Low Temperature News

The Quarterly Newsletter of the British Cryogenics Council (BCC) Summer/Autumn 2017

Inside this Issue Editorial

Publications...... 2 Dear Readers,

BCC Safety Manual Update News...... 3 What a great time for Cryogenics in the UK! With th the BCC celebrating its 50 Jubilee Anniversary in May, with Cluster Day being held for the eighth New Members...... 3 year - but the first at Daresbury - in September, and with over 100 Corporate Members, we are in On the Hunt for Helium...... 4 good form.

BCC Jubilee Celebration...... 8 And we can look forward to good headline news for the next two years, with the ICEC-ICMC Cluster Day 8, Daresbury……………………………….10 Conference in Oxford next September, and EUCAS in Glasgow a year later. Let’s make sure we all BCC Submission of Industrial Strategy………….13 make the absolute most of the world’s Cryogenic Community coming here.

A ‘cool’ companion for Electron Microscopy……15 Good things happening is no cause for complacency however, and this edition of LTN BCGA – Liquid Gas Storage Guidance…………….16 contains the submission put forward by BCC Chairman Dr Beth Evans to Dame Kate Barker, Cambridge Superconductors lead the way…….17 Chair of the Government’s Industrial Strategy Commission, arguing for greater recognition for Portable Supercon. Systems, thanks to the enabling importance of Cryogenic Technology Cambridge Laboratory……………………………………19 and the need to support this UK strength.

Another highlight in this issue is the article by European Cryogenics Days 17……………………….21 Diveena Danabalan, courtesy of the IoP, on prospecting methodology for helium. Diveena The Silent ‘H’ in Health and Safety……………….23 first gave a talk on this subject at Cryogenic Cluster Day in 2015, when she also won the Poster Cryodiary...... 26 Competition. The work by Diveena and her colleagues promises to raise helium prospecting to Trustees, Sponsors, Corporate Members ………27 the standards associated with hydrocarbons, Publications bringing long term security to an important commodity in Cryogenics.

Title Author Price Good Reading, from the LTN Editorial Team

More information about the BCC can be found on our website www.bcryo.org.uk

Cryogenics Safety Manual [Also available on CD at £20.00 - £25.00 each] Fifth Edition available soon, see page 3.

Compiled by P.Cook Cryogenic Fluids Databook £25.00 and B.Hands

Energy Dissipation in Superconducting Materials Kovachev £20.00

Cryopumping - Theory and Practice Haefer £20.00

Miniature Refrigerators for Cryogenic Sensors and Cold Walker £20.00 Electronics

History and Origins of Cryogenics Scurlock £25.00

Low Loss Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids Scurlock £55.00 [ The Application of Cryogenic ]

More detail on these high-quality publications is available on the BCC website at www.bcryo.org.uk. To order copies, please e-mail, phone or write to the Editor (contact details below). Payment can be made by cheque, or by credit card through the BCC PayPal account, on request. Subject to quantity and destination, it may be necessary to add a charge for postage. Publications can also be ordered from The Institute of at Kelvin House, 76 Mill Lane, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 2JR, England. Tel: +44 (0)20 8647 7033 or e-mail: [email protected] or by going to their website at www.ior.org.uk and selecting the list of ‘all publications’ at their on-line shop page.

Readers’ Contributions Readers’ contributions are most welcome. If you have an article or a point of view to put forward, supportive or controversial, contact the Editor for publication in a future issue.

Disclaimer Low Temperature News is edited and produced on behalf of the British Cryogenics Council (BCC). Views expressed in the newsletter are not necessarily those of the BCC. More information about the BCC can be found on the website at www.bcryo.org.uk.

Editor John Vandore, 7 Leverton Gardens, Wantage OX12 9NY England, or [email protected]

Acknowledgements

Formatting, printing and mailing by Lorna Monro.

ISSN 0969-488

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BCC Safety Manual Fifth Edition Announcement

To all members of the British Cryogenics Council, it is our pleasure to announce the imminent release of the ‘Beta’ version of the Fifth Edition of the “BCC Safety Manual”. Once it is released we would very much appreciate your comments and suggestions, and after a year or so we can review it and release the final version. Find it on the website.

Oleg Kirichek (Chair of BCC Safety Committee)

Beth Evans (Chair of BCC Executive Committee)

Welcome to New Members

We are delighted to feature five more new corporate members this quarter:

KORA SRL - CRYOKIT CRYOGENIC PROTECTION – based in Italy, is a manufacturing company with specialized range of gloves and garments for protection of operators in the presence of liquid nitrogen and other cryogenic gases. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) manufactured with selected technical materials under the most demanding control rules and subjected to rigorous tests of strength and durability. https://cryokit.net

CRYO STORAGE SOLUTIONS LTD is a Cardiff-based cryogenic storage company, delivering safe and secure storage services for human tissue samples and pharmaceutical products. The company also offers risk protection and disaster recovery solutions to the Welsh and wider UK biotech and life science sectors. http://www.cryostoragesolutions.com

KC PROSUPPLY UK are distributors Distributers of ReGo and Goddard Cryogenic Equipment and LPG liquid and vapour equipment based in South Wales.

www.kcprosupplyuk.com

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PGM Cryogenics Ltd, based in Stourbridge, specialise in the Supply, Installation and Maintenance of bulk liquid Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Argon, Oxygen & Cryogenic Gases storage Vessels complete with associated gaseous distribution plant. www.pgmcryogenics.co.uk

Intelliconnect are proud to be a leading supplier of cryogenic products. Our cryogenic cables and components work to 2 K and are ideally suited to a wide range of applications. https://www.intelliconnect.co.uk/cryogenics/

Last but not least, the British Cryogenics Council has great pleasure in welcoming its first Member from India. Dr Vinod Chopra will be well known to many Cluster Members, as the founder of Goodwill Cryogenics, and for his links going back to his post-Doctorate at the Clarendon Laboratory under no less than Dr Kurt Mendelssohn. A very warm welcome to you all! More details on all corporate members on the BCC website.

On the Hunt for Helium This article was originally published as part of the 2017 Physics World Focus on vacuum and instruments. The rest of the issue -- including an interview with BCC chair Beth Evans -- can be read for free via the link above.

Helium is an incredibly useful substance, but so far most sources have been discovered by accident. Diveena Danabalan describes how she and her colleagues are working to change that.

Promising results The author collects gas samples during fieldwork in the US. (Chris Ballentine)

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Helium is the second-most common element in the universe, but here on Earth it is classified as a scarce and non-renewable resource. It is also much in demand, with applications including medical cryogenics (as of 2016, around 30% of helium consumed in the US went to equipment such as MRI scanners), arc welding, leak detection and superconductivity. The combination of scarcity and high demand has pushed prices skyward: the price of grade-A helium (refined to 99.997% purity) has risen by around 175% over the past 10 years, to $7.21/m3, and even crude helium is now worth around $3.75/m3 – 30 times more than the equivalent volume of crude methane.

In many markets, numbers like these would make investors salivate. Yet so far, all helium- rich fields have been discovered accidentally by companies searching for petroleum. This lack of intent has contributed to a great deal of wastage: we know that many natural gas production companies are unwittingly venting helium, either because they fail to recognize the value of this minor component or because they are unaware of its presence. Indeed, our discovery of one such case produced the idea for our current research project. A helium-prospecting industry powered by people who understand both the economic value of this rare material and how to explore for it. But when oil and gas companies prospect for petroleum, they benefit from a well-developed exploration strategy that helps them assess a new basin or area in a systematic way. Unfortunately, there is currently no equivalent methodology for helium.

My colleagues and I are seeking to address this gap in our knowledge. In a joint research venture between Durham University and the University of Oxford in the UK, with the financial support of the Norwegian state oil company Statoil, we have used well- established hydrocarbon exploration protocols as a template to develop a similar strategy for helium. This work has enabled us to begin to answer questions about how and where helium is generated; how it is released from potential source rocks; how it then travels significant distances from source rocks to potential traps; and how helium-rich gas accumulates in the shallow crust, as well as how these accumulations can be destroyed by natural processes. The project is still in its early stages, but we believe our research is an important step towards diversifying the helium supply, so that when another supply crisis occurs, we are better prepared.

Know your Helium:

There are two stable isotopes of helium: ubiquitous helium-4, which constitutes 99.999% of helium gas, and rare helium-3. Helium-3 is used in neutron detectors and is also a candidate fuel for power generation though nuclear fusion. It is often referred to as “primordial helium”, since the bulk of it was trapped in the Earth’s mantle during the planet’s formation. The more common isotope, helium-4, is mainly produced by the alpha decay of uranium-235, uranium-238 and thorium-232 in the Earth’s crust, which has led to it being called “radiogenic helium”. The first economic quantities of helium were discovered in 1903 in Dexter, Kansas, US. Analyses of this gas – which was initially referred to as “wind gas” because it was non- flammable – found that it contained approximately 82.7% nitrogen and up to 1.84% helium by volume. This concentration of helium was unusually high, as most natural gas fields contain helium only in trace amounts (≤0.05%). Significant discoveries in eight other US states soon followed, with some of these fields containing up to 10% helium by volume – significantly above the threshold at which helium is considered economically extractable (0.3%). Helium reserves have also been found in Algeria, Canada, China, Germany, Hungary, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia and the Timor Sea. However, none of these new helium reserves currently match the concentrations, number of occurrences or estimated reserve volumes associated with the older US fields.Different

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rock types produce varying amounts of helium-4, controlled by the original concentrations of uranium and thorium and the age of the rock. Some of the highest accumulations of helium are found in large, stable continental blocks known as cratons that formed in the early Precambrian (up to 4.28 billion years ago), such as the Canadian Shield. Helium is found in many other geological systems, including groundwater, ancient brines, fluid inclusions in ore deposits, hydrothermal fluids, igneous intrusions and rocks, oil-field brines, lakes, ice sheets, oceanic sediments and coal measures. To date, however, only a few natural hydrocarbon gas fields contain helium in sufficient concentrations for its extraction to be considered commercially viable.

Find New Sources

From a simplistic sourcing perspective, older rocks will generally have had more time to produce and accumulate helium than younger ones. Therefore, a logical first step in a helium exploration protocol is to identify viable Precambrian-aged crystalline terrains in areas that have remained relatively tectonically stable for long periods of time. However, age is not the sole determinant of a viable source rock. The helium also needs to have been released from the rock – a process known as primary migration.

The primary migration process begins when particles in uranium and thorium-bearing minerals undergo radioactive decay, releasing alpha particles (helium-4 nuclei). The energy associated with this process produces “fission tracks” through the mineral, and helium atoms can readily diffuse along these tracks. While it is not yet known how efficient this escape process is, once helium has diffused out of the mineral it will accumulate in fluid inclusions and fractures within the source rock. For helium to then migrate out of the low-permeability source rocks into overlying layers, another input of energy is required. This typically comes in the form of heat and pressure from tectonic events such as rifting, mountain building or volcanic activity.

We do not fully understand the primary release process; however, we do know that the bulk migration of helium is enhanced by the presence of a carrier fluid or gas. In natural gas formations, high helium concentrations are always associated with high concentrations of nitrogen. The converse is not true, as many nitrogen-rich natural gas sources contain only trace amounts of helium; the explanation being that there are multiple sources of trapped nitrogen in the crust. Analyses have shown that radiogenic helium is consistently associated with nitrogen that has an isotope distribution characteristic of a source in the crystalline basement, indicating that the nitrogen is likely carrying helium out of source rocks.

Early in our research, we sampled well gases from existing helium-producing areas in the midwestern US and southern Canada. More recently, we worked with a helium exploration company, Helium One, to sample helium-rich gas seeps in the Tanzanian section of the East African Rift. All samples were rigorously analysed for information about the gas composition and the isotopic composition of the separated helium, other noble gases and nitrogen. This gave us an idea of the interaction between helium and its associated nitrogen carrier, and how they migrate out of source rocks. However, we still needed to account for the way in which helium and nitrogen moves (sometimes hundreds of kilometres) and collects into geological “traps” – a process known as secondary migration.

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Helium migration Once released from the source rock, helium and nitrogen can interact with groundwater (1), which carries the dissolved gases as it ascends. When the groundwater contacts a pre-existing gas cap containing methane or carbon dioxide (2), the nitrogen and helium partition out of the groundwater into the gas cap (3). Our studies indicate that once helium and nitrogen are released from the source rock, they interact with groundwater in overlying strata (see figure above). Once enough helium and nitrogen are dissolved in the groundwater, they are able to form a separate nitrogen- and- helium-rich gas phase as the groundwater ascends to the surface and becomes depressurized. We think this is the mechanism for the near-pure nitrogen-helium gas fields found in North America.

Other helium-producing fields have a more complex makeup of gases. Some (such as LaBarge/Riley Ridge and Doe Canyon in the US) are known to contain primarily carbon dioxide, and others (like the North Dome in Qatar, Hassi R’Mel in Algeria and the Hugoton- Panhandle in the US) are rich in methane. The presence of significant concentrations of carbon dioxide or methane in these helium-rich natural-gas trapping structures gives us another clue as to the possible mechanisms behind helium trapping. If groundwater containing dissolved helium and nitrogen comes into contact with a pre-existing natural gas cap then helium and nitrogen will preferentially move from the groundwater into the gas cap.

But there is a complication. Because carbon dioxide and methane are both prevalent in the subsurface, there is a high risk that in locations where helium and nitrogen accumulate, the helium concentration may be diluted by large amounts of these other gases – potentially to levels that are not worth extracting commercially. In formations where we are relying on methane and carbon dioxide to strip dissolved helium and nitrogen, we need to establish a zone where the degree of is “just right”. As an example, volcanic activity is a known source of high-carbon-dioxide gas fields. Therefore, in the right geological setting, the thermal aureole associated with magma emplacement may provide the heating needed to release helium from its source. However, if the trap is too close to the volcanic centre, the only gas you are likely to find there is carbon dioxide – whereas further from the volcanic source you are more likely to see nitrogen-rich helium gases like the ones that occur in the Tanzanian seeps we sampled.

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Once helium has migrated into a gas-trapping structure, the preservation of helium in that trap depends on the rate at which helium is supplied to the deposit and the efficiency of the seal or trap to contain the gases. Trap destruction (caused by weathering, erosion or tectonic events) or a leaky seal (usually caused by the pressure in the reservoir exceeding the pressure in the overlying caprock) will result in helium being lost from the trap.

Next Steps for Helium Exploration

Based on this preliminary helium exploration methodology, we have identified the Tanzanian region of the East African Rift as a potential helium-rich system. The region contains an ancient craton that has been perturbed by a much younger rifting event and, as a bonus, some of the gas seeps in the region are already known to be nitrogen-helium rich.

But our database and geochemical analyses of the helium-rich fields are lacking, especially when compared with the years of accumulated data for petroleum exploration. Continuing to sample and analyse natural helium occurrences so as to better understand and classify migration and accumulation processes is essential. Nevertheless, we believe we have taken an important step towards securing the future of our helium supply.

Diveena Danabalan recently completed a PhD in earth sciences at Durham University, UK, and plans to continue her research as a postdoctoral fellow, e- mail [email protected]

BCC JUBILEE COOL CELEBRATIONS MAY 2017

BCC Chair Dr. Beth Evans with IOR President Steve Gill

These images come from the BCC Jubilee celebration in the Oxford Town Hall, addressed by Dr Beth Evans, Chairman of the BCC, Councillor Fooks, the Lord Mayor of Oxford, Professor Chris Grovenor and Professor Ralph Scurlock. The occasion was attended by fifty representatives of industry, research and academia, including Steve Gill, President of the Institute of Refrigeration, BCC sponsors from the outset in 1967 : “It is gratifying to continue this long relationship.” The Oxford Town Hall will be a venue in the social programme at the ICEC-ICMC Conference next year.

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Photos: M’hamed Lakrimi (Siemens)

The Minute book from the 1967 event shows that Dr AJ Barnard from Institute of Refrigeration attended as a Member of the Board, and that Prof G. G. Haselden (who would later become a President of the IOR) chaired part of the meeting.

The current IOR President, Steve Gill, continued the connection by attending this year’s celebration and said that he was delighted that the IOR has remained a sponsor of the BCC for the 50 years since its inauguration. Quoting directly from the Cryogenics Impact Report 2015, Steve said: “Cryogenic systems find application in fields as diverse as food freezing, manufacturing and engineering, medicine and life sciences, satellite applications, astronomy, space exploration, transport and storage of liquefied natural gas, energy (traditional and alternative), avionics, defence and security, and in superconductivity.

“I learned today the perhaps unsurprising fact that cryogenics can be found in approximately 17% of the broad sectors representing the UK economy. More specifically, it is estimated that the total (direct and indirect) GVA (Gross Value Added) contribution of cryogenics-related activities to the UK economy is around £324 million per year. In addition, it is estimated that cryogenics-related economic activities could contribute between £1.6 billion and £3.3 billion to the UK economy in the next 10 years”.

BCC Chairman Dr Beth Evans welcomed the guests and the toast to the BCC was proposed by Professor Ralph Scurlock, Oxford Alumnus, Founder of the Institute of Cryogenics at Southampton, Organiser of ICEC 17 and Mendelssohn Prize winner.

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Registration of interest in sponsoring or exhibiting at the ICEC-ICMC Conference was launched during the celebration evening

B Cryox [Preparing you for Oxford]

Subscribe here for updates on ICEC27-ICMC 2018 from Sep 3-7 2018.

Cluster Day 8, North to Daresbury!

Daresbury Laboratory was the perfect host for the Eighth Cryogenic Cluster Day on Sep 20. It was attended by eleven Universities : Birmingham, Dresden, Liverpool, Lancaster, Loughborough, Manchester, Newcastle, Oxford, Sheffield, Sussex and Twente. Over twenty firms took part including Dearman Engine, Molecular Products, Kelvin, Cryogenic, Matrix Magnets, Polar, Scientific Magnetics, AVS, Statebourne, Carlton, Tamo, ASG, RUAG, Biomethane, IDT, Blackhall, Agilent, Springer and Stratox. A good number of institutions were also represented, including BCGA, Diamond Light Source, RAL, ISIS, STFC, Daresbury, CERN, ESS, NHS and UKAEA. Two of the session chairs were distinguished visitors from CERN and ESS : Dimitri Delikaris and John Weisend.

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Professor Susan Smith, Head of the Laboratory and Director of ASTeC opened the event, with the first presentation from Peter McIntosh, Technical Director of ASTeC. His review of Daresbury’s contribution to superconducting accelerators revealed an awesome capability and perhaps the need - and opportunity - for UK industry to play a bigger part. The notion of the ‘Northern Cryogenics Powerhouse’ began to take hold with two subsequent talks from speakers from Lancaster and Manchester Universities. Professor Richard Haley at Lancaster works at temperatures as low as 1 mK, mentioning concepts like a ‘superfluid speed limit’ [using a dilution refrigerator the size of a house]. Andrew May from Manchester, discussing applications in astronomy, memorably entertained the audience in a swift review of the History of the Universe, captured on one slide !

Between Richard and Andrew there was an excellent, well-illustrated talk by Ofelia Capatina from CERN, featuring CERN’s collaboration with STFC-Daresbury on Cryomodule Development for High Lumi LHC. She began with an entertaining CERN anecdote from a review of Tim Berners-Lee’s proposal for the world wide web by his boss at the time : ‘vague but exciting …’ In a swerve to a different application, Jason Hill from Newcastle made a very convincing case for needing electric aircraft in future, to meet emission standards and enable new aircraft architectures - superconducting technology being the only electric option able to meet the requirements of aircraft propulsion.

Daresbury Catering earned compliments for a fine lunch, taken in the exhibition area, with signs of many earnest conversations and new connections being made - and with the opportunity to examine a strong display of Posters. A series of Lab Visits then took delegates on a guided tour of the SuRF Lab, the Cryolab and the Vacuum Lab, showcasing a hive of activity on cryomodules and other work with CERN and ESS featuring in the talks.

In the afternoon talks, Michael Ellis discussed the superconducting RF High-Beta cavities being developed at Daresbury for ESS, and David Klaus from ASG gave an insight to the technology cluster in Genoa developing superconducting technology in wires, magnets and scanners. The impending arrival of Revision Five of the BCC Safety Manual was announced, and Poster Prizes were awarded by Peter Ratoff, Director of the Cockcroft Institute to Iryna Mikheenko from the University of Birmingham, Koen Ledeboer from the University of Twente and Nik Templeton from STFC-Daresbury.

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We can conclude that Cluster Day has been very successfully cloned by Shrikant Pattalwar and his colleagues. Cluster Day North is an event deserving repetition.

Presentations from Cluster Day can be found at https://eventbooking.stfc.ac.uk/news-events/the-8th- cryogenic-cluster-day-ccd8-377?agenda=1 and photos at http://www.stfc.ac.uk/news-events-and- publications/events/general-interest-events/cryogenic-cluster-day-chain-of-events/ccd8-2017-the-8th- cryogenic-cluster-day/ccd8-2017-image-gallery/.

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British Cryogenics Council Submission on Industrial Strategy

I would like to express my appreciation for the opportunity to submit our views to the Industrial Strategy Commission. Please may I begin by introducing you to Cryogenics? ‘Cryogenics’ concerns low temperatures, extending down to ‘absolute zero.’ Low temperature is associated with low energy, lower molecular vibration, changes of state (for example, the liquefaction of gases) the condition required for superconductors to work but also has many applications in day to day life.

It is an area of industry that is often overlooked, but in 2015 an Economic Impact Study in Cryogenicsi, funded by the STFC Research Council, concluded that without cryogenics, 17% of the UK Economy would need to find alternative means of conducting their activity - in Food, Healthcare, Energy, Science or Space. Cryogenics is a more significant enabling technology than often recognised. Lack of recognition has arguably left Cryogenics ‘below the radar.’ The British Cryogenics Council (BCC) is endeavouring to put that right, and welcomes the opportunity your Commission presents. A previous Government Manufacturing Strategy recognised Cluster merits, giving rise to the ‘British Cryogenic Cluster,’ now part of the BCC with 100 Corporate Members.

The UK is widely recognised around the world as having substantial strength in Cryogenics, with a particular geographical concentration of expertise around Oxford. Over the past fifty years, the University of Oxford, its first spinout - Oxford Instruments - and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory at Harwell have delivered skilled people, products, technology and companies all working in low temperature science and technology - resulting in a high probability, when setting foot in a low temperature lab literally anywhere in the world, of finding either a product made in Oxfordshire or someone who studied, worked or trained there. Successful examples of innovation and transfer to industry from this special Cryogenics Community include superconducting magnets developed for use in scientific accelerators, but giving rise to the MRI scanner industry, Also, Rutherford Cable, a form of superconducting cable invented in 1972, has been used in most particle accelerators since, including those at CERN. The ‘Oxford Cooler’, a closed-cycle low temperature ‘refrigerator’ for satellite applications revolutionised Cryogenics in Space from the 1990s onwards, making a particular impact on Earth Observation techniques and weather forecasting.

Cryogenics in the Future

There is continuing need for the capacities of Cryogenics - be it as an essential supporting technology or more specifically enabling superconductivity, in improving the ‘Cold Chain,’ or in new industries such as Quantum Technology. Cryogenics has a role to play in sustainable technologies. The ‘Cold Chain’ represents a challenge for the Cryogenic Community. Large amounts of food are lost in developing countries due to shortcomings in the low temperature chain required for preservation. Cryogenically-cooled refrigeration systems could cut both pollution and food waste globally. The report, Doing Cold Smarterii, stresses the enormous potential for the UK to play a very significant role – with suitable infrastructure and investment. Passive and actively refrigerated forms of ‘Zero-Boil-Off’ technology (containers with the very highest forms of insulation) are in demand in space applications, in the automotive sector and in food and pharmaceuticals. These are very large markets and opportunities for UK industry. Quantum Technology development also requires low temperature technology. The full potential of superconductivity has yet to be reached, with the opportunity for whole new industry segments in applications like superconducting power cable, fault current limiters and generators for wind turbines.

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Actions, Concerns and Recommendations

Some excellent activity is already underway. UK industry is alert to the opportunities, with Oxford Instruments, ICEoxford, Dearman Engine and Highview Power Storage being notable examples. Academia is also playing its part - the Midlands Universities have ERA the Energy Research Accelerator, with its Thermal stream; T-ERA is addressing challenges in the Cold Chain. The University of Oxford has the Centre for Applied Superconductivity and a Quantum Computing hub.

The BCC would like to commend the following to the Industrial Strategy Commission:

- In bodies like BEIS and Innovate UK, there is a need for greater recognition of the enabling importance of Cryogenic Technology and the international prominence of UK strength, in academia, research and industry.

- Increased financial support for the transfer of innovation, for example, the hugely successful space cryocooler technology into efficient low cost coolers for wide applications - superconducting electric power, the cold chain and quantum technology - could transform a market currently dominated by Japanese and US companies, as well as injecting a fresh competitive position in space.

- Many of our corporate members are highly-skilled small to medium-sized specialist manufacturing businesses who require advice and investment to compete with international companies supported by higher levels of investment. If a significant multi-disciplinary project, like the Cold Chain, is to be tackled by British industry this is a necessity.

- The continuing engineering skills shortage still needs addressing, through continued support of apprenticeship schemes and technical training. The potential effect of Brexit on the availability of skilled workers must also be considered.

I hope this letter goes some way to highlighting a special, but previously overlooked, area for consideration in your review of Industrial Strategy. My colleagues and I in the British Cryogenics Council would be only too pleased if we can assist the Commission in any respect by way of clarification or provision of additional information. Indeed we would welcome the opportunity of discussion with the Commission, and if you saw merit in our extending an invitation to you to visit the ‘Cryogenic Community’ concentrated here in Oxfordshire, we would of course be delighted to do so. We wish you and the Commission well with your review. Yours sincerely,

Dr Beth Evans Chair of British Cryogenics Council

http://www.stfc.ac.uk/research/engineering-and-enabling-technologies/the-uk-impact- of-cryogenics/ ii http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college- eps/energy/policy/Doing-Cold-Smarter-Report.pdf

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Cool companion

Electron microscopy (EM) has always complemented macromolecular crystallography (MX) thanks to its ability to provide structural data of large, complex molecules without the need for crystallisation. Its main drawback has been its lower resolution, but that is quickly changing with developments in cryo-EM – an EM variant in which the macromolecules under study are frozen-hydrated. Indeed, cryo-EM has approached atomic resolution, previously the domain of MX. Like BioSAXS, cryo-EM portrays biological structures in conditions close to their native functional states. The fact that samples are frozen avoids the need for other sample preparations that could introduce artefacts, such as chemical fixation, staining or dehydration. The ice matrix has other benefits too: it mitigates the effects of radiation damage, such as mass loss, and it allows molecules to be viewed in a range of orientations. To exploit these benefits, a new cryo-EM platform is due to begin commissioning at a user facility on the EPN campus, in the ESRF experimental hall. Continuing the existing EM activity at the IBS and the EMBL, the new Titan Krios equipped with a Quantum LS filter and phase plate will be open to users from October/November 2017, supported by scientists from the ESRF, the IBS and the EMBL.

ESRF is the European Synchotron Communication Group and the above article appeared in ESRF News.

Credit: Petra Pernot, ESRF

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PRESS RELEASE BCGA guidance issues revised guidance for liquid gas storage tanks 5 Sept 2017

The latest information on the legal duties and responsibilities for owners and users of liquid gas storage tanks has been issued by the British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA).

Widely used in environments including manufacturing, the food industry healthcare and laboratories, liquid gas storage tanks typically contain liquid nitrogen, oxygen, argon or carbon dioxide

In-keeping with stringent health and safety requirements for their use, there is both a legal duty and a responsibility to ensure the equipment is installed, maintained and operated correctly.

To help those with responsibility for these facilities, the BCGA has revised its Leaflet 12, ‘Liquid Gas Storage Tanks – Your Responsibilities,’ which gives an overview of the latest requirements.

The leaflet – available for free download from www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?page_id=24&title=leaflets is also relevant to the storage of cryogenic liquids and gases – both compressed and reduced temperature systems.

L12 includes details of the actions needed before first fill and subsequent filling, as well as guidance on routine checks and maintenance and inspection.

Details relating to examination, repairs and modifications, and the process of revalidation are also covered.

Doug Thornton, Chief Executive of the BCGA said: “Leaflet 12 has been developed as a simple guide to give an overview of the requirements needed to ensure liquid gas storage tanks comply with appropriate legislation and good practices.

“Failure to comply with these minimum requirements may mean users are operating unsafely, illegally and may not even be covered by their insurance. Furthermore, gas suppliers may not fill the tank.”

As well as providing a framework of requirements, Leaflet L12 also details further information on other BCGA publications and specific legislation, so viewers can easily link to the relevant guidance to build a complete picture of the necessary technical and safety information.

Leaflet 12 is part of a wide-range of respected publications and information available for free download from the BCGA’s website, which are provided as part of the BCGA’s mission to ensure safety in the use, storage, transportation and handling of gases.

This includes an area of the BCGA’s website dedicated to cryogenic tanks at http://www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?page_id=89

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Press release issued by Jane Shepherd, Shepherd PR – [email protected] 01335 368020

Notes To Editors – About BCGA

The ‘invisible industry’ underpinning a safe, successful and healthy nation - industrial and medical gases are essential to the existence and wellbeing of thousands of people in the UK every day.

Industrial gases perform a wide-ranging role, supporting the manufacture of information technology, as well as key UK industrial sectors including steelmaking, refining, welding, chemical processing and electronics. They also help keep homes warm, water clean and food nutritious, appealing and affordable - while medical gases play a critical role in applications including respiratory care, pain therapies and anaesthesia.

The British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) is the UK membership body for this critical industry. With a commitment to stringent quality, safety and environmental measures, BCGA members employ 19,000 people directly and account for an annual turnover of £2.7 billion.

Members of BCGA operate in a highly-regulated industry and work together on technical, safety, health and environmental issues to achieve high standards of integrity and environmental care, both within their own and customers’ working environments.

BCGA promotes safety practice through its publications and also participates in the preparation and revision of National, European and International Standards.

Superconductivity expert awarded prestigious Early Career Fellowship

Dr Mark Ainslie of the Bulk Superconductivity Group has secured a five-year £1.1 million Early Career Fellowship from the EPSRC.

“I will be combining my state-of-the-art numerical modelling techniques and extensive knowledge of the PFM technique to produce portable and commercially-viable high field magnet systems.” – Mark Ainslie

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Dr Mark Ainslie gives the keynote talk on 'World Record, High Magnetic Fields from Bulk Superconductors' at CCD6-2015: The 6th Cryogenic Cluster Day at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. Credit: STFC/Stephen Kill

The Fellowship will start in July and Dr Ainslie will build a research team to develop portable, high magnetic field charging of bulk superconductors for practical engineering applications.

Bulk superconductors can be used – when cooled to cryogenic temperatures – as super-strength, stable permanent magnets generating fields of several Tesla, compared to the 1.5-2 Tesla limit for conventional permanent magnets.

This makes bulk superconductors attractive for a number of engineering applications that rely on high magnetic fields, including compact and energy-efficient motors and generators, as well as compact and portable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems.

It is also possible for scientists to use high magnetic fields to exploit the magnetism of materials for controlling chemical and physical processes, which is attractive for magnetic separation and magnetic drug delivery systems (MDDS), for example.

Dr Ainslie, a Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow, said: “The main challenge in exploiting these materials in practical applications is the ability to magnetise them with a simple, reliable, portable and cost-effective technique. Pulsed-field magnetisation (PFM), which involves the application of a large, pulsed magnetic field with a timescale on the order of milliseconds, shows the most promise in this regard.

“One significant challenge is that the trapped field is generally smaller than the theoretical maximum of the material, due to the temperature rise from the rapid dynamic movement of magnetic flux in and out of the material.

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“As part of this Fellowship, I will be combining my state-of-the-art numerical modelling techniques and extensive knowledge of the PFM technique to produce portable and commercially-viable high field magnet systems.”

Dr Ainslie will be working with project partners from Adelwitz Technology Centre, Cryox Limited, Oxford Instruments and Siemens Magnet Technology to accelerate the development of the technology, as well as his close academic collaborator in Japan, Professor Hiroyuki Fujishiro from Iwate University, the world-leading expert in PFM, who holds all PFM magnetic field records to date.

Last year, Dr Ainslie, in conjunction with Professor Fujishiro, achieved a bulk superconductor magnetic field record and in 2014, Dr Ainslie was part of a research team, led by Professor of Superconducting Engineering David Cardwell, which achieved a new Guinness World Record for a trapped field in a superconductor.

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Novel Superconductor acts as a Portable

Permanent Magnet

Levitation of a magnet on top of a superconductor of cuprate. Credit: Julien Bobroff

A team led by Dr John Durrell, University Lecturer in the Bulk Superconductivity Group, has demonstrated a

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portable superconducting magnetic system that can act as a high-performance substitute for a conventional permanent magnet and can attain a 3-tesla level for the magnetic field. The work is published in Applied Physics Letters.

“Before we were using conventional superconducting magnets to charge our bulks. This will make access to these high fields cheaper and more practical.” - John Durrell

Durrell said his team’s work in large part evolved from the innovative findings of University of Houston physicist Roy Weinstein, who has shown how conventional electromagnets and pulsed field magnetization can be used to activate superconducting magnetic fields which are ‘captured’ and sustained as part of a superconductive arrangement. This avoids the requirement for large expensive superconducting magnets to “activate” such portable systems. Also key, Durrell pointed out, is that his team capitalised on other new and cheaper technologies, especially for cooling.

“The leap with advances in cryogenics, allows you to do interesting things in other areas, too,” Durrell explained. “There is a lot coming together to make this possible.” While large industrial-size superconducting systems do generate a 20-tesla magnetic field, Durrell’s 3-tesla magnetic field is new for a portable system.

Durrell and his team were curious about what they could do as they looked at Weinstein’s work just a few years earlier. Weinstein demonstrated that with conventional external electromagnetic pulsing of a medium, it was possible to ‘capture’ a magnetic field in a superconductor using a much smaller external magnetic field than previously thought possible. The Weinstein investigation used yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) doped with uranium and subject to an irradiation treatment. Durrell’s team looked for a less expensive material and chose gadolinium barium cuprate, without uranium doping.

Difan Zhou, team investigator and lead author of the paper, came up with the idea of extending Weinstein’s findings and the research, which took just short of two years to do, has paid off.

“It was a surprise to us that we managed to see in a not-quite-so-cutting-edge- material the same giant flux leap effect as Roy Weinstein demonstrated,” Durrell said. “The key thing that made this possible is that we have looked at what Roy has done to get it to work but for this kind of portable system. Before we were using conventional superconducting magnets to charge our bulks. This will make access to these high fields cheaper and more practical.”

Advances in cheaper, more efficient cooling – the cryogenic system – were also key for Durrell and the team’s research. For both the magnetic field charging and sustaining phases, it is necessary to keep the superconducting sample cool or else the superconductivity gives out. Recently, the private sector has come up with cryogenic systems that are cheap and light, and Durrell used a cooling system from

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US firm Sunpower. According to Durrell, this lightness and relative low cost could make portable superconductivity in various products a real possibility.

Durrell and his team are planning for more testing for more magnetic power and overall efficiency. They have received significant support from Boeing for this investigation, and Durrell feels it is a strong example of what a company and an academic lab can do when they team up for basic research.

A portable magnetic field of >3 T generated by the flux jump assisted, pulsed field magnetization of bulk superconductors: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4973991

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European Cryogenics Day ECD17

European Cryogenics Day took place on Sep 13 at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

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Opened by Steffen Grohman, the host from KIT, the day began with the Annual General Meeting, at which the new CSE logo was presented, and the British Cryogenics Council voted with the motions proposed by the CSE Board, on behalf of its Members.

Three seminar sessions followed, themed around Astrophysics, Particle Physics & [Quantum] Computing, finishing with Transport, Air Separation and Power. The Astrophysics section covered the Extremely Large Telescope project, and a talk by Lionel Duband from CEA on Sub-K cooling for telescopes.

The Particle Physics talks, chaired by Dimitri Delikaris from CERN, came from Laurent Tavian on the FCC project, from Fermilab on LBNF (Long Baseline Neutrino Facility) and from Linde on ESS. Hans Hilgenkamp from the University of Twente talked on superconducting and quantum computers.

Pascale Dauget from Air Liquide chaired the last session, with an interesting range of talks on the Japanese Maglev train, on HTS hybrid electric aircraft and the cooling of superconducting power cables. Srini Vanapalli from the University of Twente stood in with a talk on thermal quenching phenomena in liquid nitrogen.

ECD17 was an excellent meeting, organised well by KIT in a fine building which accommodated lectures, exhibitors and catering. Photographs and presentations from the event can be downloaded from https://www.ecd-iwchts2017.kit.edu/index.php.

Next year, CSE will hold their AGM in Oxford at the start of ICEC27-ICMC 2018 [Sep 3].

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Health and Safety and the Silent ‘H’

Courtesy of Paul Burrows

It is now typical for high level meetings, such as Board meetings, to commence with Health and Safety as the first topic on the agenda.

This fulfils two purposes:  It assists to demonstrate the senior management’s commitment to Health and Safety and  Provide evidence to clients, employees, accreditation body’s and other stakeholders, that the organisation has health and safety at the heart of their operations.

This is of course very laudable, and morally correct.

However, as soon as the agenda starts, the focus is usually exclusively on Safety, with the Health aspect ignored.

The Office of National Statistics identify that there are approximately 140 to 150 safety related fatalities at work in the UK each year, which although avoidable and unnecessary wastes of life with a horrendous impact on friends, family, co-workers, and employers, is sadly very small compared with work related health fatalities. This currently stands in the region of 14,000 per year.

With these figures in mind, how can there be such a disproportionate focus?

Part of the answer to this is how the human mind works, we tend to react when we see something which is a visible threat at that point in time, but ignore something which is a long term threat – possibly through the ‘fight or flight’ reaction embedded as a survival trait from our ancestry.

Put this to the test

The number of smokers in the UK who are unaware of the health consequences of smoking will be quite limited, yet a great many people still smoke - why?

Simply put, the health effects:  MAY happen  IF they do  It will not be for a LONG TIME

Consequently many people continue to smoke, it is not an immediate danger, even though about 50% of smokers die from smoking related illnesses.

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However, if you put a revolver with a single bullet in the chamber on a table and asked a group of smokers for one of them to pick it up, point it at their head and pull the trigger, it is highly unlikely that any of them would do so – even though the odds are far better – at just under 17% chance of dying.

Knowing that we react better to short term definite problems and not long term possible ones, it becomes easier to understand why the focus has been on safety and not health – something happens and there is an immediate consequence, often involving a lot of spilt blood from the victim and shock for the witnesses and others affected.

Across industry as a whole in the UK there are 89 work related health fatalities to every 1 safety fatality. Although a high proportion of these health related fatalities are due to hazardous substances, such as vapours, gases, fumes, mists, liquids, powders and fibres, this is not the complete picture. Before you do a quick mental check and determine that your work place does not use or create such substances, take into consideration the mental health of your employees.

In many businesses the greatest assets are its staff, and mental health problems can have a huge impact on the effective operation of the organisation, not to mention the impact on the affected individual, their family, friends etc.

Unfortunately mental health problems are still a taboo subject, with comments such as:

 ‘don’t talk about it as all of the staff will go off ill claiming they are suffering with it and we won’t be able to disprove it’  ‘We will need to replace them – we can’t have a mental person disrupting other workers, and who knows what damage they will do to the Company!’  ‘If they can’t stand the heat, they should get out of the kitchen – there are plenty more candidates out there’.

Conversely, from the employees perspective there is a perceived negative impact, again with thoughts such as:

‘if I admit to having mental health problems, it will be the end of my career’ ‘my family and friends will think I am weak or inadequate and won’t want anything to do with me’ ‘my work colleagues will think I am skiving and leaving them to carry my workload’

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It is unfortunate that employees and employers get caught in these mind-sets, as it is destructive for both. From an employee’s perspective, they need help, not isolation and rejection. From an employer’s perspective they need to help one of their key assets, and consider whether this has been caused by the working environment, and do something about it.

For those still focusing on the negatives from an employer’s perspective, reflect back to the early 1990’s - the exact same fear and arguments existed over back injuries. It was a problem dragged out into the light, and the wheels of commerce did not grind to a halt.

Mental health is a complex subject and fortunately there are a number of organisations specialising in this and offering various resources, such as:  training courses for employees to understand stress and what they need to do about it  managers training to enable them to be able to recognise issues in their teams and know how to deal with it.  employee health schemes  confidential counselling services.

From a commercial perspective, as well as a moral duty, it is important that the health of employees, both mental and physical, is considered as well as their safety.

Cryo Rentals Would you prefer to rent rather than purchase your cryogenic tank?

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Contact Cryo Rentals Ltd 2 Gadwall Road, Rainton Bridge South, Houghton le Spring, Tyne & Wear, DH4 5NL

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Cryo Rentals offer equipment and servicing packages to comply with BCGA best practices

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Cryodiary

The Council wishes to extend the very strongest message of gratitude to John Smith, who is resigning from his role of providing material for the CryoDiary page in Low Temperature News. John began this role in the 1960s, when he worked for BOC, and when superconductivity development was moving very fast. John has been diligently visiting the British Library ever since, providing the BCC with intelligence on meetings and events. The Chairman and other Officers of the BCC would like to thank John for having been such a good servant for over fifty years.

We are pleased to announce that the new BCC Website enables paid-up members to post events and Job Vacancies subject to approval by the BCC Admin Team.

May 7 – 19, Bucharest, Romania 2017/2018 CRYOGENICS AND REFRIGERATION IEEECSC EVENTS CALENDER TECHNOLOGIES http://ieeecsc.org/events http://iccrt2018.criofrig.ro

Jun 18-21 Vermont, Canada 2018 ICC 20 INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER CONFERENCE Feb 5-7 Sydney, Australia EF III CONFERENCE: FUNDAMENTAL Sep 3-7 Oxford, England AND APPLIED SCIENCE FOR ICEC27-ICMC 2018 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY http://www.icec27-icmc2018.org/ TECHNOLOGIES http://www.ausenergyfuture.com Sep17-20, Barcelona Spain GASTECH EXHIBITION AND Feb 26-28 Copenhagen, Denmark CONFERENCE 2018 BIG SCIENCE BUSINESS FORUM http://www.gastechevent.com/barcelona 2018 https://bsbf2018.org/ 28 October – 2 November APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY April 4 – 6, Noordwijk, The Netherlands th CONFERENCE (ASC) 2018 7 EUROPEAN SPACE CRYOGENICS Seattle, WA, USA WORKSHOP, ESA/ESTEC http://ascinc.org https://atpi.eventsair.com/QuickEventW ebsitePortal/7th-european-space- cryogenics-workshop/2018

April 6 – 8, Beijing, China 2019 5TH IIR CONFERENCE ON 1-5 September, SEC, Glasgow, UK SUSTAINABILITY AND THE COLD 14TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON CHAIN (ICCC2018) APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY http://iccc2018.medmeeting.org/en (EUCAS) 2019 http://www.eucas2019.org April 15 – 18, Wuhan, China IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 22-27 September Vancouver, Canada ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY MT26 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES ON MAGNET TECHNOLOGY (ASEMD 2018) http://mt26.triumf.ca/ http://www.asemd2018.org/

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MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Greg Brittles (Treasurer)...... Tokamak Energy Ltd Bob Claridge (Membership Secretary) ………………………………………………………………… Claridge Scientific Ltd Philip Cook ……………………………………………………………………………………………..……… formerly with Air Products Dr Beth Evans (Chairman) …………………………………………………………… ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Bill Graham ...... CCFE Professor Damian Hampshire ……....………………………………………………………………………….University of Durham Dr Oleg Kirichek (Vice Chairman) ………………………………………………… ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Dr M’hamed Lakrimi ………………………..………………………………………………………… Siemens Magnet Technology Charles Monroe ……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………… Monroe Brothers Dr Ziad Melhem (Secretary) ……………..……………………………………………………………………… Oxford Instruments Shrikant Pattalwar...... STFC Professor Ralph Scurlock…...... …………………………………………………………………………… Kryos Technology John Vandore ...... Cryox-STFC

The British Cryogenics Council is constituted as a Charity. Members of the Executive Committee of the BCC are also Trustees of the Charity.

INSTITUTIONAL SPONSORS

Institute of Physics...... www.iop.org Institute of Refrigeration...... www.ior.org.uk

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE MEMBERS Asistec Buzwair Cryokit KORA Cryomech CryoVac GMBH Master Bond Inc Nexans Pro TechConsult RUAG Shirokuma GmbH Stöhr Armaturen Sunpower WEKA AG

BRITISH CRYOGENIC CLUSTER MEMBERS AS Scientific Products Ltd Adanac Valve Specialities Ltd Boiswood Air Products Plc Bronkhorst UK Allectra Cambridge University Bulk Superconductivity Apiezon Group Ashby Precision Engineering Carlton Thermal Systems Ltd Bennamann Carter Bearings Bestobell Valves Coated Conductor Cylinders Biomethane CCFE Culham Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage Chart Industries Blackhall Engineering Ltd Claridge Scientific Ltd BOC Cobham Vector Fields

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Cryoconnect (Tekdata) McNaughton Dynamics Cryogenic Ltd Magnet and Applied Superconductivity Group - Cryo Rentals (University of Oxford) Cryostorage Solutions Magnetic Shields Cryostorage Solutions Ltd MDC Vacuum Ltd Cryovac Engineering Ltd Molecular Products Cryox Monroe Brothers Ltd CTM Europe MRC Harwell Dearman Engine Noblegen Cryogenics Deep Sea Recovery Nu Perspectives Ltd Diamond Light Source Oxford Brookes University Durham University Superconductivity Group Oxford Cryosystems Ltd Evolution Valve Oxford Instruments Gas & Cryogenics Oxford nanoSystems Gas Safe Consultants PGM Cryogenics Ltd Gasrec Polar Technology Green Resources Engineering Proactive Gas Safety GTS Nitrogen Services Ltd Quantum Production Hall Scientific Safety Gas Detection Hazchem Safety Ltd Scientific Magnetics 4He-Solutions Sheffield University Heatsense Siemens Magnet Technology Herose UK Speck & Burke Highview Power Storage Statebourne Cryogenics Honeywell STFC Cryogenics ICEoxford Limited Stratox Industrial Electronic Wiring (IEW) Sumitomo Cryogenics Institute of Cryogenics Advisory Unit Tamo Limited Intelliconnect Temati ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Tesla Engineering KC ProSupply UK Thames Cryogenics Ltd Kelvin Technology, Inc the gas safety company LTi Metaltech The Oxford Trust Leybold UK Ltd Tokamak Energy Ltd LOT QuantumDesign UTC Oxfordshire M1 Engineering Wessington Cryogenics Mach-Tech Matrix Magnets Ltd

You can find details of these companies on our website www.bcryo.org.uk

We need the support of all who have expertise in our field to make the BCC a learned society that speaks with a strong, professional voice on matters that concern us. If you are a Member and you know someone who is active in the field of cryogenics but has not yet joined, please encourage him or her to become a Member. Individual Membership is available at a rate of £10.00 per annum. The BCC is sponsored by the Institute of Physics and the Institute of Refrigeration. The BCC Executive Committee meets twice a year, usually in spring and autumn. Low Temperature News aims to be interesting, informative and to provide a forum for the exchange of views and information in the field of Cryogenics. Newsworthy contributions are always welcome – such as coming events and reports of conferences, developments, new products or research programmes.

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