Ultra-High-Speed Optical Flame Detection and Releasing System Solutions Page 2

TECHNICAL PAPER HIGH-SPEED DETECTION AND RELEASING Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection SYSTEM and releasing system solutions

By Michael J. Hosch, Senior Applications Engineer, Det-Tronics

This paper will discuss solutions for the application of A review of optical flame detection ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing Radiant energy-sensing flame detectors systems within munitions manufacturing plants and other 2.0 detect fire by sensing and analyzing the electromagnetic facilities requiring high-speed deluge fire suppression. It radiation that is emitted from fire. Different types of fires will also review optical flame detection technology and emit differing spectra of light energy that allow for their recent developments in a system that assists users in detection. The region of spectral emission to which a obtaining compliance with industry codes and standards. detector is sensitive is ideally tightly controlled to minimize the effects of the spectral emission from sunlight, ambient Introduction light, machinery and processing equipment. Figure 1 below 1.0 To meet overall system response time gives a broad view of the electromagnetic spectrum and requirements of ultra-high-speed industry codes and depicts the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) regions that are standards, the flame detection and releasing system favorable for the detection of flame. must be capable of detecting an event and providing A brief description of each technology that is suitable for a signal to the deluge system, which must respond in ultra-high-speed flame detection (UV, IR and UVIR) follows. 100 milliseconds (ms) or less from the presentation of the energy source at the detector to flow of water from the water spray nozzle. To be The Electromagnetic Spectrum considered high-speed, the system must operate in 500ms or less (reference National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 15). In applications that require these systems, a fire develops much Opacity too rapidly for the use of heat and Atmospheric smoke detectors, which may take many seconds to detect the fire.

To understand the techniques used in applying ultra-high-speed optical flame detection in munition processing plants, a brief review of the basic operating principles of flame detection technology is Figure 1: Depiction of the electromagnetic spectrum and wavelengths of interest to ultra-high- warranted. speed optical flame detectors

det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 2

Figure 2: Relationship between ultraviolet sensors and solar radiation

Optical flame detection technologies FIGURE 2 2.1

2.1.1 Ultraviolet (UV)

UVUV flame flame detectors detectors utilize (Figure a sensor that3) can is comprised detect nearlyof UV every flame type detectors of fire (Figure and 3)are can capable detect nearly of responseevery type

Geiger-Muellertimes under type 15mS vacuum in ideal tube. Thisconditions. sensor is typicallyBecause UVof fire sensors and are cancapable be ofmade response solar times-blind under and 15ms are in not designed to be responsive to an extremely narrow band ideal conditions. Because UVFIGURE sensors 2 can be made solar- ofaffected light energy by ofheat 1850-2450 radiation, Angstroms they (Å),can with be specialsuccessfully blind applied and are not in affected many applications.by heat radiation, they can be models available that extend to 2650Å. As shown in UV successfullyflame detectors (Figure applied 3) can in detect many nearly applications. every type of fire and are capable of response times under 15mS in ideal conditions. Because UV sensors can be made solar-blind and are not Figure 2, the UV sensitivity range is outside of the range affected by heat radiation, they can be successfully applied in many applications. of human visibility and is not influenced by sunlight. As UV radiation emitted from the fire comes in contact with the UV UV sensor, voltage pulses are generated with their frequency Sensor Sensor proportional to the intensity of the UV radiation. These pulses are signal-processed by a microprocessor where they are compared against programmed parameters. If the amount of processed voltage pulses exceeds a FIGURE 3: Det-Tronics X2200 UV technology optical flame detector predetermined threshold, an alarm is activated. Figure 3: Det-Tronics X2200 UV technology optical flame detector

Page 4 of 22 det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 FIGURE 3: Det-Tronics X2200 UV technology optical@ 2018 Detector flame Electronics Corporation detector

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 3

ULTRAVIOLET SENSOR OPERATING PRINCIPLES

Ultraviolet Sensor Operating Principles: Ultraviolet Sensor Operating Principles:  Utilizes solar• Utilizes-blind solar-blind wavelengths wavelengths of of 1850Å 1850Å to to 2650Å 2650Å

  UVUtilizes photons •solar UV strike photons-blind tube strikewavelengths cathode tube cathode of 1850Å to 2650Å   CathodeUV photons releases strike electron tube cathode • Cathode releases electron Optical Integrity   ElectronCathode strikes releases gas electron molecule Test Source   CascadeElectron effect• strikes Electron occurs gasstrikes molecule to gas anode molecule   DischargeCascade• effect isCascade quenched occurs effect occursandto anode a to pulse anode is created   PulseDischarge output is is quenched measured and in caounts pulse piser created second (CPS) • Discharge is quenched and a pulse is created   DesignedPulse output and ismanufactured measured in bycounts Det -pTronicser second since (CPS) 1973  Designed• Pulseand manufacturedoutput is measured by in countsDet-Tronics per second since (CPS) 1973

• Designed and manufactured by Det-Tronics since 1973

As with anyAs detector with any detectortechnology, technology, there there are are advantages advantages and disadvantages. UV flame detectors As with any detector technology, there are advantages and disadvantages. UV flame detectors are sensitiveand to disadvantages. lightning, welding UV flame and detectors x-rays. are Partialsensitive physicalto obstruction of the fire or the are sensitivelightning, to lightning, welding and welding x-rays. Partialand x physical-rays. Partialobstruction physical obstruction of the fire or the presence of smoke and/or UV-absorbing vapors may delay or possibly even prevent detection. presence ofof smokethe fire and/oror the presence UV-absorbing of smoke and/orvapors UV-absorbing may delay or possibly even prevent detection. See Figure 4 below. See Figurevapors 4 below may. delay or possibly even prevent detection. See Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: Potential benefits and limitations of UV flame detection technology

Less affected by elements Speed of response

Potential limitations of a UV detector UV detector

Welding / lightning / X-rays / Vapors & oil film nuclear radiation

Detects most fire types Unaffected by hot objects

Potential benefits of a UV detector UV detector

Partially obstructed fires Smoke

det-tronics.com FIGURE 4: Potential benefits and limitations of UV flame detection+1 technology800.765.3473

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FIGURE 4: Potential benefits and limitations of UV flame detection technology

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation @ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation 2.1.2 INFRARED (IR) IR flame detectors utilize a sensor that is typically comprised of a pyroelectric detector. An optical interference filter is utilized within the pyroelectric detector to establish a bandpass region that is favorable for the exclusive detection of fire. These filters are selected depending upon the desired wavelength of interest, typically 4.2 – 4.8 micrometers (µm) within the CO2 emission band. As shown in Figure 5, the IR sensitivity range is outside of the range of human visibilityTechnical Paperand |not Ultra-high-speed influenced optical by sunlight. flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 4

Figure 5: Relationship between infrared sensors and solar radiation

2.1.2 Infrared (IR) If the emitted electromagnetic energy includes FIGUREwavelengths 5 that will pass through the bandpass IR flame detectors utilize a sensor that is typically interference filter, the light will encounter a single- comprised of a pyroelectric detector. An optical crystalline element. The element generates a small interference filter is utilized within the pyroelectric signal that is proportional in magnitude and frequency detector to establish a bandpass region that is favorable to the electromagnetic radiation that is being emitted for the exclusive detection of fire. These filters are from the fire. This signal is further signal-processed by a selected depending upon the desired wavelength of IR flame detectorsmicroprocessor (Figure 6) where can detect the firesresulting that are signal preceded is compared by smoke or contain vapors more interest, typically 4.2 – 4.8 micrometers (μm) within readily thanagainst detectors predetermined that utilize UV thresholds, technology. andResponse if the times signal can be less than 15mS in ideal the CO2 emission band. As shown in Figure 5, the IR conditions.qualifies, Because IRa sensorsfire alarm can beis madeactivated. solar-resistant and are not affected by UV radiation, sensitivity range is outside of the range of human visibilitythey can be successfully applied in many applications that challenge UV detectors. and not influenced by sunlight.

IR flame detectors (Figure 6) can detect fires that are IR Sensor preceded by smoke or contain vapors more readily than

detectors that utilize UV technology. Response times can be less than 15ms in ideal conditions. Because IR

sensors can be made solar-resistant and are not affected

by UV radiation, they can be successfully applied in many applications that challenge UV detectors. Page 7 of 22 Figure 6: Det-Tronics X9800 IR technology optical flame detector FIGURE 6: Det-Tronics X9800 IR technology optical flame detector @ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation

det-tronics.com If the emitted electromagnetic energy includes wavelengths+1 that 800.765.3473 will pass through the bandpass interference filter, the light will encounter a single-crystalline element. The element generates a small signal that is proportional in magnitude and frequency to the electromagnetic radiation that is being emitted from the fire. This signal is further signal-processed by a microprocessor where the resulting signal is compared against predetermined thresholds, and if the signal qualifies, a fire alarm is activated.

Infrared Sensor Operating Principles:

 Optical bandpass filter is mounted to sensor  Optical bandpass filter determines and controls wavelength sensitivity  Det-Tronics IR sensors used for ultra-high-speed have 4.45µm center wavelength  IR sources in a steady state ignored

As with any detector technology there are advantages and disadvantages. IR flame detectors may be sensitive to modulated hot objects and light sources. The presence of water, snow or ice on the detectors optics may also delay or prevent it from detecting a fire. See Figure 7.

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation IR flame detectors (Figure 6) can detect fires that are preceded by smoke or contain vapors more readily than detectors that utilize UV technology. Response times can be less than 15mS in ideal conditions. Because IR sensors can be made solar-resistant and are not affected by UV radiation, they can be successfully applied in many applications that challenge UV detectors.

IR Sensor

FIGURE 6: Det-Tronics X9800 IR technology optical flame detector

If the emitted electromagnetic energy includes wavelengths that will pass through the bandpass interference filter, the light will encounter a single-crystalline element. The element generates a small signal that is proportional in magnitude and frequency to the electromagnetic radiation that is being emitted from the fire. This signal is further signal-processed by a microprocessor where the resulting signal is compared against predetermined thresholds, and if the signal qualifies, a fire alarm is activated.

Infrared Sensor Operating Principles: Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 5  Optical bandpass filter is mounted to sensor  Optical bandpass filter determines and controls wavelength sensitivity  Det-Tronics IR sensors usedINFRARED for ultra SENSOR-high-speed OPERATING have PRINCIPLES4.45µm center wavelength  IR sources in a steady state ignored

• Optical bandpass filter is mounted to sensor

• Optical bandpass filter determines and controls wavelength sensitivity • Det-Tronics IR sensors used for ultra-high-speed have 4.45μm center wavelength

• IR sources in a steady state ignored

As with any detector technology there are advantages and disadvantages. IR flame detectors may be sensitiveAs with anyto detectormodulated technology hot objectsthere are advantages and light and sources. The presence of water, snow or ice on the detectorsdisadvantages. optics IR flamemay detectorsalso delay may orbe sensitiveprevent to it from detecting a fire. See Figure 7. modulated hot objects and light sources. The presence of water, snow or ice on the detector’s optics may alsoPage delay 8 of 22 or prevent it from detecting a fire. See Figure 7. @ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation

Figure 7: Potential benefits and limitations of IR flame detection technology

Less affected by smoke Speed of response

IR detector

Potential limitations of an IR detector

Water & ice Modulated hot objects

Unaffected by arc welding / Unaffected by vapors lightning / X-rays / nuclear radiation

Potential benefits of an IR detector IR detector

Modulated high-intensity lamps May not detect all fire types

FIGURE 7: Potential benefits and limitations of IR flame detection technology

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FIGURE 7: Potential benefits and limitations of IR flame detection technology @ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation 2.1.3 ULTRAVIOLET INFRARED (UVIR) UVIR flame detectors combine UV and IR technologies in a single flame detector (Figure 8). For a fire alarm to be activated, both the UV and IR detectors must sense the electromagnetic radiation being emitted, and both signals must be signal-processed and compared against predetermined thresholds. Figure 9 identifies the regions of electromagnetic sensitivity for a UVIR detector. UVIR technology can provide adequate fire detection performance while being Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detectionmore and resistant releasing to false activationsystem thansolutions UV or IR technology alone. All of the potential benefitsPage 6 and limitations of UV and IR technology applies to a UVIR flame detector. UVIR technology has gained a wide acceptance because of these attributes.

2.1.3 Ultraviolet infrared (UVIR) UV sensor UVIR flame detectors combine UV and IR technologies IR sensor in a single flame detector (Figure 8). For a fire alarm to be activated, both the UV and IR detectors must sense the electromagnetic radiation being emitted, and both signals must be signal-processed and compared against predetermined thresholds. Figure 9 identifies the regions of electromagnetic sensitivity for a UVIRFIGURE 8: Det-Tronics X5200 ultraviolet infrared (UVIR) technology optical flame detector Figure 8: Det-Tronics X5200 ultraviolet infrared (UVIR) technology detector. UVIR technology can provide adequate fire optical flame detector detection performance while being more resistant to false activation than UV or IR technology alone. All of the potential benefits and limitations of UV and IR auxiliary relay. The auxiliary relay can be configured to technology applies to a UVIR flame detector. UVIR change states upon a UV-only alarm, an IR-only alarm technology has gained a wide acceptance because of or a UVIR pre-alarm condition, adding further flexibility these attributes. to the flame detector for areas where the spectral emission characteristics of the material of interest may In addition to a fire alarm relay that operates when be in flux. both the UV and IR sensors detect fire, Det-Tronics UVIR flame detectors have an onboard programmable

Figure 9: Relationship between ultraviolet and infrared sensors and solar radiation

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det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 FIGURE 9

In addition to a fire alarm relay that operates when both the UV and IR sensors detect fire, Det- Tronics UVIR flame detectors have an onboard programmable auxiliary relay. The auxiliary relay can be configured to change states upon a UV-only alarm, an IR-only alarm or a UVIR pre- alarm condition, adding further flexibility to the flame detector for areas where the spectral emission characteristics of the material of interest may be in flux.

2.2 MAINTAINING DETECTION PERFORMANCE The potential exists within most applications for the detector’s optics to become blocked by foreign materials. Contamination of the detector’s optics may delay or even prevent the spectral emission of the fire from reaching the sensor(s) contained within the flame detector. Therefore, it is extremely important that the detector be capable of self-checking all of its optical surfaces, sensors and internal circuitry. The detector should be capable of automatically notifying the operator if its performance has been affected. If this fault condition occurs, a given process can be shut down or other action taken as required.

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation All Det-Tronics optical flame detectors include an Automatic Optical Integrity feature that provides a calibrated performance test once per minute to verify complete detector operational capabilities (Figure 10). Microprocessor-controlled calibrated internal IR and UV sources for every sensor within the detector are used to provide the test signals for the optical integrity test. If the detector encounters optical contamination or has developed any type of internal performance issue, the detector will signal an optical integrity fault condition when less than half Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detectionof theand original releasing detection system range solutions remains. Typically, an optical integrity fault is causedPage 7by a dirty lens and the detector only requires cleaning to restore it to its full performance.

Maintaining detection performance 2.2 The potential exists within most applications for the detector’s optics to become blocked by foreign materials. Contamination of the detector’s optics may delay or even prevent the spectral emission of the fire from reaching the sensor(s) contained within the flame detector. Therefore, it is extremely important that the detector be capable of self-checking all of its optical surfaces, sensors and internal circuitry. The detector should be capable of automatically notifying the operator if its performance has been affected. If this fault condition occurs, a given process can be shut down or other action taken as required.

All Det-Tronics optical flame detectors include an Figure 10: Dramatization of the X5200 UVIR optical integrity signal Automatic Optical Integrity (oi®) feature that provides a FIGURE 10: Dramatization of the X5200 UVIR optical integrity signal calibrated performance test once per minute to verify complete detector operational capabilities (Figure 10). Some plant areas are prone to airborne dust and Plant areas that are prone to airborne dust and contaminants may cause deposits to accumulate on Microprocessor-controlled calibrated internal IR and UVthe detectorcontaminants’s optics. For these that areas may, Det -causeTronics depositsoffers air shields to accumulate that provide ona constant flow sources for every sensor within the detector are used ofto clean air theacross detector’s the outside optics.surface of For the thesedetectors areas, optics, Det-Tronics thereby reducing offers the buildup of provide the test signals for the optical integrity test. If contaminantsthe air and shields helping that to extend provide necessary a constant maintenance flow intervals. of clean These air airacross shields do not interfere with the detector mounting, cone of vision or the optical integrity testing of the detector. detector encounters optical contamination or has developed the outside surface of the detector’s optics, thereby any type of internal performance issue, the detector will reducing the buildup of contaminants and helping to signal an optical integrity fault condition when less than half extend necessary maintenance intervals. These air shields of the original detection range remains. Typically, an optical do not interfere with the detector mounting, cone of vision integrity fault is caused by a dirty lens and the detector only or the optical integrity testing of the detector. requires cleaning to restore it to its full performance. Page 12 of 22

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AIR SHIELDS FOR OPTICAL FLAME DETECTORS

Q1118 air shield Q1116 air shield Q1198 air shield Q1118flange Air mount Shield for Q1116for AirX-series Shield Q1198for Air X9800 Shield IR X-series Flange Mount for X-series for X-series for X9800 IR

det-tronics.com2.3 EVENT LOGGING +1 800.765.3473 When an event or fault condition occurs, it is imperative that detailed information be quickly assembled. The releasing service fire alarm control unit will ideally have the capability to provide high-level information that indicates which inputs were activated or what type of fault is occurring. In addition, it is useful to obtain more detailed information when investigating events. Each Det-Tronics flame detector contains a built-in event log feature that automatically records a time and date stamp for each event or fault that occurs. Events such as power up, power down, fault conditions, pre-alarm and fire alarm conditions are recorded along with the temperature and input voltage that were present when the event occurred.

2.4 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY When selecting technology for the purpose of protecting people, processes, plant assets and buildings, the utmost care should be taken to design the system so it will function correctly under anticipated situations. The type of flame detection technology selected to monitor a given area should be based upon a performance-based design evaluation. A thorough understanding of the intended performance objectives for each detector within the system must be gained.

Spectral emission of fire?

Spectral response of the detector? How many detectors do I need?

Where should I install the detectors? Spurious nuisance alarms?

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Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 8

Event logging Some items that can be considered when conducting a performance-based design evaluation include: 2.3 When an event or fault condition occurs, it is imperative that detailed information be quickly • Fire composition assembled. The releasing service fire alarm control • Fire characteristics (growth rate, burning unit will ideally have the capability to provide high-level characteristics, spectral emission) information that indicates which inputs were activated or what type of fault is occurring. In addition, it is useful • Minimum fire size that requires detection to obtain Q1118 more detailed Air Shield information when Q1116 investigating Air Shield • UV attenuating Q1198 vapors Air orShield IR attenuating dusts events. Each Det-Tronics flame detector contains a built- • Non-fire sources in event Flange log feature Mount that for automatically X-series records for Xa -timeseries and for X9800 IR date stamp for each event or fault that occurs. Events Optical flame detectors may provide different performance such as power up, power down, fault conditions, pre- results depending upon make and model. The only alarm2.3 EVENT and fire alarmLOGGING conditions are recorded along with verifiable method for measuring a flame detector’s the temperature and input voltage that were present sensitivity to a given material of interest is to expose it whenWhen the an event event occurred. or fault condition occurs, it is imperativeto an actual that controlled detailed event. information However, beit is quicklydifficult to assembled. The releasing service fire alarm controlconsistently unit will produceideally repeatablehave the testcapability fires that to result in an Selection of technology provide high-level information that indicates whichabsolutely inputs identicalwere activated fire. Therefore, or what repeated type ofexposures fault is to 2.4 When selecting technology for the purpose a given material of interest are typically required to obtain ofoccurring protecting. people,In addition, processes, it is plantuseful assets to obtain and more detailedvalid test informationdata. when investigating events. buildings,Each Det the-Tronics utmost care flame should detector be taken contains to design a built-in event log feature that automatically records a In addition, a balance must be achieved between desired thetime system and sodate it will stamp function for correctlyeach event under or anticipated fault that occurs. Events such as power up, power down, detector sensitivity to the material of interest and its situations. The type of flame detection technology fault conditions, pre-alarm and fire alarm conditionssensitivity are recorded to non-fire along radiant with energy the sources. temperature A detector and selected to monitor a given area should be based upon input voltage that were present when the event occurred.that is too sensitive to its surroundings and causes a performance-based design evaluation. A thorough nuisance alarms is certainly undesirable. The detector must understanding of the intended performance objectives for therefore be subjected to common sources within the area each detector within the system must be gained. that is to be monitored so an effective evaluation of the 2.4 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY overall flame detector performance can be determined.

When selecting technology for the purpose of protectingThese aspects people may, processes, present numerous plant assetschallenges and to the buildings, the utmost care should be taken to designengineer the system responsible so it for will conducting function the correctly performance- under anticipated situations. The type of flame detectionbased technology evaluation. selected Effective to planning monitor and a controlgiven byarea the test engineer will maximize the accuracy of each should be based upon a performance-based design evaluation. A thorough understanding of the performance-based measurement. intended performance objectives for each detector within the system must be gained.

Spectral emission of fire? Spectral emission of fire?

SpectralSpectral response response of of the the detector? detector? HowHow many many detectors detectors do do I Ineed? need?

WhereWhere should should I install I install the the detectors? detectors? SpuriousSpurious nuisance nuisance alarm alarms?s?

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Considerations for a performance- • Conduct a minimum of at least three (3) repetitive based design evaluation of optical tests of each fuel type at each distance to obtain 2.5 flame detection valid data. • The method that is used to ignite the material 2.5.1 Test site should not cause the flame detectors to respond. • Identify a test site that offers safe access, If the detectors respond to the ignition source, this observation and exit capability for all involved. The may affect the accuracy of the time measurement. ability to control access to the test site is desirable. • Fire ignition sources such as electric matches are • Indoor fire tests may be susceptible to the not recommended due to the possible introduction accumulation of attenuating airborne materials such of flammable material into the material of interest as smoke, dust and solvent vapors, all of which may that would not normally be present. This material negatively affect fire detection performance. In order may produce a different spectral emission than the to obtain consistent test results and flame detection emission from the material of interest. performance, an exchange of clean air should be • Determine an accepted means of determining the provided before and between all indoor tests. detector’s speed of response. Typical examples • Ensure that a suitable method of extinguishing the include the use of a digital timer or a high-speed test fire is readily accessible at the test site or if the video recording system. material is not easily extinguished, that precautions • Record all detector technologies/types, serial have been taken to control the burn. numbers and locations (distance and angle) relative • Ensure all burned materials have been fully to the fire as well as all detector fire threshold extinguished and dispose of all burned residual settings and/or time delay settings. materials properly. • Ensure all detectors are aligned properly and the • It is best to attempt to mimic the conditions that lenses are clean. will be encountered within the actual application where the detectors will be installed. Take potential 2.5.3 Test fuels obstructions to the flame detectors view of the area • Fire tests of flammable solids, munitions and into account. propellants require special considerations due to • Control, if possible, ambient temperature, humidity, wide variations in flammability and fire propagation wind direction and velocity. rates. The fire size generated by these materials is established by defining weight of the unburned 2.5.2 Test process material, volume and arrangement prior to ignition. • Prior to the start of testing, record ambient Flammable powders and propellants will burn at temperature, humidity, wind direction and velocity. different propagation rates depending upon the arrangement of the material (example: 30 grams • Depending upon environmental conditions, fire tests of black powder in a concentrated pile will burn that are performed outdoors may be susceptible differently than 30 grams spread out over a 5 cm to variations in fire emission characteristics. square surface). Standardize the method of arranging Videotaping outdoor fire tests may be valuable in the flammable powders or propellants and repeat determining the potential effects of changes in wind for each test burn. If the area being monitored will direction and velocity. process multiple pyrotechnic materials, the system • Identify the fuel type(s) and desired fire sizes, should be designed to enable detection of the worst- distances and time requirements to which the case, slowest burning material. flame detector(s) should respond within the • Each test should be performed using new material, actual application. Use this data to establish the never burning fuels more than once, as it is likely performance benchmarks that are desired for the the material will exhibit different characteristics if it application and the evaluation procedure. is reignited. det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 3.0 MEETING CODES AND STANDARDS Codes and standards, such as those written by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the U.S. government, provide knowledge and information to minimize the risk and effects of fire. Codes such as NFPA 101® Life Safety Code ®, NFPA 72® National Fire Alarm and ® TechnicalSignaling Paper |Code Ultra-high-speed, NFPA optical 15 Standard flame detection for Water and releasing Spray system Fixed solutions Systems for Fire Protection, andPage 10 Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) UFC 3-600-01 are such examples. Typically, there is an interlinking of these Nuisance alarm source testing codes thatrecommendations ensures compatibility and 2.6consistency with one another. For example, TypicalUFC3 flame-600 detector-01 references nuisance alarm both sources NFPA72 are listed and below. There should be no flame detector fire alarm responseNFPA15 caused. It byis exposureimportant to theseto gain sources: a thorough understanding of each code and how it applies• Direct sunlightto the application. • Incandescent 300 watt light bulb at five foot distance It• Fluorescentis also important 34 watt light that bulbs any atsystem one foot whose distance intended• Halogen 500purpose watt lamp is to (with detect plastic and or suppressglass lens in fireplace), fully at five comply foot distance with all applicable codes and• Electric standards. quartz infrared It is therefore heater (1500 important watt) at ten to foot selectdistance flame detectors and control systems that• A hand-held are third two-way-party agencyradio (5 watt) listed. keyed The during selectiontransmit modeof the at properthree foot products distance will ultimately assist the user in obtaining compliance. • Modulating the nuisance source energy at a rate of Meeting codes and standards approximately 2 to 10 Hz (via an unheated chopper,  Each test should be performed using new material, never burning fuels more than once, not your hand) should also result in no flame detector Codes and standards, such as those as it is likely the material will exhibit different characteristics if it is reignited. 3.0 3.1 SOLUTIONS FOR THE CONTROL UNITwritten AND by theRELEASING National Fire Protection SYSTEM Association fire alarm response. (NFPA) and the U.S. government, provide knowledge 2.6 NUISANCEIn• Any order other ALARM to known meet SOURCE nuisancecurrent TESTING alarmcodes RECOMMENDATIONS sources and standards, should be the outputs from ultra-high-speed flame detectors and information to minimize the risk and effects of fire. Typicalpresented flame detector to nuisance the detectors alarm sources as are theylisted below.will exist There atshould the be no flame must be connected to a releasing service fire alarmCodes control such asunit NFPA specifical 101® Lifely Safety listed Code for® releasing, detectoractual fire alarm application response caus edso by that exposure an understanding to these sources: may be service, and the detectors must also be listed forNFPA use with 72® National the same Fire control Alarm and unit. Signaling This Codecontrol®, unit  gainedDirect sunlight as to their possible affect. performs Incandescent important300 watt light bulb functions at five foot distance such as supervisingNFPA the 15inp Standardut and outputsfor Water toSpray help Fixed ensure Systems the systemfor Fire • TheFluorescent ability 34 towatt detect light bulbs flames at one foot while distance in the presence of Protection, and Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) will theHalogen operatecommon 500 watt lampasradiant intended (with energyplastic or when glasssources lens requiredin listedplace) at above. five to foot do distance so.  Electric quartz infrared heater (1500 watt) at ten foot distance UFC 3-600-01 are such examples. These sources are typical to those found in many To A handthis-held end, two- wayDet radio-Tronics (5 watt) keyed has during de transmitsigned mode a at new three f oohight distance-  plantsModulating and the manufacturingnuisance source energy areas. at a rate of approximately 2 to 10 Hz (viaTypically, an there is an interlinking of these codes speedunheated deluge chopper, not module. your hand) should The also twelve result in no(12) flame cdetectorhannel fire alarm that ensures compatibility and consistency with Thereresponse. may be needs that are unmet or undiscovered. EQ3780HSDM Any other known nuisance h ighalarm- sourcesspeed should deluge be presented module to the detectors (HSDM) asone they willanother. is For example, UFC3-600-01 references A thoroughexist at the investigation actual application that so that involves an understanding open may discussion be gained as to theirboth possible NFPA 72 and NFPA 15. It is important to gain mayspecifically revealaffect. unconventional designed approaches to expand and the lead capability to of the Det The- Tronicsability to detect Eagle flames while Quantum in the presence Premier of the common® (EQP) radiant energy safetya sources thorough understanding of each code and how it detectionlisted above. solutions. These sources are typical to those found in many plants and manufacturingapplies to the application. systemareas. . It provides the capability to activate ultra-high- Det-TronicsTherespeed may be may needssuppression be that able are tounmet assist or systems undiscovered. in your performance-based for A thorough hazardous investigation flame applications that involvesIt is open also important that any system whose intended detectordiscussion evaluation.may reveal unconventional approaches and lead to detection solutions. such as munitions manufacturing. purpose is to detect and suppress fire, fully comply with all applicable codes and standards. It is therefore

Detimportant-Tronics to select flame detectors and control systems The HSDM is designed to have an independent maythat be ableare third-party agency listed. The selection of response time of 2mS and when used in combinationto assist in the proper products will ultimately assist the user in your with a Det-Tronics UV, UV/IR or IR flame detector,performance obtaining compliance. - based flame detector evaluation Page 17 of 22

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation 3.0 MEETING CODES AND STANDARDS Codes and standards, such as those written by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the U.S. government, provide knowledge and information to minimize the risk and effects of fire. Codes such as NFPA 101® Life Safety Code ®, NFPA 72® National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code ®, NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, and Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) UFC 3-600-01 are such examples. Typically, there is an interlinking of these codes that ensures compatibility and consistency with one another. For example, Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 11 UFC3-600-01 references both NFPA72 and NFPA15. It is important to gain a thorough understanding of each code and how it Det-Tronics has designed the entire system, including applies to the application. Listed solutions for the control unit and releasing system optical flame detectors, high-speed deluge module and It is also important that any system whose 3.1 intended purpose is to detect and suppress safety system controller, to enable customers to design a fire, fully comply with all applicable codes In order to meet current codes and standards, the outputs system that complies with UFC and NFPA requirements and standards. It is therefore important to from ultra-high-speed flame detectors must be connected select flame detectors and control systems (Figure 11). that are third-party agency listed. The to a releasing service fire alarm control unit specifically selection of the proper products will ultimately assist the userlisted in obtain foring releasing compliance .service, and the detectors must also The fire alarm relay output from the UV, IR or UVIR optical be listed for use with the same control unit. This control flame detector is connected to the HSDM. The flame 3.1 SOLUTIONS FOR THE CONTROL UNIT AND RELEASINGunit performs SYSTEM important functions such as supervising the detector combined with the HSDM is capable of providing In order to meet current codes and standards, the outputs frominput ultra and-high -outputsspeed flame to detectors help ensure the system will operate an ultra-high-speed of response, which may be less than must be connected to a releasing service fire alarm control unit specifically listed for releasing 20ms in ideal conditions. service, and the detectors must also be listed for use with theas same intended control unit. when This controlrequired unit to do so. performs important functions such as supervising the input and outputs to help ensure the system will operate as intended when required to do so. To this end, Det-Tronics The HSDM sends a priority signal onto the LON cabling, To this end, Det-Tronics has designed a new high- has designed a new high- which is received by the EQP safety system controller. speed deluge module. The twelve (12) channel speed deluge module. This communication is not high speed. The EQP uses EQ3780HSDM high-speed deluge module (HSDM) is specifically designed to expand the capability of the The twelve (12) channel pre-programmed logic to determine the next actions, Det-Tronics Eagle Quantum Premier® (EQP) safety high-speed deluge module which typically include sending a signal to an enhanced system. It provides the capability to activate ultra-high- speed suppression systems for hazardous applications (HSDM) is specifically discrete input output module, which, in turn, is utilized to such as munitions manufacturing. designed to expand the activate notification appliances. Additional communication The HSDM is designed to have an independent capability of the Det-Tronics to guards, the police and fire departments or other needed response time of 2mS and when used in combination ® areas is also possible. with a Det-Tronics UV, UV/IR or IR flame detector, Eagle Quantum Premier (EQP) safety system. A properly designed and listed flame detection and Page 17 of 22 It provides the capability to activate ultra-high-speed releasing system can help users meet UFC and NFPA code @ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporationsuppression systems for hazardous applications such as requirements for an ultra-high-speed water spray system. munitions manufacturing.

The HSDM is designed to have an independent response time of 2ms and when used in combination with a Figure 11: Visual depiction of an ultra-high-speed capable Det-Tronics system Det-Tronics UV, UV/IR or IR flame detector, the combined system can provide a response to an event in less than NFPA 72®: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code® 15ms under ideal conditions. EQP Safety Input/Output System Controller The HSDM ensures system operation through Module Notiﬁcation continuous supervision of all inputs and outputs Appliances and utilizes a local operating network/signaling line circuit (LON/SLC) providing Class X monitoring for the High Speed Deluge connection between the HSDM and the EQP safety Module system controller.

The HSDM module provides six configurable input channels and six configurable output channels that can be programmed for supervised or unsupervised Suppression/ Deluge operation. Each input channel accepts contact closures X-Series from fire detection devices such as optical flame Flame Detector detectors, heat detectors, smoke detectors and manual pull stations. Output channels are designed to activate

third-party approved solenoids used to initiate pilot- Source actuated deluge valves. NFPA 15: Chapter 12 Ultra-High-Speed Water Spray System

det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 Technical Paper | Ultra-high-speed optical flame detection and releasing system solutions Page 12

Detectable Detector Control Solenoid Pilot-actuated Water event alarms system activates valve flow activates activates

Presentation of 20ms 2ms 25ms 53ms an energy source

Figure 12: Response time for an entire ultra-high-speed detection and suppression system from presentation of an energy source at the detector to flow of water from the water spray nozzle cannot exceed 100 milliseconds (ms).

Meeting response time requirement detector and area being monitored that could block the of <100 milliseconds (ms) detector’s line of sight. All air bubbles must be purged 3.2 from within the piping of the hydraulic system. In addition, While discussion of the speed of response for flame the fastest possible solenoids should be utilized, and the detectors is important, it must be recognized that an deluge nozzles should be installed as closely as possible even more important measurement is the speed of to the potential hazard. Close adherence to these aspects response of the entire system, which includes the will greatly improve the speed of the entire system. See flame detector, releasing service fire alarm control unit, Figure 12. solenoid valves and a deluge component. An ultra-high- speed flame detector is capable of detecting a rapidly Det-Tronics solutions for ultra-high- developing fire in approximately 20ms under ideal speed optical flame detection circumstances. The releasing service fire alarm control 4.0 unit may also respond in a matter of milliseconds. The Modern optical flame detectors are designed to help solenoid takes time to relieve the pilot pressure from the users obtain compliance with UFC and NFPA codes and deluge valve and, finally, the water requires time to travel standards. Det-Tronics offers the X2200 UV, X9800 IR and through the piping to the nozzle and from the nozzle X5200 UVIR flame detectors, which, when configured and through the air to the fire. Therefore, it is important to installed properly, are capable of high-speed and ultra- realize that the speed of response of the detector and high-speed response times. control unit is a small subset of the total response time Beyond the stringent thermal testing, bench tests and of the system. simulations performed within our factory, all Det-Tronics Careful attention must be paid to ensuring that the flame detectors are tested using real fire at our Engineering detectors are installed as closely as possible to the Test Center before shipment to our customers. potential hazard and that nothing comes between the

det-tronics.com +1 800.765.3473 4.0 DET-TRONICS SOLUTIONS FOR ULTRA-HIGH-SPEED OPTICAL FLAME DETECTION Modern optical flame detectors are designed to help users obtain compliance with UFC and NFPA codes and standards. Det-Tronics offers the X2200 UV, X9800 IR and X5200 UVIR flame detectors, which, when configured and installed properly, are capable of high-speed and ultra-high-speed response times. Beyond the stringent thermal testing, bench tests and simulations performed within our factory, allTechnical Det- PaperTronics | Ultra-high-speed flame detectors optical flame are testeddetection using and releasing real firesystem at solutionsour Engineer ing Test Center beforePage 13 shipment to our customers.

Det-Tronics Engineering Test Center Det-Tronics Engineering Test Center

About Det-Tronics 3. National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 72® National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code® Det-Tronics is a global leader in fire and 5.0 ABOUT DET-TRONICS 4. United States of America, Department of Defense, Unified gas safety systems, providing premium flame and gas Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-600-01 Fire Protection Engineering for Detdetection-Tronics and hazard is a global mitigation leader systems in forflame/gas high-risk detectionFacilities and hazard mitigation systems for high-risk processes and industrial operations. The company processes and critical industrial operations. Det-5.Tronics FM Approvals designs, Standard manufactures 3260 — Approval andStandard commissions for designs, builds, tests and commissions SIL 2 Capable Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire certifiedflame and SILgas safety2-capable products flame ranging and from gas conventional detection solutionsAlarm Signaling and is part of UTC Climate, Controls & panels to fault-tolerant, addressable systems that are Security, a unit of United Technologies CorporationNote: This. paper was delivered at the National Defense Industrial globally certified. Association (NDIA) International Explosives Safety Symposium and Exhibition — San Diego, California, USA, August 8th, 2018 DetDet-Tronics-Tronics ultra-high-speed ultra-high -opticalspeed flame optical detection flame detection systems have been the standard within plant systems have been the standard within plant safety safety systems for over 40 years. Disclaimer systems for over 40 years. The content of this white paper is provided for Det-Tronics is a part of Carrier, a leading global provider of informational purposes only and is not intended to innovative HVAC, refrigeration, fire, security and building provide professional services or substitute for the automation technologies. review and advice, in any given circumstances, of an appropriate professional. Det-Tronics makes every effort References to provide timely and accurate information but makes no claims, promises, or warranty regarding the accuracy, 6.0 completeness, timeliness, or adequacy of the information 1. National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 15 Standard for provided in this paper, and expressly disclaims any implied Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection warranties and any liability for use of this white paper or 2. National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 101®: reliance on views expressed in it. Life Safety Code

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@ 2018 Detector Electronics Corporation Corporate Office Phone: +1 952.941.5665 6901 West 110th Street Toll-free: +1 800.765.3473 Minneapolis, MN 55438 USA Fax: +1 952.829.8750 det-tronics.com [email protected]