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ATDF JOURNAL V OLUME 3, ISSUE 2 March 2005 African Technology Development Forum ATDF JOURNAL V OLUME 3, ISSUE 2 March 2005 INNOVATION; TECHNOLOGY; TRADE; DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS: Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Africa Seeding enterprises to promote private sector growth The Principal-Agent Problem in ODA and its Impact on Entrepre- neurship in Africa Connecting Rural Hinterlands in Africa to Domestic and Export Linking global firms to Local SMEs A changing continent: The Africa you never see News: Advertisements, employment and events “The entrepreneur in us sees opportunities every- where we look, but many people see only problems everywhere they look.” ISSN: 1817-2008 (Michael Gerber) Abbreviation: Afr. Technol. Dev. Forum j http://www.atdforum.org/ June 2006 Page 2 ATDF JOURNAL Volume 3, Issue 2 INSIDE THIS ISSUE Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Africa 3 Céline Kauffmann A changing continent: The Africa you never see 7 Carol Pineau Seeding entrepreneurs to promote private sector growth: An African perspective to poverty reduction. 10 Victor Konde, ATDF The Principal-Agent Problem in Development Assis- tance and its Impact on Local Entrepreneurship in 27 Africa: Time for New Approaches in Africa Philipp Aerni, ATDF Connecting Rural Hinterlands in Africa to Domestic and Export Markets: Elements for a Strategic Trade 34 Facilitation Assistance Package Mahesh Sugathan Linking global firms to Local SMEs 40 ATDF Special Features: Will Qatar take a lead in the emergence of an Arab and 25 Islamic Scientific Renaissance in the twenty first century? Abdelali Haoudi The Ethiopian Airlines Multinational Aviation 47 Training Center. Makonnen Kidane Frontpage photo: Victoria falls (Zambia) and Matterhorn (Switzerland) ATDF), comparable in Africa Open For Business Now on DVD 48 beauty but not in wealth. (Source: Konde, ATDF) ATDF Journal Volume 3, Issue 2 Page 3 Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Africa Céline Kauffmann Overview companies. They can also more easily make up for in- adequate public services. The development of the private sector varies greatly throughout Africa. SMEs are flourishing in South Africa, Restricted Access to Finance Mauritius and North Africa, thanks to fairly modern fi- nancial systems and clear government policies in favour Africa’s SMEs have little access to finance, which thus of private enterprise. Elsewhere the rise of a small- hampers their emergence and eventual growth. Their business class has been hindered by political instability main sources of capital are their retained earnings and or strong dependence on a few raw materials. In the informal savings and loan associations (tontines), which Democratic Republic of Congo, for example, most SMEs are unpredictable, not very secure and have little scope went bankrupt in the 1990s – as a result of looting in for risk sharing because of their regional or sectoral fo- 1993 and 1996 or during the civil war. In Congo, Equa- cus. Access to formal finance is poor because of the torial Guinea, Gabon and Chad, the dominance of oil has high risk of default among SMEs and due to inadequate slowed the emergence of non-oil businesses. financial facilities. Between these two extremes, Senegal and Kenya have Small business in Africa can rarely meet the conditions created conditions for private-sector growth but are still set by financial institutions, which see SMEs as a risk held back by an inadequate financial system. In Nigeria, because of poor guarantees and lack of information SMEs (about 95 per cent of formal manufacturing activ- about their ability to repay loans. The financial system in ity) are key to the economy but insecurity, corruption and most of Africa is under-developed however and so pro- poor infrastructure prevent them being motors of vides few financial instruments. Capital markets are in growth. their infancy, shareholding is rare and no long-term fi- nancing is available for SMEs. Non-bank financial inter- Africa’s private sector consists of mostly informal micro mediaries, such as microcredit institutions, could be a enterprises, operating alongside large firms. Most com- big help in lending money to the smallest SMEs but they panies are small because the private sector is new and do not have the resources to follow up their customers because of legal and financial obstacles to capital accu- when they expand. Improving business conditions, mulation. Between these large and small firms, SMEs boosting the capacity of SMEs, expanding the financial are very scarce and constitute a “missing middle.” Even sector and strengthening links between firms will perma- in South Africa, with its robust private sector, micro and nently increase SMEs’ access to finance. very small enterprises provided more than 55 per cent of all jobs and 22 per cent of GDP in 2003, while big Improving business conditions firms accounted for 64 per cent of GDP. Proper information, a key to deciding whether to make a SMEs are weak in Africa because of small local markets, loan, would be helped by adopting clear accounting undeveloped regional integration and very difficult busi- standards, setting up independent, competent and repu- ness conditions, which include cumbersome official pro- table accounting firms and creating more credit bureaux cedures, poor infrastructure, dubious legal systems, in- supplying data on the solvency of firms. adequate financial systems and unattractive tax re- gimes. Many firms stay small and informal and use sim- An impartial legal system that can help settle contract ple technology that does not require great use of na- disputes, commercial law reform and drafting and clari- tional infrastructure. Their smallness also protects them fying land titles, as well as effective bankruptcy proce- from legal proceedings (since they have few assets to dures, are vital for growth of the business sector. seize on bankruptcy) so they can be more flexible in un- certain business conditions. A country’s tax laws can either coax small businesses into the formal sector of the economy or keep them out Large firms have the means to overcome legal and fi- of it. nancial obstacles, since they have more negotiating power and often-good contacts to help them get prefer- Governments should also make sure that they pay SMEs ential treatment. They depend less on the local economy promptly, since public contracts are vital to the financial because they have access to foreign finance, technology security of these firms. and markets, especially if they are subsidiaries of bigger First published in Policy Insights No. 7, a joint publication of the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre (www.oecd.org/dev/) Page 4 ATDF Journal Volume 3, Issue 2 Helping SMEs meet the requirements of formal financ- Governments and donor sources have thus preferred ing creation of guarantee funds to ensure repayment in case of default. In several countries, especially in Central Af- Apart from the need to boost SME capacities, some rica, this has not worked since provision of a guarantee financial instruments can help provide missing informa- has meant less rigorous choice of investment projects tion or reduce the risk stemming from some SMEs’ lack and a lower rate of debt recovery. Elsewhere, notably in of transparency. Mozambique, borrowers and financial institutions have worked together to maintain a good rate of recovery and Franchising, which is very popular in Southern and East to reduce interest rates. Africa with the encouragement of South Africa, allows use of a brand name or know-how that reduces the risk Making the financial system more accessible to SMEs of failure. Warehouse-receipt financing (in South Africa, Kenya and Zambia) guarantees loans with agricultural Most African financial systems are fragmented. The stocks. “missing middle” in the pattern of size of firm is matched by one in the range of financing available. Lack of fund- Other financial instruments, such as leasing and factor- ing for SMEs has partly been made up for by micro-credit ing, can reduce risk effectively for credit institutions but institutions, whose growth is due to the flexible loans are still little used in Africa. Credit associations that they offer small businesses. In Angola, Novobanco pro- reduce risk by sharing it are more common. They help vides loans free of bank charges, without a minimum financial institutions choose to whom to lend, by guar- deposit and with informal guarantees (property assets anteeing the technical viability of projects, and some- and a guarantor), as well as permanent contact with loan times providing guarantees. But growth of these bodies managers. Though adapted to local needs, however, mi- is limited by the lack of organisation among SMEs in cro-credit institutions remain fragile and modest-sized. Africa and by their focus on certain sectors and geo- graphical areas. Share of Credit to the Private Sector in 2003 (percentage of GDP) Page 5 ATDF Journal Volume 3, Issue 2 Facts about SMEs in Africa Very few countries have working definitions of SMEs, except some members of UEMOA/WAEMU and Mau- ritius and Morocco. So data on this is hard to com- pare, though patterns can be seen and countries can be ranked by extent of SME activity: Nearly 80 per cent of firms in Congo have fewer than five workers. The country has 2 100 firms in the formal and 10 000 in the infor- mal sector. A 1997 survey in Benin showed that of the 666 SMEs counted, half were in commerce and the rest were mostly in construction, or were pharmacies and restaurants. Only 17 per cent were in manufacturing. SMEs in Kenya employed some 3.2 million peo- ple in 2003 and accounted for 18 per cent of national GDP. SMEs in Senegal contribute about 20 per cent of national value-added. Nigerian SMEs account for some 95 per cent of formal manufacturing activity and 70 per cent of industrial jobs. Entrepreneurs are inventors of businesses.
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