مجلة ) - (Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences جامعة الخليل للبحوث- أ (العلوم الطبيعيه
Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 1
2017
Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen
اشرف النهاري [email protected] ,جامعة صنعاء
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Recommended Citation Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among" (النهاري, اشرف (2017 Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen," Hebron University Research Journal-A .Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 1 :مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- أ (العلوم الطبيعيه) - (Natural Sciences) Available at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_a/vol7/iss1/1
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Hebron University Research Journal( A) H.U.R.J. is available online at Vol.(7), pp.(1-41), 2017 http://www.hebron.edu/journal
Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen
Dr. Ashraf M. Al-Nahari Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Sana'a, Yemen
Abstract: Genetic polymorphic characteristics like ABO and Rh blood groups are widely used genetic markers in human population genetics. This study was conducted to determine and compare the frequency of ABO and Rh(D) blood group antigens among Al-Muhamasheen and Yemeni Tribesmen. Frequencies of ABO blood groups and Rh(D) types along with the respective gene frequencies were estimated in two study groups. 818 individuals belonging to Muhammasheen and 838 individuals Tribesmen from Sana'a city participated in the study. Blood samples were collected by finger-prick method. Frequencies of ABO groups in Al- Muhamasheen groups showed that the most common blood groups were found to be group O , B and A with 426(52%), 196(24%), and 131(17%) respectively. The least common blood group was AB group [65(8%)]. The overall picture of phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups is O>B>A>AB. While in Tribesmen the most common blood group was found to be group O 444(53%), followed by group A295 (35%), and group B79 (9%). The least common blood group was AB group [20(3%)].Frequencies of ABO groups in the Tribesmen group showed O> A > B >AB. The distribution of allele frequencies among Al- Muhamasheen is allele, O (r) is observed with the highest frequency (0.700897) then B(q) (0.172675) and A(p) (0.126429). While in Tribesmen allele O (r) is observed with the highest frequency (0.728918)
Published by Arab Journals Platform, 2017 1 Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences) - (???? ????? ?????? ??????- ? (?????? ????????, Vol. 7 [2017], Iss. 1, Art. 1 Ashraf M. Al-Nahari, Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups …, H.U.R.J, Vol. (7), 2017 2
then A(p) (0.210121) and B(q) (0.060961). Both study groups also showed >92% frequency of the Rh(D) Positive phenotype. The researcher concluded that the frequencies of ABO and Rh phenotypes in Al- Muhamasheen are similar to those reported from most areas in the south India and south-east Asia region.
Keywords: ABO and Rh Blood groups, allele, Al-Muhamasheen, Sana'a.
الملخص: تستعمل تعدد البدائل الوراثية لمجاميع الدم ABO و عامل Rh بشكل واسع كعالمات جينية في الدراسات الوراثة السكانية البشرية. أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد ومقارنة تكرار مجاميع مستضدات مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل (Rh(D بين المهمشين وبين افراد القبائل اليمنية. قدرت ترددات مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل (Rh(D و اليالت الجينات معاً في مجموعتي هذه الدراسة باستعمال طريقة وخز األصبع واختبار كاشف الشرائح المباشر لتجمع الدم. بلغ عدد المهمشين 818 وعدد افراد القبائل 838 من مدينة صنعاء. شوهد في نتائج تردد مجاميع الدم ABO لدى المهمشين أن مجموعة الدم O كانت األكثر شيوعاً، تلتها مجموعة الدم B ثم مجموعة الدم A 426 (%52) و 196 (%24) و 131 (%17) على التوالي. أما مجموعة الدم AB فسجلت اقل نسبة 65)8%(. كانت الصورة العامة لمجاميع الدم ABO هي O>B>A>AB. بينما في أفراد القبائل فكانت مجموعة الدم O هي األكثر شيوعاً 444 )53%(، تلتها مجموع الدم A 295 )35%( ثم مجموعة B 79)9%(، و كانت مجموعة الدم AB األقل شيوعاً 20 )3%(. كان تردد مجاميع الدم ABO لدى افراد القبائل O>A>B>AB. أظهرت دراسة االليالت لدى المهمشين ارتفاع تكرار االليل r) O) (0.700897) ثم االليل q) B) (0.172675) ويليه االليل p) A) (0.126429). بينما في أفراد القبائل كان االليلr) O) ايضاً األعلى تكراراً (0.728918) ثم االليل p) A) (0.210121) و يليه االليل q) B) (0.060961). أظهرت مجموعتي الدراسة تكراراً مظهرياً أعلى للعامل (Rh(D الموجب إذا بلغ > %92. واستنتج الباحث إن تكرار النمط المظهري لمجاميع الدم ABO وعامل (Rh(D الموجب للمهمشين يماثل نتائج التوزيع المظهري لمجاميع الدم المسجلة في معظم مناطق جنوب الهند.
الكلمات المفتاحية: البدائل الوراثية، مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل Rh ، المهمشين
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Introduction Genetic studies on the Yemeni people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Yemen's modern political instability, Commonly quoted ABO/Rh(D) frequencies in Yemen are not studies with racial or ethnic categories .In the present paper, we studied the distribution of ABO and Rh blood group among Al-Muhamasheen (Marginalized people) (Al-Akhdam; marginalized people). The Muhamasheen is a group historically known to be of African descendant, distinguished from the general population with their dark skin. There are historical, economic, cultural, social and other factors that contributed and still contribute to the production and reproduction of the marginalized Muhamasheen category in the Yemeni society through multiple mechanisms of exclusion (Ghaleb, 2009; UNICEF, 2014). They live in rural community and cities such as Tai‘z, Ibb, Al-Hudeida, Sana’a and Aden where a different set of the same persecution awaits them. In these places, the only economic opportunity open to them, is the equally exploitative and dubious work arrangements with local Municipal authorities where they are hired exclusively as garbage collectors and street cleaners, a job no other Yemeni man would take (Saif, 2006). There is no information on the gene frequency of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups from Al-Muhamasheen population in Yemen. The ABO blood group distribution varies in different geographical and ethnic groups. Nearly 700 erythrocyte antigens structures among the 36 defined blood groups systems (ISBT, 2016). ABO and Rh blood group system are determined genetically and their genes are located on chromosome 9 (9q34) and 1 respectively (Bhasin, and Walter, 2013). The genetics of ABO blood group system revealed that three alleles, namely IA, IB and i, determine blood groups. IA produces A antigen; IB produces B antigen and i produces neither. IA and IB are mutant alleles that show co- dominance with each other but both are dominant over the wild type allele i (IA = IB > i) (Gupta, 1999). Two alleles D and d are responsible for the inheritance for Rhesus blood group, allele D for Rh+ and d for Rh. (Positive) or (negative) refer to either the presence or absence of the RhD antigen on the surface of Rbcs, which indicate that allele D is dominant over the allele d (Mange and Mang, 1980).
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Both these systems are useful in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. They are also well-defined genetic markers employed in population genetic and anthropological studies (Sigmon, 1992). All human populations share the same blood group systems; although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. The ABO and Rh blood groups varies worldwide and are not found in equal numbers even among ethnic groups (Sidhu and Sidhu, 1980; Akinnuga, et al., 2011). In the present paper, an attempt is made to study the distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood group systems among the Al-Muhamasheen population of Sana'a in comparison with Yemeni Tribesmen. Then, the results are compared with other results from neighbor countries; Ethiopia and India.
Materials and Methods A total number of 1656 healthy Yemeni persons of both genders was collected for this study: 818 individuals belong to Muhammasheen,and 838 individuals belong to Yemeni Tribesmen. These people aged between 18 and 55 years. They were drawn from Sana'a. ABO and Rh(D) blood grouping was performed at the same time, during the period between September 2015 and June 2016. ABO and Rh blood grouping was carried out by agglutination test using the direct slide test of blood grouping reagent: anti-A, anti-B and anti-D human sera test (manufactured by: Tulip Diagnostics India, Agappe Diagnostics, India, and Diagast, Spain). Agglutination was recorded as a positive reaction (Sharma et al., 2015).
Statistical analysis Data on the frequency of ABO and Rh(D)blood groups were reported in simple percentages. And Allele frequencies were calculated by Bernstein's Equation (1930) Hardy Weinberg equilibrium using the Win Bug program S2ABO (S2 ABOestimator, 2002). The allele frequencies of Rh blood group were estimated as following: Gene frequency of d= √ , where d= proportion of the population in Rh d group; gene frequency of D=1-d (Sutton1980).
Results The frequency distribution of phenotypes and allelic frequencies of ABO and Rh blood group systems among the Muhammasheen and Yemeni
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Tribesmen are given in tables 1,2 and 3; respectively. The Distribution of ABO phenotypes and their percentages among the total 1656 subject blood donors revealed that ABO phenotypes were: group O [426(52%)], followed by group B [196(24%)], and group A [131(17%)], the least common blood group was AB group [65(8%)] in Al-Muhamasheen caste and group O [444 (53%)], followed by group A [295 (35%)], and group B [79(9%)], the least common blood group was AB group [20(3%)] in Tribesmen. The frequencies of O was greater compared with A & B in both groups, and frequencies of B was greater than A in Al-Muhamasheen caste, while frequencies of A was greater than B in the Tribesmen. Frequencies of ABO groups in Al-Muhamasheen groups showed O> B> A> AB and Frequencies of ABO groups in Tribesmen groups showed O> A> B> AB (see table 1).
Table 1: ABO blood group and Rh(D) phenotypes percentages of Al- Muhamasheen and Yemeni Tribesmen in Sana'a capital city. Blood Group A B A B O Total
Rh+ Rh- Rh+ Rh- Rh+ Rh- Rh+ Rh- Muhammasheen 123 8 180 16 57 8 393 33 818 Total No. (%) 131(17%) 196(24%) 65(8%) 426(52%) 818 (100%) Tribesmen 271 24 71 8 18 2 413 31 838 Total No. (%) 295(35%) 79(9%) 20(3%) 444(53%) 838 (100%)
The distribution of allele frequencies among Al-Muhamasheen in allele O (r) is observed as the highest frequency (0.700897) then B(q) (0.172675) and A(p) (0.126429). While in Tribesmen allele O (r) is observed with the highest frequency (0.728918) then A(p) (0.210121) and B(q) (0.060961) (see table 2).
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Table 2. Gene frequencies of ABO blood group alleles of Al-Muhamasheen and Yemeni Tribesmen in Sana'a city.
Subjects Gene (allele) Frequency Stander Ln(L) Deviation Al- O(r) 0.700897 0.011922 -976.96565 Muhammasheen A(p) 0.126429 0.008504 B(q) 0.172675 0.009813 Hardy-Weinberg Log Likelihood=-976.9656 Test statistic=28.8798 df=1 P-value=0.0000 Tribesmen O(r) 0.728918 0.011494 -851.3571 A(p) 0.210121 0.010587 B(q) 0.060961 0.005938 Hardy-Weinberg Log Likelihood=-851.3571 Test statistic=0.1376 df=1 P-value=0.7129
The phenotype and gene frequencies of Rh(D) blood group are given in table 3. Out of the 818 of Al Muhammasheen tested, 753 (92%) were found to be Rh positive, and Out of the 838 of Tribesmen tested, 773 (92.24%) were found to be Rh positive. The gene frequency of D allele was found in Al Muhammasheen and Tribesmen (0.7176,0.7215); respectively . While d allele frequency was (0.2824) in Al Muhammasheen and (0.2785) in Tribesmen. The difference in the pattern of Rh blood groups in Al Muhammasheen and Tribesmen had no significant difference (Table3).
Table 3: Phenotypic, percentage and Genotypic distribution of Rh (D) blood group of Al-Muhamasheen and Yemeni Tribesmen in Sana'a capital city.
Subjects phenotypes Genotype Observed Phenotypic allelic No. frequency in % frequency Al Rh+ DD, Dd 753 92 D =0.7176 Muhammasheen Rh- Dd 65 8 d =0.2824 Total 818 100 1 Tribesmen Rh+ DD, Dd 773 92.24 D =0.7215 Rh- Dd 65 7.76 d =0.2785 Total 838 100 1
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Discussion The contribution of the present study lies in its being the first study about the distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups among Al Muhammasheen population in Yemen. They are the ex-slaves of African or Ethiopian descent and not listed in the traditional social structure but are considered to occupy the lowest ethnic and caste group in the Yemeni society (Ghaleb, 2009; UNICEF, 2014).To test this, the researcher performed blood type tests for ABO and Rh blood groups on individuals from Al-Muhamasheen and compared them with Yemeni Tribesmen from Sana'a the capital city of Yemen. The study of distribution of blood groups is important as it plays a vital role in genetics, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, genetic research, human evolution and ethnic groups (Harvey and David 2005; Garraty, et al,. 2004). In this study, the O gene frequency is higher than that of B followed A in Al Muhammasheen. The same is for the allelic frequencies for A, B and O in our study (i > IB> IA). These results agreed to some extent with the results from Southern India (Das, et al,. 2001) India/Southern Rajasthan (Shekhar, et al., 2014), India /Durgapur (Nag, and Das,2012), Sindh in Pakistan (Khashheli, et al,.1994), and in Nepal/Brahmin (Chapagain, et al., 2005) (which showed i> IB> IA ). But those results differed from trends in Yemeni Tribesmen group in this study at the order O>A>B>AB, the trend of the allelic frequencies was i > IA> IB. These results agreed to some extent with the results of some of local, Arab, neighboring and international studies; such as Kuwait (Al-Bustan, et al.2002), Saudi Arabia (Sarhan, et al., 2009), Iraqi population/Kurd, Sabians, middle Euphrates region, and Thi-Qar population (Jaff, 2010; Alubadi, et al.,2014; Aljanabi,2005; Mahmood, et al,.2013), and another country such as Ethiopia (Tesfaye, et al., 2014), Iran (Keramati, et al., 2011), Turkey (Özkasap, et al., 2013), Nigeria (Iyiola, et al., 2012), Malaysia (Musa, et al,. 2012), Germany (Wagner, et al.,1995), UK and USA (Frances, 2002). They reported similar findings with O being the most common blood group followed by A, B, and AB, in the order of O>A>B>AB is shown in table 4.
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Table 4: Frequency of blood groups (ABO) studied in different populations across the world (O>B>A>AB).
ABO blood groups (%) Rh blood Ref.No. Countries groups % A B AB O Rh+ Rh- Present study 17 24 8 52 92 8 Yemeni/Muhammasheen
South India 18.85 32.79 9.90 38.75 94.45 5.55 7 India/ Southern Rajasthan 22.3 35.7 7.6 34.4 94.2 5.8 29 India /Durgapur 23.90 33.60 7.70 34.80 94.70 5.3 23 Pakistan/Sindh 25.83 28.17 8.30 37.78 95.76 4.24 18 Nepal/Brahmin 22.85 24.62 2.56 48.81 ND ND 6
These findings are nearly similar in agreement with Tribesmen group. On the Rh system; this study further confirmed that Rh(D) positive has the highest percentage frequency while Rh(D) negative has the lowest percentage frequency in all the groups, which is similar to that in previous studies among different countries; India (Deshpande, and Kolhe, 2012), Nepal (Chapagain, et al., 2005) and in Korea population (Kumar, et al., 2009), Kuwait (Al-Bustan, et al., 2002), Saudi Arabia (Sarhan, et al., 2009), UAE (Taha, 2012) Iraqi (Aljanabi, 2005), Ethiopia (Tesfaye, et al., 2014), Iran (Keramati, et al., 2011), Turkey (Özkasap, et al.,2013), Nigeria (Iyiola, et al., 2012)( see table 5).
Table 5: Frequency of blood groups (ABO) studied in different populations across the world (O>A>B>AB).
Countries ABO blood groups (%) Rh blood Ref. groups % num A B AB O Rh+ Rh- ber Present study 35 9% 3 53 92.24 7.76 /Yemeni Tribesmen Kuwait 26.7 24.1 4.6 44.6 ND ND 2
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Saudi Arabia 27.89 20.36 4.27 47.48 91.22 8.78 27 Iraq/ Kurd 32.47 23.84 6.53 37.16 91.73 8.27 16 Iraq/ Sabians 28.7 13.8 7.6 49.9 96.2 3.8 4 Iraq/ middle 23.44 19.01 16.19 41.36 91 9 3 Euphrates region Iraq/ Thi-Qar 28.23 27.33 9.49 34.95 93.92 6.08 20 Ethiopia 28.11 23.35 5.44 43.08 92.06 7.94 34 Iran 29.5 28.7 7.9 33.9 90.2 9.8 17 Turkey 44.07 9.26 2.60 44.07 83.7 6.30 24 Nigeria 23.1 21.3 2.7 52.9 97 3 15 Malaysia 30.5 27.5 7.5 34.5 99.5 0.5 22 Germany 26 8 2 64 79.5 20.5 35 UK 42 16 4 44 83 17 9 USA 41.0 9.0 4.0 46.0 85.0 15.0 9
Conclusion The present study is original in its being the first study on the distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups among Al Muhammasheen population. ABO and Rh blood group distribution in Al Muhammasheen (O>B>A>AB) have significant differences in comparison with the distribution results for the Yemeni Tribesmen (O>A>B>AB). This study also has significant implications. The results generated in this study would be helpful to the researchers in the field of population genetics to explore the factors responsible for the observed distribution patterns of these genetic markers in this part of Yemen. The results of our study suggest that there is a correlation between Al Muhammasheen group in this study of Sana'a city and the Veddoids ethnic group of South India.
Recommendation It is necessary to conduct similar well designed studies in other governorates of Yemen in order to determine the blood group frequencies in Al Muhammasheen and genetic studies that require estimates of mutation rates in Y chromosome markers; A single-nucleotide
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polymorphism (Y-SNP) and short tandem repeats (Y-STR) typing and Mitochondrial DNA (mt.DNA) which helps scientists to understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another.
Acknowledgement The author appreciates the technical staff at the Primary Health Centers in the Capital city of Sana'a for their cooperation in making this study see the light, and to the blood donors who cooperated in this research. As well as to working group: kholoud Al Najar, Bodoor Al Ahmadi, Yahiya Al Sayahghi, Khaled Morshed, Ahmad Al Jaghmani, Ahmad Hadi, Ahmad Tamesh, Ali Almahjari, Reham Al Osaimi, Entesar Omar, Mahdi Al Najar and Safaa Al Zamzami. Without their assistance, I could not have imagined having a good work in collecting the samples.
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