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An Ass.Ssment of Energy Options for Uberia ORNL-5989

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An Ass.Ssment of Energy Options for Uberia ORNL-5989 ORNL-SNO An Ass.ssment of Energy Options for Uberia ORNL-5989 AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY OPTIONS FOR LIBERIA Final Report of the Initial Phase of the Natona1 Energy Assessment for Liberia, a Joint Project of the Government of Liberia and the U.S. Agency for International Development W. F. Barron and M.-H. Neufvi11e Project Managers Date of Issue - November 1983 Research sponsored in part by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Interagency Agreement No. 40-1238-82, USAID No. RSSA-78-27 Prepared by the Energy Division OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. OEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS Oak Ridge National Laboratory Government of Liberia (GDL) Richard Barnes, P.E. James Guseh, J.D. (MDF) William Barron, Ph.D. Lucille Kawah (LEC) Jerowe Dobson, Ph.D. Miedi-Himie Neufvi11e, Ph.D. (BHC) Lawrence Hill, Ph.D. R. Emile Rhinelander (BHC) Benjamin Hobbs, Ph.D. Jacob Sandikie (BHC) Garland Samuels, M.S. Vermunah Sherif lLEC) Thomas Wilbanks, Ph.D. Gmakahn Sherman LPRC) G. Melvin Smith (BHC) Edmond Zowulu (FDA) Consultants to Oak Ridge National Laboratory C. Gregory Knight, Ph.D., Penn;y1vania State University Carl Thomas, Ph.D., University of Tennessee William Schaffer, J.D. USAID Project Advisers Patricia Koshe1, Energy Office, Washington, Project Officer Fred H.ge1, Monrovia Mission, Chief, Institutional Development James Pagano, Monrovia Mission, Energy Project Officer Participating GOL Agencies Ministry of Lands, Mines and Enetgy (MLME) Bureau of Hydrocarbon (BHC) Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (MPEA) Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Transportation (MCIT) Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) ~ Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) Ministry of Finance (MOF) Liberia Electricity Corporation (LEC) Liberia Petroleum Refining Company (LPRC) Forest Development Authority (FDA) *In 1983, in a government reorganization, the Department of Energy (DOE) of the MLME superseded the BHC as the Secretariat of the National Energy Committee. CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF TABLES . • • vii PREFACE ix ABSTRACT • • xv SUMMARY • • xvii 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION . 1 1.1 STATEMENT OF WORK • •• 2 1.2 APPROACH . · · · 2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE LIBERIAN ECONOMIC SITUATION 5 2.1 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT . ·· · ·· · · • 5 2.2 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS • · ···· ·· · •••••• 7 3. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR MAJOR SECTORS •• 11 3.1 ENERGY USE IN 1981 8Y FUEL TYPE AND MAJOR· CONSUMING SECTOR • • • • 11 3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRESENT MAJOR· ··SOURCES·· · ·OF· ENERGY·· IN LIBERIA. · · ···· · ·· ·· · · ·· 14 3.2.1 Petroleum Products · • ·· · ··· 14 3.2.2 Hydroelectric Facilities •• •••••• 19 3.2.3 Wood Energy . · 20 3.3 ENERGY DEMANDS BY MAJOR· ··CONSUMING· · ··SECTOR·· ··. 21 3.3.1 Mines . • 21 3.3.2 Electricity·· Generation· · ··· and·······Consumption 24 3.3.3 Transportation ·· · ···· ··· • 28 3.3.4 Agriculture . ·· · ····· ·· · 29 3.3.5 Forestry • ··· •• · ·· • · ·· • 32 3.3.6 Government • • • • •• 32 3.3.7 Residential Charcoal· · ·· ·and ·Fuelwood· · 35 3.3.B Industrial and Commercial Sectors • 36 4. PROJECTED ENERGY DEMANDS, 1981-2000 • • 39 4.1 METHODOLOGY • ···· ·· ·· · 40 4.2 PROJECTIONS · · ··· ·· · · · 41 5. OVERVIEW OF LIBERIA'S ENERGY NEEDS AND SUPPLY AND CONSERVATION OPTIONS · • · • · • 47 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE MOST ···CRITICAL··ENERGY· NEEDS· · 47 5.1 •1 Public Electrical Services • ··· • 48 5.1.2 Transport Services · • ·· · • · · • 48 5.1.3 Residential Fuelwood and Charcoal · 49 5.1.4 Mines and Other Concessions ··· · · 50 5.1.5 Commercial and Governmental Buildings 51 v PAGE 5.2 OVERVIEW OF LIBERIA'S ENERGY SUPPLY AND CONSERVATION OPTIONS ...•••... • 51 5.2.1 Imported Petroleum ..••.• 52 5.2.2 Imported Coal .•.••.••.•• 52 5.2.3 Domestic Petroleum .•.... 53 5.2.4 Hydroelectric Energy Potential • 53 5.2.5 Wood .......•..... 55 5.2.6 Energy Conservation .•..•. 57 5.2.7 Palm Oil ......•.•.• 58 5.2.8 Alcohol Fuels ...••••. •. ••. 59 5.2.9 Interrrediate Energy Technologies: Biog8S, Improved Cooking Stoves and Charcoal Kilns, Solar, and Wind •....•••..•.• 60 5.3 CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR WOOD GASIFIERS ••••...•.•.•••. 62 6. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ..••....••• 65 6.1 U.S. AND COUNTERPART WORKING RELATIONSHIPS. 65 6.1.1 Background ..•..•..•.•.• • 65 6.1.2 Counterpart Working Arrangements .• 67 6.2 MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PROBLEMS FACING THE NEe . .•.•..•••......••• •• 69 6.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE JOINT RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT PROJECTS • 71 6.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ENERGY LIBRARY ••• • •• 73 REFERENCES ..............•.... 75 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page S.l. Liberian energy balance for 1981 .. .. xxv S.2. Simulated annual growth rates in energy use by sectors, 1981-2000 ..•••.•.•••• . .... xxvi ii 1. Member agencies of the Liberian National Energy COI1I11; ttee .... .............. 3 2. Liberia's 9ross domestic product of the money economy, 1971-81 ••......••.. 6 3. Estimated size of the traditional economy, 1971-81 6 4. Total export and import levels. 1971-81 •• ••• 8 5. Oil Import costs, 1971-81 •.• • 8 6. Liberian energy balance for 1981 • 12 7. Liberia Petroleum Refinery Company product sales history, 1971-80 ••...• 16 8. Petroleum products supplied in 1981 •• • 17 9. Consumption of major petroleum products in 1981 by customer class ........... • 17 10. Mid-1981 ex-refinery prices charged by customer class 18 11. Approximate breakdown of 1981 revenues owed to the Liberia PetrOleum Refining Company ... 18 12. Energy use by Liberian Iron Jre mines in 1981 • 22 13. Estimated electrical generating capacity in Li~eria, 1981 •..•••..• 25 14. Estimated electrical production in Liberia, 1981 26 15. Energy use for electricity generation, 1981 . .. 26 16. Sector distribution of all Liberian energy use for electricity generation, 1981 27 17. Transport fuel use. 1981 29 vii Table Page 18. Agricultural lana and fuel use in liberia by crop type, 1981 •.•...•••... 31 19. Forest production and fuel use, 1975-82 33 20. Estimated government energy use in 1981 34 21. Estimated total annual fuel wood and charcoal energy use by region ...................... 36 22. Retail price ranges reported for residential energy purchases .•••..•.••. .. · . 36 23. Estimated electricity use by the industrial and conrnercial sector. .....•.•. 37 24. Simulated annual growth rates in ener9Y use by sectors, 19B~-2000 ... •• . .. • · •• . 43 25. Simulated annual 9rowth rates in energy use by fuel type, 198~-2000 .... ....... • · ... .. 45 viii PREFACE Because the complete set of 18 appendices to this report is relatively lengthy and since each appendix is of a specific nature, the appendices have not been included here. However, copies of individual appendices may be obtained by written request from Thomas J. Wilbanks, Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, or from William F. Barron, c/o Secretariat of the National Energy Committee, Government of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia. For the reader's convenience, the appendices and their respective numbers are listed below by general subject category. To assist the reader in better understanding the text discussions in this report, the Preface also includes reference maps of Liberia, Liberia summary statistics, and a list of energy conversion factors. LIST OF APPENDICES 1981 Ener9Y 8alance 1. G. Samuels, "Liberian Energy Consumption and Sectoral Distribution for 1981," ORNL, March 1983. Sector Analyses 2. C. Thomas, "Background Paper on Petroleum Refinery Operations, Mines and Industry in Liberia," ORNL, August 1982. 3. W. Barron, B. Hobbs, L. Kawah, and V. Sherif, "Background Paper on Electrical Services Provided by the Liberia Electricity Corporation {LEC)," DRNL, January 1983. 4. L. Kawah, J. Sandikie, and W. 8arron, "Project Paper on the Liberian Transport Sector," NEC, December 1982. 5. C. G. Knight, J. Dobson, and J. S. Sandikie, "Project Paper on Energy Use and Supply Potential in the Agricultural and Forestrv Sectors in Liberia," ORNL, March 1983. 6. T. Wilbanks and W. Barron, "Energy Use in the Governmental Sector in Liberia," ORNL, March 1983. ix 7. M.-H. Neufville and J. Sandikie, "Project Paper on Residential Ener:.J Use in Liberia," NEe, Mar'ch 1983. 8. W. Barron, "Background Paper on the Conmercial Sector in Liberia," ORNL, September 1982. 9. R. Barnes and R. E. Rhinelander, "The Potential for Early Energy Conservation in the Light Industrial and Comrr~rcial Sectors in the Liberian Economy," ORNL, November 1982. Energy Demand Projections 10. L. Hill, "The Liberian Macroeconomy an.d Simulation of Sectoral Ener9Y Demand: 1981-2000," ORNL, April 1983. Special Topic Papers 11. Technical Subcommittee of the NEC, "Possible Actions for Near-Term Energy Conservation," NEC, December 1982. 12. M.-H. Neufville and T. Wilbanks, "Domestic Petroleum As an Energy Supply Option for Liberia," ORNL, March 1983. 13. W. Barron, G. Samuels, and T. Wilbanks, "A Near-Term Alternative for Reduci ng Li berian Oil Imports (Wood Gas i fication l ," ORNL, November 1982. 14. A. Compere, W. Griffith, and G. SamuelS, "Liquid Fuels Substitution with Vegetable Oils and Alcohols," ORNL, March 1983. 15. B. Hobbs, "Background Paper on Costs of Alternative Electrical Generation Technologies for Liberia," ORNL, February 1983. 16. W. Barron and T. Wilbanks, "An Introduction to the Ener9Y Assessment Process," ORNL, November 1982. 17. G. Samuels, "An Evaluation of the Economics of the Liberian Petroleum Refining
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