan

iit Electr. Eng. & Physics (/Siegel)

iit Metals Research Addition Bacardí & Co. Adm. Bdg., Cuba u.s. Consulate Office, S. Paulo Kaiser Office Bdg. Battery Park Apartment Bdg. Quadrangle Apt. Bdg. Bacardí & Co. Adm. Bdg., México Colonnase & Pavilion on Apt. Bdg.

iit Chemistry Research Seagram Bdg., Chicago Home Federal Savings & Loans

Key

458 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MIES'S IIT BUILDINGS TIMELINE

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 459 APPENDIX

Index of Abbreviations1

aia American Institute of Architects Fig. aic Art Institute of Chicago ait Armour Institute of Technology arf Armour Research Foundation aar Association of American Railroads 1.1 1.2 cha Chicago Housing Authority 1.3 chs Chicago Historical Society (/Chicago History Museum) clcc Chicago Land Clearance Commission 1.4 cpc Chicago Plan Commission cta Chicago Transit Authority fha Federal Housing Administration igt Institute of Gas Technology id Institute of Design iit Illinois Institute of Technology 1.5 iitri Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute 1.6 loc Library of Congress lacma Los Angeles County Museum of Art mpc Metropolitan Planning Council 1.7 mhpc Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council moma Museum of Modern Art nrotc Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps rf Research Foundation of Armour Institute of Technology 1.8 sspb South Side Planning Board

uoc University of Chicago 1.9 uic University of Illinois at Chicago Circle wmaa Whitney Museum of American Art 1.10 wpa Works Progress Administration 1.11 c. circa n.d. not dated n.p. not paginated n.a. not archived/cataloged 1.12 acc. no. account/catalog number

1.13

1 All abbreviations are indicated in the text, whenever they first appear.

460 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

List of Illustrations

Fig. Image Source page

1. Introduction

1.1 Author's elaboration. 2-3 1.2 Author's elaboration. 4-5 1.3 Schulze, F., and Barnes, R. (��) The Campus Guide: Illinois Institute of Technology (New 6 York: Princeton Architectural Press), pp. ��-��. 1.4 Guidi, G. (��), photographer, «Photographic Portfolio», Bauwelt, �� (�): �� (Dec. ��th, 7 ��) [reprinted as «iit ‘Mies Alley,’ Chicago», in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. ��. «Pho-

tographic Portfolio», Mies in America (Montreal/New York: cca/wmaa), plate ��, p. ��]

(top); Kauffmann & Fabry Co., Photographers (after ��), View of iit, ‘Mies Alley’ [Uni-

versity Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] [reprinted in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. (��), «Learning a Language», Op. cit., Fig. �.��, p. ��] (bottom). 1.5 Johnson, Ph. (��) Mies van der Rohe (New York: moma), cover. 8 1.6 Matter, H. (photographer) (��), Installation view of Mies van der Rohe exhibition at moma, 9 New York [The Lily Auchincloss Study Center for Architecture and Design (moma,

New York)] (left); Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), Plan of exhibition at moma, New York [The

Lily Auchincloss Study Center for Architecture and Design (moma, New York)] (right). 1.7 Eames, Ch., «Museum of Modern Art: exhibit», Arts & Architecture, ��: ��, detail (top, 10 right), ��, �� (middle, right), ��, �� (bottom, right) (Dec., ��); Eames, Ch. (��) pho-

tographer, Installation view of Mies van der Rohe exhibition at moma, New York [The Lily

Auchincloss Study Center for Architecture and Design (moma, New York)] (above). 1.8 Johnson, Ph. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: moma), pp. ��-�� (top), 11 ��-�� (bottom). 1.9 Johnson, Ph. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: moma), pp. ��-�� 12 (top), pp. ��-�� (bottom). 1.10 Johnson, Ph. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: moma), pp. ��-�� (top), 13 pp. ��-�� (bottom). 1.11 Smithson, A. and P., «School at Hunstanton, Norfolk», Architectural Review, ��: ��, 14 �� (Sept., ��) (bottom); Ibid., pp. ��, �� (top) [Burgh Galwey, R.H. (photographer)

(c.��?), Hunstanton, Norfolk. Secondary Modern School. Exterior Views [riba Library Photo-

graphs collection, #cema ��.�/�� ms/�� (riba, London)]. 1.12 Henderson, N. (photographer) (c.��), Construction of Hunstanton Secondary Modern 15 School, Norfork, unpublished photograph [Nigel Herderson Estate, Tate Archive, #tga ��/�/�/�� (Tate Gallery, London)]. 1.13 Henderson, N. (photographer) (c.��), Interior of Hunstanton Secondary Modern School, 16 Norfork, During Construction, unpublished photograph [Nigel Herderson Estate, Tate

Archives, #tga ��/�/�/�� (Tate Gallery, London)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 461 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

1.14 Smithson, A. and P., «School at Hunstanton, Norfolk», Architectural Review, ��: ��-�� 17 1.34 (Sept., ��) (above); Ibid., pp. ��-�� (below). 1.15 Giedion, S. (��) «Mies van der Rohe and the Integrity of Form», in Space, Time, and 18 1.35 Architecture. The Growth of a New Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (�rd ed.), cover (above), p. ��, ill. �� (left); p. ��, ill. �� (right). 1.16 Giedion, S. (��), «Toward pure form», in Space, Time, and Architecture. The Growth of a 19 New Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (�st ed.), pp. ��-��, ills. 1.36 ��-�� (left); Giedion, S. (��) Bauen in Frankreich, Bauen in Eisen, Bauen in Eisenbeton (Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Biermann), p. �� (above). 1.17 Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), Weißenhof Siedlung, Stuttgart [Bildindex der Kunst und 20 Architektur, #�.��.��, mi.��–f�� (Deutsches Dokumentations zentrum für Kunst- geschichte, Bildarchiv Marburg)]. 1.18 Giedion, S. (��) «Mies van der Rohe and the Integrity of Form», in Space, Time, and 21 1.37 Architecture. The Growth of a New Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, �rd ed.), pp. ��, ��, ills. ��-��. 1.38 1.19 Giedion, S. (��) «The Illinois Institute of Technology, ��—», in Space, Time, and 22 Architecture. The Growth of a New Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, �rd ed.), pp. ��, ��, ills. ��-��. 1.20 Giedion, S. (��) «The Illinois Institute of Technology, ��—», in Space, Time, and 23 Architecture. The Growth of a New Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (�rd ed.), p. ��, ill. ��. 1.21 Hilberseimer, L. (��) Mies van der Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), book jacket (above), 24 1.39 pp. �-� (right). 1.22 Hilberseimer, L. (��), «New Structures», in Mies van der Rohe (Chicago: P. Theo- 25 bald), p. ��, ills. �-�. 1.23 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «New Structures», in Mies van der Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), 26 p. ��, ills. �-� (above), pp. ��-��, ills. �-� (right). 1.24 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der Rohe 27 (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (top), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (bottom). 1.40 1.25 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Proportion», in Mies van der Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. 28 ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.41 1.26 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 29 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), p. ��, ill. ��. 1.27 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 30 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.42 1.28 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 31 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.29 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) Illinois Tech Engineer and Alumnus, �� (�): cover 32 (Mar., ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); Hil- 1.43 berseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (right). 1.30 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 33 1.44 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.31 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der Rohe 34 (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (top), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (bottom). 1.32 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 35 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), p. ��, ills. ��-�� (left), p.��, ills. ��-�� (right). 1.33 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 36 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), p. ��, ill. ��.

462 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

page Fig. Image Source page

17 1.34 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago», in Mies van der 37 Rohe (Chicago: P. Theobald), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 18 1.35 Blaser, W. (delineator) (c.��-��) «Brick Country House project by Mies van der 39 Rohe», groundplan, in Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure (Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag für Architektur), cover (top), and dust jacket overleaf, En- 19 glish ed. (bottom). 1.36 Blaser, W. (delineator) (c.��-��), «Villa: Free-standing walls of brick connect in- 40 doors and outdoors,» referring to Mies's Brick Country House project of �� (right)

in Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure (Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag

20 für Architektur), pp. ��-�� (right); author unknown (probably iit student under Mies's direction, n.d.), Brick Bonding Exercise [Mies van der Rohe Archive, ‘Student Projects

under Mies van der Rohe Supervision’, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (left) 21 1.37 Blaser, W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure (Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag für 41 Architektur), pp. ��-�� (top), ��-�� (bottom). 1.38 Blaser, W. (delineator) (c.��-��), «Plan and elevation of the court house» in Blaser, 42 22 W. (��) Die Kunst der Struktur—L'art de la structure (Stuttgart/Zurich: Verlag für Ar-

chitektur), p. �� (above); Dearstyne, H. (��), «Plan of a Courtyard House,» exercise

developed at the Bauhaus, Dessau, as published in Blaser, W. (��), «The Principles 23 of Mies», in Mies van der Rohe: Lehre und Schule—Principles and School (Basel/Stuttgart: Institute for the History & Theory of Architecture at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich/Birkhäuser), pp. �-�� (right). 24 1.39 Blaser, W. and Priestley, W. (delineators) (��), «Program for Architectural Educa- 43 tion, ��,», reworked from an original by Mies, in Blaser, W. (��) Mies van der Rohe: 25 Lehre und Schule—Principles and School (Basel/Stuttgart: Institute for the History & The- ory of Architecture at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich/Birkhäuser),

26 pp. ��-��, [later reissued in Swenson, A., and Chang, P.-Ch. (eds.) (��), «Program for Architectural Education. Prof. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (��)», in Architectural

27 Education at iit, ��-�� (Chicago: iit), pp. ��-��]. 1.40 Callahan, H.M. (photographer) (��) Portrait of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Standing in 44 28 the Stairwell of the Arts Club of Chicago, Il. [cca Archives, #ph-��:�� (cca, Montreal)]. 1.41 Burleigh, Th. (photographer) (��), Mies van der Rohe at ait Reception [Thomas R. 45 29 Burleigh collection (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image collection, aic)], as repro-

duced in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. (��) Mies in America (New York/Montreal: wmaa/

30 cca), cover. 1.42 Francé, R.H. (��), Die Technischen Leistungen der Pflanzen, as reproduced in Lambert, 46 31 Ph. (��), «Learning a Language,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New

York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), p. ��, ill. �.�� (top); Lambert, Ph. (��), «Forging a Lan- 32 guage,» in Op. cit., p. ��, ill. �.��-4.�� (bottom). 1.43 Lambert, Ph. (��), «Forging a Language,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America 47 (New York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), pp. ��-��, ills. �.��, �.�� (top); pp. ��-��, ills. �.��-�.�� (bottom). 33 1.44 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G. (delineator) (��-��?), ait Campus: Perspec- 48 tive Sketches, and Bachand, R. (delineator) (��) ait Campus: Plan Showing Viewpoints Ad-

34 opted by Mies van der Rohe, as reproduced in Lambert, Ph. (��) «Presentation Drawings

for the ait Scheme,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/Montreal:

35 wmaa/cca), pp. ��-��, ills. �.��-�.��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 463 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

1.45 Mies van der Rohe Office, and Danforth, G. (delineator) (��), iit Campus: Aerial 49 1.60 Perspectives for Final Scheme, as reproduced in Lambert, Ph. (��), «Evolution of the iit Scheme,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/Montreal: wmaa/ 1.61 cca), pp. ��-��, ills. �.��-�.��. 1.46 Francé, R.H. (��) Die Pflanze als Erfinder (left), and Francé, R.H. (��) Die Technischen 50 Leistungen der Pflanzen (middle and right), as reproduced in Mertins, D. (��), «Living

in a Jungle: Mies, Organic Architecture, and the Art of City Building,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), pp. ��-��, ills. �.�- 1.62 �.�. 1.47 Thompson, D.W. (��) On Growth and Form, as reproduced in Mertins, D. (��), 51 1.63 «Technology—Nature—Art,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/ Montreal: wmaa/cca), p. �� (above); Wright, F.Ll. (��-��), Broadacre City; Hilber- 1.64 seimer, L., and Caldwell, A. (delineator) (��) Settlement Unit, as reproduced in Mer- tins, D. (��), «City Landscape,» in Op. cit., p. �� (left, top and bottom, respectively). 1.65 1.48 Feininger, A. (photographer) (��) The Golden Flats, Near South Side, and Chicago Plan 52 Commission (ed.) (��) Redevelopment Proposal for the Central South Side, as reproduced in 1.66 Whiting, S. (��), «Flatland: The Impenetrable Density of Chicago's Near South Side,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), 1.67 p. ��, ills. �.��-�.�� (above); South Side Planning Board (ed.) (��) An Opportunity for

Private and Public Investment in Rebuilding Chicago, as reproduced in Whiting, S. (��), «Mies's iit: Bas-Relief Campus,» in Op. cit., p. ��, ill. �.�� (left). 1.68 1.49 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Office of Walter Gropius, et al. (��) Central South 53 Side Redevelopment Projects, as reproduced in Whiting, S. (��), «Contours of Prolifer- ation: Chicago's Near South Side,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. Mies in America (New 1.69 York/Montreal: wmaa/cca), pp. ��-�8�, ills. �.��-�.��. 1.50 Brandt & Associates Aerial Photo Co. (photographer) (��) iit Campus, from press 54 release by Hansen, E. (iit Department of Public Relations) [University Archives, Paul V. Galvin Library (iit, Chicago)], property of the author. 1.70 1.51 photographer unknown (c.��) Aerial View of iit Campus, from press release by Han- 55 sen, E. (iit Department of Public Relations) later issued in «How iit has Grown», Chicago Sun-Times (Oct. �th, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)], 1.71 property of the author. 1.52 Author's elaboration. 56-57 1.53 Tigerman, S. (��) The Titanic, photomontage on paper [Architecture and Design 58 collection #��.�� (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image Collection, aic)]. 1.72 1.54 Jenks, Ch. A. (��) «The Death of Modern Architecture», in The Language of Post-Mod- 59 ern Architecture (London: Academy ed.), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-�� (above); Krier, L. (��) 1.73 «Forms and Uniforms», in Drawing Architecture (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), pp. ��- �� (bottom). 1.74 1.55 Photographer unknown (n.d., c.��?), Illinois Tech—Campus Boundaries [University 60-61 Archives #��/��.��, box ��, Paul V. Galvin Library (iit, Chicago)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 1.75 1.56 Spaeth, D. (��) Mies van der Rohe (New York: Rizzoli), frontispice. 62 1.57 Spaeth, D. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: Rizzoli), pp. ��-��, ills. 63 ��, �� (top), pp. ��-��, ills. ��, �� (middle); author's elaboration (bottom). 1.58 Spaeth, D. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: Rizzoli), pp. ��-��, ills. 64 1.76 ��-�� (top), pp. ��-��, ills. ��,�� (bottom). 1.59 Schulze, F. (��) Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (Chicago: uoc), cover. 65

464 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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49 1.60 Hitchcock, H.-R., and Johnson, Ph. (��) The International Style (New York: W.W. 66 Norton), pp. ��-��. 1.61 «Bauten des Bergbaues im Ruhrgebiet—Bâtiments de l’industrie minière dans la 67 Ruhr—Buildings of the mining industry in the Ruhr», Werk, Bauen+Wohnen, � (�): ��, 50 �� (May, ��); Schupp, F. (��) Zollverein Colliery, Essen-Katernberg [Bildindex der Kunst

und Architektur, #lr��/��, mi–��–f�� (Deutsches Dokumentations Zentrum für Kunstgeschichte, Bildarchiv Marburg)] (above). 1.62 Schulze, F. (��), Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ��, 68 ills. ��, ��. 51 1.63 Lucas, J. (photographer) (��) in Schulze, F. (��) Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biogra- 69 phy (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ��, ills. ��-��. 1.64 Schulze, F. (��) Mies van der Rohe: A Critical Biography (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ��, ills. 70 ��, �� (top), pp. ��, ��, ��, ills. ��, �� (left). 1.65 Schulze, F. and Windhorst, E. (��) Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and 71 52 Revised Edition (Chicago: uoc), cover. 1.66 Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��) «Architect and Educator: ��-��» in Mies van 72 der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ��, ills. 1.67 Lucas, J. (photographer) (��) in Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��) «A New Ar- 73 chitectural Language: ��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised

Edition (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ill. �.� (above), ��-��, ills. �.�-�.� (right). 1.68 Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��) «A New Architectural Language: ��-��,» in 74 53 Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��-��, ills. �.�-�.�. 1.69 Kirkland, W. (photographer) (��), Mecca Apts. and Institute of Gas Technology Building, 75 Chicago, in Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��), «American Apogee: Commercial 54 and Institutional Work: ��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Re-

vised Edition (Chicago: uoc), p. ��, ill. ��.�. 1.70 Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��), «American Apogee: Commercial and Insti- 76 55 tutional Work: ��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Edition

(Chicago: uoc ), pp. ��-��, ills. ��.�-��.�. 1.71 Moholy-Nagy, L. (��), Photogram, and Richter, H. (ed.), «Die reine Form ist die 77 natürliche», in G: Material zur elementare Gestaltung, v-vi: n.p (Apr., ��); as reproduced

56-57 in Mertins, D. (��) «Avant-garde: Art and Life,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), 58 p. ��, ills. ��-��. 1.72 Mertins, D. (��) «ait/iit: Open Campus,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), pp. 78 59 ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.73 Mertins, D. (��) «ait/iit: Open Campus,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), pp. 79 ��-��, ills. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.74 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Kepes, G. (photographer) (��-��) Metallurgical 80 60-61 and Chemical Engineering Building, iit, as reproduced in Mertins, D. (��) «iit: Clear Construction,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 1.75 Schinkel, K.F. (��-��) Altes Museum, Berlin, detail of rear corner, and Office of Mies 81 62 van der Rohe (��) Corner of Navy Building, iit, perspective sketch and detail, as re-

63 produced in Mertins, D. (��) «iit: Clear Construction,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��. 64 1.76 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��-��), s.r. Crown Hall Building, final drawings, and 82 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��-��), s.r. Crown Hall Under Construction, as re- 65 produced in Mertins, D. (��) «Farnsworth to Crown Hall: Clear Span,» in Mies (London: Phaidon Press), pp. ��-��, ills. ��-��.

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 465 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

1.77 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (n.d./c.��?), information brochure, cover 83 2.2 [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 2.3 1.78 Mies van der Rohe Office (��/��?), Photomontage of iit campus Master Plan (frag- 84 ment), inverted photographic contact by Hedrich Blessing (photographers) (��) [Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb–�� (chs, Chicago)] (top); author's elaboration 2.4 (bottom). 1.79 Koolhaas, R. (��), Marooned, as described in «Mies-takes,» in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) 85 et al. Mies in America (Montreal/New York: cca/wmaa), p. �� (top); Hays, K. M., «Critical Architecture: Between Culture and Form», Perspecta, ��: ��-�� (��), p. �� (bottom). 1.80 Schulze, F. (ed.) (��) «Unidentified Drawings», in The Mies van der Rohe Archive. An 87 2.5 illustrated catalogue of the Mies van der Rohe drawings in the Museum of Modern Art, Part ii: ��- ��. The American Work (New York: Garland Publishing), vol. ��, frontispiece. 1.81 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (n.d., c.��?), Evolution of iit Campus (Chicago: 89 n.p.) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 2.6 1.82 Author's elaboration. 90 1.83 Author's elaboration. 91 2.7 1.84 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), This Is Our Job (Chicago: iit Press), 92 cover [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (top); Illinois In-

stitute of Technology (ed.), Illinois Tech Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): cover (Oct., ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (bottom). 2.8 1.85 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) Technology Center Today and Tomorrow 93 (Chicago: iit Press), cover [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)] (top, left); Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), Illinois Tech Engineer and Alum- nus, � (�): cover (Dec., ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)] (top, right); Armour Institute of Technology (ed.), «Armour Today», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �� (May, ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Gal- 2.9 vin Library, iit)] (bottom, left); Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) This is

War! (Chicago: iit Press), cover [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Li- brary, iit)] (bottom, right); author's elaboration (left). 2.10 1.86 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), Toward Tomorrow (Chicago: iit Press) 94 [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)], front cover. 1.87 Chicago Plan Commission (ed.) (��), Chicago Looks Ahead. Design for Public Improve- 95 ments (Chicago: cpc), cover [Special Collections #hd-��.c� c�� (Richard J. Daley 2.11 Library, uic)] (top); South Side Planning Board (ed.) (��), An Opportunity for Private

and Public Investment in Rebuilding Chicago (Chicago: sspb), cover [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (bottom); author's elaboration (left). 2.12 1.88 Author's elaboration. 96 1.89 Schulze F. (ed.) (��) The Mies van der Rohe Archive. An illustrated catalogue of the Mies van 97 der Rohe drawings in the Museum of Modern Art (New York: Garland Publishing), cover; 2.13 author's elaboration (left).

2. Urban and Architectural Context Prior to 1938 2.14

2.1 Blanchard, R. (��) Citizen's Guide For the City of Chicago. Companion to Blanchard's 102 Map of Chicago, lithograph [D. Rumsey Historical Map Collection #��.��, D. Rum- sey Map Center, Special Collections & University Archives Department, Green Li- 2.15 brary (Stanford University, Ca.)].

466 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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83 2.2 Author's elaboration. 103 2.3 Author's elaboration [block dimensions according to Hoyt, H. (��) One Hundred Years 104 84 of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of The Growth of Chicago to Its Land Values, ��-

�� (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��-��]. 2.4 Higgins, J.S. (��) Subdivisions of the Public Lands, Described and Illustrated, with Diagrams 105 and Maps (Higgins & Co.), p. ��, proceedings edited in Fitzpatrick, J.C. (ed.) (��),

85 Journals of Continental Congress, ��-��, ��: ��-�� (May, ��) [u.s. Congressional

Documents & Debates, ��–�� (Washington d.c., loc)], later reworked at Bureau

of Land Management, General Land Records [u.s. Department of Interior (Washington

d.c., loc)]. 87 2.5 Robinson, E. et al. (��) The Robinson's Atlas of the City of Chicago (New York: Robin- 106-107 son Co.) [Chicago Historical Society (Chicago Neighborhood Research Guide at The Newberry Library, Chicago] (left); author's elaboration, identification of sheets com- 89 prising Armour properties and vicinity (above); author's elaboration (opposite page) 2.6 Snowden, C.L., «The Armour Institute of Technology», New England Magazine, �� (�): 108 90 �� (May, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 91 2.7 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), «Our Student Union», Armour Engineer 109 92 and Alumnus, vol. �, pp. �-� [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (top);

Snowden, C.L., «The Armour Institute of Technology», New England Magazine, �� (�):

�� (May, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (bottom). 2.8 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) An Illustrated Historical Sketch of Armour 110-111 93 Mission (Chicago: s.n.), p. �� [University Archives, #��.�� a-�� (Paul V. Galvin Li-

brary, iit)] (left); Greeley-Carlson Co. (��) Second Atlas of the City of Chicago (Chicago:

R.R. & R.H. Donnelley), composition of plates xv and xvi, vol. �, sec. ��.��.��, South half [Chicago Historical Society (Chicago Neighborhood Research Guide at The Newberry Library, Chicago)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 2.9 Lee, R. (��), photographer, «Children Playing in Vacant Lot in Negro Section of 112 Chicago South Side, April ��» (detail) [Office of War Information Photograph col-

lection (Washington d.c., loc)]. 2.10 Hoyt, H. (��) One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of The Growth 113 94 of Chicago to Its Land Values, ��-�� (Chicago: uoc), pp. ��, ill. �� (left, top); p. ��, ill.

�� (left, bottom); Abbott, E. (��) The Tenements of Chicago, ��-�� (Chicago: uoc), 95 pp. ��-�� (right). 2.11 United States Housing Authority (usha) (c.��), Slums Breed Crime, poster [u.s. 114-115 National Archives & Records Administration, #usha-��] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 2.12 Lee, R. (��), photographer [Office of War Information Photograph collection 116 96 (Washington d.c., loc] (right); Hilberseimer, L. (��), The New City: Principles of Plan- 97 ning (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. �� (above). 2.13 Lee, R. (��), photographer [Office of War Information Photograph Collection 117 (Washington d.c., loc)] (left); Mead, M., photographer (c.��) No Planning — Their Only Playground an Alley in the Slums, poster [Metropolitan Planning Council Records,

��-��, Special Collections & University Archives, #mpc-�� (uoc, Chicago)] (above). 2.14 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) «Armour Institute of Technology, Chica- 118 102 go», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �� (Dec., ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 2.15 Heald, H.T. (��) «Aim and Activities of ait», in Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): ��, 119 �� [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 467 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

2.16 Brady, E., «Arc Welding of Stainless Steel», in Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): ��-�� 120 3.3 (Mar., ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (right); Armour Insti-

tute of Technology (ed.) «Research Foundation of Armour Institute of Technolo- gy», in Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �� (Mar., ��) [University Archives (Paul V.

Galvin Library, iit)] (above). 2.17 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), «The Department of Architecture of 121 Armour Institute of Technology», in Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): cover (above),

��-�� (left) (Mar., ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 2.18 Holabird, J.A. (��), ait Campus Master Plan [Chicago Historical Society #hr- 122-123 3.4 df-��-� (Chicago, chs)] (left); author's elaboration (opposite page). 2.19 Holabird, J.A. (��), ait Campus Master Plan [Chicago Historical Society #hr- 124 df��-� (Chicago, chs) (right); Guerin, J. (illustrator), «View, looking west, of the

proposed civic center plaza and buildings», illustration from Burnham, D.H., and Bennett, E.H., Moore, Ch. (ed.) (��) Plan of Chicago (Chicago: The Commercial 3.5 Club), p. ��, ill. �� (above). 2.20 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d., ��-��?), unidentified drawing,m oma #��.�� [Mies 125 van der Rohe Archive (moma, New York)] (left); Burnham, D.H., and Bennett, E.H., 3.6 Moore, Ch. (ed.) (��) Plan of Chicago (Chicago: The Commercial Club), p. ��, ill. �� (above). 2.21 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), «The Spirit of Armour Institute», in 126-127 3.7 The Cycle, No. �, n.p. [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 2.22 Hitchcock, H.-R., Johnson, Ph., and Museum of Modern Art (ed.) (��) Modern 128 3.8 Architecture: International Exhibion (New York: moma/Arno Press), cover. 2.23 Tafel, E. (photographer) (��), Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, at Taliesin, Wiscon- 130 3.9 sin [Chicago Historical Society #hb-��-�� (Chicago, chs)]. 2.24 Tafel, E. (photographer) (��), Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Taliesin Fellows 131 at the construction site of the Johnson Wax Building, ��-�� [Edgar A. Tafel Archive, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library #�.�, box ��, folder �� (Columbia University, New 3.10 York)]. 2.25 Mies van der Rohe, L. (contents), Brenner, D., and Danforth G. (delineators) (��) 132 3.11 Program for Architectural Education [Estate of Brenner Danforth Rockwell, as reproduced in Achilles, R., Harrington, K., Myhrum, Ch. (eds.) et al (��), Mies van der Rohe, 3.12 Architect as Educator (Chicago: uoc), p. ��]. 2.26 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) «L. M. van der Rohe to Head Armour 133 Architectural School», Armour Tech News, xxii (�): �, � (Sept. ��th) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 3.13

3. Mies's Exile and Preliminary Campus Plans, 1938-40 3.14

3.1 Holmberg Aerial Survey Co. (��) Cook District, Chicago, detail [Illinois Historical 136-137 Air Photo (ihap) Imagebase collection (University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 3.2 Smith, H.H. (c.��) The New Bauhaus – Field Mansion [Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin], re- 138 produced in «The New Bauhaus Chicago», in Wingler, H.-M., Stein, J. (eds.) et al.

(��) The Bauhaus: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ch. ��, p. ��.

468 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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120 3.3 The New Bauhaus (ed.) (��-��) The New Bauhaus. American School of Design, brochure 139 (Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.), p. � [chm Research Center, #nk��.c�–n�– �� (Chicago History Museum)], later published as «The New Bauhaus. Educational

Program and Faculty,» in Wingler, H.-M., Stein, J. (eds.) et al. ��. The Bauhaus:

Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago (Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press), ch. �, p. �� (left); Moho-

121 ly-Nagy, L. and Gropius, W. (ed.) (��) The New Vision. Fundamentals of Design, Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. With Abstract of an Artist (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., New

Bauhaus Books Series no.�), cover (above). 122-123 3.4 Moholy-Nagy, L. (��) Courses at Chicago School of Design, promotional letter [id Col- 140 lection, series iv, box ff.�.�� #��.� (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image collection,

124 aic)] (left); Armour Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), «The Spirit of Armour In-

stitute», in The Cycle, no. �. Chicago: n.p. [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)] (right). 3.5 Armour Institute of Technology (ed.), «Meet the New Faculty Members», Armour 141 Engineer and Alumnus � (�): ��-�� (Oct., ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Li-

125 brary, iit)]. 3.6 Heald, H.T., «President Heald Announces Gift from Mrs. J. Ogden at Banquet Hon- 142 oring Mies van der Rohe», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �� (Dec., ��) [University

Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 126-127 3.7 Mies van der Rohe, L., «Mies van der Rohe's Address, Delivered at Banquet Held in 143 His Honor», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): ��, �� (Dec., ��) [University Archives

(Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 128 3.8 Hammer, W., «The Student in Present Society», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): ��- 144 �� (May, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 130 3.9 Mies van der Rohe, L. (contents), Brenner, D., and Danforth G. (delineators) (��) 146-147 Program for Architectural Education [Estate of Brenner Danforth Rockwell, as reproduced

131 in Achilles, R., Harrington, K., Myhrum, Ch. (eds.) et al (��), Mies van der Rohe,

Architect as Educator (Chicago: uoc), p. ��]. 3.10 Swenson A., and Chang, P.-Ch. (eds.) (��), «Drawing Sequence», in Architectural Ed- 148 ucation at iit, ��-�� (Chicago: iit), pp. ��-��. 132 3.11 Swenson A., and Chang, P.-Ch. (eds.) (��), «Visual Training Sequence», in Architec- 149 tural Education at iit, ��-�� (Chicago: iit), pp. ��-��. 3.12 Tibbals, C.A., «Armour Today», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): ��-�� (May, ��) 150 [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); Photographer unknown

133 (��), Forth Year Studio Critique, ait, left to right: A. James Speyer, Mies van der Rohe, and George

Danforth [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (right). 3.13 Mies van der Rohe, L., Group of Three Courtyard Houses, floor plan, c.��-�� (left), and 151 model (above), both later redrawn, probably by iit students, in �� (/c.��-��?) [Mies

van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)]. 3.14 Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), House with Three Courts, floor plan (top), and interior 152 perspective (bottom), both later redrawn c.��, most probably by iit students [Mies 136-137 van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.��, #��.�� (moma, New York)].

138

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 469 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

3.15 Danforth, G.E. (��) Court-house, interior view [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin 153 3.30 Library, iit)], as published in «Architekturlehre am Armour–, später Illinois Insti-

tute of Technology ��-��» in Wolsdorff, Ch. (ed.) (��) Der Vorbildliche Architekt: Mies van der Rohes Architekturunterricht ��-�� am Bauhaus und in Chicago (Berlin: Bau-

haus-Archiv), p. �� (left); Summers, G.R. (c.��), House with Three Courts, series of floor plans [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)], as published in «Graduate 3.31 Studies under Mies, ��-��,» in Achilles, R., Harrington, K., Myhrum, Ch. (eds.) et al. (��) Mies van der Rohe, Architect as Educator (Chicago: uoc), p. �� (above). 3.32 3.16 Author's elaboration. 154-155 3.17 Richter, Hans (��), ‘Rhythmus ��’, sequence of consecutive frames of a ��mm film 156 (b/w, silent) [Film Stills Archive, moma #�� (moma, New York)] (left), published in

Mies van der Rohe, L. (ed.), g –Zeitschrift für Elementare Gestaltung, �: �-� (Jul., ��) (right). 3.33 3.18 Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d., c.��?), ait Campus Preliminary Models, photographic re- 157 production by Hedrich Blessing, photographer (��) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-b (top), #hb-��-a (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 3.34 3.19 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Rodgers, J., (delineator) (��), ait Program of Space Re- 158 quirements, notes and sketches [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)]. 3.20 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Rodgers, J., (delineator) (c.��, probably finished lat- 159 er), ait Campus Classroom Modulation [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� 3.35 (moma, New York)] (above); Mies van der Rohe, L., and Rodgers, J., (delineator) (��),

Sketch of Civil Engineering Department Spatial Needs [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (left). 3.36 3.21 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc), and Work Progress Administration (wpa) (��), 160 «Square Mile Index Map of Chicago, ��», included in Report of the Chicago Land Use Survey. Directed by cpc & Conducted by wpa (Chicago: City of Chicago), vol. ii, p. ��. 3.37 3.22 Author's elaboration. 161 3.23 Mies van der Rohe, L. (c.��?), ait Campus Plans and Elevations Conceptual Schemes, 162-163 3.38 sketches on notepaper [cca Archives /Dirk Lohan Associates, #dr-��:��:��

(above, left), #dr-��:��:�� (above, middle), #dr-��:��:�� (above, right), (cca, Montreal)]; author's elaboration (opposite page). 3.39 3.24 Mies van der Rohe, L. (c.��), ait Campus Modulated Floor Plan [Mies van der Rohe 164 Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (left); author's elaboration (right). 3.25 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G., (delineator) (c.��-��?), ait Campus Exte- 165 rior Perspective (left); ait Campus Group of Buildings, Sketch (above, top); ait Campus Group of

Buildings (above, bottom) [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.� (left), #��.�� (above, top), #��.�� (above, bottom) (moma, New York)]. 3.40 3.26 Author's elaboration. 166 3.27 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G., (delineator) (c.��-��?), ait Campus Build- 167 ings Perspective Views [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (top), #��.�� (bot-

tom) (moma, New York)]. 3.28 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G., (delineator) (c.��-��?), ait Campus Master 168 Plan [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)]. 3.29 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G., (delineator) (c.��-��?), ait Campus Build- 169 ings Perspective (left); ait Campus Aerial View, Early Scheme (above) [Mies van der Rohe

Archive, moma #��.�� (left), #��.� (above) (moma, New York)].

470 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

page Fig. Image Source page

153 3.30 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G.E., (delineator) (��), ait Campus Master 170-171 Plan Design (iit Campus—Aerial View of Preliminary Scheme) [Historic Architecture and

Landscape Image collection, c.��-��, #aia ��–�� (Ryerson & Burnham Ar-

chival Image collection, aic)] /[Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 3.31 Photographer unknown (��) Signature Act of the Merge between ait and Lewis Institute 172 [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 3.32 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), Illinois Institute of Technology, promo- 173 154-155 tional brochure, back cover [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (left);

156 Armour College of Engineering of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), commercial advertisement, Armour Engineering and Alumnus, � (�): �� (Dec., ��) [University

Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above). 3.33 Armour College of Engineering of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), 174 157 «The New Campus», Armour Engineer and Alumnus � (�): � (Mar., ��) [University Ar-

chives #��.��.�.� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 3.34 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (n.d., signed ‘June �st, ��’), Site of Illinois 175 158 Institute of Technology–Chicago, Illinois [University Archives #��.�.�.�.�� (Paul V. Gal-

vin Library, iit)] (left); Armour College of Engineering of Illinois Institute of

Technology (ed.), «The New Campus», Armour Engineer and Alumnus � (�): � (Mar.,

159 ��), [University Archives #��.��.�.� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above). 3.35 Hansen, E. (iit Department of Public Relations) (��), Aerial View of iit Campus, pho- 176-177 tographic press release [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 3.36 Armour College of Engineering of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (Tup- 178 160 perwhite, F.O., draftsman) «The New Campus», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �-�

(Mar., ��) [University Archives #��.��.�.� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 3.37 Alschuler, A. (��) Illinois Institute of Technology, Campus Plan, information brochure 179 161 [University Archives #��.��.�.� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 162-163 3.38 Alschuler, A. (��) Illinois Institute of Technology, Campus Plan, information brochure 180-181 [University Archives #��.��.�.� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (left); author's elaboration (opposite page). 3.39 Hilberseimer, L. (c.��) «The Metropolis as a Garden City», pencil sketch [Hil- 182 164 berseimer Papers collection, series ��/�a, box ff.�.�� #�� (Ryerson & Burnham

Archival Image collection, aic)], reproduced in Spaeth, D., «Ludwig Hilberseimer's

165 Settlement Unit. Origins and Applications,» in Pommer, R., Spaeth, D., and Har-

rington, K. (��) In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilberseimer—Architect, Educator and Ur- ban Planner (New York: Rizzoli), p. ��. 3.40 Hilberseimer, L. (c.��) «The City in The Landscape», photographic reproduction 183 166 of photomontage [Hilberseimer Papers Collection, series ��/�a, box ff.�.�� #��

167 (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image collection, aic)] (top); Hilberseimer, L. (��) «The Elements of City Planning», Armour Engineer and Alumnus � (�): �, � (Dec., ��)

[University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (middle); Hilberseimer, L. (��) 168 «The City in The Landscape», in The New City (Chicago, P. Theobald), p. ��, il. ��

(bottom), and Hilberseimer, L. (��) The New Regional Pattern, p. ��, il. �� (Chicago, 169 P. Theobald).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 471 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

3.41 Hilberseimer, L., and Caldwell, A. (delineator), Settlement Unit, photographic repro- 185 4.10 duction, misclasified as «(c.��-��) Lafayette Park» [Hilberseimer Papers Collection,

series ��/�a, box ff.�.�� #�� (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image collection,

aic)], originally published under the title of ‘Basic City Unit’ in Hilberseimer, L., «The Elements of City Planning» Armour Engineer and Alumnus � (�): �� (Dec., ��)

[University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (top); Hilberseimer, L. (c.��) «A New Settlement Unit», in The New City (Chicago, P. Theobald), p. ��, il. �� (bottom).

4.11 4. War Shortage and Discipline Inquiry, 1941-45 4.12 4.13

4.1 Mead, M. (c.��), ‘No Planning—Their Only Playground, an Alley in the Slums’, poster [Met- 188-189 ropolitan Planning Council Records, ��-��, Photographs collection #mpc-��,

Richard J. Daley Library (uic, Chicago)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page) 4.2 Photographer unknown (c.��) L. Mies van der Rohe and L. K. Hilberseimer, with model 190 of early iit campus scheme in a classroom at aic [Hilberseimer Papers collection, c.��-��,

series ��/�, op.��, box ff.�.�� #�� (Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image collection, 4.14

aic)]. 4.3 Mies van der Rohe, L. , and Danforth, G. (delineator) (c.��-��?) iit Master Plan. 191 Chicago, Il. Buildings Aerial Perspective for the Final Scheme — Including the Armour Institute and 4.15

Other Buildings [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.� (top), #��.�� (middle), 4.16

#��.�� (bottom) (moma, New York)]. 4.17 4.4 Armour College of Engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), 192 «Progress of the Development Program», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �-� (Mar.,

��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] 4.18 4.5 Office of Mies van der Rohe (plates by Holabird & Root) (��) Perspective and Plans. 193 Metallurgical Engineering Bdg., published in Armour college of engineering at Illi-

nois Institute of Technology (ed.), «Progress of the Development Program», Ar- mour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �-� (May, ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin 4.19

Library, iit)]. 4.6 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��), Photomontage of Early Model of iit Cam- 194 pus Master Plan Preliminary Design [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)] (above); Photographer unknown (n.d., c.��?) iit President Henry T. Heald Pre-

senting a Photomontage of Mies van der Rohe's Master Plan Preliminary Design for iit Campus 4.20 [University Archives [University Archives, ��s Fund Raising Brochures collection,

#��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 4.7 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), «Mies van der Rohe, Arch. Dept. Head, 195 Designs New i.i.t. Campus», and Anderson, B. (photographer) «Illinois Tech Before

and After—iit Expansion Plan», in Technolog y News, �� (��): �, � (above), � (left) (May �th,

��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (left, detail). 4.8 Armour College of Engineering of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), «The 196-197 4.21 New Technology Center», Illinois Tech Engineer and Alumnus � (�): �� (Oct., ��) (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 4.9 Office of Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d., c.��-��), iit Campus Master Plan, groundplan 198 [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (right); Hedrich 4.22

Blessing (photographer) (��), iit Campus Master Plan, photographic copy [Chicago

Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-�� (chs, Chicago)] (above).

472 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

page Fig. Image Source page

185 4.10 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) a program and a plan (Chicago: iit Press), 199 n.p., cover [University Archives, ��s Fund Raising Brochures Collection, #��.��

(Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); author’s elaboration, over existing drawing by

Office of Mies van der Rohe, L. (n.d., c.��-��), iit Campus Master Plan, groundplan

[Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)]. Armour Col-

lege of Engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), «Progress of the Development Program», Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �-� (Mar., ��) [University

Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 4.11 Author's elaboration. 200-201 4.12 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��), This is War! (Chicago: iit Press), n.p. 202 4.13 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), «The End of the ‘Country Club’ Era», Illi- 203 188-189 nois Tech Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): �� (Mar., ��), advertisement [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); A. Kahn Associated Architects and Engi-

neers (c. ��), Detroit Tank Arsenal, Detroit, Michigan, photograph by Hedrich Blessing, 190 Photographers [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-c (chs, Chicago)] (above). 4.14 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., ��?) iit Campus Master Plan, general groundplan 204-205 [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (above); author's 191 elaboration (opposite page) 4.15 Author's elaboration. 206-207 4.16 Nelson, George (ed.), «Buildings to Come», Architectural Forum, ��: �� (��). 208 4.17 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (plates by Office of Mies van der Rohe) 209 192 (��) Blueprint for Progress, internal publication (Chicago: iit Press), n.p. [University Ar- chives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 4.18 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��-��) Concert Hall Project, Interior Perspective, collage 210 193 [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (right); Nelson, G. (��) Industrial Architecture of Albert Kahn Inc. (New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co.), p. �� (above). 4.19 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G. (delineator) (��) Museum for a Small City, 211 ground plan [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (top); 194 Mies van der Rohe, L., and Danforth, G. (delineator) (��) Museum for a Small City, project, published as «Museum: Mies van der Rohe, architect, Chicago, Il.,» in Archi- tectural Forum, ��(� ): ��-�� (May, ��, ‘��x’, special issue) (bottom). 4.20 Unidentified iit student (n.d.) (left), and Summers, G. (c.��) (middle and right) Fa- 212 cade Studies for a Three-Story Steel/Concrete Skeleton Structure, collages [University Archives

(Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)], as published in Swenson, A., and Chang, P.-Ch. (eds.) 195 (��) Architectural Education at iit, ��-�� (Chicago: iit), p. �� (left), and Wolsdorff, Ch. (ed.) (��) Der Vorbildliche Architekt: Mies van der Rohes Architekturunterricht ��-�� am Bauhaus und in Chicago (Berlin: Nicolai/Bauhaus-Archiv), pp. ��-��, ills. ��a-��b (middle and right). 196-197 4.21 Mies van der Rohe, L. (��), iit Minerals and Metals Research Building, photographs by 213 Hedrich Blessing Photographers (��) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Bless-

ing Archives collection, #hb-��-j (left, top), #hb-��-d (left, bottom), #hb-��-i 198 (above) (chs, Chicago)]. 4.22 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��) iit Civil Engineering Building, siteplan [Mies van 214-215 der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (moma, New York)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page).

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 473 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

4.23 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��?), Photomontage of iit Campus Master Plan 216 4.37 Model (�st version) in Chicago South Side , (inverted) photographic contact by Hedrich

Blessing Photographers (��) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Ar-

chives collection, #hb-�� (chs, Chicago)]. 4.24 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��?), and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) 217 (��) iit Campus Master Plan, View of the Model (�st version) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-a (chs, Chicago)] (detail). 5.1 4.25 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��-��) Working Drawings of iit Library and Administration 218 5.2 Building, elevations (top), first floor plan (middle), and groun floor plan (bottom) [Mies

van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (top), #��.�� (middle), and #��.�� (bot-

tom) (moma, New York)]. 4.26 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��) Working Drawings of iit Library and Administration 219 5.3 Building, exterior view of corner (left), constructive details of exterior corner (above, top

and bottom) [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (left), #��.�� (above,

top), and #��.�� (above, bottom) (moma, New York)]. 4.27 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��-��) Working Drawings of iit Metallurgy and Chemical 220 5.4 Engineering Building, elevations (top), horizontal sections (middle), and first floor plan

(bottom) [Mies van der Rohe Archive, moma #��.�� (top), and #��.�� (bottom)

(moma, New York)]. 4.28 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��-��) Presentation Boards of iit Navy Building, sections 221 (top), first floor plan (middle), and ground floor plan (bottom) [Mies van der Rohe 5.5 Archive, moma #��.�� (top), and # ��.�� (bottom) (moma, New York)]. 4.29 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d, c.��?) Illinois Institute of Technology—Tech- 222-223 nology Center [Mies van der Rohe Archives #��.�� (moma, New York)] (above); 5.4 author’s elaboration (opposite page). 5.7 4.30 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) From the Record: The Story of Four Years of 224-225 Progress (Chicago: iit Press), n.p. (above); author’s elaboration (opposite page). 4.31 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d, c.��?) Illinois Institute of Technology—Technology 226-227 Center [Mies van der Rohe Archives #��.�� (moma, New York)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 5.8 4.32 Hilberseimer, L., and Caldwell, A. (delineator) (n.d., c.��) Study for iit Campus 228 Master Plan Residential Expansion Beyond State St., probably delineated by iit students

[Bauhaus-Archiv (Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin)], published in Wolsdorff, Ch. (ed.) (��) «Architekturlehre am Armour-, später Illinois Institute of Technology ��- 5.9 ��,» in Der Vorbildliche Architekt: Mies van der Rohes Architekturunterricht ��-�� am Bau- haus und in Chicago (Berlin: Nicolai/Bauhaus-Archiv), ch. �, p. ��. 4.33 Art Institute of Chicago (��) The City: Organism and Artifact, conference pro- 229 gram brochure, n.p. [Hilberseimer Papers collection, series �/�, box �.��b (Ryerson 5.10 & Burnham Archives, 2)] (top); Hilberseimer, L., «The Elements of City Planning,» Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): � (Dec., ��) [University Archives (Paul V.

Galvin Library, iit)] (bottom). 4.34 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc) (��) Chicago Looks Ahead. Design for Public Improve- 230 5.11 ments, information brochure, pp. ��-��, plates �-� [Ryerson & Burnham Libraries Book 5.12 collection #��.��.��-c��-cpc (Ryerson & Burnham Archives, aic)]. 4.35 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc) (��) «Future Residential Planning Areas of Chica- 231 go» (left), later reproduced in Hilberseimer, L. (��) «iii. Planning Problems», in The Nature of Cities (Chicago, P. Theobald), pp. ��, ��, il. �� (above). 4.36 Author's elaboration. 232-233

474 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

page Fig. Image Source page

216 4.37 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d.) [Mies van der Rohe Archives, moma #��.�� 234-235 (moma, New York)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page).

217 5. Post-War Construction and Planning, 1946-50

5.1 Author's elaboration. 238-239 218 5.2 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��?), iit Campus Master Plan Model, �st version, 240 photograph by Hedrich Blessing Photographers (��) [Chicago Historical Society,

Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-a, detail (left, top), #hb-��-b, detail

(chs, Chicago)] 219 5.3 Photographer unknown (c.��?) Mies van der Rohe and Student Discuss an Early iit Mas- 241 ter Plan [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)], published in Macauley, I.

(��) «a New Unity», in The Heritage of Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago: iit Press), ch. ��, p. ��. 220 5.4 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d.), and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) 242 iit Campus Master Plan, Views of the Model (�nd version) [Chicago Historical Society, He-

drich Blessing collection, #hb-��-c (right, top), #hb-��-b (right, bottom) (chs,

Chicago)]; Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) Illinois Tech Engineer, vol.

221 ��, cover [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above). 5.5 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d.), and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) iit 243 Campus Master Plan, Views of the Model (�nd version) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich

222-223 Blessing collection, #hb-��-d (top), #hb-��-e (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 5.4 Author's elaboration. 244-245 5.7 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.), and Hansen, E. (iit Department of Public 246 224-225 Relations), Photographer unknown (��), Aerial View of iit Campus, photomontage illustrating the press release «Heart of Illinois Institute of Technology Campus», in

226-227 Chicago-Sun Times (Jan. ��th, ��) [University Archives, Paul V. Galvin Library (iit, Chicago)]. 5.8 Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) (��) Technology Center Today and Tomorrow. A 247 228 Building and Expansion Program to Transform Today's Outgrown Campus into a Modern Center of

Technological Education and Research (Chicago: iit Press), n.p., inner illustration and back

cover [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 5.9 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Chicago Arch. Photographing Co., (photog- 248 rapher) (��), iit Navy Building (Alumni Memorial Hall): Skeleton Structure [as reproduced

in Lambert, Ph. (ed.) et al. (��) Mies in America (Montreal/New York: cca/wmaa), p. 229 ��, il. �.��]. 5.10 Photographer unknown (��) Skeleton of Alumni Memorial Hall Overshadows Old State 249 St. Shops, Which Soon Will Come Down [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)], published in Macauley, I. (��) «The Building Program», in The Heritage of Illi-

nois Institute of Technology (Chicago: iit Press), ch. ��, p. ��. 230 5.11 Author's elaboration 250 5.12 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��) Horizontal Section of Alumni Memorial Hall 251 Facade [Mies van der Rohe Archives, #��.��/��.�� (detail) (moma, New York)] (top);

231 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (n.d., c.��) View of Alumni Memorial Hall Facade Under Construction [Chicago Historical Society, He-

drich Blessing collection, #hb-��-c (chs, Chicago)] (bottom). 232-233

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 475 APPENDIX

Fig. Image Source page Fig.

5.13 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (n.d., c.��) 252 5.25 Views of Alumni Memorial Hall Under Construction [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich

Blessing collection, #hb-��-e (right), #hb-��-d (left, top), #hb-��-f (left, bot-

tom) (chs, Chicago)]. 5.14 Office of Mies van der Rohe and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (n.d., c.��) 253 Views of Alumni Memorial Hall [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection,

#hb-��-f, (chs, Chicago)] (left); Schulze, F., and Windhorst, E. (��) «A New Architectural Language: ��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe: a Critical Biography. New and Revised Ed. (Chicago: uoc), ch. �, p. ��, ill. �.�, detail (above). 5.26 5.15 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��) Vertical Section of Alumni Memorial Hall Fa- 254 5.27 cade [Mies van der Rohe Archives, #��.��/��.�� (detail) (moma, New York)] (above); Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (n.d., c.��) 5.28 View of iit Metallurgy and Chemical Engineer Building Roof Under Construction [Chicago His- torical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-g (right) (chs, Chicago)] (right). 5.29 5.16 Office of Mies van der Rohe and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (n.d., c.��) 255 View of iit Metallurgy and Chemical Engineer Building Roof Under Construction [Chicago His- torical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-b (chs, Chicago)]. 5.30 5.17 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��), and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) 256 5.31 Views of Alumni Memorial Hall, North Facade, as seen from ne (top) and nw (bottom) [Chi-

cago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-d (top), #hb-��-f

(bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 5.18 Office of Mies van der Rohe (��), and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) 257 View of Alumni Memorial Hall South Facade [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing

collection, #hb-��-a (chs, Chicago)]. 5.19 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Exhibition 258 at Renaissance Society, Chicago [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, 6.1 #hb-��-c (top), #hb-��-e (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 6.2 5.20 Eames, Ch., «Museum of Modern Art: exhibit», Arts & Architecture, ��: ��, �� (detail) 259 6.3 (Dec., ��). 5.21 Office of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (som) (n.d., c.��), and Hedrich Bless- 260 ing (photographer) (��), Model for iit Campus Extension [Chicago Historical Society, 6.4 Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-a (top), #hb-��-b (middle), #hb-��-c

(bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 5.22 Heald, H.T., and Alumni Association of Illinois Institute of Technology (ed.) 261 6.5 «Proposed $��,��,�� Campus with Student and Staff Units,» in The Technometer

(Chicago: iit), cover (Apr., ��) [University Archives #��.�� (Paul V. Galvin Li-

brary, iit)]. 5.23 Armsey, J.W. (iit Dept. of Public Relations), «Illinois Tech Builds», Illinois Tech Engi- 262-263 6.6 neer and Alumnus �� (�): ��, �� (extract) (Dec. ��) [University Archives (Paul V. Galvin

Library, iit)] (above); author's elaboration (opposite page). 5.24 Photographer unknown (��) James C. Peebles (left), L. Mies van der Rohe (center) and 264 6.7 Henry T. Heald (right), Discussing a Model of iit Campus [University Archives (Paul V. Gal-

vin Library, iit)], published in Macauley, I. (��) «The Master Plan», in The Heritage of Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago: iit Press), ch. ��, p. ��. 6.8

476 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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252 5.25 Office of Mies van der Rohe, and Burleigh, Th. (photographer) (��) Views of the 265 Full Model of iit Campus Master Plan (�rd version) [Bauhaus-Archiv (Museum für Ge-

staltung, Berlin)], published in Wolsdorff, Ch. (ed.) (��) «Architekturlehre am Ar- mour-, später Illinois Institute of Technology ��-��,» in Der Vorbildliche Architekt: 253 Mies van der Rohes Architekturunterricht ��-�� am Bauhaus und in Chicago (Berlin: Nico-

lai/Bauhaus-Archiv), ch. �, pp. ��, detail (bottom, left), �� (top); Illinois Institute

of Technology (ed.), Illinois Tech Engineer and Alumnus �� (�): cover (May ��) [Univer-

sity Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (bottom, right). 5.26 Author's elaboration. 266-267 254 5.27 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc) (ed.) (��) A Plan to Guide Redevelopment in the South 268 Central Area of Chicago (Chicago: cpc), p. ii (detail). 5.28 Chicago Land Clearance Commission (clcc), and McKinlay, J. (ed.) (��) Rede- 269 velopment Project no.�: A Second Report. The nylic Redevelopment Plan (Chicago: clcc), n.p. 5.29 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��), View of arf Life Science Research Building, detail 270-271 255 [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-a (chs, Chicago)] (left); author's elaboration (opposite page). 5.30 Author's elaboration. 272-273 256 5.31 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��?), Photomontage of iit Campus Master Plan 274 Model (�rd version) in Chicago South Side , Hedrich Blessing (��) photographic copy

[Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection, #hb-��-a (chs, Chica- go)]. 257

6. Urban Scale and Large Span Structures, 1951-59 258 6.1 Author's elaboration. 278-279 6.2 Author's elaboration. 280-281 259 6.3 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., ��?) iit Campus Master Plan, (left), iit Campus 282 Residential Expansion (right) [Mies van der Rohe Archives, moma #��.�� (left), 260 #��.��] (right)] 6.4 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��) s.r. Crown Hall, site plan (left, top), ver- 283 tical sections (left, bottom), and front elevation (above) [Mies van der Rohe Archives,

moma #��.�� (left, top), #��.�� (left, bottom), #��.�� (above)]. 261 6.5 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) View of iit Architecture, Design and Planning Build- 284 ing [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-a

(top) (chs, Chicago)]; «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; New Buildings,» in Architectural Record, ��: �� (Jan., ��) (bottom). 262-263 6.6 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) View of iit Architecture, Design and Planning Build- 285 ing [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-d

(top), #hb-��-c (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 264 6.7 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., ��) Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel, site plan 286-287 [Mies van der Rohe Archives, moma #��.��] (left); author's elaboration (opposite page). 6.8 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Views of iit Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel [Chi- 288 cago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-c (top), #hb-

��-b (bottom), #hb-�� (above) (chs, Chicago)].

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 477 APPENDIX

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6.9 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) View of iit Commons Building [Chicago His- 289 6.27 torical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-c (top), #hb-��-f 6.28 (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]; «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; New Buildings,» in Architectural Record, ��: ��(Jan., ��) (above). 6.10 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Views of aar Buildings [Chicago Historical 290 6.29 Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-b (left, top), #hb-��-i (left,

bottom), #hb-��-a (right) (chs, Chicago)]. 6.11 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Views of aar Buildings [Chicago Historical So- 291 6.30 ciety, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-d (top), #hb-��-b (bottom, 6.31 left), (chs, Chicago)]. «Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; New Buildings,» in Architectural Record, ��: �� (Jan., ��) (bottom, right). 6.32 6.12 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) iit Residential Buildings [Chicago Historical 292-293 Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-�� (chs, Chicago)]; author's 6.33 elaboration (opposite page). 6.13 Author's elaboration. 294-295 6.14 Author's elaboration. 296-297 6.15 Chicago Aerial Industries & Co. (photographer) (��), iit Campus Aerial View [Uni- 298 versity Archives #��/��. ��, box ��, ��-� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)]. 7.1 6.16 William & Meyers Co. (photographer) (��) iit Campus Aerial View [#��-��, Uni- 299 versity Archives #��/��.��, box ��, ��-� (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above); Of- fice of Mies van der Rohe (c.��) Technology Center of Tomorrow, photographic repro- 7.2 duction of missing original [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collection #hb-�� (chs, Chicago)] (left). 7.3 6.17 Author's elaboration. 300-301 6.18 Office of Mies van der Rohe (c.��) iit Campus Master Plan, photographic reproduc- 302 tion by Hedrich Blessing, photographer (��) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich 7.4 Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-a (chs, Chicago)] (right); Hilberseimer, L., «The Elements of City Planning,» Armour Engineer and Alumnus, � (�): � (Dec., ��)

[University Archives (Paul V. Galvin Library, iit)] (above). 6.19 Hilberseimer, L. (c.��) Traffic Redevelopment Plan for The South Side of Chicago, photo- 303 graphic reproduction of drawings [Ryerson & Burnham Archival Image Collection,

Hilberseimer Papers collection, series ��/�, folder ��, #�� (aic, Chicago)] (top), originally published in Hilberseimer, L. (��) The Nature of Cities (Chicago, P. 7.5 Theobald), p. ��, ils. ��-�� (bottom). 6.20 «Building Types Study, no. ��: College Buildings,» in Architectural Record, ��: ��-�� 304 7.6 (Jan., ��). 7.7 6.21 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The Nature of Cities: Origin, Growth, and Decline. Pattern and Form. 305 7.8 Planning Problems (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. ��, il. �� (above). 6.22 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) s.r. Crown Hall [Chicago Historical Society, 306 Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-�r (chs, Chicago)] 6.23 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) s.r. Crown Hall [Chicago Historical Society, 307 7.9 Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-�r (top) #hb-��-�l (bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 6.24 Author's elaboration. 308-309 6.25 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Views of iit Campus [Chicago Historical Soci- 310 ety, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-b (chs, Chicago)]. 6.26 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) Views of iit Campus [Chicago Historical Soci- 311 ety, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-a (above), #hb-��-c (left) (chs, Chicago)].

478 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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289 6.27 Author's elaboration. 312-313 6.28 Chicago Aerial Industries & Co., photographer (n.d., c.��) Aerial View of iit Cam- 314 pus, Chicago [University Archives #��/��. ��, box ll, ��-� (Paul V. Galvin Library,

iit)]. 290 6.29 Hedrich Blessing (photographer) (��) View of iit Campus Residential Area [Chicago 315 Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing Archives collection, #hb-��-a (top), #hb-��

(bottom) (chs, Chicago)]. 291 6.30 Author's elaboration. 316-317 6.31 Photographer unknown (n.d., c.��), iit Campus Aerial View [University Archives, 318 #��/��.��, box ��, ��-�, Paul V. Galvin Library (iit, Chicago)]. 6.32 Photographer unknown (n.d., c.��), iit Campus Aerial View [University Archives, 319 292-293 #��/��.��, box ��, ��-�, Paul V. Galvin Library (iit, Chicago)]. 6.33 Author's elaboration. 320-321

294-295 296-297 7. Conclusions 298

7.1 Hilberseimer, L. (��) «ii. Pattern and Form», in The Nature of Cities: Origin, Growth, 324 299 and Decline. Pattern and Form. Planning Problems (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. ��, ills .��, ��. 7.2 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The New Regional Pattern: Industries and Gardens, Workshops and 325 Farms (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), pp. ��-��. 7.3 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc) (ed.) (��) Land Use in Chicago. Report of the Chicago 327 300-301 Land Use Survey. Directed by the cpc and Conducted by the wpa (Chicago: cpc), vol.�, pp. �� 302 (left), �� (above). 7.4 Hilberseimer, L. (��) The Nature of Cities: Origin, Growth, and Decline. Pattern and Form. 329 Planning Problems (Chicago: Paul Theobald & Co.), p. ��, ill. �� (left); Killian, J. (��) Der Kristall: Das Geheimnis des Anorganischen (Berlin: Paul Zsolnay), p. �� (above, detail),

from Mies's own library [see Appendix], as noted in Harrington, K. (��), «Ideas 303 in Action. Hilberseimer and the Redevelopment of the South Side of Chicago,» in

Pommer, R., Spaeth, D., and Harrington, K. In the Shadow of Mies: Ludwig Hilber- seimer—Architect, Educator and Urban Planner (New York: Rizzoli), p. ��. 7.5 Chicago Plan Commission (cpc) (ed.) (��) Land Use in Chicago. Report of the Chicago 330 Land Use Survey. Directed by the cpc and Conducted by the wpa (Chicago: cpc), vol.�, p. ��. 304 7.6 Johnson, Ph. (��), «��-��,» in Mies van der Rohe (New York: Braziller/moma), p. ��. 331 7.7 Nelson, G., «Buildings to Come», Architectural Forum, �� (�): �� (Feb., ��). 332 305 7.8 Office of Mies van der Rohe (n.d., c.��?), Photomontage of iit Campus Master Plan 333 Model (�st version) in Chicago South Side , (inverted) photographic contact by Hedrich

306 Blessing, photographer (��) [Chicago Historical Society, Hedrich Blessing collec-

tion, #hb-�� (chs, Chicago)]. 307 7.9 Semper, G. (��) Der Stil in den Technischen und Tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhe- 335 tik (München: Friedrich Bruckmann's Verlag), frontispice (top); Bötticher, K. (��) Die Tektonik der Hellenen (Potsdam: Verlag von Ferdinand Riegel), frontispice (bottom) 308-309 [Mies van der Rohe Prints and Drawings collection, Manuscripts and Rare Books

310 Department, Richard J. Daley Library (uic, Chicago)].

311

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 479 APPENDIX

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9. Appendix

9.1 Hoyt, H. (��) One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: The Relationship of The Growth 388

of Chicago to Its Land Values, ��-�� (Chicago: uoc), Appendix i, p. ��. 9.2 Author's elaboration. 389-391

9.3 Guardini, R. (��) Briefe vom Comer See (Mentz: Matthias Grünewald), pp. ��-�� [Lud- 393

wig Mies van der Rohe Collection, Daley Library (uic, Chicago, Il.)], as reproduced

in Neumeyer, F. (��) The Artless Word. Mies van der Rohe on the Building Art (Cambridge,

Mass.: mit Press), p. ��.

480 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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388

389-391 393

ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF A COMPOSITIVE DEVELOPMENT 481 482 MIES VAN DER ROHE'S ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY