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Women & Men in India 2004 WOMEN & MEN IN INDIA 2004 Government of India Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Central Statistical Organisation Website: http://www.mospi.nic.in PREFACE Promoting gender equality and empowerment of women is an important issue in the development agenda of the nation. The availability of gender-disaggregated data on various development aspects is, therefore, an essential requirement. In keeping with this requirement and in order to address the needs of planners, policy makers, researchers and other data users, the Central Statistical Organisation has been bringing out an annual publication entitled "Women and Men in India" since 1995. The current issue is the eighth in the series and efforts have been made to improve its coverage and presentation by incorporating latest available information. The publication has been prepared in the Social Statistics Division of the Central Statistical Organisation under the overall supervision and guidance of Dr. G. Raveendran, Additional Director General and Shri J. Dash, Deputy Director General. I express my sincere appreciation for their contribution in bringing out this publication. I also compliment Shri S. K. Gupta, Director and his team comprising Shri H. Borah, Joint Director, Shri Rajesh Panwar and Smt. Chander Tara for their hard work in preparing the publication. I hope that the publication would be found useful by all those concerned with gender issues. Suggestions for further improvement in the future issues of the publication will be appreciated. June 2005 (P. S. Rana) Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Women and Men in India – Some Highlights Introduction “You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women.” Jawaharlal Nehru The Fourth World Conference on in the contemporary context is Women at Beijing in 1995 put reflected in the state of their health, women’s issues in the forefront of the education, employment and life in global arena. The World Summit for society. Social Development at Copenhagen, also in 1995, the Beijing Plus 5 India’s position in the international conference at the United Nations in context 2000 Cairo, and the World Summit on Social Development at Johannesburg The need for ensuring rapid in 2002, all have taken the agenda improvements in the social sector is forward. manifest from India’s rank of 127 among 175 countries in terms of the The Government of India is a UNDP Human Development Index signatory to the Beijing Declaration rd (HDI) and 103 in terms of Gender and has endorsed its Platform for Development Index (GDI) [Human Action. The Government is thus keen Development Report-2003, UNDP]. that policies in all the economic and social sectors are framed on the basis of proper analysis and understanding The Gender Empowerment rank of of gender perspectives and India is 95, as women hold only 13% inequalities that exist. of total seats of Parliament; only 20.5% of total professional and India, with a population of 1028.7 technical workers are females and million, is the world’s second most women constitute only 2.3% of total populous country. Of that number, Legislators, Senior Officials and over 70 percent of India’s population Managers. currently derive their livelihood from land resources, which includes 84 With respect to socio-demographic percent of the economically active parameters, despite considerable women. progress over the last two decades the country continues to lag behind The Indian constitution grants women several other countries in the region. equal rights with men, but strong The comparative position of India in patriarchal traditions persist, with respect of various development women’s lives shaped by customs that indicators is shown in Statement 1. are centuries old. The status of women Statement 1: Comparative estimates of Development Indicators Infant Total Annual Maternal Life Mortality Fertility Population Mortality expectancy Country Rate (per Rate (per Growth Ratio – at birth 1000 live women) Rate (%) reported (in years) birth) per 100000 live births Norway 4 1.8 0.4 6 78.7 Australia 6 1.7 0.8 - 79.0 USA 7 2.1 1.0 8 76.9 Canada 5 1.5 0.7 - 79.2 UK 6 1.6 0.3 7 77.9 France 4 1.9 0.4 10 78.7 Sri Lanka 17 2.0 0.7 90 72.3 China 31 1.8 0.6 55 70.6 India 67 3.0 1.3 540 63.3 Bangladesh 51 3.5 1.8 400 60.5 Nepal 66 4.3 2.0 540 59.1 Pakistan 84 5.1 2.4 - 60.4 Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2003 Population and Vital Statistics Thus, there are far fewer women than India is one of the few countries men in the country - 933 females per where males significantly outnumber 1000 males, according to the 2001 females, and this imbalance has Census in India (the world average is increased over time. 990 women per 1000 men). The situation is found to be slightly better The Population Census of India, 2001 from Census 1991 where there were records the population of India in 927 females per 1000 males. Yet March 2001 to be 1028.7 million, cause for concern remains. The sex comprising 532.2 million males and ratio of the 0-6 age group has 496.5 million females, making the declined sharply from 945 in 1991 to female share to be 48%. The rural 927 in 2001. The sex ratio in urban population of India accounts for 742.6 areas confirms a lowered incidence of million - 360.95 million females and women- 901 females per 1000 males. 381.67 million males. Of the 286 Also 47% of the Urban India is million urban population, 135 million showing signs of lower female are females and 150 million are population. One reason for the males. adverse juvenile sex ratio is the increasing reluctance to have female The all India sex ratio as per the children. Social neglect of women and Census 2001 is 933, (marginally more girls is the other contributing factor. than the figure of 927 of Census 1991), the rural sex ratio being 946 and in the urban areas, it is 901. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 3.2 never married females and married for the consecutive years 1998, 1999 females across all the age groups is and 2000, being 3.5 in the rural sector 45.5 and 46.5, respectively. The and 2.3 in the urban sector, for the Widowed/ Divorced or Separated year 2000. The Mortality rate among constitute 8% of the population. females across all the ages is 8.1 and that among males is 8.9. The female The migration percentage in different mortality rate is 20.6 in the age- streams for females as per the Census group 0-4 yrs. The Mean age at 1991 is: rural to rural – 72%; rural to marriage for females in the year 2000 urban- 13.5%; urban to urban- 8.8% is 19.8 (marginally increased from and urban to rural- 5.5%. The 19.6 in 1999) and the median age at migration among females is maximum first and last birth is 19.2 and 29.1, due to marriage (76%). Among the respectively. males, the important cause of migration is employment (27%). Females in the rural sector are yet not able to exercise a choice and curb the size of the family as compared to their The average annual exponential urban counterpart. Also they are growth rate of the population in the unexposed and confined in a limited Decennial Year 1991–2001 is 1.95 geography. (Census 2001) and that of females it is recorded as 1.99. Annual projected growth rate (%) of the population in According to National Sample Survey India for the period 2000-2015 is 1.3. Organization, out of 137.4 million Households in the rural sector, 14.33 million are Female Headed Health Status of Women and Men Households (10.43%). In the urban sector, out of the total of 51.5 million The majority of women go through life households, 4.85 million are Female in a state of nutritional stress - they Headed (9.42%). are anaemic and malnourished. Poverty, early marriage, malnutrition and lack of health care during Females in the Economically Active pregnancy are the major reasons for Age group (15-59 Yrs) constitute both maternal and infant mortality. 54.9% of the population (223.39 The average Indian woman bears her million) and the Girl Child (Age first child before she is 22 years old, group 0-19 Yrs) constitutes 46% (187 and has little control over her own million). Though the share of the fertility and reproductive health. In female population is 48%, yet 55% rural India, almost 60 per cent of girls are part of the workforce- indicating a are married before they are 18. higher share of women to contribute Nearly 60 per cent of married girls towards the economic needs. Women bear children before they are 19. are bearing more responsibilities for Almost one third of all babies are earning as compared to men. It is also born with low birth weight. important to note that 11.5% of the total female population is in the age The Overall Infant Mortality rate in group of 0-4 yrs and 11.7% in the age India is 66, (Census of 2001) - 68 group of 10-14 yrs. The percentage of among the females and 64 among males, being highest in the state of methods of contraception. The Orissa (91). The Female Infant awareness about the female mortality rate again records to be sterilization was maximum in both highest in Orissa (93) and Madhya urban and rural areas.
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