Freud As a Humanist from Freud and Man's Soul by Bruno Bettelheim, and Other Sources
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Freud as a Humanist From Freud and Man's Soul by Bruno Bettelheim, and other sources. Not for quotation Yet who knows not conscience is born of love?—Shakespeare Psychoanalysis is in essence a cure through love.—Sigmund Freud Society and the Individual So most of his allusions fall on deaf ears. Many of the expressions he used have been reduced to mere tech- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a physician. He was also a hu- nical terms; the key words no longer have a multiplic- manistic scholar, well read in the classics. He was strongly in- ity of special connotations, even though Freud chose fluenced by the romantic movement. Therefore, his concept of them because they carried deep meaning and were vi- human nature emphasized mystery and nature. To Freud, a hu- brant with special humanistic resonances...Instead of man being is an animal that must be molded by society in order instilling a deep feeling for what is most human in all for society to exist. Underneath the orderly, polite, good inten- of us, the translations attempt to lure the reader into tions of the average individual is a lusting, potentially violent developing a "scientific" attitude toward man and his animal. Society forcefully modifies this animal to make it fit for actions, a "scientific" understanding of the uncon- social existence. The modifications inhibit and redirect its in- scious and how it conditions much of our behavior. stinctual drives. Even though the animal gains much in the trade, it also loses much. Social existence consists of a trade-off Bruno Bettelheim between security and freedom. Freud and Man's Soul The relationship between the group and the individual is am- In 1930, Freud wrote the following in the introduction to an bivalent. They are in conflict with each other, as well as interde- article in the Medical Review of Reviews, Volume 36: pendent. The conflict begins in early childhood. Force is used by parents to control their children. Children must eventually I often hear that psychoanalysis is very popular in the bow to the superior power of parents. In bowing, children also United States and that it doesn't meet there with the identify with their parents, acquiring their values and morals. same obstinate resistance as it does in Europe....It seems to me that the popularity of the name of psy- The conflict between the individual and society is external at choanalysis in America signifies neither a friendly atti- first. Gradually, moral consciousness develops within the indi- tude to its essence nor any extension and deepening of vidual. The conflict that was once external, becomes internal. its understanding...Most frequently one finds among The individual becomes self-controlling. It rewards and punishes American doctors and writers only a very inadequate itself emotionally. Its animal instincts are directed into socially familiarity with psychoanalysis, so that they know only acceptable strivings, made sublime in the process. Sexuality is some names and slogans, which does not prevent them transformed into love and creativity. Anger and aggression are from certainty in making judgments. transformed into righteousness. Marriage, family life, and work become meaningful, charged with instinctual energy in the proc- Psychoanalysis is based on introspection. It is not the product of ess. Freud called this process sublimation. scientific research in any conventional sense. Freud first analyzed his own dreams and feelings. He then proceeded to analyze his Life is full of fearful possibilities. Eventually, everybody dies. neurotic patients. The history of his theory is intimately tied to Suffering characterizes everyone's life. Society forces us to the history of his patients and their treatment. American psy- forego satisfaction in countless ways. How do we cope with the chology has concentrated on behavior, cognition, and neuro- tragic nature of our existence, and with the self-sacrifices re- physiology. It has neglected the inner soul of the individual. quired of us by social life? Some sort of adjustment must be made. Freud used the term psyche in referring to human consciousness. Psyche is the Greek word for soul. Psyche is represented as a Religion is the mechanism that idealizes our sacrifices and helps beautiful young woman in the Greek myth about Aphrodite's us adjust to reality. In Freud's opinion, religion is a shared neu- jealous love for her son Eros. Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of rosis. Neurosis is the price of civilization he once announced. In beauty and love. Eros is the male god of beauty and love. order to understand Freud's model of society and the uneasiness it inflicts upon individuals, we must first discuss his model of Freud never gives a precise definition of psyche. He chose it human consciousness. precisely for its inexact meaning and emotional resonance. How- ever, he is not speaking about a religious concept. His atheism Freud's writings were poorly translated into English. Freud is well known, because he went out of his way to assert it. His wrote in German, using direct, personal words that appeal to our idea of the soul has nothing to do with immortality. The psyche common humanity. In English, his words were rendered in more is the seat of both the mind and the passions. We remain largely abstract, depersonalized, mechanical terms. Therefore, American unconscious of it. It is deeply hidden, intangible, and yet power- readers are not led to take psychoanalysis personally. It seems to ful in its influence over us. It is what makes us human, so es- be about others, not ourselves. The English translations distance sentially human that Freud could find no other term to convey us from the humanistic qualities of Freud's ideas. According to what he was talking about. German scholars, Freud used language poetically and eloquently. Moreover, American readers are not familiar with the cultural In the myth, Eros' mother, Aphrodite, is jealous of Psyche's environment in which Freud worked. Because of these problems, great beauty. Aphrodite kisses her son Eros with parted lips, Americans have not properly understood psychoanalysis. long and fervently to seduce him and persuade him to destroy Psyche. In spite of his mother's manipulations, Eros falls in love with Psyche. Aphrodite becomes even more jealous. She You will probably object to our having chosen simple sets out to destroy Psyche by demanding that Psyche do things pronouns to denote our two institutions, or provinces that will kill her, including bringing a casket filled with a day's of the soul, instead of introducing for them sonorous worth of beauty from the underworld. Aphrodite imprisons Eros Greek names. In psychoanalysis, however, we like to to prevent him from interfering with her plans. Eros then turns keep in contact with the popular mode of thinking and to his father, Zeus, the supreme Greek god, for help. Because prefer to make its concepts scientifically serviceable Zeus remembers his own amorous experiences in youth, he ac- rather than to discard them. There is no special merit cepts Psyche as his son's bride, preventing Aphrodite from pos- in this; we must proceed in this way because our teach- sessing her son. ings ought to be comprehensible to our patients who are often very intelligent, but not always learned. The The myth tells the story of a mother who is afraid of losing her impersonal "it" is immediately connected with certain son's affection. She becomes jealous of her son's lover, and tries expressions used by normal persons. One is apt to say, to destroy the young woman. Her husband prevents her from "It came to me in a flash; there was something in me making a great mistake. The wedding of Eros and Psyche is which at that moment, was stronger than me." celebrated in the presence of all the gods. Psyche is made im- mortal, and Aphrodite makes peace with her. Sigmund Freud The Question of Lay Analysis The happy ending of the story permitted ancient Greeks to ac- knowledge mothers' possessive love for their sons. The fact that Nietzsche used the terms "I" and "it" in a similar way. In Beyond Aphrodite was jealous of Psyche reflects normal human emo- Good and Evil, Nietzsche wrote that tions. Parental possessiveness must be put aside for the Greek family system to exist. That is why the love between Eros and A thought comes when "it" wants to and not when "I" Psyche must be accepted. The natural succession of the genera- want; thus it is a falsification to say: the subject "I" is tions is affirmed in the myth. the condition for the predicate "think." It thinks: but there is...no immediate certainty that this "it" is just In modern linguistic usage, the soul is not a supernatural thing. that famous old "I." Freud chose the term psyche as a poetic reference to the most deep-seated thoughts and feelings of an individual, the essence The id is the animal qualities of the psyche, commonly referred of consciousness and emotions. In myth, Psyche is usually de- to as instincts. Freud used the German word trieb, which might picted as young and beautiful, with the wings of a bird or a but- better be translated as human need, or impulses. Freud used the terfly. Birds and butterflies are symbols of the soul in many cul- term das Es to indicate that instincts are not conscious thoughts. tures. By using the Greek term psyche, Freud suggested the They are unconscious drives. They include such feelings as hun- beauty, fragility, and insubstantiality of the inner life of the hu- ger, lust, anger, and fear. Individuals instinctively strive to man being.