مجلة ) - (Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences جامعة الخليل للبحوث- أ (العلوم الطبيعيه Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 1 2017 Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen اشرف النهاري [email protected] ,جامعة صنعاء Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_a Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among" (النهاري, اشرف (2017 Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen," Hebron University Research Journal-A .Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 1 :مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- أ (العلوم الطبيعيه) - (Natural Sciences) Available at: https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_a/vol7/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Arab Journals Platform. It has been accepted for مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- أ (العلوم الطبيعيه ) - (inclusion in Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences by an authorized editor. The journal is hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. ???????: Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism amon Hebron University Research Journal( A) H.U.R.J. is available online at Vol.(7), pp.(1-41), 2017 http://www.hebron.edu/journal Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism among Marginalized People and Tribesmen in Sana'a Capital of Yemen Dr. Ashraf M. Al-Nahari Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Sana'a, Yemen Abstract: Genetic polymorphic characteristics like ABO and Rh blood groups are widely used genetic markers in human population genetics. This study was conducted to determine and compare the frequency of ABO and Rh(D) blood group antigens among Al-Muhamasheen and Yemeni Tribesmen. Frequencies of ABO blood groups and Rh(D) types along with the respective gene frequencies were estimated in two study groups. 818 individuals belonging to Muhammasheen and 838 individuals Tribesmen from Sana'a city participated in the study. Blood samples were collected by finger-prick method. Frequencies of ABO groups in Al- Muhamasheen groups showed that the most common blood groups were found to be group O , B and A with 426(52%), 196(24%), and 131(17%) respectively. The least common blood group was AB group [65(8%)]. The overall picture of phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups is O>B>A>AB. While in Tribesmen the most common blood group was found to be group O 444(53%), followed by group A295 (35%), and group B79 (9%). The least common blood group was AB group [20(3%)].Frequencies of ABO groups in the Tribesmen group showed O> A > B >AB. The distribution of allele frequencies among Al- Muhamasheen is allele, O (r) is observed with the highest frequency (0.700897) then B(q) (0.172675) and A(p) (0.126429). While in Tribesmen allele O (r) is observed with the highest frequency (0.728918) Published by Arab Journals Platform, 2017 1 Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences) - (???? ????? ?????? ??????- ? (?????? ????????, Vol. 7 [2017], Iss. 1, Art. 1 Ashraf M. Al-Nahari, Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups …, H.U.R.J, Vol. (7), 2017 2 then A(p) (0.210121) and B(q) (0.060961). Both study groups also showed >92% frequency of the Rh(D) Positive phenotype. The researcher concluded that the frequencies of ABO and Rh phenotypes in Al- Muhamasheen are similar to those reported from most areas in the south India and south-east Asia region. Keywords: ABO and Rh Blood groups, allele, Al-Muhamasheen, Sana'a. الملخص: تستعمل تعدد البدائل الوراثية لمجاميع الدم ABO و عامل Rh بشكل واسع كعﻻمات جينية في الدراسات الوراثة السكانية البشرية. أجريت هذه الدراسة لتحديد ومقارنة تكرار مجاميع مستضدات مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل (Rh(D بين المهمشين وبين افراد القبائل اليمنية. قدرت ترددات مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل (Rh(D و اليﻻت الجينات معاً في مجموعتي هذه الدراسة باستعمال طريقة وخز اﻷصبع واختبار كاشف الشرائح المباشر لتجمع الدم. بلغ عدد المهمشين 818 وعدد افراد القبائل 838 من مدينة صنعاء. شوهد في نتائج تردد مجاميع الدم ABO لدى المهمشين أن مجموعة الدم O كانت اﻷكثر شيوعاً، تلتها مجموعة الدم B ثم مجموعة الدم A 426 (%52) و 196 (%24) و 131 (%17) على التوالي. أما مجموعة الدم AB فسجلت اقل نسبة 65)8%(. كانت الصورة العامة لمجاميع الدم ABO هي O>B>A>AB. بينما في أفراد القبائل فكانت مجموعة الدم O هي اﻷكثر شيوعاً 444 )53%(، تلتها مجموع الدم A 295 )35%( ثم مجموعة B 79)9%(، و كانت مجموعة الدم AB اﻷقل شيوعاً 20 )3%(. كان تردد مجاميع الدم ABO لدى افراد القبائل O>A>B>AB. أظهرت دراسة اﻻليﻻت لدى المهمشين ارتفاع تكرار اﻻليل r) O) (0.700897) ثم اﻻليل q) B) (0.172675) ويليه اﻻليل p) A) (0.126429). بينما في أفراد القبائل كان اﻻليلr) O) ايضاً اﻷعلى تكراراً (0.728918) ثم اﻻليل p) A) (0.210121) و يليه اﻻليل q) B) (0.060961). أظهرت مجموعتي الدراسة تكراراً مظهرياً أعلى للعامل (Rh(D الموجب إذا بلغ > %92. واستنتج الباحث إن تكرار النمط المظهري لمجاميع الدم ABO وعامل (Rh(D الموجب للمهمشين يماثل نتائج التوزيع المظهري لمجاميع الدم المسجلة في معظم مناطق جنوب الهند. الكلمات المفتاحية: البدائل الوراثية، مجاميع الدم ABO و عامل Rh ، المهمشين https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/hujr_a/vol7/iss1/1 2 ???????: Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups Polymorphism amon Ashraf M. Al-Nahari, Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups …, H.U.R.J, Vol. (7), 2017 3 Introduction Genetic studies on the Yemeni people are limited and generally restricted to analysis of classical markers due to Yemen's modern political instability, Commonly quoted ABO/Rh(D) frequencies in Yemen are not studies with racial or ethnic categories .In the present paper, we studied the distribution of ABO and Rh blood group among Al-Muhamasheen (Marginalized people) (Al-Akhdam; marginalized people). The Muhamasheen is a group historically known to be of African descendant, distinguished from the general population with their dark skin. There are historical, economic, cultural, social and other factors that contributed and still contribute to the production and reproduction of the marginalized Muhamasheen category in the Yemeni society through multiple mechanisms of exclusion (Ghaleb, 2009; UNICEF, 2014). They live in rural community and cities such as Tai‘z, Ibb, Al-Hudeida, Sana’a and Aden where a different set of the same persecution awaits them. In these places, the only economic opportunity open to them, is the equally exploitative and dubious work arrangements with local Municipal authorities where they are hired exclusively as garbage collectors and street cleaners, a job no other Yemeni man would take (Saif, 2006). There is no information on the gene frequency of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups from Al-Muhamasheen population in Yemen. The ABO blood group distribution varies in different geographical and ethnic groups. Nearly 700 erythrocyte antigens structures among the 36 defined blood groups systems (ISBT, 2016). ABO and Rh blood group system are determined genetically and their genes are located on chromosome 9 (9q34) and 1 respectively (Bhasin, and Walter, 2013). The genetics of ABO blood group system revealed that three alleles, namely IA, IB and i, determine blood groups. IA produces A antigen; IB produces B antigen and i produces neither. IA and IB are mutant alleles that show co- dominance with each other but both are dominant over the wild type allele i (IA = IB > i) (Gupta, 1999). Two alleles D and d are responsible for the inheritance for Rhesus blood group, allele D for Rh+ and d for Rh. (Positive) or (negative) refer to either the presence or absence of the RhD antigen on the surface of Rbcs, which indicate that allele D is dominant over the allele d (Mange and Mang, 1980). Published by Arab Journals Platform, 2017 3 Hebron University Research Journal-A (Natural Sciences) - (???? ????? ?????? ??????- ? (?????? ????????, Vol. 7 [2017], Iss. 1, Art. 1 Ashraf M. Al-Nahari, Genetic Variation of ABO and Rh(D) Blood Groups …, H.U.R.J, Vol. (7), 2017 4 Both these systems are useful in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. They are also well-defined genetic markers employed in population genetic and anthropological studies (Sigmon, 1992). All human populations share the same blood group systems; although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. The ABO and Rh blood groups varies worldwide and are not found in equal numbers even among ethnic groups (Sidhu and Sidhu, 1980; Akinnuga, et al., 2011). In the present paper, an attempt is made to study the distribution of ABO and Rh(D) blood group systems among the Al-Muhamasheen population of Sana'a in comparison with Yemeni Tribesmen. Then, the results are compared with other results from neighbor countries; Ethiopia and India. Materials and Methods A total number of 1656 healthy Yemeni persons of both genders was collected for this study: 818 individuals belong to Muhammasheen,and 838 individuals belong to Yemeni Tribesmen. These people aged between 18 and 55 years. They were drawn from Sana'a. ABO and Rh(D) blood grouping was performed at the same time, during the period between September 2015 and June 2016. ABO and Rh blood grouping was carried out by agglutination test using the direct slide test of blood grouping reagent: anti-A, anti-B and anti-D human sera test (manufactured by: Tulip Diagnostics India, Agappe Diagnostics, India, and Diagast, Spain). Agglutination was recorded as a positive reaction (Sharma et al., 2015). Statistical analysis Data on the frequency of ABO and Rh(D)blood groups were reported in simple percentages.