Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetics
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1: Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1
1: CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS 1 General overview: clinical pharmacokinetics, 2 Pharmacokinetics, 4 Drug clearance (CL), 6 Volume of distribution (Vd), 8 The half-life (t½), 10 Oral availability (F), 12 Protein binding (PB), 14 pH and pharmacokinetics, 16 1 Clinical pharmacokinetics General overview General overview: clinical pharmacokinetics 1 The ultimate aim of drug therapy is to achieve effi cacy without toxicity. This involves achieving a plasma concentration (Cp) within the ‘therapeutic window’, i.e. above the min- imal effective concentration (MEC), but below the minimal toxic concentration (MTC). Clinical pharmacokinetics is about all the factors that determine variability in the Cp and its time-course. The various factors are dealt with in subsequent chapters. Ideal therapeutics: effi cacy without toxicity Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC) Ideal dosing Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) Drug concentration Time The graph shows a continuous IV infusion at steady state, where the dose-rate is exactly appropriate for the patient’s clearance (CL). Inappropriate dosing Dosing too high in relation to the patient’s CL – toxicity likely Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC) Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) Dosing too low in relation to the Drug concentration patient’s CL – drug may be ineffective Time Some reasons for variation in CL Low CL High CL Normal variation Normal variation Renal impairment Increased renal blood fl ow Genetic poor metabolism Genetic hypermetabolism Liver impairment Enzyme induction Enzyme inhibition Old age/neonate 2 General overview Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetic factors determining ideal therapeutics If immediate effect is needed, a loading dose (LD) must be given to achieve a desired 1 concentration. The LD is determined by the volume of distribution (Vd). -
Metformin Plus Saxagliptin for Type 2 Diabetes
Treatment evaluation Metformin plus saxagliptin for type 2 diabetes André J. Scheen Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Running title : Saxagliptin plus metformin Word count : Abstract : 148 Main text : 2404 Tables : 4 Figures : 0 Address for correspondence : Pr André J. SCHEEN Department of Medicine CHU Sart Tilman (B35) B-4000 LIEGE 1 BELGIUM Phone : 32-4-3667238 FAX : 32-4-3667068 Page 1 Email : andre.scheen @ chu.ulg.ac.be SUMMARY Metformin is considered as the first-line drug therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, by promoting insulin secretion and reducing glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, offer new opportunities for oral therapy after failure of metformin. Saxagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, and metformin may be administered together, separately or in fixed-dose combination (FDC), either as saxagliptin added to metformin or as initial combination in drug-naive patients. Both compounds exert complementary pharmacodynamic actions leading to better improvement in blood glucose control (fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c) than either compound separately. Adding saxagliptin to metformin monthotherapy results in a consistent, sustained and safe reduction in HbA1c levels. Tolerance is excellent without hypoglycemia or weight gain. The combination saxaglitpin plus metformin may be used as first-line or second-line therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes, especially as a valuable alternative to the classical metformin-sulfonylurea combination. Key-words : DPP-4 inhibitor – Fixed-dose combination - Metformin – Saxagliptin - Type 2 diabetes mellitus Page 2 1. -
Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Pharmacodynamics of Drug Delivery Systems
JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 5, 2019 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257113 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET # 257113 Title: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drug Delivery Systems Authors: Patrick M. Glassman, Vladimir R. Muzykantov Affiliation: Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Address: 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5158, United States Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on September 24, 2021 1 JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 5, 2019 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257113 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET # 257113 Running Title: PK/PD Properties of Drug Delivery Systems Corresponding Authors: Vladimir R. Muzykantov ([email protected], (215) 898-9823) and Patrick M. Glassman ([email protected]) # of Text Pages: 22 # of Tables: 2 # of Figures: 4 Word Count – Abstract: 144 Word Count – Introduction: 350 Word Count – Discussion: N/A Downloaded from Non-Standard Abbreviations: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME) Biodistribution (BD) Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) Enhanced Permeability & Retention (EPR) jpet.aspetjournals.org Gastrointestinal (GI) Intravenously (IV) Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) Reticuloendothelial System (RES) at ASPET Journals on September 24, 2021 Pharmacodynamics (PD) Pharmacokinetics (PK) Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Subcutaneously (SC) Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD) Recommended Section: Drug Discovery and Translational Medicine 2 JPET Fast Forward. Published on March 5, 2019 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257113 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. -
CD26/DPP-4: Type 2 Diabetes Drug Target with Potential Influence On
cancers Review CD26/DPP-4: Type 2 Diabetes Drug Target with Potential Influence on Cancer Biology Emi Kawakita 1 , Daisuke Koya 2,3 and Keizo Kanasaki 1,3,* 1 Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; [email protected] 2 Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan; [email protected] 3 Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-853-20-2183 Simple Summary: Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor is widely used for type 2 diabetes. Al- though DPP-4/CD26 has been recognized as both a suppressor and inducer in tumor biology due to its various functions, how DPP-4 inhibitor affects cancer progression in diabetic patients is still unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize one unfavorable aspect of DPP-4 inhibitor in cancer-bearing diabetic patients. Abstract: DPP-4/CD26, a membrane-bound glycoprotein, is ubiquitously expressed and has diverse biological functions. Because of its enzymatic action, such as the degradation of incretin hormones, DPP-4/CD26 is recognized as the significant therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes (T2DM); DPP- 4 inhibitors have been used as an anti-diabetic agent for a decade. The safety profile of DPP-4 inhibitors for a cardiovascular event in T2DM patients has been widely analyzed; however, a clear association between DPP-4 inhibitors and tumor biology is not yet established. Previous preclinical Citation: Kawakita, E.; Koya, D.; Kanasaki, K. -
Clinical Pharmacology 1: Phase 1 Studies and Early Drug Development
Clinical Pharmacology 1: Phase 1 Studies and Early Drug Development Gerlie Gieser, Ph.D. Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Div. IV Objectives • Outline the Phase 1 studies conducted to characterize the Clinical Pharmacology of a drug; describe important design elements of and the information gained from these studies. • List the Clinical Pharmacology characteristics of an Ideal Drug • Describe how the Clinical Pharmacology information from Phase 1 can help design Phase 2/3 trials • Discuss the timing of Clinical Pharmacology studies during drug development, and provide examples of how the information generated could impact the overall clinical development plan and product labeling. Phase 1 of Drug Development CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PRE POST AND CLINICAL APPROVAL 1 DISCOVERY DEVELOPMENT 2 3 PHASE e e e s s s a a a h h h P P P Clinical Pharmacology Studies Initial IND (first in human) NDA/BLA SUBMISSION Phase 1 – studies designed mainly to investigate the safety/tolerability (if possible, identify MTD), pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an investigational drug in humans Clinical Pharmacology • Study of the Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) of the drug in humans – PK: what the body does to the drug (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) – PD: what the drug does to the body • PK and PD profiles of the drug are influenced by physicochemical properties of the drug, product/formulation, administration route, patient’s intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., organ dysfunction, diseases, concomitant medications, -
DESCRIPTION CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism Of
NDA 20-844/ Topamav Sprinkle Capsules Approved Labeling Text Version: 10/26/98 DESCRIPTION Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide that is intended for use as an antiepileptic drug. TOPAMAX@ (topiramate capsules) Sprinkle Capsules are available as I5 mg, 25 mg and 50mg sprinkle capsules for oral administration as whole capsules or for opening and sprinkling onto soft food. Topiramate is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and hawng a pH of 9 to IO. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3. Topiramate has the molecular formula C,,H,,NO,S and a molecular weight of 339.37. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-~- D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula: H3C CH3 TOPAMAX” (topiramate capsules) Sprinkle Capsules contain topiramate coated beads in a hard gelatin capsule. The inactive ingredients are: sugar spheres (sucrose and starch), povidone, cellulose acetate, gelatin, silicone dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and black pharmaceutical ink. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism of Action: The precise mechanism by which topiramate exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown; however, electrophysiological and biochemical studies of the effects of topiramate on cultured neurons have revealed three properties that may contribute to topiramate’s antiepileptic efficacy. First, action potentials elicited repetitively by a sustained depolarization of the neurons are blocked by topiramate in a time-dependent manner, suggestive of a state-dependent sodium channel blocking action. -
Komboglyze, INN-Saxagliptin, Metformin
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Komboglyze 2.5 mg/850 mg film-coated tablets Komboglyze 2.5 mg/1,000 mg film-coated tablets 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Komboglyze 2.5 mg/850 mg film-coated tablets Each tablet contains 2.5 mg of saxagliptin (as hydrochloride) and 850 mg of metformin hydrochloride. Komboglyze 2.5 mg/1,000 mg film-coated tablets Each tablet contains 2.5 mg of saxagliptin (as hydrochloride) and 1,000 mg of metformin hydrochloride. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Film-coated tablet (tablet). Komboglyze 2.5 mg/850 mg film-coated tablets Light brown to brown, biconvex, round, film-coated tablets, with “2.5/850” printed on one side and “4246” printed on the other side, in blue ink. Komboglyze 2.5 mg/1,000 mg film-coated tablets Pale yellow to light yellow, biconvex, oval shaped, film-coated tablets, with “2.5/1000” printed on one side and “4247” printed on the other side, in blue ink. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications Komboglyze is indicated in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control: in patients inadequately controlled on their maximally tolerated dose of metformin alone in combination with other medicinal products for the treatment of diabetes, including insulin, in patients inadequately controlled with metformin and these medicinal products (see sections 4.4, 4.5 and 5.1 for available data on different combinations) in patients already being treated with the combination of saxagliptin and metformin as separate tablets. -
Moving Beyond Single Gene-Drug Pairs in Clinical Pharmacogenomics Testing
Moving Beyond Single Gene-Drug Pairs in Clinical Pharmacogenomics Testing Yuan Ji, PhD, DABCP, FACMG Gwendolyn McMillin, PhD, DABCC Learning Objectives • Describe the strengths and limitations of pharmacogenomic testing. • List examples of single gene-drug associations with the strongest levels of evidence for clinical implementation. • Discuss cautions when considering the use of multi-gene drug associations to inform drug therapy decisions. 2 Disclosure • None 3 Outline • Singe gene-drug based pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing – An introduction – Evidence and examples – Considerations for developing and evaluating clinical PGx laboratory developed tests (LDTs) • Multi-gene PGx panels – Evidence and examples – PROs and CONs for utilizing PGx panels – Considerations for successful PGx implementation 4 Single Gene-Drug Based PGx Testing Yuan Ji, PhD, DABCP, FACMG Medical Director of Genomics and Genetics; PGx, ARUP Laboratories Associate Professor (Clinical) of Pathology, University of Utah Medications: Myths and Facts • are~30% peoplenot take“one at least-size one medication fits all” within a 30-day period • Most medications cause adverse drug events (ADEs) • Some medications like antibiotics may do more harm than good • CDC statistics: – ~ 200,000 ADEs-related ER visits in pediatric population (17 years or younger) – ~ 450,000 ADEs-related ER visits in older adults (65 years or older) – Medications, e.g., anticoagulant warfarin • Many ADEs are preventable by closely supervising of dosing, blood tests (therapeutic drug monitoring, TDM), -
AVANDIA (Rosiglitazone Maleate Tablets), for Oral Use Ischemic Cardiovascular (CV) Events Relative to Placebo, Not Confirmed in Initial U.S
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION ----------------------- WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ----------------------- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use • Fluid retention, which may exacerbate or lead to heart failure, may occur. AVANDIA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Combination use with insulin and use in congestive heart failure NYHA AVANDIA. Class I and II may increase risk of other cardiovascular effects. (5.1) • Meta-analysis of 52 mostly short-term trials suggested a potential risk of AVANDIA (rosiglitazone maleate tablets), for oral use ischemic cardiovascular (CV) events relative to placebo, not confirmed in Initial U.S. Approval: 1999 a long-term CV outcome trial versus metformin or sulfonylurea. (5.2) • Dose-related edema (5.3) and weight gain (5.4) may occur. WARNING: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE • Measure liver enzymes prior to initiation and periodically thereafter. Do See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. not initiate therapy in patients with increased baseline liver enzyme levels ● Thiazolidinediones, including rosiglitazone, cause or exacerbate (ALT >2.5X upper limit of normal). Discontinue therapy if ALT levels congestive heart failure in some patients (5.1). After initiation of remain >3X the upper limit of normal or if jaundice is observed. (5.5) AVANDIA, and after dose increases, observe patients carefully for signs • Macular edema has been reported. (5.6) and symptoms of heart failure (including excessive, rapid weight gain; • Increased incidence of bone fracture was observed in long-term trials. dyspnea; and/or edema). If these signs and symptoms develop, the heart (5.7) failure should be managed according to current standards of care. -
Type 2 Diabetes Adult Outpatient Insulin Guidelines
Diabetes Coalition of California TYPE 2 DIABETES ADULT OUTPATIENT INSULIN GUIDELINES GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Start insulin if A1C and glucose levels are above goal despite optimal use of other diabetes 6,7,8 medications. (Consider insulin as initial therapy if A1C very high, such as > 10.0%) 6,7,8 Start with BASAL INSULIN for most patients 1,6 Consider the following goals ADA A1C Goals: A1C < 7.0 for most patients A1C > 7.0 (consider 7.0-7.9) for higher risk patients 1. History of severe hypoglycemia 2. Multiple co-morbid conditions 3. Long standing diabetes 4. Limited life expectancy 5. Advanced complications or 6. Difficult to control despite use of insulin ADA Glucose Goals*: Fasting and premeal glucose < 130 Peak post-meal glucose (1-2 hours after meal) < 180 Difference between premeal and post-meal glucose < 50 *for higher risk patients individualize glucose goals in order to avoid hypoglycemia BASAL INSULIN Intermediate-acting: NPH Note: NPH insulin has elevated risk of hypoglycemia so use with extra caution6,8,15,17,25,32 Long-acting: Glargine (Lantus®) Detemir (Levemir®) 6,7,8 Basal insulin is best starting insulin choice for most patients (if fasting glucose above goal). 6,7 8 Start one of the intermediate-acting or long-acting insulins listed above. Start insulin at night. When starting basal insulin: Continue secretagogues. Continue metformin. 7,8,20,29 Note: if NPH causes nocturnal hypoglycemia, consider switching NPH to long-acting insulin. 17,25,32 STARTING DOSE: Start dose: 10 units6,7,8,11,12,13,14,16,19,20,21,22,25 Consider using a lower starting dose (such as 0.1 units/kg/day32) especially if 17,19 patient is thin or has a fasting glucose only minimally above goal. -
Immediately Dangerous to Life Or Health (IDLH) Value Profile: Butane
Butane CAS® No. 106-97-8 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health This page intentionally left blank. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Value Profile Butane [CAS® No. 106-97-8] H3C CH3 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. Disclaimer Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to websites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these websites. Ordering Information To receive this document or information about other occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH: Telephone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) TTY: 1-888-232-6348 E-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH ebsite at: www.cdc.gov/niosh For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews. Suggested Citation NIOSH [2016]. Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) value profile: butane. By Dotson GS, Maier A, Parker A, Haber L. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2016-174. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2016-174 September 2016 ii IDLH Value Profile for Butane Foreword Chemicals are a ubiquitous component of the modern workplace. -
Taking Metformin for Gestational Diabetes This Information Sheet Will Help You Understand More About Taking Metformin for Gestational Diabetes
Taking metformin for gestational diabetes This information sheet will help you understand more about taking metformin for gestational diabetes. This information sheet is not a substitute for talking with your midwife, doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Gestational diabetes Risks for your baby: Gestational diabetes means you have too much • may grow larger than normal (this increases the glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood when you risk of injury during birth) are pregnant. Insulin controls the amount of • born too early (premature) glucose in your blood. Sometimes you don’t make • low blood glucose after birth enough insulin or it doesn’t work as well when you are pregnant. • may need treatment in hospital • jaundice (yellow skin) that needs treatment Gestational diabetes is common. Up to eight pregnant women in every 100 get gestational • breathing problems. diabetes. Taking metformin helps reduce these risks. It can be hard to tell if you have gestational You can see how many women and babies are diabetes. Some women find that they: affected and how treatment helps in the picture • lack energy on the next page. • feel thirsty a lot • go to the toilet a lot Metformin is safe to take for • get lots of infections. gestational diabetes Metformin has been tested in clinical studies and Some women have no symptoms. This is why all is safe to take for gestational diabetes. pregnant women are tested for diabetes so they Metformin helps keep both your weight gain and can get treatment. blood pressure down. Metformin The main side effect is stomach upsets such as Metformin is a medicine that has been used feeling sick and diarrhoea.