September 30, 1958 PEKING 31 REV I EW
Enlarged National Day Issue
NINE YEARS OF GREAT STRIDES FORWARD A Hongqi (Red Flag) editorial highlighting the reasons and significance of China's great progress (p. 6).
INSANITY IN WASHINGTON
10.7 Million Tons of Steel A Record- Breaking Crops
China's Atomic Reactor Comm'issioned
FOUR.PAGE INSET OF PHOTOS AND SPECIAL CHARTS
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IW PEKING National Day 1958
REVI EW HIS enlarged issue of PEKING REVIEW is dedicated to the T ninth anniversary of the Chinese People's Republic. The past nine years have witnessed sweeping transformations of every aspect of the Chinese scene. The changes that have taken (BEIJING ZHOUBAO) place this year are particularly significant.
A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE 1958 is the first year of China's Second Five-Year Plan. Well NEWS AND VIEWS begun is half done. The big leap in this year's industrial and agricultural production is a solid foundation for things to come. September 30, 1958 Vol. I No. 31 The achievements expose the fallacy of many time-honoured "theories." Take the speed of industrial and agricultural advance for example. It is strongly argued that the rapid CONTENTS development of industry and agriculture calls for huge sums of money, modern technical skills, and other resources which, it is ROUND THE WEEK And Now It Is Cotton; In the Country- supposed, are all beyond the power of the economically back- side; Science Development Accele- ward countries. The logical conclusion implied is that no "under- rated; New Technology University; developed" country can hope to build up its own modernized Generals Serve as Privates; Peking's New Aeroplane industry and agriculture unless imperialist aid--with strings attached, of course--is available. As a result, a sort of ARTICLES mysterious halo has been placed around such words as "indus- Nine Years of Great Strides Forward -- frc>m Hongqi 6 trialization" and "modern technology." New Stage in China's Atomic Science 7 Thus, some economically under-developed countries are not China Will Fight If War Is Imposed 8 confident in their ability to develop their own national economy, and seem to suffer from an inferiority complex in varying Insanity in Washington -- Y.C.F. 9 degrees. Such theorizing is extremely dangerous and harmful because it spreads demoralization and keeps the under-developed "A Thousand Accusing Fingers" 11 countries from standing on their own feet economically. Doubling Steel Output in One Year -- Chu Chi-lin 13 China's experience tells a different story. It provides con- Record-Breaking Crops vincing proof that once the people of a country have become -- Chao Chen 19 masters of their own destiny and follow the socialist path, they The Commune: A New Way of Life in are fully able to develop their national economy at a rate never the Village known before in their history. The simultaneous development -- Our Correspondent 21 of industry and agriculture, the combination of large, medium PHOTOS AND SPECIAL CHARTS 15 and small industrial enterprises, the integration of foreign and Year of the Big Leap native ways- the mass line in all spheres of economic construc-
SIDELIGHTS 24 t/on- are the primary source of this year's big leap. New China's birth and development represents a long process CHINA AND THE WORLD 25 of sharp struggle against imperialism, particularly U.S. im- China Recognizes Algeria; Bulgarian Delegation Here; Loan to Ceylon; perialism. Nine years ago, our new republic came into existence U.S. Plays with Fire in Taiwan after three years of the War of Liberation under Communist Straits; Saadi, Milton, Lager16f Com- leadership had ousted the U.S.-backed Kuomintang regime. memorated; Visitors Since then, U.S. imperialism has sought to undermine People's CHINESE PRESS OPINION 26 China in one way or another: the Korean war, the U.S. seizure U.S. Plots at Warsaw Talks; The U.N. of Taiwan, the economic embargo, etc. Despite all this, People's and China; Greeting the Algerian Republic; U.S. Plots in Lebanon China has scored victory after victory in socialist construction. In celebrating the ninth anniversary of their new republic, BOOKS, MUSIC 27 the Chinese people once again face U.S. war provocations. We WHAT'S ON IN PEKING 29 have already smashed U.S. aggression in the past. We are now in a much better position to put the U.S. aggressors in their places.
Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Much has been accomplished over the last nine years. But Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China much more remains to be done. On this National Day, the Cable Address: PEKING 6170 Chinese people are firmly convinced that still greater successes Post Office Registration No. 2-521 will crown their efforts to build socialism with greater, faster, Printed In the People's Republic of China better and more economical results.
3 types of towing cable machinery which can be operated by manpower, draught ROUND THE WEEK animals, wind and water power, engines or electrical power.
Tan Chen-lin, member of the Secre- income of all the co-ops has risen con- tariat of the Communist Party's Central And Now It Is Cotton Committee, who attended the conference siderably. The question now is how in Nanking, called on the farm co-ops As we go to press, Renmin Ribao re- this should be distributed. How much in the country to introduce tow-cable ports that China's cotton output this year of it should go to the members as in- ploughing within the next few weeks. will considerably surpass that of the dividual income? How much should go He said that since deep ploughing is an United States. China's estimated crop is to open more schools and develop cul- important key to high crop yields and a 70 million dan (3.5 million tons), while tural amenities and welfare services for guarantee for a still greater harvest next the American crop, according to the U.S. the collective? How much should be year this new method will go a long way Department of Agriculture, will reach ploughed back to the common fund for to accelerate the building of socialism 11.6 million bales, or 52.53 million dan expanding production? There must be a and communism in China. (2.62 million tons). The difference is suitable proportion between all these approximately 20 million dan (1 million claims. Too great a share for. individual tons). income would not accelerate the expan- sion of the economy, while too great a Soienoe Development Aooslsratsd Earlier this year China outstripped the portion allotted to the common fund China's 12-year scientific development United States in the production of wheat, would deprive the peasants of a chance as we have reported previously. Now, programme ending 1967 will be fulfilled to enjoy a fair and immediate share of by 1962, five years ahead of schedule. in still another major crop, China is the benefits from their hard work. There leaving the United States behind. The big leap forward this year has been is no doubt in the minds of the peasants instrumental in producing many remark- that the portion for the common fund In many parts of China the peasants able results in science and technology. should be increased to quicken the tempo are now gathering the cotton crop. As This was announced by Vice-Premier of socialist construction; the question is the nation gets ready to celebrate Na- Nieh Jung-chen, who is also Chairman tional Day, news comes from Shensi what that proportion should be. Hence of tile Planning Committee for the De- Province in the northwest that it has the call for a full airing of views and velopment of Science under the State become the first province in the country debate on the question. Council, when he addressed the joint to harvest an average of 100 jin of ginned congress of the All-China Federation of The same is true of the question cotton from every mu of land sown to Scientific Societies and the All-China the crop. This is unprecedented in whether farm co-ops should merge and Association for the Dissemination of China's history and it is spread over the become people's communes. People's Scientific and Technical Knowledge, wide area of an entire province. At communes are at present the best social which will merge into a single organiza- present the roads leading to the state structure for building socialism and will tion. He stressed the importance of purchasing centres are jammed with be the basic unit for the future com- putting science and technology at the carts and trucks carrying the new crop. munist society. Its advantages over service of production and repudiating agricultural producers' co-operatives are "science for science's sake." Science, In the light of the record grain harvests obvious, yet a debate on its merits will Nieh Jung-chen said, must serve the this year and the greater potential to be enable the peasants to make the change cause of building socialism. tapped, China has decided to put more with understanding and a voluntary land under cotton and to increase its desire to solve the various economic The congress was distinguished by the yield in 1959 by another 50 per cent. questions arising from the switch-over presence of a large number of worker to communes free from considerations of and peasant inventors, affectionately selfish gains. known as the "local experts," who joined In the Countryside in the deliberations with the country's In all parts of the country the peasants Practical measures to ensure a still leading scientists. They included a are planning ahead, many with their greater harvest next year is another skilled worker who had invented a uni- minds set on doubling and trebling the question the peasants will take up in the versal machine-tool for fitters never used output of 1958. With a view to summing coming months. in any other country; a shepherd who up experience in time and deepening the had found an effective way of increasing communist spirit so as to assure still The most important are water con- the rate of sheep propagation; a peasant richer harvests next year, the Central servancy, fertilizer and soil improve- who had invented over 30 improved farm Committee of the Chinese Communist ment. Here the question of deep tools; a motor car mechanic who had Party has decided to conduct a wide- ploughing for soil improvement plays a devised a new way of making silicon spread movement for education in so- key role. steel parts, increasing efficiency 960-fold, cialist and communist ideas in the rural etc. There was also a budding engineer, areas during the winter and spring. It Deep ploughing with mechanized aids only 13 years old, who had designed a will also provide a medium for the farm is now being introduced throughout the regular hydro-electric power station. co-ops to discuss and debate the question country after a conference held in Nan- At the same time an exhibition of the of the distribution of income and the king to popularize the new method of latest achievements in science and establishment of people's communes. ploughing by tow cable invented by peo- ple of Kiangsu Province. This new technology has opened in the capital, These two questions--distribution of device consists of a cable stretched across showing many of the new inventions by farm income and the merging of farm a field and coiled at both ends around workers and peasants. Workers and co-ops into people's communes -- are winches. As the winches are turned, researchers in a Peking institute have uppermost in the minds of the peasants. the cable tows an attached plough by succeeded in turning out an entirely new With the record harvests this year the means of pulleys. There are various kind of alloy steel which has a greater tensile strength than the best American the company. Two high-ranking officers General Yang Teh-chih, Commanding product. Steelmen in Kunming t~ave set from division HQ--well, the least they Officer of the Tsinan garrison, and a up a record of melting 304 heats of steel could do was to make them comfortable. dozen or so other high-ranking officers, in a Bessemer converter without a major That was the prevailing mood of Com- are now serving as privates. They wear overhaul, surpassing the average of 38 pany VIII. the uniforms of a private and carry out heats in the United States, 80 heats in duties expected and required of privates. Britain and 121 heats in Luxemburg. In That evening the Commissar and the Mixing with the rank and file, acting as agriculture, the ingenious experiment of Deputy Commander came, in the uniforms their comrades as well as their leaders a young peasant is another highlight of of privates. Upon seeing the company's has long been a tradition of the People's the exhibition. He succeeded in cul- C.O., both Ho and Chang sprang to atten- Liberation Army which always stressed tivating a sugar cane which at the same tion and saluted. Political Commissar Ho the solidarity of officers and men and time produces sorghum and maize, was assigned to Squad I and Deputy Com- of the army and civilians. The present known as the "three in one" sugar cane. mander to Squad IV to begin their duties decision is a continuation and develop- as ordinary privates in the army. ment of this fine tradition. New Teohnoiogy University At first the men and even officers of Company VIII were somewhat ill at The Chinese University of Science and ease, more from not knowing how to Peking's New Aeroplane Technology has opened in tim western conduct themselves with "privates" who A new aeroplane designed and built suburbs of Peking. It is a new type of were actually their superior officers. in a hundred days by the teachers and university and differs from most poly- Political Commissar Ho was given a set students of Peking's Institute of Aero- technical institutions in that its chief of extra big size bedding for his "com- nautical Engi.neering has caught the purpose is to train research workers in fort." At once he took it back to the public imagination. It is the first of its the most advanced branches of science. quartermaster and insisted on being kind in China's history and probably has The Chinese Academy of Sciences and issued an ordinary private's bedding. the Ministry of Education assume joint no equal in any country. The Institute Both the Commissar and Deputy Com- responsibility in guiding its work, and is presenting it to the nation as a birth- mander were very strict with themselves Kuo Mo-jo, who heads the Academy of day gift in honour of the 9th anniversary in all matters of discipline. They would Sciences, is its President. of the People's Republic on October 1. never go out to attend division HQ meet- The new university has 13 departments: ings without first getting leave from the This new aircraft has been christened nuclear physics and nuclear engineering, company. "Peking No. 1" and is especially suited technical physics, applied geophysics, for short-distance, all-weather flights. It Drilling, working, eating, playing to- chemical physics, radio electronics, provides comfortable accommodation for gether, living exactly like the other men, radioactive and radiative chemistry, eight passengers, complete with de-icing, not as superior officers but as ordinary thermal dynamic engineering, high night flying, blind flying and fire ex- privates among them, the Commissar and polymer chemistry and physics, applied tinguisher equipment. It has a cruising Deputy Commander learnt quite a lot, mathematics and computing technique, speed of 300 kilometres per hour and can not otherwise easily available to them. dynamics, biophysics, automation, geo- fly over 1,000 kilometres without re- Thus they got to know the rank and file chemistry ar~d rare elements. The teach- fuelling. better and this new understanding was ing staff comes mainly from top-level reflected in a higher standard of leader- research workers of the Academy of A test flight was made on September ship at division HQ. But the benefit Sciences. 24 by China's ace pilot, Pan Kuo-ting, was not a one-way traffic: the men and who charted the air route between Peking One thousand and six hundred officers of Company VIII also took as and Lhasa in 1956. He reported that students, about 70 per cent of whom they gave, learning a good deal from the the aircraft behaved beautifully and will come from families of workers and Commissar and the Deputy Commander, be a delight for travel. peasants and veterans of the Chinese from the way they tackled jobs. revolution, have been enrolled, 600 or so The birth of "Peking No. 1" suggests more than originally planned, after strict Today, "going to the company to the potential of China's aircraft industry nationwide entrance examinatioMs. serve as privates" for a month or so is and the fruitfulness of the policy of becoming an established practice in the combining education, labour and produc- In keeping with the principle of com- Chinese army. It is found to improve tion. bining work with study, the professors the work of the and students of the university set up units and give the :~(: five factories--an electronic computer officers valuable, plant, an electronics instruments plant, closer contact etc.--even before the academic year with the men began. they lead. The P.L.A. garrison in Tsinan, Shan- Generals Serve as Privates tung Province, has made it a One day Company VIII of a division of rule for all of- the People's Liberation Army garrisoned ricers and cadres in Yunnan was astir with excitement. above the rank Word had just come through that the of platoon leader division's Political Commissar, Ho Yun- to serve as pri- "Peking No. l',m an aeroplane designed and built in 100 feng, and the Deputy Commander, Chang vates in the com- days by the teachers and students of the Institute of Hua-min, were coming to do a tour of panies for a Aeronautical Engineering in Peking as part of their "work- duty. They would serve as privates in month every year. and-study" programme Nine Years of Great Strides Forward
Following is a translation of the editorial that will appear ments, can the strength of Marxism-Leninism be brought tomorrow in "Hongqi" (Red Flag), No. 9, Oct. 1, 1958, theoret- into full play. And only this can be called living Marxism- ical journal published by the Central Committee ol the Leninism. The enemies of Marxism-Leninism used to Communist Party o] China.- Ed. curse the socialist system with such epithets as "mo- notonous" and "stereotyped." They have completely failed INE years have passed since the nationwide victory to see that in the land of our liberated people, in our N of the Chinese people. In March 1949, at the Second socialist country, in the large garden of our socialist camp, Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of our there are hundreds of socialist and communist flowers Party, Comrade Mao Tse-tung predicted: "Very soon blossoming everywhere, in a profusion of colour and we will win victory throughout the country. This victory boundless vitality. will break through the eastern front of imperialism and The imperialists and all reactionaries, in keeping with will be of great international significance." "We are not their reactionary class logic, have always viewed China's only good at destroying an old world, but will also be large population as a "heavy burden" and a "calamity." good at building a new one. The Chinese people are not Always "taking malicious delight in the calamity of only able to live on without begging of the imperialists others," they think that New China will collapse some but will live better than the imperialist countries." And day under the weight of her large population. Some true enough, the Chinese people, having won nationwide friends of the Chinese people have also been worried by victory, successfully transformed old China at a pace un- China's large population. Even in our own ranks, we are known in.history and are building a socialist New China. not without sceptics on this question. Today we are en- All the victories won by the Chinese people stem from titled to say that this reactionary fallacy of the imperialists, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party combined based on Malthusianism, has been thoroughly refuted by with the revolutionary enthusiasm and initiative of the the Chinese people with hard facts. It is impossible for broadest masses, from the universal truth of Marxism- the reactionary class to imagine to what extent the volun- Leninism as applied to the actual practice of the Chinese tary creativeness of emancipated peoples, of the Chinese revolution. The great victories in the past nine years people who have become masters of their own country, have further confirmed the consistent thinking of Comrade can grow under the leadership of the Communist ~ao Tse-tung: As long as we are firmly convinced that Party. A vast army of unemployed and long queues the creative power of the masses is inexhaustible, have of the hungry have always existed in capitalist confidence in the people, rely on them, mobilize the masses countries. This relative over-population is a product of without hesitation and merge ourselves with them, then the capitalist system. But after the people have all kinds of difficulties can be overcome; no enemy will freed themselves from the many shackles fastened on be able to overwhelm us; on the contrary, we will over- them and have established the socialist system, becoming whelm any enemy. the masters of the land and the machinery, and chang- In the class struggle, it is the masses of people them- ing over from compulsory labour to voluntary labour, a selves who will break down all blind faith, who can be large population turns into a vitally important factor in relied on to break all fetters with their own hands. In promoting the accelerated development of the national the struggle for production, too, it is the masses of people economy and culture. It is only after man makes per- themselves who will break down all blind faith, who can sistent efforts to explore the secrets of nature and step be relied on to create all innovations and inventions with by step learns how to wrest energies from it that the their own hands. It is necessary to adopt the mass line latent energies of the material world are released bit by in all revolutionary work and construction and all the bit. In the same way, it is only after each revolution tasks of the revolution and construction must be realized and removal of the fetters that the latent potentialities through mass movements. This is the most fundamental of the masses of the people are brought into play. Only line of the Chinese Communist Party in leading the Chi- when man has completely freed himself of all shackles, nese people to carry out two revolutions* and socialist can his inexhaustible energies burst forth like "atomic construction victoriously. Events in the past nine years, energy" in a "nuclear chain reaction" set off by the "neu- and this year in particular, are eloquent proof of the fact tron" of the communist emancipation of the mind. In that this line represents the truth. Some of our comrades these circumstances, the larger the population, the more once attempted to replace the mass line in socialist con- it is possible to achieve greater, faster, better, and more struction with what they called the "regular" and "modern" economical results in building socialism; the more it is method, a "cold and withdrawn" method devoid of mass possible to promote the rapid development of the pro- drive and characterized by reliance on mere administra- ductive forces of society; the quicker the possibility of tive orders and punctilious rules and regulations, etc., to making the country rich in material products, prosperous get things done. They described the mass line as "a rural and strong; and the quicker the possibility of enabling the style of work" and a "guerrilla way of doing things." As masses of the people to live a better life and raise their the facts prove, they do not understand what genuine cultural level. These are the conclusions which have been Marxism-Leninism is. The mass line which they dislike fully proved by our nine great years. is precisely genuine Marxism-Leninism. It is quite ob- vious that only when the broad masses have mastered HE construction of our country, as is well known, began Marxism-Leninism and taken part in dynamic mass move- T from a very backward starting point economically * The democratic revolution and the socialist revolution. and culturally. What was left us by the imperialists and -- Tr. Chinese reactionaries was a rotten legacy, worse even than in some of the colonial countries. From Chang Chih-tung* on all fronts of socialist construction, and the rapid spread to Chiang Kai-shek, China only accumulated an annual of the movement to organize the people as a whole into steel-smelting capacity of barely over 40,000 tons. From militia, are the strongest reply of our entire population to the last years of the Manchu dynasty to the ev~ of libera- the U.S. imperialists' acts of aggression. Should the U.S. tion, large quantities of grain had to be imported every imperialists refuse to sober up, the nooses they have al- year. Since the birth of New China, our steel output ready placed round their own necks will be pulled tighter rose from 160,000 tons in 1949 to 5,350,000 tons in 1957; and tighter and they will not be able to escape final grain production increased from 216,200 million jin in punishment at the gallows. 1949 to 370,000 million .~in in 1957. This speed was sur- The fact that the 650 million people of China have prising enough. But this year there is an even greater broken free of the imperialist system and joined the so- marvel--the grain yield is soaring to about double last cialist system, has changed the relations of strength in year's level. Now our people are heroically striving to the world struggle. In the past nine years, furthermore, double steel production this year so that steel output may the continuous, new victories gained in China's revolution reach 10.7 million tons. The nationwide upsurge of the and construction have greatly strengthened the socialist movement to establish people's communes will un- camp headed by the great Soviet Union and promoted the doubtedly lead the socialist construction of our country high tide of the national revolutionary movement. Owing to a new and more advanced stage and create favourable to the rise of the socialist revolutionary movement and conditions for the transition of our country to a communist the rise of the national revolutionary movement in Asia, society. The big leap forward of our industrial and agri- Africa and Latin America, the East which was once ridi- cultural production shows that the time scheduled for our culed as an area of backwardness and darkness in his- country to catch up with and surpass the major capitalist tory, has become the advanced and bright East of today. countries will certainly be greatly shortened. Following The West, which once appeared advanced in comparison the victory of the great October Revolution, our country with the backwardness and darkness of feudalism, because provides proof once again that given the socialist system. it represented bourgeois civilization, has become decadent. even a country that was economically very backward Now the East is the advanced and the West is the back- formerly, can develop by leaps and bounds and can cer- ward. The sun over the socialist camp and the anti- tainly emerge victorious in the peaceful competition with imperialist world of Asia, Africa and Latin America is the the imperialist countries. rising, morning sun and the sun over the imperialist camp of the Western world is the setting, evening sun. Though HE U.S. imperialists, hostile to the Chinese people, have the Western world temporarily still has more tons of iron T never ceased their harassment during the past nine and steel, they are in the hands of reactionary, declining years and have brutishly and desperately launched a series social forces, of monopoly capital. They certainly cannot of political, economic and even military attacks against save monopoly capital from its inevitable doom. New China. U.S. aggressors, severely beaten by the Politically, the reactionary imperialist forces are in- Chinese and Korean peoples on the Korean front, continue sane and waning, while the socialist revolutionary to invade and occupy our territory Taiwan by force in de- forces are upright and advanced, and the national revolu- fiance of public opinion the world over. Of late, they tionary forces are also politically advanced. As a mem- have been concentrating large numbers of armed forces ber of the ~reat socialist family and as a mighty force in an attempt to extend the scope of their aggression in the struggle against imperialism in the East, the Chinese against our country, to interfere further in our internal people have infinite confidence in all their endeavours. affairs and prevent our people from liberating Quemoy, The 650 million people of China are solidly United, are Matsu and other coastal islands. They are conducting forging ahead together with all the socialist countries, the brazen war threats against our great motherland. This, national revolutionary forces in Asia, Africa and Latin however, only educates the Chinese people once again and America, and all the peace-loving countries and peoples enrages them. The powerful demonstrations to oppose of the world. All imperialist obstructions, threats and U.S. aggression in both the urban and rural areas of the provocations will not only be futile, but history will cer- entire country, the greater energies exerted by the people tainly mete out new punishments to them. The victories the people of China have won in the past nine years of * Chang Chih-tung (1837-1909), a high official of the Man- great strides forward cannot be robbed from them by any chu dynasty, set up the first modern iron and steel works in force in the world; and their victories that lie ahead like- China. -- Tr. wise cannot be blocked by any force in the world.
New Stage in China's Atomic Science
HINA'S first experimental atomic reactor and cyclotron of democratic parties and people's organizations, and lead- C were officially commissioned on September 27 after ing Chinese scientists. Among the many guests present more than three months of operation. The ceremony were a Soviet delegation headed by D. V. Efremov, Deputy- marking the occasion was held at the Atomic Research Director of the U.S.S.R. Bureau of the Utilization of Atomic Institute near Peking where the reactor and cyclotron are Energy; Vice-Premier Li Joo Yun of the Korean Demo- located. Among those attending the ceremony were Vice- cratic People's Republic who is visiting China; the Indian Premier Chen Yi, Vice-Premier Nieh Jung-chen, who is scientist, Surya Rao, and diplomatic representatives in concurrently Chairman of the Planning Committee for Peking. Scientific Development, Kuo Mo-jo, President of the Chi- The commissioning of these two important installa- nese Academy of Sciences, government ministers, leaders tions puts China firmly in the atomic age. The reactor is of the heavy water type. Its thermal Big developments are foreshadowed in the realm of power ranges from 7,000 to 10,000 kilowatts. It will be atomic energy. Vice-Premier Nieh Jung-chen, speaking at used for research work. The large amounts of radioactive the ceremony on September 27, announced that China is isotopes it can produce will be used for industry and agri- going to build more reactors and cyclotrons and that the culture and for scientific research. Most important of all, atomic science and technology in China will develop at it will be used to train key scientific and technical person- high speed in the near future. nel in the designing, installation and maintenance of the As in other spheres of activity, China adopts the various types of reactors China is going to build. method of the "mass line" in the development of atomic The cyclotron, a key installation in atomic research science. Scientific departments under the central govern- work, is also one of the most up-to-date of its kind. It ment and the central scientific institutions of the country can accelerate alpha particles to energies of 25 million are, of course, the backbone and vanguard in atomic electron-volts. research, but Party and local government organs in prov- These two complex installations are a significant in- inces and municipalities are also taking a keen interest dication of China's progress in the peaceful use of atomic in the development of atomic science. Research in atomic energy, a branch of science demanding the most advanced energy is already in progress in a number of cities, scientific technology. universities and scientific research institutions. This back- This great achievement was made possible with the ing and emulation of the specialists by the broad masses aid of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only helped of the people ensures the widest mobilization of talent and to train the needed scientists and technicians, and supplied resources in this field. complete sets of equipment for the reactor, but sent highly qualified experts to gi,~e advice during its installation and The development of atomic science in China is for the operation. The selfless and comprehensive nature of this purpose of serving the people, serving her peaceful social- help showed once again how deep is the friendship between ist construction, and to benefit mankind. In sharp the two countries. contrast to this, as Vice-Premier Nieh Jung-chen pointed In the past few years China has done quite a bit in out at the ceremony, the U.S. imperialists are indulging the field of atomic energy. Radioactive isotopes are being in wild hopes of using atomic blackmail against China. used more and more extensively in medical science, the iron But, he said, "they should cool down a bit and realize and steel industry, geological prospecting, water conserv- that in the present era atomic weapons cannot be monop- ancy, the electric power, coal and chemical industries. The olized by them." Should the U.S. imperialists unleash use of radioactive isotopes in agriculture is also being an atomic war, he warned, U.S. imperialism itself will be studied and some preliminary results have been achieved. destroyed.
China Will Fight If War Is Imposed
and naval power since the end of World War II in the THE words are clear. Taiwan Straits area to threaten China with direct war "Should the U.S. aggressors, despite the repeated provocations. Instead of discussing this question of Wash- warnings of the Chinese people and the firm opposition of ington's playing with fire on China's doorstep, the war- the people of the world, dare to impose war on us, our mongering U.S. Secretary of State toyed with a phony 600 million people, united as one, will certainly spare no question of "cease-fire" for a non-existent war between sacrifice and will, under the sacred banner of defending China and the United States. The purpose was to try to our great motherland, fight against aggression, fight for prevent the Chinese people from liberating their own the preservation of our sovereignty and territorial integrity, territory--Quemoy, Matsu and Taiwan. Speaker after and fight for the safeguarding of peace in the Far East speaker declared: "We will not brook any obstruction or and the world!" interference from any country." These words are from the conclusion of Foreign Minis- Shen Chun-ju, the octogenarian Chairman of the China ter Chen Yi's statement of September 20. They express Democratic League, expressed his confidence in the coun- the sentiments of a nation aroused, united and ready. try's strength to smash the U.S. imperialists should they Throughout the week the country resounded with the dare to impose war. He said that Dulles' ravings at the denunciation of U.S. imperialism and the deeds of all U.N. General Assembly have only succeeded in further strata of the population confidently backing up the posi- arousing the 600 million people of China and all peace- tion enunciated by the government. The people close ranks loving people the world over to oppose U.S. imperialism. still more firmly in defence of the homeland and of the Huang Yen-pei, Chairman of the China Democratic vital interests of peace in Asia and throughout the world. National Construction Association, which represents The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, at China's business and industrial circles, said that Taiwan a meeting presided over by its Chairman Li Chi-shen, con- and Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu, and all other coastal demned the preposterous speech made by Dulles at the islands have been Chinese territory since time imme- U.N. General Assembly on the situation in the Taiwan morial. The entire Association would follow the leadership Straits. The United States has massed the largest air of the Chinese Communist Party and would spare nothing to fight against aggression, for China's national sovereignty of men, women and children in every nook and corner of and territorial integrity and for peace in the world. the country. All the other political parties of China's people's The people's militia, embracing peasants, workers, democratic united front likewise angrily assailed the con- students and intellectuals, is on the alert, extending its tinuing war provocations of the United States in the Tai- ranks, training daily and improving its defence abilities wan Straits area, and voiced their full support for Foreign as a' mass support to the tried and steeled People's Libera- Minister Chen Yi's statement and the leadership of the tion Army. Chinese Communist Party in defence of the patriotic People everywhere are converting their anger at the interests of all of China. U.S. provocations and their patriotic feelings into more The clear-cut statements of China's political parties work and more production in the factories and on the and mass organizations--the All-China Federation of farms, into more national strength. Trade Unions, the National Women's Federation, the The people of China have clenched an iron fist. They China Communist Youth League, the All-China Federa- want peace, but they see their territorial integrity and tion of Democratic Youth and the All-China Students' peace menaced by U.S. troops, U.S. warships and planes, Federation, etc.--speak volumes for the firm will and U.S. atomic weapons mounted on Chinese islands a stone's resolve of the entire nation. They reflect the political throw away from the Chinese mainland. They see that and moral unity of China's millions in this grave hour U.S. provocations in the Taiwan Straits must be frustrated when Washington keeps turning a deaf ear to the voice of if peace is to be safeguarded. There can be no peace if reason and persists in its war build-up against China. The imperialist aggressors are allowed to seize other people's Chinese people mean exactly what they say when they territory and interfere in their internal affairs. The Chi- warn the United States to halt its intolerable war threats nese people are fearless and confident in the justness of by withdrawing U.S. armed forces from all Chinese terri- their cause, their strength and the support of the entire tory at once. And the words are backed up by the deeds socialist camp and world public opinion.
War Provocations Against China INSANITY IN WASHINGTON
HE rejection by President Eisenhower of the Sep- the incumbent of the White House to the quick. It is easy T tember 19 letter of N. S. Khrushchov, Chairman of to understand why Eisenhower became so furious that he the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, and the sub- forgot all about the universally accepted rules of diplomatic sequent statements issued by the White House show clearly etiquette and made an ass of himself. that Washington is in a tight spot as a result of its provo- Both Eisenhower and Dulles have time and again cations and war threats in the Taiwan Straits area against talked about China's "armed aggression" and "armed con- China. quest." But they studiously avoid mentioning against U.S. imperialism stands condemned by world public whom such aggression is directed. They dare not mention opinion as public enemy No. 1 of world peace and violator the distance of Quemoy and Matsu from China's main- of the territorial sovereignty of other nations. land. As Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India Chairman Khrushchov points out in his letter that pointedly states: "Taiwan and those offshore islands must tension in the Taiwan Straits area stems from U.S. occupa- necessarily go to China. Quemoy is as close to the Chinese tion of Taiwan which belongs to China and the use of mainland as is the Island of the Ephanta off Bombay's Taiwan and the offshore islands by the United States as shore. If that is occupied by a foreign country bombard- bases to launch aggression against China and other peace- ing Bombay, it will be an intolerable situation." loving nations of Asia. Therefore, Khrushchov demands As a matter of fact, Eisenhower and Dulles only got that an end be put, once and for all, to interference in laughed at for all their fantastic "charges" of "aggression." China's internal affairs, that the American naval fleet be The Scotsman writes: "..'. President Eisenhower's broad- recalled from the Taiwan Straits and that American cast, dodging the main issues raised by the conflict over soldiers leave Taiwan and go home. Unless the United Quemoy, relied on sowing confusion by deliberate use of States does so now, Khrushchov warns, People's China the magic words 'aggression,' 'appeasement,' and 'Munich.' will have no option but to chase the hostile armed forces Mr. Dulles' unilateral extension of the use of 'aggression' from their territory where a bridgehead is being created to cover almost any development anywhere which he does for attack on the Chinese People's Republic. The Soviet Union, Khrushchov again points out with emphasis, is on not like has already somewhat devalued the word." the side of the Chinese Governmr.nt and the Chinese people. Eisenhower's fellow countrymen also reject his false theory of "aggression." Frank Altschul, Vice-President Warning Stings Warmongers of the Council of Foreign Relations, retorted to Eisen- Chairman Khrushchov's damning exposure of U.S. hower's speech in .a letter published in the New York imperialist designs and his sharply worded warning stung Times: As far as the Chinese people are concerned, the U.S.-Chiang mutual security pact is a r worthless scrap of paper. History has wit- nessed not a few instances of traitors signing treaties of national betrayal with their for- eign masters. Pu Yi and Wang Ching-wei concluded treaties with Japanese imperialism, selling China out to the Japanese militarists. But such treaties in no way justified Japanese aggression in China. Nor did they absolve imperialist Japan from the crime of raping China's territory. During World War II, France's Petain and Norway's Quisling did the same thing, con- cluding similar treaties with Nazi Germany. Those treaties did not absolve the Hitlerites of their crimes of aggression against the French and Norwegian peoples. Imperialist Japan "He's getting pretty hard to follow... !" By Jack chen and Nazi Germany were finally brought to justice and punished for their war crimes "Can an attempt to liberate from an occupying force notwithstanding their treaties with Pu Yi, Wang Ching- two islands immediately adjacent to mainland China, of wei, Petain and Quisling. which they have always been a part, fairly be termed If history offers any guide, the mutual security pact 'aggression' in the generally accepted meaning of that which the United States has concluded with Chiang Kai- word?" shek will not save the U.S. warmongers from the gallows Eisenhower and Dulles dare not mention the Cairo and any more than the Japanese treaties with Pu Yi and Wang Potsdam Declarations which specifically established that Ching-wei saved the Japanese militarists. The U.S.-Chiang Taiwan, Penghu and the offshore islands are Chinese terri- pact is only an additional noose around the necks of the tory. President Truman in his statement of January 5, U.S. aggressors. 1950 declared to the whole world that Taiwan belongs to Washington's Gangster Logic China. He stated among other things: "The United States The fire-eating jingoes in Washington challenge has no predatory designs on Formosa (Taiwan) or on any China's sovereignty over Taiwan, Penghu and the offshore other Chinese territory .... Nor does it have any inten- islands on the pretext that these islands have "never been tion of utilizing its armed forces to interfere in the under the authority of the Chinese Communists." They present situation. The U.S. Government will not pursue a seem to think that such an allegation is reason enough course which will lead to involvement in the civil conflict in China." for the United States to occupy China's territory and pre- vent the Chinese people from liberating their own terri- Shortly afterwards, however, the U.S. Government tory. Following this logic to the extreme, the U.S. impe- went back on its own pledged word and occupied China's rialists would have cause for attacking the Chinese main- Taiwan by force. Instead of refraining from "utilizing land because ten years ago the Chinese People's Republic its armed forces to interfere in the present situation," the did not exist and the Chinese mainland is therefore a U.S. Government involved itself "in the civil conflict in territory which formerly had not been "under the authority China." of the Chinese Communists." A Scrap of Paper According to Washington's gangster logic, it may be reasonably charged that in conducting their War of Inde- Warmongers in Washington attempt to defend their pendence, the Americans were committing aggression aggression against China on the pretext that under the against Britain, because the Founding Fathers led by Wash- "mutual security pact" concluded with the Chiang Kai- ington forcefully seized British territory which had never shek clique, the United States is "under obligation" to been under the authority of the Americans. On the same "defend" Taiwan. Washington seems to think that the grounds, the U.S. might send its armed forces to any very mention of this pact provides a legal facade to U.S. part of the world because no government now in office in aggression in the Taiwan area. any country has exercised its authority on its soil for hun- But the people of the whole world know what a gang dreds or thousands of years. Needless to say, this kind of of despicable scoundrels the Chiang Kai-shek clique is. logic sounds insane; nevertheless it is just what the profit- True, the handful of corrupt Kuomintang bureaucrats and hungry financial magnates and sabre-rattling brasshat$ in warlords headed by Chiang Kai-shek with the backing of Washington have been doing. This calls to mind the saying the imperialists, particularly the U.S. imperialists, ruled "Whom God would destroy he first makes mad." over China for more than twenty years. Nine years ago However, we are not living in a primitive society their reactionary regime was overthrown by the Chinese where the law of the jungle prevails. The civilized world people and Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan. The reac- has its own universally accepted rules of what is right and tionary Chiang Kai-shek clique would have been thrown what is wrong. No amount of hypocrisy and distortion, into the garbage heap of history long ago but for the pro- no display of military might will be able to turn falsehood tection of the United States. into trutht wrong into right. Washington's insane logic
10 only highlights the moral degeneration and bankruptcy of those Chinese who are determined eventually to free of U.S. imperialism and leads to its further isolation in their country of Communist rule." the world. The State Department did not conceal the fact that the United States hopes to "hasten the passing" of "Com- U.S. Aggression Against China and Asia munism's rule in China" by "withholding diplomatic U.S. occupation of Taiwan ,is part of Washington's recognition." All this only points up the U.S. provocations long-term plan for all-out aggression against the whole of and aggression against China. China. It is now recorded history that the U.S. seizure U.S. occupation of China's Taiwan is directed not only of Taiwan in the south was accompanied by U.S. aggression against the Chinese mainland but also against the other in Korea in the north in an attempt to launch a two- peace-loving nations of Asia. As early as 1950, General pronged drive against China. In this, Washington is simply MacArthur openly admitted that the United States must taking a leaf out of Tokyo's book and the U.S. warmongers control Taiwan in order to be able to "dominate with air are going the way of the Japanese militarists. power every Asiatic port from Vladivostok to Singapore." The march of events in recent years particularly It is now an established fact that the United States utilized rounds out the above-mentioned aggressive U.S. designs. Taiwan as a base to send military supplies to the rebels Although U.S. aggression in Korea was smashed by the in Indonesia. It is also an open secret that U.S. agents Chinese and Korean peoples, Washington has not aban- from Taiwan have infiltrated into countries in southeastern doned its plans to conquer China. The United States has Asia. strengthened its military establishments in Taiwan and the offshore islands. It was precisely after the conclusion of Wishful Thinking the Korean war that the United States speeded up its mili- The U.S. warmongers pin their hopes on the eventual tary assistance to the Chiang Kai-shek clique. Under "passing" of "Communist rule in China" and base their American direction, Chiang Kai-shek concentrated about whole policy towards China on this illusory hope. But in one-third of his armed forces on Quemoy and Matsu for spite of their armed aggression and their vile smearing the avowed object of using these offshore islands as spring- campaign, People's China is forging ahead along the so- boards for attacking the Chinese mainland. It is not with- cialist road. The ruling circles in the U.S. are likely to out reason that Chiang Kai-shek's troops on these islands fall victim to their own wishful thinking about China. The during the past several years have conducted harassing New York Post predicts utter hopelessness for such a and piratical activities against the mainland and against policy. "Now we have appointed ourselves a permanent both Chinese and foreign shipping. Apart from that, the police force with the task of quarantining Communist American generals and their protdg~ Chiang Kai-shek China until communism passes, oblivious to what is ob- openly let it be known that they would proceed from these vious to the rest of the world -- Chiang Kai-shek will pass islands to attack the mainland one of these days. from the Chinese scene far sooner than communism, and The Memorandum on "United States Policy Regard- with him whatever we call our Chinese policy." ing Non-Recognition of the Chinese Communist Regime" The only way out for the United States is to profit recently issued by the U.S. Department of State shed fur- by the costly experience of Nazi Germany and fascist Japan ther light on U.S. plans to conquer China. The document in.World War II as well as by its own "wrong war" at the frankly admits: "Continued U.S. recognition and support "wrong time" and "wrong place" in Korea, and withdraw of the Republic of China (the Chiang Kai-shek clique--Ed.) its armed forces from the Taiwan area. enables it to challenge the claim of the Chinese Communists to represent the Chinese people and keep alive the hopes -- Y.C.F.
World Opinion vs. Washington "A Thousand Accusing Fingers"
HE U.S. invaders are running amuck in the Taiwan attack on China would be.an attack on the Soviet Union. T Straits. Peace is hanging by a thread. But peace can- He warned those who are harbouring plans for an atomic not be saved by bowing to the aggressor. The people in attack on the People's Republic of China not to forget all parts of the world and governments and organizations that not only the United States but the other side, too, representing their will are firmly telling the U.S. aggres- possesses atomic and hydrogen weapons and means for sors to halt. And they have made clear on which side their conveyance. Should such an attack be made against they will stand if the United States goes over the brink the People's Republic of China, he informed Washington, of war. Following is a brief survey of news reports from the aggressor would at once be rebuffed by the same a number of important cities all over the world. means. Meanwhile, messages of support are pouring into the Chinese Embassy from all parts of the Soviet Union. Moscow. Chairman Nikita Khrushchov of the Council of Ministers, in his letter addressed to Eisenhower Pyongyang. A mass rally of 300,000 protested angrily on September 19, restated the Soviet position that any against U.S. war provocations. Demonstrators shouted: 11 *'U.S. imperialists, get out of Taiwanl" Vice-Premier Hong occupation of Lebanon and Jordan." "We regard any Myung Hi declared at the rally: The aggression against aggression against China as aggression against us," the Chinese People's Republic--fraternal neighbour of the Deputy Imam of Oman, Prince Saleh al-Harithy, declared Korean people--is also a serious menace to the Korean in an interview with Hsinhua in the same city. people. Bagdad. Prime Minister Abdul Karim Kassim told Hanoi. More than 50,000 people held a mammoth the Chinese Ambassador Chen Chih-fang: "The people rally and parade in support of their Chinese brothers. The of Iraq and China are both fighting against imperialism. relations between China and Viet-nam, Secretary-General The Iraqi Government and people support the demand and Nguyen Xuan Thuy of the Viet-namese Fatherland Front struggle of the Chinese people to restore their territory." stressed at the rally, are "flesh and blood relations. In carrying out provocations against China, the U.S. impe- The popularity of China's cause could be seen from the fact that even in a small town, Hit, north of Bagdad, 920 rialists threaten Viet-nam too." people sent a telegram to the Chinese Embassy saying: "We In the other People's Democracies, governments support the legitimate right of the Chinese people to have reaffirmed their fraternal solidarity with China; Taiwan, Quemoy and Matsu." thousands of protest meetings are being held; letters and messages supporting China's cause are pouring into news- New Delhi. Prime Minister Nehru and India's U.N. paper offices and Chinese embassies. In Leipzig, a resolu- delegate Arthur Lall have both reaffirmed the Indian tion denouncing U.S. war provocations against China Government's position that Taiwan and the offshore was adopted at a mass rally of 13,000 working people. islands are part of China. The people in that great In Rumania, 48,000 working people in the Jassy country, too, are voicing support for China's cause. At Region alone participated in protest meetings up to a public meeting held under the auspices of the Indian September 17 and more than 2,200 people spoke at these Association for Afro-Asian Solidarity, Chairman of the gatherings. In Czechoslovakia, some factories which have Association Madame Rameshwari Nehru said: "China's received orders from China are stepping up delivery dates demand for integration of Taiwan with the mainland is as a contribution to the Chinese people's struggle. as normal as our demand for the integration of Goa to From the Elbe to the 38th Parallel in Korea the entire complete our independence." On October 1, China's Na- socialist camp is united with China. Vice-Chairman Cher- tional Day, Indian people will demonstrate for solidarity venkov of Bulgaria voiced the prevailing sentiment when with China and against U.S. war moves. he stated upon his arrival in Peking to begin a friendly Djakarta. On behalf of its 3.5 million members, the tour: China's just cause is certain to triumph. The sinis- Indonesian Peasant Front issued a statement supporting ter designs of the enemies of peace will surely be smashed. the Chinese struggle to liberate Taiwan and other Chinese The East wind is bound to prevail over the West wind. islands. Gerwani (Indonesian Women's Movement) has Cairo. President Nasser of the United Arab Republic demanded on behalf of its 650,000 members that the has condemned the U.S. occupation of Taiwan as direct American forces withdraw forthwith from the Taiwan aggression against China, and different sections of the peo- area. The Indonesian Railway Workers' Trade Union has ple are voicing their strong support for China's cause. The made the same demand. Chinese Embassy has received many visitors including war Tokyo. A "Policy Association on the Taiwan veterans and numerous letters, often signed by groups of people, voicing support for China's stand. Straits Issue" has been formed jointly by more than ten popular organizations. It issued an appeal demanding In an interview with the Hsinhua News Agency cor- that the United States withdraw its forces from the respondent in Cairo, Prince Cisse Zakaria Ibn Kainou, Taiwan area and that the Kishi government refrain from Secretary-General of the Mauritania (West Africa) Libera- involving Japan in a war and deny the United States the tion Army, said: "There is not a single person in Africa use of its bases in Japan for military provocations in the who approves of the presence of American troops in Tai- Taiwan Straits. wan." "We should do everything in our power to help the Chinese people liberate Taiwan," he added. London. The General Council of the British Trades Union Congress, speaking for eight million organized Damascus. The Secretary of the Conference of workers, called on the British Government to make it clear Damascus Popular Organizations in a message to the Chi- that Britain would not become involved in any U.S. war nese Consul-General expressed "readiness to offer material with China over China's offshore islands. and moral help" to the Chinese people. The conference comprises over sixty public organizations in this city of After a "Shadow Cabinet" meeting of the Labour the Syrian sector of the U.A.R. News reports on Septem- Party on the Far East situation, Labour leader Gaitskell ber 21 showed that nearly 10,000 Arabs in the city and sent a letter to Macmillan in which he declared: its suburbs had signed letters or petitions supporting "Great Britain certainly should not support, much less China. One shoemaker collected more than 200 signatures participate in, any war to defend these [Quemoy and in two evenings. other offshore] islands .... We ask you to make plain that, even if the U.S.A. becomes involved in a war to defend Kamal Jumblat, Lebanese opposition leader, told Quemoy, Britain would not join in." Hsinhua in Damascus: "The present tension in the Taiwan Straits is created by the United States in order to bring In France, the C.G.T. (General Confederation of Trade war to the Far East and distract world attention from the Unions) sent a cable to the All-China Federation of Trade tension in the Middle East caused by the U.S. and British Unions pledging support for the Chinese people's struggle.
12 In Canada, Toronto citizens demonstrated in front of the In Washington, U.S.I.S., the propaganda agency of the American Consulate-General against U.S. interference in State Department, issued a weekly opinion summary on China's internal affairs. In Buenos Aires, the Argentine the Far East "for your information" (that is, not for Peace Committee issued a statement condemning U.S. publication). Here are a few passages taken from it which provocations against the People's China. From the four are self-explanatory: corners of the earth, even in countries where the rulers "Comments to date show wide preference for plan to toe Washington's line, strong voices have castigated the 'extricate' ourselves honorably from commitment to defend untenable U.S. position. islands .... Sizable group continues to press for 'reassess- In many countries, working-class parties have voiced ment' of U.S. China policy. support for China's cause and are standing in the fore of the popular struggle to halt U.S. war adventures. "Allied and Asian Opinion: Reports in American press emanating from Washington and various capitals A number of influential international organizations, abroad have continued to give overall impression of too, have denounced the U.S. aggressors. The World critical--even hostile--attitude on part of our major Federation of Trade Unions warned in a press statement allies and Asian nations to U.S. China policy. All empha- that U.S. war moves seriously endanger peace and are sized strong opposition to any military action by U.S. over leading the world to the brink of a fresh disaster. The Quemoy, and even stronger desire for 'non-involvement.' World Federation of Democratic Youth urged the youth Much of reported Allied opinion also reflected desire to and youth organizations all over the world to rally their see 'more practical' U.S. policy ~n Far East--e.g., on issue forces to support the Chinese people and youth to liberate of Red China's entry into U.N." Taiwan and other Chinese islands. The Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Confer- To this we may add the Chinese saying: "When a enee in Cairo demanded the immediate withdrawal of all thousand people point accusing fingers at you, you'll die U.S. forces from the Taiwan Straits area. without a disease."
10.7 Million Tons in 1958 Doubling Steel Output in One Year
by CHU CHI-LIN
N epic of steel production is being written by the Chi- Iron and steel output has been going up from day to nese people who are striving to double steel output day. The number of people directly engaged in iron and in one single year i from 5,350,000 tons in 1957 to steel production has increased to over 20 million. Every- 10,700,000 tons in 1958--in response to the call of the where Communist Party secretaries are personally assum- enlarged session of the Political Bureau of the Chinese ing leadership and the people have gone all out to attain Communist Party held in August. and surpass the set goal. Iron and steel are now being manufactured throughout the country. While the construction of modern integrated iron and steel works quickens, native iron or steel smelting furnaces Lightning Speed are also rising all over the country. By the end of July, some 50,000 small iron smelting furnaces had been built, On September 13, the first heat of iron poured from far exceeding the year's original target of 13,000 set in the first giant automatic blast furnace of the Wuhan Steel April. In August, the figure soared to 240,000 and the Works, the rising steel centre in central China on the number of steel converters amounted to 974. In the first Yangtse River. This 1,386 cubic metre blast furnace has ten days of September, another 110,000 iron smelting a daily capacity of 2,500 tons, much bigger than the No. 4 furnaces were added, making a total of 350,000. furnace of the Steel Company of Wales, reputedly the /-,'-"
By Miao T~ We're all maklng steel 13 largest in Western Europe. It compares favourably with furnace and began trial production. The first heat was a the largest in the United States too. failure and so was the second. Chang and others then But the most dramatic battle for iron is being waged went to other counties in the province to learn iron by millions working at the small native blast furnaces built smelting technique. After six more trials, they finally all over the country. These native furnaces, which cost obtained iron. little to set up and are easy to operate, will account for a As iron smelting is no longer a mystery and there considerable portion of the iron output this year. are plenty of ores, Fengeheng pledges that it will produce The province of Honan, which doubled its wheat yield .100,000 tons of iron this year. earlier this year and led in the country's wheat produc- tion, created a record on September 15 by producing 18,694 SOOCHOW, KIANGSU PROVINCE. Nowadays people tons of iron in a single day. always find Wu Chung-tsun, first secretary of the Party's Output was literally pushed to a new dimension over- municipal committee, near the small blast furnace which night. On September 14, the day before the record was he has made his "experimental plot." He took charge of set, output was only 3,362 tons. In a single day, the num- construction and operation of the furnace, looked into and ber of iron smelting furnaces in production in the prov- discussed every technical detail with the workers. As he ince soared from 13,964 to over 45,000 as a result of the mastered the art of iron smelting, output increased con- heroic efforts of a working force 3.6 million strong. Every- sistently and on August 29, daily output from the 0.18 where in the province iron poured from small blast fur- cubic metre furnace reached 402.5 kilogrammes creating a naces. Over 400,000 vehicles were mobilized to transport national record of coefficient of native iron smelting furnace iron ore, fuel and other materials for iron smelting. utilization (volume of furnace required for producing 1 ton of iron in 24 hours) of 0.447 which is comparable to the In Yuhsien, the champion county which produced 4,396 best records made by modern blast furnaces. tons of iron that day, all five secretaries of the Communist Party's county committee and seven committee members On the following day, representatives from some 200 personally took command in four different iron smelting enterprises were invited by the municipal committee of areas. They tackled production problems on the spot, the Communist Party to Secretary Wu's "experimental summed up and popularized successful experiences. plot" for an "on-the-spot conference." Wu's experience is Eighty per cent of the county's cadres took part in the now being widely applied with good results. battle and every one of them took charge of an iron smelt- As the current saying goes: ing furnace. Five hundred workers were engaged in "When the Party secretary sleeps by the blast making coke, thirty thousand in mining ores and over a furnace and makes it glow, hundred thousand in building roads that lead to the mining areas. From ten thousand furnaces iron flows." Now the provinces are emulating each other in a drive SHIHCHIACHUANG, HOPEI PROVINCE. On Septem- to reach the 10,000-ton mark in daily iron output. Honan, ber 13, Liu Shao-chi, Chairman of the Standing Committee which is maintaining a high level of output, is still in the of the National People's Congress, visited the Shihchia- lead. On September 21, one of Honan's special administra- chuang Iron and Steel Works now under construction. tive regions---Hsinyang--chalked up a record of 10,310 tons Four small blast furnaces that are already in production in a single day. But other provinces, including Hunan, did very well. After careful study of the working of these Kweichow, Shansi, Szechuan, Shantung, Hopei, Kiangsu furnaces, Liu Shao-chi summed up the experience as and Anhwei are coming up from behind fast. Many of follows: "Supply sufficient blast to the furnace, use strictly them are striving to reach the 10,000-ton mark before selected ores, load the materials in small lumps and at National Day. frequent intervals." An on-the-spot conference was called How It Started m and Spread to popularize this method. Iron and steel smelting is becoming an affair of the SHAOYANG, HUNAN PROVINCE. An on-the-spot confer- whole population. How did those who knew nothing ence on a national scale was called by the Ministry of about metallurgy start smelting iron? How did leaders Metallurgical Industry in August in Shaoyang County, and the masses of workers working side by side overcome Hunan Province, for an exchange of experiences. Repre- difficulties and chalk up new records? Let us take a few sentatives from 28 provinces 'and municipalities bene- examples: fited greatly from the experience of Shaoyang which in- FENGCHENG CODNTY, KIANGSI PROVINCE. In June, creased its small blast furnaces from 50 to 9,000 in three the county planned to produce 1,500 tons of iron this year. months. Since no one knew anything about iron smelting, some were worried but not county head Wu Ching-fa, who set HUPEH PROVINCE. A technical advisory group com- out the next day with some 360 people to locate iron ores posed of some 300 teachers, students, technicians and in the mountains. engineers from large metallurgical plants and led by the Party's provincial committee has been touring the province When they found a dozen iron ore deposits with a to help solve technical problems in iron and steel smelting total estimated reserve of some 300 million tons, they were and train the workers. immediately asked to multiply their planned iron output ten times, from 1,500 to 15,000 tons. Wu and Chang Two experimental furnaces were set up in Yichang Chang-shun, director of the Department of Industry and by an advisory sub-group. They solved the problem of Communications of the Party's county committee, per- separating iron from slag and found the way for 20 other sonally carried iron ores to an improvised iron smelting furnaces to go into production successfully.
t4 IRON ORE & STEEL mm 1957 (million tons,) 1958 10.70 (planned)
50.00
5.35
500 19.37 lOt700 ('plannedj
NUMBER OF IRON ORE STEEL TYPES OF STEEL
~n ¸
STEEL OUTPUT 1949-1958 5r350 4,465
(ItO00 tons) 21853
21225 1177~ It349 pre-liberation peak (,1943) 923
1949 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58
OUTPUT OF ELECTRIC POWER, COAL & PETROLEUM
ELECTRICITY (million kwh.) PETROLEUM 200 (est.) mmmm. COAL {million tons) 27,500 (est.) 19,3OO 2to.oo (est.) 136.6 ~ J J/ 7,300 ~I ~ 130.73 Zl,300
ilBB~ 63.53 • B* 19041.- 1948 1957 1958 __ 1949 1952 1957 1958 (45 years before • liberation) * not including output from handicraft coal pits YEAR OF THE BIG LEAP China's ~8 is the year of a tremendous new upsurge in industrial and agricultural production. It atomic the beginning of a new phase of China's economic development. Marx's prophecy that ~enty years are concentrated in a day" is becoming a reality in our country of 650 llion. Output is shooting up and more and more new products of high technical stand- i3 are being manufactured. The pictures on these pages are a glimpse of how the heroic labour of millions is transforming China
Harvesting early rice in Chaoan County, Kwangtung Province
Blast furnace No. 1 of the Wuhan Iron and Steel Works which started production on Sep- tember 13. Bottom: Native-style iron-smelting furnaces in Hsinyang, Honan Province
Fabrics dyed wit. an active radic Peace 25, 5,000-ton cargo ship, built at the Talien Shipyard
Precision gear- grinding machine made in Shanghai
Electric shovel with a capacity of three cubic metres on display at the National Exhibi- tion of Industry and Communica- tions
Dongfanghong (The East Is Red) tractor, r procion (dyestuffs with 54 h.p., in production at the First The Peace locomotive for freight trains, ll), made in Shanghai Tractor Works in Loyang, Honan Province 3,340 h.p., designed and built in China _ ---- ..... "~]::[:][:[:7:7 :-~ ...... "-'-----'~------TTTTTTTT: =--
GRAIN & COTTON .~.~}'. / YIELDS (million ions)
GRAIN 300-350 (est.)
154.39 185111~
YIELDS OF WHEAT AND EARLY RICE 1 1 (million tons) 1952 1957 1958 Ill 1957 B I958 3,50 (est.) ~o COTTON 39.95 .~'
23.65
~'~ I I WHEAT EARLY RICE 1952 1957 1958
I ¢;
RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 'i OUTPUT OF (kilometres) , Annual CONSUMER GOODS Total Average
81 years before liberation 25r7OO 317.3 • 1957 1958 0868-1949) (est.) First 8 years o~: liberation 61180 772.5 (,195o-1957) Cotton 4.65 6.32 1,476 114 76.O 1958 (est.) yarn (million bales)
RAILWAY TRANSPORT ~ Cotton 5pO00 6p300 (million metres) Passengers carried Freight transported 350 cloth (millions) (million tons) (est.) 330 i Su,ar 864 1,3oo tthousand tons)
• . IOOf Pap,, 1.22 i.80 .I I I I I I (million tons) 195o 1957 1958 1950 1957 1958 Charts based on figures available to PEKING REVIEW as of September 27, 1958. Another advisory sub-group in Hsiaokan helped four of the Communist Party's provincial committee in Liao- counties set up their own laboratories and helped train ning, northeast China. In key plants, Party secretaries, scores of analysts who are able to analyse iron ore, lime- factory superintendents, workshop foremen all stay in the stone, refractory materials and coke. iron and steel smelting shops and work side by side with To aid the newly created small furnaces, large num- the workers. bers of experienced personnel are being sent from large In the first steel smelting shop in Anshan, technical enterprises of long standing. In the first eight months of measures which the leading personnel helped introduce this year, 6,600 administrative personnel and technicians resulted in a 20 per cent increase in steel output. As a were sent from Anshan to twenty different places in the result of improved equipment and work procedure, the country. It is planned that 22,000 more will go from average smelting time in the second steel shop was cut by Anshan to new jobs in many parts of the country. half an hour.
The Battle for Steel Workers of Shanghai's No. 3 Steel Plant have shortened the time for furnace repairs and created a new record in The main brunt of the battle for steel is borne by the the coefficient of open hearth furnace utilization (the key enterprises. Anshan, China's greatest steel centre, is amount of steel produced per square metre of furnace accelerating the construction of blast furnace No. 10, one floor in 24 hours). The average figure for August was of the largest in the country. The workers have pledged 14.225 tons which compares favourably with the best in to complete the job in six months. Also under construc- the world. Between September 14-16, however, the aver- tion are two of China's largest open hearth furnaces. age coefficient was raised further to 17.162 tons with the Workers have pledged to complete these furnaces from highest reaching 21.2 tons. four to five months ahead of schedule so that they may contribute to this year's production. In the meantime, Not Iron and Steel Workers Alone hundreds of medium and small blast furnaces and scores of medium and small steel converters are being built here. The target of 10,700,000 tons of steel has captured Similar things are happening in Paotow. Workers the imagination of the nation and the entire population there have decided to build a "small" Paotow Iron and is giving support to the iron and steel workers. Machine- Steel Works in addition to the planned giant integrated building factories give top priority to metallurgical equip- iron and steel works. This small works will comprise ment. In Shenyang, machine-building workers pledged several small iron smelting plants, steel smelting plants to SUl~ply large quantities of ore mining, iron and steel smelting, steel rolling and other metallurgical equipment and a number of steel plate mills. They are being financed out of the investments in the giant integrated works ahead of schedule. Production of complete sets of metal- lurgical equipment has been stepped up in Shanghai. and will be repaid from profits after the small works goes into production. To feed the 350,000 native iron smelting furnaces, all Everywhere workers are vying with each other in the sorts of means of transport are being mobilized and any- building of new plants. Shanghai workers have built a thing that iron and steel smelting needs gets shipped brand new medium-sized steel smelting shop in 47 days. immediately. On the production front, the battle is no less heated. The battle for steel is being waged on a more massive A general headquarters was established by the secretariat scale than any production effort in the past.
Agriculture RECORD-BREAKING CROPS
by CHAO CHEN
% HINA is producing record crops to match the spirit of Crop Output Increase over C the great leap forward. The national output of grain 1957 Output this year will be somewhere between 300 million and 350 million tons, 60 to 90 per cent more than last year. The Semi-late rice 56.5 million tons 40 Soya beans 12.5 million tons 25 estimated cotton crop of 3.5 million tons will double last Groundnuts 6 million tons 138 year's. Sesame 695.000 tons 124 The country got 34.45 million tons of winter wheat and more than 40 million tons in early rice crops, repre- The increase in summer grain crops (including winter senting an increase of 68 per cent and over 100 per cent wheat, spring wheat, early rice and other crops) is over respectively. Spring wheat harvests gave 5.5 million tons, 40 million tons more than last year. This is bigger than a nearly 70 per cent increase over 1957. Estimated yields the total grain increase registered over the preceding five of other crops are: years which was 31.25 million tons. Ig This year China produced 39.95 million tons of wheat, feature was the extended use of thousands of ball-bearings surpassing United States' output by 1.3 million tons. Thus, to ease the operation of all sorts of farm tools--from China has become the second largest wheat-producing wheel barrows to harvester parts. country in the world. Abundant Grain But this is only the beginning of the great leap in agriculture. Record harvests this year mark a radical change in the whole grain situation and national economy of the Super-high Yields country. The total grain output now works out at about 1,00O fin per capita compared to last year's average of only Some indication of what the future holds is shown 570 fin per capita. This means that China has fundamen- by the extremely high yields which have been harvested tally solved her grain problem, and a rapid advance to the this year on small experimental plots. The highest per mu aim of abundant clothing and food for all in China. yield of such records to date are: winter wheat, 7,320 fin; spring wheat, 8,585 fin; early rice, 36,956 fin; maize, 35,393 The imperialists' blood-curdling predictions about fin; millet, 27,133 fin. China's inability to solve her "unbearable population pressure upon the land" have gone up in smoke. Exceptionally fine crops have also been raised on large tracts of land in many places. There were 9.2 million mu The target yields of grain per mu set for 1967 by the of wheat fields producing over 500 fin per mu while two National Programme for Agricultural Development will counties averaged 1,000 fin of wheat per mu. Anhwei, actually be reached this year in most counties. This un- Hupeh, Kiangsu and Honan Provinces planted 17.3 million precedented increase in grain production will even make mu of early rice and got average yields of over 1,000 fin it possible for a certain number of people's communes to per mu. introduce a grain supply system, under which everyone in the commune will get a free supply of sufficient grain. These rich crops cannot be attributed, as some people may think, to specially good weather conditions. As a ,Stimulating Over-all Growth matter of fact, most of the wheat-growing areas were affected by serious drought at the time of sowing. Hopei This year's record-breaking harvests are giving a Province suffered its most serious drought in thirty years. strong boost to China's industrial development and cul- Nevertheless, as a result of the undaunted efforts of the tural and educational progress. More farm produce means peasants in tapping every available water-source, it reaped both more raw materials and a bigger market for light 77 per cent more grain this summer than it did last year. industry, whose growth must be speeded up to meet the people's fast-growing needs for its products. The rapid What, then, are the factors that brought about the tempo of expansion in agriculture and light industry will bumper harvests of this year? To use the current Chi- provide the state with large funds for the investment in nese phrase, the se.cret is "politics plus technique." heavy industry and demand for more of its products. The prime factor is the leadership of the Chinese This, in turn, will enable heavy industry to build many Communist Party, the carrying out of the principle that more of the plants needed to satisfy the demands of "politics should be in command." Beginning last year, agricultural mechanization, rural electrification and the the nation-wide rectification campaign, the struggle against modernization of light industry. the bourgeois rightists and widespread campaign for so- A special feature of the present situation is the small cialist education in the countryside, raised the political plants and factories which are now operating in large consciousness of the people to a new and higher; level. numbers in all parts of the rural areas, the great majority Last spring Chairman Mao Tse-tur~g put forward the general built with the peasants' own increased resources. They line for building socialism. All this led to a great eman- supplement the big centralized industries and satisfy many cipation of people's minds, and encouraged a communist immediate rural needs. The bumper crops now being style of boldness in thought and deed. reaped are not only helping the building of industry in The whole people worked with unexampled energy urban and mining areas but encouraging the peasants and initiative. Difficulties seemed merely to spur them themselves to go in for industrial construction. Worker- to greater efforts. In the fight against drought, a current peasants, socialist citizens of a new type, are now appear- saying was: "If there's no rain, I will take over the ing in large numbers in the villages. This makes for a dragon king's sceptreI" There was a feeling of bound- closer merging of industry and agriculture with the less confidence in what collective effort could accomplish worker-peasant alliance being further strengthened on a in controlling nature. new basis. This soaring revolutionary spirit was complemented The upsurge in production has also led to a new day by the splendid job which the peasants did on the tech- in cultural development. Many provinces have practically nical side. Since last winter irrigation was brought to wiped out illiteracy among their adult population and in- 460 million mu, or over one-fourth of the total cultivated troduced universal primary school education. In addition area. On an average, 20,000 fin of manure, ten times as to their spare-time middle schools and technical courses, much as last year, were applied to every mu of land. many farm co-ops and people's communes have set up Improved seed, deep ploughing and close planting was in colleges and scientific research groups. More and more general use. Good anti-pest work kept paddy rice fields cultural and public health bodies such as clinics, hospitals, in 32 counties and cotton fields in 94 counties free from kindergartens, libraries and film projection teams are insect pests. The mass movement to improve farm tools being organized in rural areas. was rolling ahead at the same time. This produced new The phenomenal and rapid increase in this year's inventions, gadgets and improved implements. A special agricultural production has shown that a lot of re-think-
20 ing is called for on things agricultural in China. More applying more fertilizer and introducing improved farming than one "accepted" idea has gone by the board. Those skills. who insisted that Chinese agriculture could achieve an The nationwide rise of people's communes provides increase of only a few per cent a year have been silenced China with another important factor to accelerate her farm by the facts. Wheat is no longer classified as a "low-yield yields. crop" and ideas about what is a high yield for many When Chairman Mao Tse-tung received the head of crops have radically changed too. It is no longer thought Yingju Farm Co-op last June, he put forward some targets that large tracts of high-yield land can only be found on for the nation. On an average, he said, each person will the plains and places enjoying good natural conditions. get 1,500 fin of grain, 100 fin of pork, 20 jin of vegetable Large tracts in mountain regions and areas previously oil and 20 fin of ginned cotton every year; and these thought to have unfavourable natural conditions are now targets are not a matter of the distant future but of one giving high yields: It has also been shown that even or two years. And that too is only a beginning. The day without many tractors and large quantities of chemical is not far off when China will catch up with the most fertilizers, farm yields can be greatly end rapidly increased, advanced capitalist countries in per capita consumption of mainly by relying on the enthusiasm and creative efforts grain, meat, oil and fats, sugar and cloth. These are the of the peasants, by building water ~onservancy projects, real perspectives opened out by 1958's record farm yields.
Report from Hsushui The Cornmune: A New Way of Life in the Village
by OUR CORRESPONDENT
NEW mass movement--the crea ion of people's com- vigorously on the water conservancy projects for seven A munes by merging farm co-op:--is now sweeping months at a stretch. As a result, 228 reservoirs of varying China's countryside. It marks a new stage of the socialist sizes were built and 2,400 wells were dug. The threat of movement in rural China. It brin;s the country's 500 spring drought and summer floods was thwarted. Despite million peasants a step nearer 1~ communism--the the fact that it did not rain for almost ten months, the ultimate goal of the Chinese people. peasants of Hsushui were able to beat the drought and Although the earliest people's coJ amunes were formed reap a huge harvest. Their wheat yield this summer was only last summer, they have already effected profound 95,710,000 jin, more than three times last year's. changes in China's countryside. Hsushui County in Hopei It was during the trying times that the peasants dis- Province is a good illustration. covered the weaknesses of the small co-ops which were Hsushui (population: 318,000) merged its farm co-ops handicapped by lack of manpower and resources. In and transformed them into people'~ communes in mid- building bigger-scale water conservancy projects and in August. Since then new things have come into being fighting drought Hsushui peasants crossed the boundaries one after another. Factories and woJ'kshops have come up of the co-ops, townships and even other counties. In build- in most of the villages. Farmers are :ending blast furnaces ing the Pao River Reservoir, for instance, 10,000 peasant and producing iron. Bright coloured murals have been labourers'from over twenty townships in the county worked painted on the walls. Young peasants with rifles on their shoulder to shoulder. As the big leap forward progressed shoulders are the new militia. In some cases even the the need for more manpower and resources increased. old street names, like East Street and West Street, are Soon women were called out to help in the fields. To gone. The village has been redivided into "districts" free them from their household chores, nurseries and com- --the "industrial district," the "agr!cultural district," the munity dining-rooms were set up. And it wasn't a ques- "cultural district" and the "administrative district." Now tion of rising agricultural production alone. Local indus- there are department stores, barbe:: shops, public bath- try had been set up too. Cultural and educational under- houses, new schools and a newspapex office for the county. takings were expanded as well. All this called for a bigger And everywhere there are nurse cies and community and better form of organization than the ordinary small dining-rooms .... You may well a~k, is it a village or a farm co-op. town ? In the light of this, at the suggestion of Hsushui's Com- munist Party committee and with the support of the peas- How the Communes ~'ere Born ants, a people's commune was established on a trial basis The rectification campaign, the successful struggle in the first weeks of July at Taszukechuang. It was an against the rightists and the socialis-: education movement immediate success. Peasants in other parts of the county in Hsushui, as elsewhere in the country, gave a tremendous immediately wanted to form communes too. boost to the peasants' enthusiasm in building socialism August 4 was a red letter day for the peasants of and a big leap forward in productior, resulted. During the Hsushui. That was the day Chairman Mao Tse-tung visited past winter and spring, the people of the county worked the county. After seeing all the things at Taszuke-
21 chuang Chairman Mao praised the people*s commune. the militia, but these rifle-carrying young men and women The Chairman's visit was a tremendous encouragement to (men between 16 and 30; women between 17 and 22) are the peasants. On that very evening the people of Taszuke- the "key militia" or the core of the militia forces. These chuang called a meeting and officially proclaimed the young people not only constitute the backbone of the mili- founding of their people's commune. By August 17 all tia but also serve as a shock brigade labour force. When- the farming co-ops in the county- 248 all told- merged ever there is difficult work to do in the fields and when- to form seven large people's communes. ever extra manpower is needed to do a job within the shortest time, this task force is sent. People's Communes During the building of water conservancy works last A people's commune differs from a farm co-op in many spring and the subsequent fight against drought, Hsushui ways. In the first place, it is much bigger than a co-op. peasants discovered that the best form of labour organ- The average membership of a co-op ranges from around a ization is to do things along military lines. Compactly hundred to several hundred households. A commune in organized, and tackling a job in a "zhandouhua" way- as Hsushui has an average membership Of around 10,000 if fighting a battle -- a labour force can double its efficiency. households embracing as many as 30,000 to 50,000 people. A few months ago when the wheat was harvested, potatoes It also has more land. Since it has more manpower and were waiting to be sown on 260,000 mu of land. But at that resources it can undertake construction on a larger scale time an all-out effort was also called for to combat drought, and can expand production more rapidly. Unlike the farm and what was worse, 40,000 men were needed to work in co-op which concentrates on agriculture, the commune local industry and to help work on the water conservancy extends its activities to include agriculture, forestry, projects in neighbouring counties. There was a labour animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery. It also shortage. What was to be done? The Party secretary integrates industry, agriculture, trade, education and mili- presented the problem to the whole county and called on tary affairs in one social unit. Secondly, a people's com- the people to have a thorough debate on socialist co- mune is more socialist in nature and provides for a fuller, operation. The result was the proposal to organize the more collective way of life. When the co-op farmers join available labour force along military lines and tackle the a people's commune privately-owned farm implements, work as if fighting a battle. All available forces were draught animals, houses and trees become the property of organized and the problem of labour shortage was solved. the commune. The people's communes in Hsushui are But why give them rifles? "To defend our country already trying out the system of paying wages to peasants against any aggressor. To safeguard peace!" as one young and the supply system which means that the commune man explained. provides housing, clothing and food. A few weeks ago when Dulles made known the U.S. Since a people's commune is no longer a purely eco- imperialist intention to extend aggression to China's nomic organization but integrates economic, cultural, offshore islands, and when Premier Chou En-lai quickly political, and military affairs in itself and since it is so big announced to the world the stand of the Chinese people, (usually embracing an entire township, which is the basic thousands of Hsushui's citizen-soldiers rallied to demon- administrative unit in China), there is hardly any necessity strate their determination to deal with the aggressor. The to maintain a separate local government. Therefore in people of Hsushui -- like their brothers and sisters through- Hsushui, as in the other parts of the country, the forma- out the country- are ready. tion of the people's commune brought about the integra- tion of the township people's government with the manage- Three New Things ment of the commune. The head of the township becomes Three of the most conspicuous new sights in the concurrently the director of the commune. villages of Hsushui are the community dining-rooms, the Each of the seven communes in the county has a com- nurseries and the "happy homes" for the aged. They mittee to guide its work. Under it, there are a planning herald the development of the productive forces and commission and twelve departments. These are the depart- collective living. ments of agriculture and water conservancy; industry, Taszukechuang, which Chairman Mao visited, is a communications and post and telecommunications; for- village of 124 families. It has four community dining- estry and orchards; animal husbandry, fishery, and poultry rooms. Formerly one person at least in every family had farming; finance and trade; supply service; military affairs; to do the cooking, but now only 20 cooks are needed to justice and public security; supervision; culture, education take care of the four dining-rooms. Besides, it saves time. and public health; youth and women. There are also the People estimate that by eating at these community dining- important supply and marketing department and the credit rooms they save three hours a day on the average. What's department, which is a miniature bank. more, you can eat better and cheaper. Up to now 312,000 of the 318,000 people of Hsushui Along Military Lines County are eating their meals at the community dining- Life in Hsushui is probably best described by the slogan rooms. There is a total of 6,882 cooks working in 1,554 of commune members-- "organize along military lines, dining-rooms. A rough estimate indicates a saving of work as if fighting a battle and live the collective way!" 55,000 cooks alone. You can well imagine the support Speaking of organizing along military lines, Hsushui the peasants are giving to these community dining-rooms. can be truly called a county of citizen-soldiers. Every- At present the dining-room staffs and cooks and the vil- where you go in the county you'll find young militiamen lage cadres are working hard to improve the food and carrying rifles, drilling early in the morning before they management further. For, as one chef aptly put it, "We go to work in the fields and after work in the evening. All want to beat the best of home cooking. If you can't eat able-bodied members of the communes have enlisted in better food than you get in your own house, what's the
22 point of having these dining-rooms?" The women feel The big leap forward and the people's communes especially grateful, because this emancipates them from have brought a better life to the peasants and the com- the kitchen. munity as a whole. A brief description of Hsiehfang Nurseries, kindergartens, and schools have been Village in Shangchuang will give you some idea of the established in every village. Take the kindergartens of change. There you will find a new t:~pe of village--a the Hsiehfang Village of the Suicheng People's Commune country town- taking shape. It shows what the Chi- for example. A hundred and seventy-three children nese countryside is going to be like in the future. A ranging in age from three to seven are housed in a spa- broad new road--"Pioneer Road"--built by the Young cious compound. There the children live, play and receive Pioneers leads you from the main highway to Hsiehfang their first education. Boys and girls are well clad to suit by the bank of the Pao River. The first thing you come the weather and they are served four good meals a day. to is the public square where the members of the commune The doctor in the village checks on their health regularly. hold their parties and meetings. Opposite it are bigger grounds where livestock contests are held from time to There are altogether 386 kindergartens and 1,918 nurseries taking care of the 48,325 children of Hsushui time. After that you come to the first "Poems and County. Of course some of these establishments are still Paintings District" where poetry is written in big charac- a bit makeshift, but they are quickly being levelled up ters and all sorts of paintings are painted on the walls in to the best. bright colours. They voice the joy of the peasants in this year of the great leap. It is truly a public art gallery. The old people in the villages are also receiving good Towards the west, there is another "Poems and Paintings care. New "happy homes" for the aged have been District." Further to the north there is the community established by the people's communes. In the "happy dining-room, a hostel to house overnight guests, a clinic home" in Hsiehfang live eight grandfathers and four grandmothers, all in their seventies and eighties, poor which provides free medicine to the members of the com- people with no relatives. Now, in the "happy home" mune. There is also a new pig sty. People call it the "pigs' they are given free board and lodging by the commune. palace," and 300 pigs are kept there in modern style. The They now spend most of their time in leisurely garden- attendants keep a file of data on the pigs: the history and ing. Who ever dared to think of such things in the old physical conditions of each pig are recorded in minutest days? detail. Towards the west is the recreation centre and club where the peasants can play chess, forty different There are 117 "happy homes" for the aged in Hsushui musical instruments, ping pong, badminton, and basketball. caring for 2,703 old people. The villagers have already organized men and women Chang Lao-shao, 82 years old, likes to compare his basketball teams, badminton teams, ping pong teams, a past and present. He was a cart-driver for the landlords theatrical troupe, a chorus and a dance group. And then most of his life. "Were it not for this communist so- there are the big fish pond which has several thousand ciety," he says, "how could one imagine being served with fish; a big assembly hall; a "red and expert" college with white flour and eggs every day free?" When it was an enrolment of 64; a power station; a grain processing explained to him that China has not yet reached a com- factory; a public bathhouse where members of the com- munist society, he insisted that as far as he was concerned mune can have free baths and free haircuts; a library it was already communism. which has over a thousand volumes; and, of course, a department store.
Colleges in the Villages Speaking of "red and expert" colleges, we should say a few words about the cultural revolution that is now spreading all over the county. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of education during the past few months. All the young and middle-aged people in Hsushui have learnt how to read and write. By April of this year every township in Hsushui had already established a middle school, and there were already 36 agricultural middle schools in the county. Incidentally, Hsushui is the first county in Hopei Province to have a "red and expert" college. By August the county had 101 "red and expert" colleges with a total enrolment of 6,680, an average of five such colleges for each township. These colleges are spare-time schools for adults. You may laugh at the idea of calling them "colleges." They have no luxurious buildings or spacious campus. The classrooms are ordinary Chinese village houses; the equip- ment is still poor and primitive. While the students attend classes, their draught animals, carts, baskets, ploughs and hoes are in the front yard. Yet, they are true colleges--a new type of college which combines One of Hsushui's nurseries book-learning with actual production.
23 The students devote more time to to do our best to explain the traffic reg- study in the slack season and less time SiDELaGiI-IITS ulations to the pedestrians, drivers and when the work in the fields is pressing. all who use this road; to do everything Usually they study in the morning and to protect the safety of the public and see to it that no bad characters will be go back to work in the afternoon. The able to disturb socialist order with im- teachers are experienced workers, New "Peking" Convertible. The "Pe- punity.... If you have any complaints veteran farmers, school teachers and king," a fluid-drive convertible, is the to make against us, kindly put down your city intellectuals who have gone to the latest addition to the growing list of au- opinions on the sheet of paper below." countryside to temper themselves in tomobiles made in China. It is the A cop subject to the criticism of the the process of manual labour. Party second Chinese convertible and the top people, that's the way things are in secretaries double as political in- can be opened or closed automatically in Peking. structors. Most of these colleges offer a matter of seconds. It has a V-8 engine courses in political knowledge, agricul- with a maximum power of 255 h.p. and tural science, mechanics, water con- a maximum speed of 180 kilometres per Mid-Autumn Festival. Peking residents servancy, forestry and animal hus- hour. are now in festive mood as the tradi- bandry, medical knowledge, public tional Mid-Autumn Festival this year health and cultural subjects. The (15th of the 8th moon of the lunar calen- fields are their laboratory. They set Kulleu Sings. Kulien, a county in the dar) is only four days ahead of National mountains of southern Szechua.n, is in- Day. Nobody can exactly tell the origin up their own experimental farms, habited by national minorities. The peo- of this time-honoured festival, but it ranches, iron works, etc. Furthermore, ple here are famous for their singing and occurs in the best season of the year. As the whole educational programme is topical verses. Now that they are trans- an ancient Chinese poet put it: "Moon- closely linked to the construction plan forming the mountainous region with light in mid-autumn is exceedingly of the county. Hsushui, this year, irrigation canals they sing: bright." There are many Chinese legen- needs 3,000 tractor-drivers, 1,240 ex- dary tales about the moon. One of the Our heads almost touch the clouds perts for the county's expanding ani- most popular is the legend about Em- mal husbandry and 6,000 agricultural above, peror Hsuan Tsung's trip to the moon. We stand on the mountain edge, technicians. Thi,s is enough to keep As the story goes Hsuan Tsung of the With picks in hand and belts around, these colleges busy. Tang dynasty (618-907) was once accom- We'll lead the water right through the panied by a Taoist priest to the moon Hsushui Marches On cliff. where he was lavishly entertained by Should someone ask us: the Goddess of the Moon. He brought But all this is just the beginning. 0 men, why so bold? back to earth a piece of music and a The big leap forward has made them Our answer will be: dance known as the Song of the Rainbow see their own power- the happy life For a harvest bigger than our ancestors and the Gauze Dress. People today can could dream, they can create with their own hands. afford to celebrate and enjoy their For our sons and daughters and their The establishment of the seven peo- festivals as never before. During the welSare supreme. ple's communes has raised productive days between the Mid-Autumn Festival activity to new heights. At present and National Day, Peking residents will the attention of the commune mem- be supplied with 60,000 pigs, over 130,000 bers is concentrated on the autumn head of cattle and sheep, 6,180,000 jin of harvest. Hsushui's target for food fruits, including apples and pears from crop yields this year is 2,000 jin per Shantung, melons from remote Sinkiang mu, nine times as much as the aver- and 80,000 jin of bananas from Kwang- tung. This year's supply of mooncakes, age yield last year! Their new chem- a kind of pastry eaten during the Mid- ical plant is rising and their metal- Autumn Festival, amounts to 2,600,000 jin. lurgical plant and native blast furnaces Most of the retail provision dealers are are contributing to the national drive delivering eggs and delicacies to people's for more iron and steel. And the homes so that the Peking housewives can future? Hsushui'~ peasants will be easily prepare a holiday mid-autumn din- delighted to paint it for you... ner for their family. electrification, mechanization, agricul-
tural research institutes, new libraries, L !...... big factories of all sorts, art schools, theatres.., and all the old farm Peasant Musicians. peasant musicians houses will be torn down and replaced who are members of the people's com- mune in Hsushui County (see page 21) with new modern houses within a few gave a concert in Peking which won years. To them all this and the bene- praise from the capital's music experts. fits of a full-grown socialist society On the Beat. Cycling along in Peking Their orchestra of wi,nd and percussion ~re no longer goals beyond their reach, the other day, we saw a policeman near instruments performed Heroes" Victory but something they can already include the Coal Hill nailing up a notice board over the Tatu River which many profes- in their blueprints. Even the glories of on the top of which was the name of sionals hesitate to play because of its a society where the principle of "from the policeman on duty. Approaching the musical complexity. Their concert was each according to his ability, to each board, we read this legend: "We, mem- a vivid demonstration of how traditional according to his needs" is the rule, is bers of the police corps of XX District, Chinese instruments can portray the feel- no longer a vague vision but the reality have signed a patriotic pact. We promise ings of the new times and the new life just beyond their new horizon. to keep our uniforms clean and tidy; today.
24 Member of the Political Bureau of the two years. Chairman Anton Yugov was CHINA Bulgarian Communist Party and Vice- in China during the 1957 National Day Chairman of the Council of Ministers, celebrations, while the Chinese National arrived in Peking on September 22. People's Congress Delegation led by Peng AND THE They are the guests of Liu Shao-chi, Chen visited Bulgaria last year and a Chairman of the Standing Committee of Chi.nese fraternal delegation headed by the National People's Congress. Tung Pi-wu attended the 7th Congress of WORLD In an address at the airport, Vice- the Bulgarian Communist Party tiffs year. Chairman Chervenkov declared: "We arrived in your land at a time when the Loan to Ceylon U.S. imperialists and their lackey Ghiang China will provide Ceylon with a China Reoognizem Algeria Kai-shek are carrying on shameless pro- vocations in the Taiwan Straits area and 50-million rupee loan. This was decided China has recognized the newly menacing world peace. We would like upon in notes exctlanged on September founded Provisional Govermnent of the to declare that the Bulgarian people gives 17 in Colombo between Ambassador Algerian Republic. unreserved support to the Chinese Peo- Chang Tsan-ming an behalf of the Chi- nese Government and the Ceylonese Foreign Minister Chen Yi i,nformed ple's Republic in its just cause. The Premier Solomon Bandaranaike. Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, the Alge- unity between the peoples of our two rian Foreign Minister, of this decision in cou,ntries stems from our common inter- The loan was made at the request of a message dated September 22. Together ests, our loyalty to the Leninist prin- the Ceylonese Government for rehabilita- ciple of internationalism and the fact with congratulations on the founding of tion work following the recent floods. It that we both belong to the socialist camp the new republic, Chen Yi gave expres- will be given in the form of equipment, sion to the "wholehearted support of the headed by the great, invincible Soviet Ullion." supplies and facilities. The loan extends Chinese Government and people for the over a four-year period beginning this Algerian people's just struggle for na- China and Bulgaria have exchanged year, at an interest of 2.5 per cent per tional independence and freedom" and many importa,nt delegations in the past annum. A joint committee will be the confidence that "friendship between the Chinese a~d Algerian peoples will develop and grow stronger." On September 19, the Premier of the U.S. Plays with Fire in Taiwan Straits Algerian Provisional Government had sent a personal message to Chairman Map Washington is playing a dangerous game in the Taiwan Straits. Tse-tung in which he expressed the hope While talking about a "cease-fire," it continues its military build-up and provoca- that "in view of the great support given tions against the Chinese people. to the Algerian revolution by the brilliant Since the Sino-American talks began in Warsaw, the biggest concentration of Chinese people and the fact that the U.S. air and naval forces since the Second World War has been gathered in the establishment of our government will go Taiwan Straits area. The U.S. Seventh Fleet there now comprises six aircraft car- down in history as a decisive factor in riers and about 130 other naval vessels. Flight after flight of U.S. jet planes, many the liberation of Algeria," the Chinese equipped for nuclear weapons, is arriving in Taiwan; launching sites for "Matador" Government will be one of the first to and "Nike-Hercules" missiles have been established. A huge air base for strategic recognize the Algerian Government. bombers is being hurried to completion in central Taiwan. In the past three weeks In his reply to Premier Ferhat Abbas, alone as much as U.S.$90 million worth of military supplies have been rushed to Chiang Kai-shek. Chairman Map Tse-tung declared: "On behalf of our country and the entire A U.S. unified frontline combat headquarters has been established in Taiwan. Chinese people as well as in my own Hardly a day has passed without some U.S. general or admiral arriving or leaving name, I warmly congratulate you on the Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to hold military conferences with the Chiang Kai-shek establishment of the Provisional Govern- clique or utter threats of war against China. ment of the Republic of Algeria. May At the same time, United States forces are continuing their open interference the heroic Algerian people win more in China's internal affairs and violations of China's territorial sovereignty. Since brilliant and still greater victories in September 7, U.S. naval vessels have been intruding into China's territorial waters, their struggle for national independence convoying Kuomintang ships to Quemoy, while U.S. aircraft have repeatedly flown and against colonialism." over Quemoy and mainland China, violating China's territorial air. On each occasion, China has issued a serious warning. Premier Chou En-lai also sent greetings The following is the record of these violations from Sept,:tuber 7 up to to Premier Ferhat Abbas. In his mes- September 26: sage, he called the establishment of the September 7 involving intrusions by 4 U.S. naval vessels. Algerian Government a historic event ,, 8 ...... 8 U.S. naval vessels. "testifying once again that the tide of the ,, l0 ...... 2 lJ.S. aircraft. struggle for national independence and ,, 11 ,, ,, ,, 4 U.S. naval vessels. against colonialism in Asia, Africa and ,, 13 ...... 1 U.S. naval vessel. Latin America is irresistible." "As in ,, 15-18 ,, ,, ,, a number of U.S. naval vessels. the past," the Premier declared, "the ,, 19 ...... 5 U.S. naval vessels. Chinese people will firmly stand by the ,, 20 ,, ,, ,, 5 U.S. naval vessels; 4 U.S. aiYcraft. heroic and indomitable Algerian people." ,, 21 ...... 3 U.S. naval vessels. ,, 22 ...... 6 U.S. naval vessels; 10 U.S. aircraft. Bulgarian Delegation Here ,, 23 ., ..... 4 U.S. naval vessels; 14 U.S. aircraft. ,, 24 ...... 2 U.S. aircraft. The Bulgarian National Assembly ,, 25 , ..... 2 U.S. naval vessels; 8 U.S. aircrafL. Delegation headed by Vulko Chervenkov, ,, 28 ...... 6 U.S. naval vessels.
25 formed by delegates from the two coun- tries to decide on the amount of goods to be delivered each year. CHINESE PRESS OPINION
Saadi, Milton, Lagerl~f Commemorated U.S. Plots at Warsaw Talks observers in Warsaw as saying that the The China Peace Committee, the Chi- U.S. attempts to gain its ends by U.S. "cease-fire" plan was mea.nt to nese People's Association for Cultural legalize U.S. occupation of Taiwan., Its Relations with Foreign Countries, the threats and blackmail at Warsaw will inevitably fail, so it might just as well acceptance would leave the Far East in China Federation of Literary and Art a state of permanent tension which could Circles and the Chinese Writers' Union get down to serious negotiations. This is the gist of a September 24 commentary explode at any time into global war. The jointly sponsored a meeting on Septem- key to the elimination of Far East ten- by the Hsinhua News Agency Warsaw ber 20 to commemorate the Iranian poet sion, they maintained, was the with- Saadi, the English poet John Milton and correspondent. It has been frontpaged in all Chinese papers which are keeping drawal of all U.S. forces from the Tai- the Swedish writer Selma LagerlSf. A wan area, as proposed by Chen Yi, the a weather eye on the Sino-U.S. ambas- report on the life and work of these three Chinese Foreign Minister. sadorial talks. great writers was delivered by the liter- ary historian Professor Cheng Chen-to. Continued sabre-rattling in Washing- The U.1V. and China ton and the apparent lack of progress in Saadi's Rose Garden, Milton's Para- negotiations have cast more and more Rejection of India's proposal to place dise Lost, and LagerlSf's Gosta Ber- doubt on United States' sincerity at the the question of China's representation ling's Saga are well known to the Chi- Warsaw talks, that commentary ,notes. in the U.N. on its agenda, has added nese reading public. Several Chinese "another inglorious page to the record translations of these works have ap- Clearly inspired reports in the Western of the United Nations," writes Com- peared over the last 30 years. New press have put about the idea of a so- mentator in Renmin Ribao (September translations have just come off the press called "cease-fire" which will not only 26). to mark this year's anniversaries. permit the U.S. and their Chiang Kai- "The United Nations," shek agents to maintain control over the Commentator notes, "is supposed to be an instrument offshore islands--thus extending U.S. Vlmltors for upholding justice and preserving aggression to China's coasts and cover- Among the visitors who had arrived world peace. But as a result of U.S. ing up U.S.-Kuomintang provocations-- in Peking for the National Day celebra- but will, in effect, be a denial of Chinese ma,nipulations, this world organization is tions up to September 26 were: in an abnormal state. Until this situa- sovereignty over Taiwan, Penghu and the tion is changed, no sensible decision on The Albanian Military Delegation coastal islands, depriving her of her right the question of China's representation can headed by Vice-Premier and National to recover these islands. be expected from it. Year after year it Defence Mi.nister Beqir Balluku. Analysing these reports, the com- unreasonably refuses to restore China's A Viet-namese mission headed by mentary adduces that the United States' lawful seat. But this has not done the Minister of Water Conservancy Tran tactics are meant to achieve four aims. slightest damage to the 600 million Chi- Dang Khoa. Firstly, by military and political pressure, nese people who are going ahead with The Bulgarian Agricultural Delegation the U.S. hopes to get China to agree to a giant strides .... It is the United Nations and those member states who led by S. Byczvarov. "cease-fire"-- a proposal which China has already publicly rejected. Secondly, follow at the heels of the United States The delegation of Sofia's People's Washington intends to create a deadlock that suffer damage. Council headed by Georgij Kostov. by insisting on a "cease*fire," and then "But reality is proving too strong to use this situation to prevent China from A Czechoslovak delegation led by E. be resisted. Although the United States taking any decisive steps to defend her- Erban, Chairman of the State Bureau of was able to force many countries to vote self against U.S. aggression and recover Social Insurance. according to its dictates, it was unable her national territories. Thirdly, the to force those countries to talk the same Ceylonese Minister of Health Madame U.S. wants to put increasing pressure on nonsense as itself .... Of the 30 dele- Vimala Wijewardene. its allies at the United Nations to endorse gates who spoke in the U.N. debate, its stand, and by this means extend The Iraqi People's Delegation of those from 23 countries opposed the U.S. the scope of its intervention in China's Friendship headed by Mr. Abdul Wahab position; only those of Britain, Canada internal affairs under the U.N. flag. Mahmud, President of the Iraqi Bar and the Chiang Kai-shek clique spoke Fourthly, the U.S. wants to intensify its Association. on behalf of the U.S. proposal. war activities in the Taiwan Straits, both The U.S.S.R. Azerbaijan State Song as a means of blackmail to influence the "The Chinese people have only con- and Dance Troupe. course of negotiations and as part of its tempt for the unlawful decision of the A Mongolian State Acrobatic Troupe. preparations to plunge itself and its allies United Nations General Assembly to into a major war with China, should it reject restoration of China's law£ul seat. Prince Cisse Zakaria Ibn Kainou of fail to impose its will on China at War- ... The Chinese people heartily thank Mauritania, West Africa. saw. the delegations of India, the Soviet Union and other countries for their repeated Senegalese nationalist leader Cherif The correspondent concludes, "These Aidara Baba. efforts and all the countries who at the U.S. tactics are doomed to fail, and the U.N. General Assembly demonstrated by An 8-member Greek Political and best way for the United States to seek deeds their friendly sentiments for the Cultural Delegation headed by G. a solution is to sit down and conduct the Chinese people. As to Britain, the Mabros. talks in all sincerity." Netherlands and Pakistan, their double- Anna Louise Strong, American jour- In a commentary on September 22, the dealing tactics of extending recognition nalist and writer. Hsinhua correspondent quoted qualified to China while at the same time ignoring
26 China at the United Nations, can only By founding their own republic as a be regarded by the Chinese people as result of their heroic efforts, the Algerian BOOKS an unfriendly act. Every U.N. discus- people have set a glorious example for sion on the restoration of China's seat the other African peoples in dealing helps us to see who are our friends with the bloody repressions by the Glimpses of China and who our enemies; it also helps the colonialists and realizing their desire for world to realize how much the insanity independence." Foreign Languages Press. 176 pp. of the U.S. ruling clique has undermined Renmin Ribao poured scorn on non- The New China Pictorial which the the authority of the United Nations and recognition of the Algerian Government Foreign Languages Press put out in 1952 paralysed it as a world organization." by the French, United States and British proved to be a popular buy among Governments. "Let these colonialist readers abroad. Glimpses ol China, overlords cling to their ostrich policy of Greeting the Algerian Republic notwithstanding its modest title, is a 'non-recognition,' " it declared. "Their more ambitious attempt to take readers The Peking press greeted the founding ranting is a groan of despair in face of on a photographic tour of New China. of the Provisional Government of the the surging tide of the national inde- It has 306 black-and-white and colour Algerian Republic with enthusiasm and pendence movement .... 'Non-recogni- photos in a 26X 19 cm. format. It took the occasion to pay high tribute to tion' by France and its colonialist part- will be an excellent souvenir for the heroism of the Algerian people. ners won't hold back the Algerian peo- those who have been to New China The Chinese people have always sup- ple as they march to victory." and an eye-opener to those who ported the Algerian people, declared "The attitude of the colonial powers still have that pleasure ahead of them. Renmin Ribao in its leader, and now, by will help the Algerian people see even Its pictures range over China's beautiful its prompt recognition of their Provisional more clearly who are their friends and landscapes, historical sites and relics, the Government, China has once again dem- who are their enemies," the editorial daily life of the people, the colourful life onstrated her sympathy and support continued. "In the past, while supplying of China's many nationalities, and, above for the Algerians and all other peoples the French colonial army with arms to all, the enormous successes achieved on fighting for their national independence. massacre the Algerian people, the United the economic fronts in industry and States paid lip service to its 'friendship' It described the founding of the Pro- agriculture since liberation. for the Algerian people. Now, it can no visional Government as dealing a telling longer keep up this mask of hypocrisy. It is divided into sections according to blow against the French colonialists just The Algerian people can see clearly that administrative divisions of the country at a time when de Gaulle was trying at despite their conflict of interests, the U.S. flom Heilungkiang bordering on Siberia, the point of the bayonet to force the and French colonialists are at one in with its eight solid months of winter, to Algerian people to take part in the their relentless opposition to the national the islands studding the South China Sea, fraudulent "referendum" on his draft independence movement." with their subtropical climate. constitution. "The birth of the new republic will The two accompanying maps in colour exert a tremendous influence on the U.S..Plot in Lebanon will be especially helpful to foreign national independence movement of the There absolutely is no justification readers. One shows the administrative African people," the editorial continued. for the U.S. aggressors to continue their areas with their network of railways; the "The armed struggle of the Algerian occupation of Lebanon, declares Com- oiher shows the location of the various people has always been a source of great mentator in Renmin Ribao (September products and minerals of the country. inspiration for the other African peoples 25). He notes that it is more than a It is available in English, Russian, suffering under the yoke of colonialism. month since ,the U.N. General Assembly Hindi, Arabic, French, German, Spanish, The whole of Africa, particularly the resolution was adopted and that Chehab, Viet-namese, Indonesian, Japanese and French colonies, is now awakening .... the .new President of Lebanon, has de- Burmese editions. manded the withdrawal of foreign troops from Lebanon. -- TU WEI-CHUNG Warning that Washington is double- dealing in Lebanon, he points out that Stories of ghe Long March though a few U.S. battalions have with- Foreign Languages Press. 140 pp. drawn under the pressure of world opinion, most of the U.S. troops still The general outlines of the story of remain. While they are making prepa- the famous 25,000 li Long March of rations to spend the winter there, more the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red U.S. reinforcements are being sent to the Army are now known to all those who Middle East. have followed the course of the Chinese Dulles' U.N. speech on September 18 people's revolution, but this is the first harping on the shopworn tune of "indirect time that accounts of some of its salient aggression" and "provocative propaganda incidents written by actual participants broadcasts" is a noxious attempt to put have appeared in a single collection in the blame for Middle East tension on to English. The fourteen stories in this the U.A.R. and delay withdrawal of U.S. volume are by men who, during the Long troops from Lebanon, Commentator con- March, were either officers in the army, tinues. At the same time, Dulles is also political commissars or fighters in the looking for other means of continuing ranks. They describe some of the engage- the U.S. military occupation of Lebanon. ments fought by the Red Army as it This is the real purpose for his demand smashed Chiang Kai-shek's attempts to to set up the so-called "U.N. Peace Force" annihilate it, broke through the forces Dalles comes to talk peace... to replace U.S. and British troops in sent to intercept it and completed its By Hun Chun-wu Lebanon and Jordan. epoch-making trek in a great westward
27 curving arc from south to northwest leap" into the future. The corruption October I this year. Titled The Songs of China, there to found a new base from and impotence of the Chiang Kai-shek the Great Leap Forward Shake the Moun- which to repulse the Japanese invaders gang stands in glaring contrast to this. tains and Rivers, its words are by Kuan and later carry the War of Liberation to Ping to music by Tang Ko. It reflects The fourteen stories gathered here are victory. the enormous enthusiasm with which the only a small fraction of the countless Chinese people are going about the job of The Long March had many facets: it moving tales that remain to be told about turning their land into a flourishing was one of the key phases of the Chinese the Chinese revolution over the past socialist country. revolution, one of the greatest marches thirty years. Efforts are now being made in military history, an immortal story to collect, edit and publish a series of With a year of historic changes and of human courage and determination. vtAumes that will give readers a compre- successes behind them and a soaring con- These stories, written in unvarnished but hensive picture of that struggle. Tlle fidence in the future, the people certainly moving words, bring it alive through Foreign Languages Press is getting the have something to sing about; and the memories of men who had to cross best of these translated, and this is the musicians and poets have provided songs torrential rivers in the face of enemy fire, first volume of a series it plans to publish. that fit the mood of China's ninth Na- who scaled unknown mountain ranges It has a useful introduction giving a brief tional Day. Written, as might be ex- ixa raging snowstorms and waded through description of the Long March and in- pected, essentially for mass choruses, they uninhabited marshes in a constant strug- formation on the general situation in have as their central theme the advance gle against hunger and exhaustion where China at that time. Several fine drawings of the Chinese people to socialism under to rest was to invite death. This is an by contemporary artists are used as il- the leadership of the Communist Party eyewitness record of an epic that will lustrations; and there is a map showing and Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the fight always be art inspiration to those fighting the routes taken by the various columns for the Party's "General Line"--to build for freedom and independence. of the Red Army on the Long March. socialism by doing "more, faster, better, Altogether this is an essential addition to These accounts also show, through very and more economically." human episodes, the practical application any bookshelf on the Chinese revolution. of important policies of the Chinese Com- LI MING The Red Flag, with words by Hsi Yang munist Party. On its march in south- and music by Li Huan-chih, is a marching western China the Red Army had to cross tune. that part of the country inhabited by the Yis. They, like other national minorities, MUSIC Our red flag is a battle flag. were ruthlessly oppressed by the Kuo- Chairman Mao is our great standard- mintang reactionaries and warlords; so bearer. i~ was no easy task for the Red Army ~ong# for National 1Jag The red flag is our commander, to convince them that it had not come We follow it wherever it leads. Many are the songs we sing each to oppress them like other armies, but to The red flag is a flag of victory, year, champion their cause. By strictly observ- We shall hold it aloft ]or ever! But none can compare with this year. ing the Party's policy towards the The nation leaps ahead with giant The song Mao Tse-tung's Red Flag Is national minorities and treating them as strides, equals and brothers, the men of the Red Glittering Like Gold expresses the feel- Mountains yield their treasures; rivers Army dispelled the doubts and fears of ings in Chinese hearts in these stirring are harnessed; the Yis and even succeeded in securing times for their leader, the chief architect Waters are made to flow across the their help. These and other incidents of their victories: hilly uplands; explain to some extent how, guided by Streams are channelled to water the Mao Tse-tung's red flag is glittering the Communist Party, the l~ed Army was deserts; like gold, always able to count on the support of Rice and wheat ]ields burgeon We are advancing on the road to the mass of the people. throughout the land; socialism. If anything, the writers of these stories Flowers and fruit-trees grow in Six hundred million Chinese are are given to understatement, but what abundance; working miracles, shines through this modesty is the grit There'll be a thousand jin of rice on Our supreme commander is the Chi- and courage of the simple people of China every mu in every township! nese Communist Party. as they fought, inspired, for their ideals. Let's sing aloud the glory of our Cheer, cheer! Cheers for our brilliant One gets a glimpse of the stuff of which victories l miracles are made. Here in embryo is leader! the spiritual drive that is now inspiring This is one of five special songs which Sing,. sing, let's sing the praises of our the whole nation as it makes its "big will be heard throughout China on motherland! The music of this song by Wei Chou is based on a folk song from northern Shen- si and is full of the vitality that is so characteristic of folk songs in north China. Carry Out the General Line! has also got an invigorating swing to it which Chu Hsi-hsien, the composer, has captured and held in her adaptation of a northwest China folk tune. Her name has been associated in the past with many popular modern songs based on urban folk song. Now she has gone further afield for her The Red Army crosses the Great Snow Mountains Oil Painting by At Chung-hstn
28 material and it looks as if she has And finally there is Technical and Since March this year, a socialist sing- written another favourite with words by Cultural Revolution, with words by Wu ing movement has been developing Wang Shih-kung: Yang and music by Tseng Mu: steadily in Peking, as in many other places We'll cleave the waves of the Sunrise tints the sky with rose. throughout the country. Thousands of The Party has put 1orward the Yangtse, choral groups have been organized in General Line, And kick away the mountains in our factories, villages, schools and government The technical and cultural revolution way. institutions. There was a citywide boost is launched; Like a thunderbolt in spring, shaking Twenty years are concentrated in a to the movement just before last May the firmament, single day. Day. At that time the popular song We leap on our horses and are off Bold in thinking, speech and deed, Socialism Is Good could be heard on and away! We'll topple old idols and outworn every hand. By the time National Day We'll carry out the General Line ideas. comes round about one and a half million Building more, faster, better and more We'll move mountains and dam the people in the capital will be singing these economically! seas; five new songs. We'll follow the Communist Party, The wisdom o5 the masses will And build a beautiful socialist society. flourish. --CHANG SEN
WHAT'S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.
Programmcs are subject to change. Where THEATRE year's "big leap." Open daily 9:00 a.m. t~mes are not Hated consult theatre or daily -5:00 p.m. press. • RED COMPOUND A modern play written by Lab Sheh, the well-known playwright, At Bethat Park • EXHIBITION OF NEW SCIENTIFIC AND PEKING OPERA describing the effects of the recent rectifica- tion campaign on a group of Peking res- TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS Open • SONG OF YOUTH A new opera based idents. Produced by the Peking People's daily (except Oct. 1 & Mondays) 8:30 a.m.- on the popular novel by Yang Me. A faith- Art Theatre. 6:00 p.m. till Nov. 15 at the new budding of ful portrayal of the revolutionary youth Oct. 1-3 & 6, 7:30 p.m. Shoudu Theatre the Central Museum of Natural History in Tienchiao. movement in Peking University, against the Oct. 4 & 5, 7:00 p.m. Laodong Theatre background of persecution by the KNIT in • BEFORE THE DAWN A deeply moving 1931-1935. Produced by the China Peking play based on the true story of a young • NATIONAL EXHIBITION OF IN- Opera Company. Shanghai worker, Wang Hsiao-ho, who gave DUSTRY AND COMMUNICATIONS Oct. 1, 7:30 p.m. Zhong He Theatre his life for the revolution at the early age Open daffy (except Men.) 9:00 a,m.-- of 24. Produced by the China Children's • LIN TSE-HSU A new historical opera Theatre. 5:00 p.m. ~ about Lin Tse-hsu, the patriotic viceroy of Oct. 1-4, 7:00 p.m. Beijing Theatre At Peking Exhibition Centre and Kwangtung and Kwangsi Provinces in the Building Construction Exhibition late Ching dynasty, who destroyed the opium FILMS Centre shipped to China by British merchants. Pro- duced by the China Peking Opera Company. New Films Festival Oct. i, 7:30 p.m. Guang He Theatre • THE EVERLASTING BEAM HOW a Oct. 5, 7:30 p.m. Zhong He Theatre P.L.A. radio-operator, sent from the GARDEN PARTY liberated areas to set up an underground Join the "Garden Party" in celebration "of • CHIU CHIN The biographical story of radio transmission station in Shanghai, the the National Day at Bethai Park on Oct. 1. Chit* Chin, a Chinese woman of the Ching heart of KMT reaction, successfully carries You can enjoy any or all of the following: dynasty, who protested the inequality of out his mission. A feature film by the * Peking Opera- Uproar in the Capital-- women. She left her family and went to "August 1" Film Studio. starting at 2:00 p.m. Japan to study so that she could more Oct. 3 & 6 Xin Jte Kou, Peking Exhibition * PtngJu Opera -- Beating Golden effectively help China and Chinese women. Centre Cinema, Shoudu Cinema the Bough ~ 2:00 The feudalists, in their fear and hatred, Oct. 4 Guang An Men p.m. * Film -- Ordeal by Fire and Iron-- 7:00 arrested and killed her. • HUANG PAO-MEI The true story of Oct. 3, 7:30 p.m. Chang An Theatre p.m. how Huang Pao-mel, a young worker in * Conjuring and Acrobatics--xiang sheng MODERN OPERA a Shanghai textile mill, becomes a national (comic dialogue) labour model. Huang Pao-mei herself stars *Chess Matches, etc.--at 2:00 p.m. • TWO WOMEN SOLDIERS When the Red in the film. Produced by the Tian Ma Free admission into the park. Army had to make a strategic retreat, two Film Studio. women soldiers remained behind the enemy Oct. 2 & 5 Da Hua, Dong Dan Workers' PEKING RADIO Club lines. They organized the local peasants to fight courageously against the reactionaries Oct. 3 Guang An Men SELECTED MUSIC PROGRAMMES until the Red Army returned. Oct. 4 Xin Jie Kou, Peking Exhibition The stations are listed as follows: Centre Cinema, Shoudu Cinema Oct. 5-7, 7:30 p.m. Tianqtao Theatre I--Central People's Broadcasting Station, • ORDEAL BY FIRE AND IRON A 1st Programme • HUNG YUN HILL When the Red Army feature film by Tlan Ma Film Studio about went to the northwest of China to fight the the revolutionary underground movement in II- Central People's Broadcasting Station, Japanese invaders in 1935, the people living Shanghai in 1948. 2nd Programme in an old Soviet area in the southwest car- Oct. 3 Da Hun, Dong Dan Workers' Club III-- Peking People's Broadcasting Station tied on a dauntless struggle against the Oct. 5 Xin Jie Kou, Peking Exhibition Sept. 30 KMT White Terror. Centre Cinema 6:00-7:00 p.m. (III)- Classical concert: Oct. 2-5, 7:30 p.m. Ttanqtao Theatre • BALLAD OF THE MING TOMBS RES- Beethoven's Appasstonata, etc. ERVOIR A film about the past, present and CONCERTS Oct. 2 future of the great Ming Tombs Reservoir. 7:00-7:30 a.m. (I) -- Revolutionary songs of Produced by the Peking Film Studio, with • FROM THE AZERBAIJAN SOVIET SO- many lands the last part of the film--the future--in CIALIST REPUBLIC The State Song and 12:00-12:25 p.m. (II)- German revolutionary eolour. songs Dance Ensemble offers you a rich evening's Oct. 1 & 4 Xin Jte Kou, Peking Ex- entertainment of songs and dances. 9:30-10:10 p.m, (III)- Chopin, Beethoven, hibition Centre Cinema, Shoudu Saint-Sa~ns, Strauss, Tchaikovsky, etc. Oct. 3-6, 7:30 p.m. Music Hall in Cinema Zhongshan Park Oct. 2 Da Hua Oct. 4 2:00-3:00 p.m. (H)- Four symphonic poen~ • NEW SONGS AND DANCES produced Oct. 3 & 5 Guang An Men from Smetana's My Fatherland by the Central Song and Dance Troupe Oct. 5 Xtn Zhong Guo 10:05-10:45 p.m. (II)- Concert by the Stat~ during the recent "big leap." Most of these • IN HONOUR OF THE RED FLAG A doc- numbers reflect new events in China. in two parts. The first part, now Song and Dance Ensemble of the Azer* umentary baiJan Soviet Socialist Republic Oct. 2, 7:30 p.m. Renmtn Theatre showing, is about the unusual achievements Oct. 4 & 5, 7:30 p.m. Shoudu Theatre of 8 factories in Shanghai during the "big Oct. 5 leap" movement. Oct. 2 Ertong 6:15-7:00 a.m. (H)-- Songs from foreign • CONCERT--Orchestral music, folk music, lands, sung by Chinese singers choral singing, etc. by the Central Philhar- EXHIBITIONS 10:15-11:00 p.m. (III)--Davld Oistrakh monic Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. 10:45-11:30 p.m. (l-I) -- Supp~: Overture Oct. 5, 2:00 p.m. Shoudu Theatre • EXHIBITION of Chinese traditional Light Cavalry, ballet music from Verdi's Oct. 0 & 7, 7:00 p.m. Renmtn Theatre style paintings by Peking artists on this Aids, etc.
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PEKING HANDICRAFTS
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