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Crocus Randjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke & Raca

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Crocus Randjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke & Raca UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Jelena Manić Crocus randjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke & Raca - distribucija i morfo-anatomska diferencijacija MASTER RAD Niš, 2019. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU MASTER RAD Crocus randjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke & Raca - distribucija i morfo-anatomska diferencijacija Kandidat: Mentor: Jelena Manić 253 dr Vladimir Ranđelović Niš, 2019. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY MASTER THESIS Crocus randjeloviciorum Kernd., Pasche, Harpke & Raca - distribution and morpho-anatomical differentiation Candidate: Supervisor: Jelena Manić 253 dr Vladimir Ranđelović Niš, 2019. Zahvalnica Srdačnu zahvalnost dugujem svom mentoru, Dr Vladimiru Ranđeloviću na predloženoj temi, ukazanom poverenju, sugestijama i pruženoj podršci tokom izrade ovog rada. Takođe, veliku zahvalnost dugujem Ireni Raci na detaljnom uvođenju u laboratorijski rad, nesebičnoj pomoći, stručnim savetima, strpljenju i razumevanju pri realizaciji celokupnog rada. Biografija kandidata Jelena Manić, rođena je 17.05.1994. godine u Vranju. Osnovnu školu „Vuk Karadžić“, kao i srednju Hemijsko-tehnološku školu završila je u Vranju. Osnovne studije na Prirodnomatematičkom fakultetu u Nišu, Univerziteta u Nišu, na departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, upisuje 2013. godine. Nakon završetka osnovnih studija 2016. godine upisuje master studije, na Prirodno-matematičkom fakultetu, Univerziteta u Nišu, na departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju, smer Ekologija i zaštita prirode. SAŽETAK Skorašnje opsežne i detaljne studije ukazale su da se predstavnici Crocus adamii sensu lato ne mogu naći zapadno od anatolijske dijagonale. Stoga je, na osnovu rezultata kombinovanih morfoloških i molekularnih istraživanja, potvrđeno da je C. adamii iz Srbije nova vrsta za nauku, opisana sa lokaliteta Tupižnica i nazvana C. randjeloviciorum. Master rad predstavlja ekstenziju ovih istraživanja, a kako bi se utvrdio stepen morfo-anatomske diferencijacije ostalih potencijalnih populacija C. randjeloviciorum, a koje do sada nisu ispitivane. Radom je obuhvaćena detaljna analiza morfologije (11 merističkih, 3 kvantitativne i 11 kvalitativnih osobina) i anatomije listova (20 karaktera), ilustrovana i izražena kroz parametre deskriptivne statistike i jednofaktorske analize varijansi (ANOVA). Rezultati deskriptivne statistike za morfološke i morfoanatomske parametre pokazali su da se svi analizirani karakteri nalaze u zoni umerene do visoke varijabilnosti (jedino se površina parenhima ističe vrlo visokom varijabilnošću). Većina morfmetrijskih (izuzev dužine antera, broja katafila, listova i cvetova) i svi morfoanatomski parametri pokazuju statistički značaj u formiranju interpopulacionih razlika. Među analiziranim populacijama evidentna je morfo- anatomska diferencijacija; sa jedne strane ekstrema se, za većinu analiziranih parametara, uvek nalazi populacija sa tipskog lokaliteta vrste C. randjeloviciorum (Tupižnica). Diferencijacija jeste korelisana sa ekološkim uslovima ispitivanih lokaliteta, ali svakako zahteva dalja opsežnija istraživanja, s obzirom na to da može predstavljati i odraz izraženih genetičkih razlika, te ukazivati na postojanje različitih vrsta. Ključne reči: Crocus randjeloviciorum, morfometrija, anatomija, poprečni presek lista ABSTRAKT The recent extensive and detailed studies have shown that the representatives of Crocus adamii sensu lato can not be found western of the Anatolian Diagonal. Therefore, based on the results of the combined morphological and molecular researches, it was confirmed that C. adamii, originated from Serbia, is a new species for science, described from the locality of Tupižnica and named C. randjeloviciorum. The master thesis represents the extension of these studies, in order to determine the degree of morpho-anatomical differentiation of the other potential populations of C. randjeloviciorum, which have not been investigated so far. The thesis deals with a detailed analysis of morphology (11 meristic, 3 quantitative and 11 qualitative features) and leaf anatomy (20 characters), illustrated and expressed through the parameters of descriptive statistics and the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of descriptive statistics for morphological and morpho-anatomical parameters revealed that all of the analyzed characters are in the moderate to high variability zone (only the parenchyma area is characterized by very high variability). The most of morphometric (except the anters length, the number of cataphylls, leaves and flowers) and all of the morpho-anatomical parameters show statistical significance to the formation of the interpopulational variability. The morpho-anatomical differentiation is evident among the analyzed populations; On the one side of the extremes, for the most of the analyzed parameters, there is always population from the type locality of the species C. randjeloviciorum (Tupižnica). The differentiation is correlated with the ecological conditions of the investigated localities, but certainly requires further extensive researches, since it may also reflect the pronounced genetic differences, and indicate the existence of different species. Key words: Crocus randjeloviciorum, morphometry, anatomy, leaf cross section Sadržaj 1. Uvod ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Rod Crocus - opšta terminologija, komercijalna upotreba i zanimljivosti ............. 2 1.2. Dosadašnja istraživanja, diverzitet i taksonomski problemi roda Crocus .............. 4 1.3. Taksonomski položaj vrste Crocus randjeloviciorum ................................................. 6 1.4. Biološke karakteristike i specifičnosti vrste Crocus randjeloviciorum .................. 7 1.5. Biogeografske i ekološke karakteristike vrste C. randjeloviciorum ..................... 11 2. Ciljevi rada ............................................................................................................... 12 3. Materijali i metode rada ............................................................................................ 13 3.1. Terenska istraživanja i prikupljanje materijala .................................................... 13 3.2. Morfometrijska analiza ....................................................................................... 13 3.3. Anatomska analiza listova .................................................................................. 14 3.4. Statistička obrada podataka ................................................................................ 15 4. Rezultati i diskusija ................................................................................................... 16 4.1. Morfološke karakteristike različitih populacija vrste C. randjeloviciorum ........... 16 4.2. Morfoanatomske karakteristike poprečnih preseka listova različitih populacija vrste C. randjeloviciorum .................................................................................................. 19 4.3. Sumarna deskriptivna statistika ispitivanih morfoloških i morfo-anatomskih karaktera vrste C. randjeloviciorum i rezultati analize varijansi (ANOVA) ................ 29 5. Zaključak .................................................................................................................. 32 6. Literatura .................................................................................................................. 33 1. Uvod 1.1. Rod Crocus - opšta terminologija, komercijalna upotreba i zanimljivosti Reč Crocus potiče od grčke reči kroke ili krokus, što u prevodu znači konac, a na osnovu končastih žigova koje poseduje ova biljka (Stjepanović-Veseličić, 1976). U narodu, biljka je poznata kao kaćun, kaćunka, kačunka, brnđuša, brnđušica i šafran. Najzastupljeniji naziv - šafran potiče od arapske reči az-za'fran koja u prevodu znači “biti žut” (Urošević, 2013). Najčešće pominjana, gajena i najkorišćenija vrsta iz roda Crocus jeste vrsta Crocus sativus, takozvani domaći šafran. Smatra se da poreklo ove biljke datira od pre pet hiljada godina, a njeni prvi nalazi se navode za različite zemlje Mediterana i Azije, počevši od stare Grčke, Krita do Irana. Dugo se pretpostavljalo da je postojbina šafrana Iran i da je ova vrsta prvobitno rasla u podnožju planine Zagros i okolnih područja Alvanda. Novija istraživanja pokazala su da je C. sativus zapravo evoluirao na grčkom ostrvu Atika, kombinacijom dva genotipa vrste C. cartwrightianus Herb. (Nemati et al., 2019). Još od davnina, šafran se smatra simbolom mudrosti i bogatstva. Privlači pažnju, kako izgledom i mirisom, tako i svojim hranljivim i lekovitim svojstvima, te je na široko poznata njegova komercijalna upotreba. U istočnjačkim zemljama, od šafrana se dobijala visoko kvalitetna boja za farbanje različitih predmeta (freske, persijski ćilimi, najfiniji porcelan). Nalazi primenu i u kozmetici i parfemskoj industriji. Takođe, koristi se i u ishrani, kao začin koji se proizvodi od sasušenih vrhova tučaka (stigmi) šafranovog cveta. Za jedan kilogram ovakvog začina, koga mnogi nazivaju “kraljem začina” potrebno je u proseku 150.000 cvetova, što ga čini skupljim od zlata. U ishrani se ređe može naći i gomolj šafrana (Urošević, 2013). U narodnoj medicini se upotrebljava kod ublažavanja simptoma nervoze, nesanice, anksioznosti i depresije. Nalazi primenu i u regulaciji cirkulacije, kao i količine holesterola i 2 triglicerida u krvi.
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