AFFIXING NAMES TO PLACES

Colonial surveying if the construction of cultural space 1

GISELLE M. BYRNES

'ITHAS ALWAYS BEEN THE upon which imperial power could be Monmonier has argued, 'when local acknowledged right of an extended. Naming a place was not only resistance makes political control explorer to affix names to places', the an attempt to legitimise the ownership questionable, relabeling [sic] the map surveyor Charles Douglas wrote in his of that place; it also reinforced the is a convenient way to both assert field book in 1860, 'and unless the said authority of the society that produced and exaggerate the new regime's names are absurd or very inappropriate the name. In this way, place names authority'-' they are allowed to remain'3 Doug­ may be read as expressions of power The naming of has las' comment aptly described the way and the means of transforming 'space' occurred in several successive waves, in which language, the ultimate in to 'place': a literal way of construct- from early Polynesian migration instrument of empire, was through to the organised employed as a colonising settlement schemes of the tool in the European latter half of the 19th century. transformation of the New As much as guns and warships, The names given by early Zealand landscape. This maps have been the weapons of imperialism. Maori - inscribed through paper will examine the ways tribal conquest and re - in which colonial surveyors H A R LE'{ , conquest- and the names participated in colonisation 't.1APS, KNOWLEDGE AND POWER '' given by the European through the process of explorers, whalers, surveyors naming. I will argue that by and settlers, were statements 'affixing names to places', the ing cultural space. The Australian of possession and attempts at making European settlers attempted to historian Paul Carter has defined the foreign seem familiar. As each domesticate, tame, and ultimately 'cultural space' as 'the spatial forms colonising group imposed their place possess the new environment. and fa ntasies through which a culture names on the land they did so over Naming is defined here as the act declares its presence'.' Moreover, those of the colonised. The historical of writing over the land. Naming the while the imported nomenclature was landscape of New Zealand may land was an assertion of literal an assertion of European authority, it therefore be read as a cultural acquisition; fixed on maps and in was also a denial - a de-scription - of palimpsest, where the layers of narratives, names incorporated the the existing indigenous landscape systems of nomenclature provide an land into a discourse which had its which was already navigated and index to its history of occupancy and origins beyond New Zealand shores. named. In naming an already known colonisation-' By in scribing European names on the place, European surveyors were In the early period of European land and encoding these places on a therefore writing over and appropri­ settlement in New Zealand, the map, surveyors laid the fo undations ating earlier histories. As Mark inscription of British place names made

22 V o / 8 No 1 March 1998 NEW ZEALAND STUDIES

the young colony immediately accessi­ grown out of the soi l rather than urban nomenclature. Chief Surveyor ble to the invading migrant society. planted itself there .. . East Anglia is to the , Captain 'Names of places, too, should be not just arable la nd: it is also , has Mt Thomas and changed', Constable country ... Cornwall the Thomas River named after him . advised in his Art of Colonization, connotes Celtic prehistory . , who succeeded Thomas ' [for] they make part of the moral Hampshire evokes maritime myth as Chief Surveyor, is commemorated atmosphere of a country .. '. 7 It and history; the Midlands are about in a bay, a peak, a river, and street seemed appropriate to transport industrialisation and transport; and names in Canterbury. Streets in the li nguistic fragments of Britain to New so on in a national se miosis that is South Canterbury townships of Zealand: Dunedin, Cheviot, and limited only littorally." Timaru, Temuka and Geraldine, laid Cambridge, for instance, were out in 1856-64 by the government Place names in New Zealand may evocative of places elsewhere, while surveyor, Samuel Hewli ngs, all bear be read as dedications, designations Palmerston, , and Gis­ the name of their archi tect. In New or descriptions: commemorative of a borne celebrated historic individuals. Plymouth, Liardet Street, Octavius revered individual or deity; referential The map of New Zealand reads like Place and Carrington Road to something or somewhere else; or an inventory of British imperial history; memorialise the early surveyors. On literal and self-referential descriptions. Wellington, Nelson, Napier and the west coast of the the The urban topography of New Zealand Hastings are designations which Harper Saddle honours a West Coast tends to dedicate and memorialise recall other times and places. Indeed, surveyor, while the surveyors founding figures . The street map of European (not unlike Brunner, Lewis and Dobson are New Plymouth, for example, reads like Maori) seem to have defined their recalled in Brunnertown, the Lewis the minutes of a meeting of the New environment in terms of legends of Pass and Arthur's Pass. In this way, Zealand and Plymouth Companies. arrival, conquest and permanence. place names were records of particu­ When Frederick Alonzo Carrington, For the early British colonists, place lar moments and expressions of surveyor to the New Zealand names were the most tangible, easily personal presences. Company, drew up his map of the transportable (and inexpensive) Place names also functioned to proposed New Plymouth settlement memoir of Britain that they could domesticate the envir onment. in 1841, he d id not fail to acknowl­ transplant in the colony. European- especial ly British - names edge his financial mentors. The The colonising impact of system­ held a particular nostalgia for streets Vivian, St Aubyn, Buller, atic inscription is most obvious where surveyors. While exploring the Devon, Leach, Lemon, Pendarves, 'little Englands' have been replicated Waitaki and Clutha river region in Gilbert, Eliot and Cutfield Roads on New Zealand soil. The name 'New 1857, John Turn bull Thomson honour the Directors of the Plymouth Plymouth' is a case in point. As if the renamed the Ahahuri Pass the Company; in Wellington, Young, language itself could impart some­ 'Lindis', after Lindisfarne, near his Currie, Wakefield, Fillis, Molesworth, thing of the old world onto the 'new', English home-" At his survey camp in and Courtenay Streets and Wooll­ British place names (and personal December 1885, he wrote: combe Terrace the Directors of the names) were transported wholesale . The choice We have a new home now on the to the colony; in Taranaki, for instance, of the name of was also a ITlargin of a very beautiful la ke called there is Stratford, Inglewood, Carlyle, semantic form of patronage. The Lake Tennyson. Some people say it Raleigh, Eltham, Midhurst and settlement was named, according to was named after a man in England Egmont. Felton Mathew, 'after Lord Auckland, who used to 'invent' poetry. Others In contrast to the consciously at the time Governor-General of say after old Bill Tennyson the created colonial society, it is assumed India, and an old friend and patron of Bullock driver, who used to cart up to that England and its society simply is. Governor Hobson's' ' Jollie's Pass, but I should hope not; it As Ross Gibson has explain ed: Colonial surveyors have received would take away the charm of this English society .. appears to have particular attention in both rural and beautiful place'. "

V o I 8 No 1 Marc IT 1 9 9 8 23 NEW Z_EALAND STUD I ES

At Great Barrier Island in 1885-86, his explorations of the Tuapeka colonised the country li nguistically, the surveyor Sidney Weetman wrote country. The Castor and Pollux Peaks and in doing so, created their own a description of the island peaks: were suggested to him 'by the 2 geographical reality. McKerrow brother stars in the constellation of 'possessed' the southern landscape The lowest of these Pinnacles I Gimini [sic]', whil e the Minaret Peaks by naming and mapping it. christened General Cordon, because were so named as they reminded Naming also expressed the efforts looked at from some positions it McKerrow of 'a Mohammedan of the European settler society to resembles the figure of a colossal Mosque'. fashion a particular colonial identity. man, standing with his arms behind Th e streams running from Mt Pi sa Like the maps of New Zealand, him, lookin g out over the sea, and, as to the Clutha river- the Socher Burn, littered with names derivative of my visi t took place shortly after the Tinwald Burn, Amisfield Burn, Park Britain and reflective of the local fall of Khartourn, this rock suggested Burn, Small Burn and Lowburn -are environment, the identity of the to my mind the lo nely figure of all Scottish names, chosen by colonial settl er was mimetic and Cordon, as one might imagine him McKerrow at the request of Robert hybridised. Place names were looking out from the palace-roof fo r Wilkin, who was the holder of the Mt therefore not simply words imposed th e relief expedition which never Pisa run in 1861. McKerrow's names on a blank space, but provisional and came'. 1 ~ In providing the island with of Mt Alba, Glacier Dome, Turret occasional historic events which a historicised genealogy, Weetman's Peaks, Mt Triplet, Terrace Peak, Teat recorded the in tentions - as well as naming brought the island- in Ridge, Sentinel Peak, Isthmus Peak, the actions- of the namer. linguistic terms at least- from the Twin Peaks, Fog Peak, Mt Niger, Mapping reflects the way a margin to th e cen tre; from an outpost Black Peak, Treble Cone, End Peak landscape has been conceived, and of empire to the European metropo­ and Knuckle Peak were descriptive, the land may be seen, quite li terally, li s. as were those McKerrow gave to the as an unfolded map. The maps made The landscape of central Otago streams running into the western side by surveyors were significant as they contains further evidence of the of Lake Wanaka: Bay Burn, Rough transcribed named and known systematised naming with which Burn, Estuary Burn, Rumbling Burn landscapes in to a specifically Euro­ settlers attempted to domesticate the and Fern Burnn McKerrow also pean cultural register. Moreover, the New Zealand environment. James remembered the giants of European strategies employed in map-making­ McKerrow's naming of the moun­ science on his expedition to Lake the re-inscription, enclosure and tai ns, rivers and streams of the Wakatipu. 14 orderin g of space - have been shown Wan aka, Wakatipu and Te Anau While such names were to provide an analogue for the regions on his reconnaissance surveys classificatory, indica tive of the arms acquisition, management and during 1861-62 may be read with of empire reaching out to embrace reinforcement of colonial powerl 5 reference to commemorative, referen­ new territorial possessions, they also European explorers and surveyors tial and descriptive methodologies. revealed the efforts of the colonial in New Zealand were particularly McKerrow made an initial survey of migrant society to preserve in New reliant on Maori for their knowledge the country around and within the Zealand the culture from which they of the land and their abili ty to watersheds of the Wanaka and had come. These names provide construct mental maps, often tran­ Hawea Lakes, extending down the evidence of the hybridised nature of scribed on non-permanent media for Clutha river to Cromwell. McKerrow the colonial society; removed from the instruction of others. The earli est named Mt Albert in honour of Prince their original context, these names known Maori map of the North Albert, consort to Queen Victoria, expressed the attempt to maintain at Island, 'Aotea', was drawn in char­ who died in 1861, and the Buchanan least a semblance of European coal on the deck of the Endeavour by Peaks for John Buchanan, the cultural and intellectual identity. Maori rangatira at Whitianga.16 botanist and draughtsman, particu­ By constructing a network of Between 1769 and 1859 similar maps larly remembered by McKerrow for names on the land, surveyors were constructed by Maori fo r

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European explorers from Colenso and colonial New Zealand whose maps wrote: Nicholas, through to Mantel!, imposed a foreign nomenclature and A visitor to New Zealand, or a Thomson and Hochstetter.17 Maori system of navigation on a landscape resident of another land studying our conceptualised a geographical that was already named and known maps, would, if of an observant reference framework into which by Maori. Although Europeans might mind, note the preponderance of topographical features could be fitted. attempt to see the world in terms of Maori names in the North Island and This included a metaphorical under­ alternative cultural conventions, and of European nomenclature in the standing of landscape, determined by although there might be moments of South Jsland. 23 description and genealogy, where the mutual understanding, these insights observer required a knowledge of the were sporadic and limited. What It has been shown that the distribu­ history of the place and its cultural happened most of the time, Bel yea tion of European and Maori names in significance, in order to understand concludes, was that: New Zealand indicates that there is a its nomenclature. The map therefore greater frequency of European names European mapping dominated and served as a mnemonic device indicat­ in the more prominent geographical marginalised [indigenous] conven­ ing an intended travel route, where features, with a greater concentration tion, reducing its conceptual the drawing of the map recalled of Maori names in the less significant structure to 'information' and its certain features in the mind of the geographical features; and with world view to a negative 'absence', or narrator, and the naming then fixed regional variation, place names tend 'failure' to show what Europeans them in the memory of the observer. to reflect the distribution of the pre­ maps showed'.~ 0 Surveyors frequently appropriated European Maori population. Com­ Maori geographical knowledge, The existence of both Maori and pared to the European transformation incorporating it into their own maps. European names in New Zealand is of the physical landscape- which In translating this knowledge from further evidence that these land­ included the acclimatisation of one discourse to another, surveyors scapes were often products of introduced species of flora and fauna acted as cultural mediators. As negotiation. One commentator has - the European impact on New Barbara Belyea has written of Euro­ noted of the New Zealand map that: Zealand place names has been only pean explorers in North America, moderate. 24 'in the end, what emerged was the they: How then, does the inscription of unique amalgam of European and European names account for the occupied a middle position between Polynesian place-names and feature ­ existence of, and often the reversion the two cultures, slipping from one names that make up our map-idiom. back to, Maori place names in New convention to the other as they We all live with it comfortably and Zealand? Maori names were retained guessed what the native maps find nothing strange that the in some areas simply to avoid "meant'". 18 Waimakariri flows into the sea near confusion. As early as 1850 it was and that Gordonton . The information exchange was reported in the Lyttleton Times: is just up the road from Taupiri. 21 unequal, however, as explorers were When it can be done, the Maori ignorant of the territory long familiar Further, the idiom of British cartogra­ names of objects, points, or rivers, & to its native inhabitants: phy has strangely transformed many c., intended to define the boundaries Maori place names. The Maori names The explorers wanted this knowledge of runs applied for, are to be used in Waikaremoana, Rotoiti, and Rotorua, not as it came structured in [indig­ preference to an y other designations, which all include a reference to a lake, enous] ways of seeing and experienc­ which too often lead to confusion have been re-presented on surveyors' ing, but broken down into data and disputes among the applicants. 25 maps as Lake Waikaremoana, Lake which they could fit into their own Rotoiti and Lake Rotorua. 22 In 1945 In this early phase of resettlement, geographical scheme. 19 Berries Beattie, in the introduction to Maori names presented obstacles to This is also true of surveyors in Maori Place Names of Canterbury, prospective runholders: the names

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had to be clarified and codified in also suggested that: incorporates a white myth, that order to facilitate further settlement. names name places. Yet place-names the names of many places should be For the next generation of European name histories ... To blank out changed to Maori names, and in settlers searching for their own sense English names that bear witness to future it was proposed to do so when of identity, Maori place names often the rhetorical nature of European practicable. carried the sense of history their own occupation whitewashes [indig­ itinerant culture lacked. Pakeha have The reason given for this harked back enous] ... history." felt free to appropriate Maori names to the colonial appetite for the exotic; ... [These] 'euphonious, foreign ­ in the construction of their own one Member thought there was sounding names do not repossess the cultural identity. Often, where an nothing 'more euphonious than some past, except as the land of the exotic. English name would sit uncomfort­ of the Maori names, and it would be Th ey bear witness to the current ably in the local surroundings, a of very great interest to those who phase of the [indigenous] people's Maori name was considered to be came after us to know that we kept in drawn-out struggle fo r historical more appropriate, as it was believed view the original Maori names of recognition. But what value will this to more aptly convey the sense of the places.'" But as Carter suggests, if it long overdue victory have if it is 'frontier'. For example, the name is implied that "[indigenous] names achieved through the same rhetorical Waitara was kept in preference to are more poetic, truer to the spirit of sleight of hand used in the historical 'Raleigh'; and the Waikato town of the country', then they are no longer campaign against them?'32 Tirau was known as 'Oxford', until it words, 'but simply the record of Tony Birch has also commented reverted back to the Maori name in environmental sounds'." on urban renaming. He argues that in 1895. The effects of colonial naming Australia: The reasons for renaming were and map-making- the legacy of the clearly expressed in The Designation surveyor-explorers- are still being houses, streets, suburbs and whole of Distric ts Act of 1894. This Act felt in the post-colonial present. It cities have indigenous names. This is assigned to the Governor the author­ has been argued that the reversion an exercise in cultural appropriation, ity to name and alter the existing back to indigenous place names is a which represents imperial possession names of localities, boroughs, latent, if not manifest, form of and the quaintness of the 'native'. counties, towns, rivers and moun­ cultural appropriation. For the colonisers to attach a 'native' tains in New Zealand, with the Carter has suggested that in name to a place does not represent provision that 'in all such alterations Australia, even when European or recognise an indigenous history, and future naming, preference shall explorers preserved an indigenous and therefore possible indigenous be given to the original Maori nomenclature, the name was located ownershipY names'. 26 'not within an aboriginal context, but He also argues that 'it is when names When the bill was first introduced within the rhetorical ambit of a white are restored to recognise earli er into the House in June 1894, its geo-historical discourse'." The histories and cultures that the threat stated objective was: namer, not the informant, retained to ownership occurs'." It is this last linguistic, and hence, political point - that indigenous and imperial to obviate a very great difficulty authority. history cannot equally co-exist- that which the postal authorities met with In this context, an indigenous is of particular relevance in New from time to time in connection with place name is, according to Carter, Zealand. As long as the history of a postal matters. 'preserved out of context in a linguis­ white settler society fails to recognise This was an attempt to address the tic environment quite foreign to it, a indigenous histories in the past and confusion that had arisen between stuffed bird in a museum case'.30 in the present, the power of claiming, places in New Zealand with the same Despite earnest attempts to redress naming and possessing rights of or similar names. When the bill was the past in the aboriginal renaming of 'ownership' over the landscape will read in the Legislative Council, it was sites, this process Carter argues: remain unresolved. While the

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renaming of places wi th indigenous 'the Koori name was therefore relative, like the names of monu­ names continues to be determined by linguistically subordinated, 'hand­ ments. It al l depends on who, where the limits of the dominant discourse, cuffed' in parentheses'." and even when you are' .'" the autonomy of an indigenous A further case which illustrates Survey expeditions in colonial nomenclature will continue to be the difficulties of the reappropriation New Zealand were, therefore, thwarted. of indigenous names is the renaming exercises of invasion, inspection and An example of this was the of the Custer Battlefi eld National inscription, where writi ng over and project launched by the Victorian Monument to the Little Bighorn about the land was central to the Tourism Commission in 1989 to Battlefield National Monument. In a processes of colonising New Zealand. reinstate the indigenous name recent review of james Welch's and just as maps and survey pegs may be Gariwerd to the Grampians National Paul Stekler's Killing Custer: The read as symbols of appropriation, Park in western Victoria. As Tony Battle of the Little Big Horn and the Fate place names can be appreciated as Birch has recently noted, this initia­ of th e Plains Indians (1994), Will ways of re -presenting and possessing tive provoked a great deal of opposi­ Karkavelas discussed the poli tics the land. Like the surveyor's cultur­ tion: 'Europeans in the district feared surrounding the renaming of the site ally-specific and texted perspectives the indigenous name restoration and in particular, the refusal of the of landscape, their naming efforts project threatened their own history Custer Battlefield Historical and should be read as products of of 'pioneer settlement' .... [and] the Museum Association (or 'Custer encounters located in the in-between recognition of a Koori past in the area buffs') to recognise the Li ttle Bighorn spaces of cultural contact. Moreover, incorporated the reality of a living name38 As Karkavelas notes, 'from a the mapped landscape - with names Koori community in the western Native American point of view, the drawn from both metropolitan and district. In turn this raised the spectre Battle of the Little Bighorn had far local societies- reflected the identity of the squattocracy's worst night­ less significance [than its mytholo­ of the colonial migrant, caught mare, the possibility of a land rights gised 'Custer's Last Stand']. Many of between two worlds. In 'affixing claim' 35 There was no consultation the bands that had taken part in the names to places' colonial surveyors with the local Koori community over fighting that June didn't even record transformed 'space' into 'place': their the renaming issue, and that the the event in the wintercounts for the enduring legacy is the texted land­ primary imperative for the name year 1876. Things they fe lt were more scape itself. <>'? change was the attempt by the then important were for example the theft Labour Victorian Minister of Tourism of a prize horse, the severe winter GISELLE BYRNES teaches in the to promote the region as a tourist conditions for that year, or the deaths Department of History at Victoria Univer­ site, 'Victoria's Kakadu'.36 The project of close relatives'." Karkavelas sity of Wellington. Before that she worked as resulted in something of a compro­ concludes that 'the importance a11 historian for the Waitangi Tribunal. She mise: the National Park was officially attached to events in history, their is currently completi11g a book on surveying known as The Grampians (Gari werd), remembrance and portrayal is and the construction of cultural space.

NOTES

1. This paper, presented as a Stout Research Essay in Spatial History (, 1987), reference to the British Empire; in letters Centre Seminar in September 1997, is xxiii -iv, 349, xxiii -iv. between a states111an and a colonist from a larger study on colonial surveying 5. Monmonier, Mark, Drawing the Line: (London, 1849), 118. and the construction of cultural space. Tales of maps a11d Cartocontroversy (New 8. G ibson, Ross, South of the West: post­ 2. Harley, ). B., 'Maps, knowledge and York, 1995), 57. colonisalislll and the narrative construction power', in D. Cosgrove and S. Dan iels, 6. This point has been pa rticularly well of Australia (B loomington, 1992), 65 -66. eds, The Iconography of Landscape illu strated in Malcolm McKi nnon, ed, Th e 9. Mathew, Felton, Diary 1840-41, NZ Ms (Cambridge, 1988), 222. New Zealand Historical Atlas Ko Papa­ 995/26M4, Auckland Public Library, 33. 3. Douglas, C. E., Ms Papers 90/1, [c1860], tuanuku e Takoto Nei (Wellington, 1997). 10. Haii -Jon es, J., Mr SurJeyor Thomson Early Alexander Turn bull Library (ATL), 23 -24. 7. Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, ed, A View of Days in Otago and South/and (Wellington, 4. Carter, Pau l, The Road to Botany Bay: An the Art of Colonization , with present 1971), 19.

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11 . Thompson Correspondence, Letter, Lake in Kate Oarian -Smith, Liz Gunner, Sarah 38. Karkavelas, Will, H-Net Book Review, Tennyson, 13 December 1885, Ms papers Nutta ll, eds, Text. Theory, Space: land, james Welch and Paul Stekler, Killing 1076/02, ATL. literature and history in South Africa and Custer: The Battle of the Little Bighom and 12. Weetman, Sidney, 'Notes on the Great Australia (New York, London, 1996,) 177. the Fate of the Plains ludimiS (New York, Barrier Island', Tm11sactions and Proceedings 34. Birch, Tony, '"Nothing has Changed": 1994), [email protected], May of the New Zealand Institute, 22, 1889, 83. The Making and Unmaking of Koori 1997. I wish to acknowledge )ann 13. McKerrow, James, in Sir Thomas Culture', 234. Warren- Findley, Fulbright Visitor to the Department of History at Victoria MacKenzie Papers, Ms papers 3922/1, ATL. 35. Birch,"' A Land so inviting and still with­ University of Wellington in 1997, for 14. The Humboldt Mountains, Mt Boupland, out in habitan ts": Erasing Koori culture bringing this review to my attent ion. Cosmos Peak, the Forbes Mountains and from (post-)colonial landscapes', 173. 39.lbid. Mt Austed. 36. !bid, 175 . 40.Ibid. 15. Huggan, Graham, 'Oecolonizing the 37. !bid, 183. Map: Post-Colonialism, Post-Structural­ ism and the Cartographic Connection', in lan Adam and Helen Tiffen, eds, Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modemism (New York, 1991) 125-38; Harley, J.B., 'Maps, Knowledge and Power', in Cosgrove and Daniels, eds, The Iconography of Landscape, 277-312. STOUT RESEARCH CENTRE 16. Binney, Judi th, 'Tuki's Universe', in Keith Sinc\air, ed, Tasman Relations, (Auckland, 1987), 15. New Zealand 17. Barton, P.L., 'Maori geographical knowl­ 'FOR THE STUDY OF 'NEW Z EALAND edge and mapping: a synopsis', Turn bu ll Library Record, vo l 13, no 1, 1980, 5-25. 18. Be lyea, Barbara, 'Amerind ian maps: the Notes er Queries explorer as translator', journal of Historical Geography, vol18, no 3, 1992,267-77. 'H ISTORY, SOC IETY &-'CULTURE 19. 1bid. 20. lbid. 21. Cordon, la n, 'Maps speak too (2)', New Zea land Listmer, 7-13 Janu ary 1984, 32. KOTARE: N EW Z EALA N D NOTES AND Q_UERIES is a new bi-annual journal 22. Al though in the latter example, Lake devoted to New Zealand studies, to be published by the Stout Research Rotorua is used to distinguish it from the city of the same name on the lakeside. Ibid. Centre in September 1998. 23. Beattie, Herries, Maori Place Names of Modelled on Oxford University Press's long-running Notes and Queries, Canterbury (Dunedin, 1945), 5. this new journal will provide an avenue for brief scholarly articles on a 24. Yoon, Hang-Key, Maori Mind, Maori Land: Essays on the cultural geography of range of New Zealand subjects - history, literature, bibliography, the Maori people from m1 outsider's lexicography, language and culture - and will enco urage the publication perspective (Berne, 1986), 113. of manuscript material buried in archives around the country. Like its 25. Lyttleton Times, 18 October 1851. English counterpart, the journal will also include reviews of scholarly 26. 'The Designation of Districts Act, 1894', New Zealand Statutes 1894, vol 19, 53-54. books (though not of fiction or poetry), and a forum for readers' queries 27. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (and replies to them!) and for scholars to let others know of work in (NZPD), vol 83, June 21 - July 20 1894; progress. NZPD, vol 84, Ju ly 24 - August 15 1894; NZPD, vol 85, August 16 - September 14 Contributions are invited for the fi rst and subsequent issues, in which 1894; NZPD, vol 84, Ju ly 24 - August 15 we also hope to include material which was to have formed the fi fth 1894, 441. issue of Phoenix, and material removed from the fourth at the insistence 28. Carter, Paul, 'Trave ll ing Bli nd: A Sound Geography', Meanjin, vol51 no 21992, 440. of the university authorities. Please co ntact the editor for the 29. !bid, 328. requirements for the submission of material. Potential reviewers­ 30. lbid. please send short CVs to indicate your interest. 31. !bid, 438. The new journal is available on subscription - ra tes available on request. 32. !bid, 439. 33. Birch, Tony, "'Nothing has Changed": FOR ALL ENQU IRIES PLEASE CONTACT: The Making and Unmaking of Koori The Editor, Kotare: New Zealand Notes &-'Queries, Stou t Research Centre, Cu lture', Meanjin, vol51, no 2, 1992, 229- 246; Birch, Tony, '"A Land so inviting and Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, fax 0-4-496 5439, still without inhabita nts": Erasing Koori e-mail: Peter. [email protected] or [email protected] cul tu re fro m (post-)coloniallandscapes',

28 Vol 8 No 1 March 1998