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Geology of the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St

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Geology of the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St Document generated on 10/02/2021 2:46 p.m. Geoscience Canada Geology of the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland Jeff Pollock Volume 31, Number 1, March 2004 Article abstract The Basilica of St. John the Baptist was constructed in the form of a Latin cross URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/geocan31_1art01 and in the Lombard Romanesque style of a Roman Basilica. The cornerstone was laid in 1841 and construction continued for the next 14 years until the See table of contents church was consecrated in 1855. The foundations were built using local sandstone from Signal Hill; Galway limestone and Leinster granite from Ireland were used for the exterior walls and towers. Small amounts of Publisher(s) sandstone from the Kellys Island and Mistaken Point formations were quarried and used in the ambulatory walls. Signal Hill Group sandstone was used in the The Geological Association of Canada restoration of the exterior walls. The impressive statuary throughout the Basilica were carved in Carrara Marble, quarried in Italy. Verona limestone, ISSN also from Italy, was used to construct parts of the high altar, while the side altars were adorned with Egyptian travertine. 0315-0941 (print) 1911-4850 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Pollock, J. (2004). Geology of the Roman Catholic Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland. Geoscience Canada, 31(1), 1–10. All rights reserved © The Geological Association of Canada, 2004 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ GEOSCIENCE CANADA Volume 31 Number 1 March 2004 1 ARTICLE Basilica were carved in Carrara été utilisés pour l’édification des murs Marble, quarried in Italy. Verona extérieurs et des tours. De petites limestone, also from Italy, was used quantités de grès extraites de carrières to construct parts of the high altar, des formations de Kellys Island et de while the side altars were adorned Mistaken Point ont été utilisées dans les with Egyptian travertine. murs des déambulatoires. Le grès du Groupe de Signal Hill a été utilisé RÉSUMÉ comme matériau de restauration des La basilique Saint-Jean-Baptiste a murs extérieurs. L’impressionnante été construite selon un plan de statuaire de la basilique a été sculptée croix latine et dans le style dans du marbre de Carrara en Italie. romanesque lombard d’une Du calcaire de Verona en Italie a été GEOLOGY OF THE basilique romaine. La première utilisé pour certaines parties du maître pierre a été posée en 1841, sa autel, alors que les autels latéraux ont été ROMAN CATHOLIC construction a duré 14 ans, et sa décorés avec du travertin égyptien. BASILICA OF ST. JOHN consécration a eu lieu en 1855. Un grès de la région de Signal Hill a INTRODUCTION THE BAPTIST, ST. JOHN’S, été utilisé pour les fondations, et The Basilica of St. John the Baptist NEWFOUNDLAND des pierres du calcaire de Galway et (Fig. 1) is the foremost symbol of the du granite de Leinster d’Irlande ont Roman Catholic Church in Jeff Pollock1 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X5 1Current Address: Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 SUMMARY The Basilica of St. John the Baptist was constructed in the form of a Latin cross and in the Lombard Romanesque style of a Roman Basilica. The cornerstone was laid in 1841 and construction continued for the next 14 years until the church was consecrated in 1855. The foundations were built using local sandstone from Signal Hill; Galway limestone and Leinster granite from Ireland were used for the exterior walls and towers. Small amounts of sandstone from the Kellys Island and Mistaken Point formations were quarried and used in the ambulatory walls. Signal Hill Group sandstone was used in the Figure 1 View of the Basilica of St. John the Baptist looking northwest. When completed in restoration of the exterior walls. The 1855 the Basilica was the largest church building in all of North America. Photo courtesy of the impressive statuary throughout the archives of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John’s. 2 Newfoundland and is the seat of the favoured for playing games of hurling foundations. All classes of the highest Roman Catholic authority in the and faction-fights. Bishop Fleming population joined in the work, province. Its importance is derived requested the land from the including women who used their aprons from the prominence of religion and Government of Newfoundland in 1834 to carry away the gravel. Two trenches from the particular influences the but it had not been forthcoming and 2.5 m deep, 2.0 m wide and 200 m Catholic bishops had on the early 19th Fleming was convinced this was due to long were excavated, containing 2243 century politics in Newfoundland. The religious prejudice rather than m3 of earth. The task, which had been Basilica was originally conceived as a bureaucratic delay. Nearly five years of estimated to take two months, was cathedral and was an ambitious building difficult negotiations took place, during completed in two days. Men proceeded project for a North America Irish which Fleming made five hazardous to the forests, a distance of 20 km, to community. It was the largest journeys across the Atlantic to London, obtain the timber needed for the construction project to its date in before he finally secured the land. On scaffolding. In one day they brought to Newfoundland’s history. In recognition April 7, 1838, a young Queen Victoria the site more than 4,000 pieces of of the cathedral’s historical, artistic and personally granted Bishop Fleming timber, many measuring over 10 m in ecclesiastical importance in approximately 9 acres of land for the length (Fleming, 1841). Newfoundland, Pope Pius XII raised purpose of erecting the new cathedral Once the site of the church had the cathedral to the rank of Minor (FitzGerald, 1993). been excavated, the foundation was laid Basilica in 1955. In 1984 the Basilica The building was designed by with local Signal Hill Group sandstone was designated a Canadian National John Philpot Jones of Clonmel, County transported to the site of the new Historic Site to recognize its Tipperary, Ireland in the Lombard cathedral by volunteers of the town; on architectural uniqueness as one of the Romanesque style, and makes use of a May 20, 1841 the cornerstone was laid earliest North America examples of the number of features typically associated by Bishop Fleming. It was Fleming’s Romanesque revival style, to recognize with the churches of Northern Italy, in original intention that all of the stone its central role as the spiritual and particular its rounded arches and for the construction of the church cultural home of Newfoundland Roman pyramidal roofed campanile (O’Dea, would be acquired locally and thus Catholics, and its historical importance 1988). Bishop Fleming also consulted another quarry was subsequently in the development of Newfoundland with James Murphy, a native of Dublin, established on Kellys Island in politics and society. Ireland on the final plans for the Conception Bay and two smaller ones cathedral. In addition, Fleming traveled developed near St. John’s at Long Pond HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION to Hamburg, Germany where he and Mundy Pond. It soon became In 1829, when the Catholic contracted the architect of the Danish apparent that it was too difficult and too Emancipation act was proclaimed by Government, Mr. C. Schmidt, to expensive to procure enough local stone the British Parliament providing prepare the detailed plans and construct Catholics with full political and civil a scale model of the new church. liberties, St. John’s was a small town of Architect Michael McGrath of some 19,000 inhabitants of whom over Waterford, Ireland was hired to 14,000 were Irish Catholics. At this supervise construction of the church, time the only Roman Catholic place of but because of differences of opinion worship in St. John’s was “a wretched with Fleming, he was replaced by the building, badly built and badly builder and stonemason James Purcell ventilated and now tottering in danger from Cork, Ireland. of falling” (FitzGerald, 1993). In 1834, The church was designed in the Michael Anthony Fleming, the Roman form of a Latin cross and in the style of Catholic Bishop of Newfoundland, set a Roman Basilica (Fig. 2). It measures out to replace the old structure with a 75 m long and is 57 m wide through the house of worship capable of holding his transept; the façade is 30 m wide and is congregation, “a temple superior to any flanked by two towers, 48 m high. The other in the island” (Fleming, 1841). nave and transepts are each 16 m wide This new church was also intended to and are bordered by two 4 m wide make a political statement to the local ambulatories that open into the main British Governors that the Irish had building by a series of arches. The arrived in Newfoundland and would church is not oriented on the liturgically have to be accommodated. correct east-west axis, but faces toward The site chosen for the new the narrows that form the entrance to cathedral was a section of open ground St.
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