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Agricultural Industry Advanced Vehicle Technology: Benchmark Study for Reduction in Petroleum Use Roger M University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Adam Liska Papers Biological Systems Engineering 9-2014 Agricultural Industry Advanced Vehicle Technology: Benchmark Study for Reduction in Petroleum Use Roger M. Hoy University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Rodney Rohrer University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Adam Liska University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Joe D. Luck University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Loren Isom University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bseliska Part of the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, Other Engineering Commons, Other Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Transportation Engineering Commons Hoy, Roger M.; Rohrer, Rodney; Liska, Adam; Luck, Joe D.; Isom, Loren; and Keshwani, Deepak R., "Agricultural Industry Advanced Vehicle Technology: Benchmark Study for Reduction in Petroleum Use" (2014). Adam Liska Papers. 19. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bseliska/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Systems Engineering at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adam Liska Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Roger M. Hoy, Rodney Rohrer, Adam Liska, Joe D. Luck, Loren Isom, and Deepak R. Keshwani This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bseliska/19 INL/EXT-14-33118 Agricultural Industry Advanced Vehicle Technology: Benchmark Study for Reduction in Petroleum Use Roger Hoy Rodney Rohrer Adam Liska Joe Luck Loren Isom Deepak Keshwani September 2014 The INL is a U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Battelle Energy Alliance DISCLAIMER This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. INL/EXT-14-33118 Agricultural Industry Advanced Vehicle Technology: Benchmark Study for Reduction in Petroleum Use Roger Hoy1 Rodney Rohrer1 Adam Liska1 Joe Luck1 Loren Isom1 Deepak Keshwani1 1 University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory September 2014 Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 http://www.inl.gov Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 CONTENTS ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ v 1. FARM DIESEL USE IN THE UNITED STATES ............................................................................ 1 2. TRACTOR DIESEL EFFICIENCY—PRIMARY FUEL USE .......................................................... 4 2.1 Tractor Mechanics .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Engine ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Waste Heat Recovery .................................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Powertrain ................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Remote Power (Hydraulic, Mechanical, Electric) .................................................... 12 2.1.5 Tires and Tire Pressure ............................................................................................. 18 3. IMPLEMENT OPERATIONS—SECONDARY FUEL USE ......................................................... 20 4. ALTERNATIVE FUELS ................................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Biofuels .................................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.1 Biodiesel ................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2 Ethanol ...................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Hydrogen ................................................................................................................................ 25 4.3 Natural Gas Substitution in Tractors ...................................................................................... 25 4.3.1 Natural Gas-Fueled Tractors ..................................................................................... 25 4.3.2 Natural Gas Resources and Prices ............................................................................ 26 4.3.3 Natural Gas Infrastructure: Refueling Sites and Fuel Storage .................................. 27 4.3.4 Trends in Heavy Trucks: Diesel Substitution with Natural Gas ............................... 27 5. FARMING SYSTEMS—SECONDARY FUEL USE ..................................................................... 28 5.1 Cultural Practices ................................................................................................................... 28 5.1.1 Equipment Selection and Operations Management................................................... 28 5.1.2 Tillage Considerations .............................................................................................. 29 5.2 Precision Agriculture and Machinery Automation ................................................................. 31 5.2.1 Guidance and Automatic Section Control Technologies ........................................... 31 5.2.2 Variable Rate Application of Crop Inputs ................................................................ 31 5.2.3 Precision Tillage ....................................................................................................... 32 5.2.4 Robotics and Autonomous Machinery ...................................................................... 33 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS* ......................................................................... 34 7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 36 ii FIGURES 1. Historical United States diesel consumption. “Farm” includes all diesel use on the farm and “Off-Highway” includes forestry, construction, and industrial ............................................. 1 2. Estimated diesel use by harvested crop in 2010 for reduced tillage: A) harvested area by crop and B) estimated diesel use by crop. Note: “other crops” consists of 28 individual crops ............................................................................................................................ 2 3. Cropping cycle and diesel use per operation for corn with mulch tillage practice ....................... 2 4. Farm diesel use and harvested acres 1993 through 2010 .............................................................. 2 5. Cost per acre for crop inputs ......................................................................................................... 3 6. Annual, average, specific, volumetric fuel consumption for power take-off and drawbar power for diesel tractors ............................................................................................................... 4 7. Annual, average, specific, volumetric fuel consumption for power take-off power by power take-off power level for diesel tractors .............................................................................. 5 8. Annual, average, specific, volumetric fuel consumption for drawbar power by drawbar power level for diesel tractors ....................................................................................................... 5 9. Discrepancy between existing performance tests (black) and probable in-field load distributions (red) ......................................................................................................................... 6 10. Prototype waste heat recovery system developed by Behr ........................................................... 8 11. Belarus 3023 tractor with electro-mechanical powertrain .......................................................... 10 12. Rigitrac EWD120 tractor with electric powertrain ..................................................................... 10 13. ZF TERRA+ starter generator in combination with the continuously variable S-Matic transaxle ...................................................................................................................................... 11 14. AGCO ElectRoGator 1386 ........................................................................................................
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