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Supply and Demand for Child Care Services in Turkey with the Objective of Identifying Key Constraints and Opportunities to Expand Quality and Affordable Access

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Supply and Demand for Child Care Services in Turkey with the Objective of Identifying Key Constraints and Opportunities to Expand Quality and Affordable Access Report No.: 98884-TR Public Disclosure Authorized Suppl nd Demnd for Child Cre Services in Turke A Mixed Methods Stud Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized September 2015 © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. 1 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 2 Supply of Early Childhood Education and Care Services ......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Supply Side Assessment ........................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Capacity by Age Group ............................................................................................................................................. 20 2.3 Hours of Care ............................................................................................................................................................ 22 2.4 Quality of Care .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Cost of care ............................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Costs of Investment and Operation ...................................................................................................................... 32 2.5.2 Prices and User Fees ........................................................................................................................................... 34 2.5.3 Funding Mechanisms and Feasibility of Investment ............................................................................................ 36 2.6 Access to Services by Disadvantaged Children ........................................................................................................ 39 3 Demand Side Assessment ........................................................................................................................................ 42 3.1 Women’s Care Burden and Child Care responsibilities ............................................................................................ 43 3.2 Current Utilization of Child Care ................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3 Current Unmet Demand for Child Care ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.1 Demand For Child Care By Age Group ................................................................................................................ 48 3.3.2 Positive Attitudes for Use of Childcare Centers ................................................................................................... 51 3.3.3 Negative Attitudes for Use of Childcare Centers .................................................................................................. 56 3.4 Benefits of Child Care to Mothers & FLFP ................................................................................................................ 59 3.5 Changing Norms Regarding of Child care Provision ................................................................................................. 63 3.6 Expectations from Child Care .................................................................................................................................... 66 3.6.1 Expectations on Availability .................................................................................................................................. 66 3.6.1.1 Location ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 3.6.1.2 Hours of Operation ..................................................................................................................................... 67 3.6.1.3 Availability of Services by Age Group ........................................................................................................ 68 3.6.2 Expectations on Quality........................................................................................................................................ 69 3.7 Willingness to Pay for Child Care .............................................................................................................................. 75 4 Conclusions and Policy Implications ......................................................................................................................... 78 Some Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications ............................................................................................................ 84 References ........................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Technical Notes .................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Technical Note 1 Methodology for Unserved Need Estimations .......................................................................................... 86 Technical Note 2 Determinants of Child Care and Preschool Capacity by Province ........................................................... 90 Technical Note 3 Description of Data Instruments for Turkey Child Care Study.................................................................. 91 2 A. Supply Side .......................................................................................................................................................... 91 B. Demand Side: ....................................................................................................................................................... 93 Technical Note 4 Regression Analysis on the Determinants of Vacancies at Service Providers ....................................... 96 Technical Note 5 Percent Of Care Service Providers That Operate In The Mentioned Slots, For Each Age Group ........... 97 Technical Note 6 Construction Of The Quality Index ........................................................................................................... 98 Technical Note 7 List of Standards by MONE and MoFSP service providers in Turkey .................................................... 102 Technical Note 8 Costing Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 106 Technical Note 9 Prices Are Correlated With Infrastructure And Hr Quality At Private Centers, Though Not With Curriculum And Materials Quality. ......................................................................................................................................... 107 Technical Note 10 Multiple Regression Showing Pass-through from rent and real estate prices is high for Private Providers ............................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Technical Note 11 Methodology For Breakeven Analysis .................................................................................................. 109 Technical Note 12 Calculation of Demand and Willingness to Use Center Based Services ............................................. 110 Technical Note 13 Attitudes towards kindergarten (center-based care): ........................................................................... 110
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