WORDS YOU SHOULD KNOW IF YOU ARE A GRAPHIC 60DESIGNER

amreen ahmedi

amreen ahmedi

28

Colophon

Meta is a that was designed by Erik Spiekermann in 1985 and was intended to be for Europe’s biggest company, Bundespost. He aimed to develop a typeface that was easy to read in small sizes, available in different weights and had an unmistakable identity. After digitizing, testing and approving the typeface Bundespost decided not to use it and went back to using . In 1989, after design software What is ? made creating easier, MetaDesign took the typeface that was originally created for Bundespost and refined it for their own Typography creates logical and visual links within an exclusive use. Momentarily FontShop–a digital , was arrangement of letters and other characters appropriate using it as well. FontShop encouraged the parent company FontFont, to the task in hand. Typography’s main role is to make an to license it. They then renamed and released Meta as FF Meta. effective experience – in other words to captivate the reader. Typographic designers create emphases and signals, and One of its most distinguishing characteristics from other sans navigate the reader through the text. is the angled finials and the rounded dots. It was also recognizable because of the wavy tail of the Q and the slightly curved leg of R. Another feature was its double-storied g that had an unusually open bowl, similar to the lower case g in Baskerville. It was designed to be a sans-serif to avoid culture shock for conservative clients since it was a corporate typeface during a time where Helvetica was so prevalent. 27

Bibliography Contents

Felici, James. The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to Setting Perfect Type. Berkeley, CA: 1. Level one: Beginner...... 1-6 Peachpit Press, 2012. 2. Level two: Intermediate...... 7-16 Groff, Pamela. Glossary of Graphic Communications. Upper Saddle , NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.1998. 3. Level three: Advanced...... 17-26 Lupton, Ellen. Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students. New York: 4. Bibliography...... 27 Princeton Architectural Press, 2010. 6. Colophon...... 28 1 26

white space

In type, white space is the space in and around typeset characters. Much of the practice of typography is based on the control of white space.

Let type breathe

level 03: advanced 25 2

style sheet A style sheet is an instrument that enables Header 1 you to apply many typographical formatting specifications at once. Typographic style sheets Header 2 are normally divided into those that can be Header 3 applied at the character level and those that can Body text be applied only to whole . They are Obitincte sunt landitis aditasp eribus. often simply called styles. Tatum lam labo. Itae et omnimporro ipsant. Gia ni ipis parcia dipsam quos sam iminto diat venda ventota consendipid ma dit offic temquas dolupta esequaspis ped quae. Nem reptiis quuntio. Lenis sum esenistibea aniet ipsanimus, volora pliquam Dit latibus, etur aperovides endiae volorpo rporeri busdant.

Footnotes Obitincte sunt landitis aditasp eribus.

tab

Tab or tab value, in table-setting software, is a along the measure of the table that defines the of a tab . It can also be numeric and alphabetical data set in parallel columns separated by blank spaces or divided by rules.

Fugitate re sim consequam text wrap dolutet quamet fuga Nem atesten ducimus dic torias In graphics, text wrap is the pagemaker que vello millaudi command for flowing text around a graphic, simus nonse peria sape num harum Level 01: Beginner jumping over it, flowing through it, or jumping quianis eaquate caborporerro to the next column. It is usually used to creat ommolum, interesting effects and designs. quatquas ent lature parum volumquam rethalpero. nullabo. Um ipsus doluptae pedit etur sumpviet. 3 24

alignment Open type & True type So lets start off with the basics of setting type. Alignment refers to the way you place your type on the . It has 4 types– flush left, flush right, True type is a double byte font based on Unicode that’s available on both Windows centered and justified. Depending on the intended purpose of your design, and Macintosh platforms. The character outlines it contains are based on a different you would need to choose which type of alignment to use. mathematical system (conic B-splines) than are PostScript fonts (Bezier curves). It is the core technology upon which the Open Type font format is built. True Type fonts are Flush left is Flush right is Centered Justified alignment platform-specific. A TrueType font file that can work on both a Mac and Windows pc is most commonly mainly used alignment is not is usually used for used as it is the generally identified as an Open Type font. for breakouts very commonly print–newspapers easiest and can also used as it can be and magazines. to read. It is be seen in hard to read when But it can create mainly used for business cards. small. spacing problems. body text. Verso & Recto

The right-hand page or the front side of a single-page document is called a recto and bullet the left-hand page or the back-side of a single-page document is called a verso.

Bullets which are also more commonly known as bullet points are large dots used to indicate listed items or to add • first bullet point to particular parts of a text. Some designers may also use it for • another bullet point • you get the idea here, decorative purposes, even adding their own shapes or designs right? to be used as the bullet.

Calligraphy is the a visual art form that is related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument like a brush or flat ended pen to create various thicks and thins between smart quotes strokes. It is mainly used for decorative purposes. The quotation marks which, although all keyed the same, are automatically interpreted and set as opening or closing marks (inverted or raised commas) rather than vertical lines are called smart quotes.

“smart quotes” ˝dumb quotes˝

level 03: advanced 23 4

Caption Ligatures are two characters that are designed as one. They are usually used to avoid difficult spacing problems. A brief description of a , illustration, photograph or graphic is called a caption. It is also known as a heading or title.

A dash expresses a break in the flow of a sentence. It is represented with either an m—dash or an n-dash. An m dash is based on the width of a lowercase m and an n dash is based on the width a lowercase n of the particular typeface used.

masthead

Information identifying the title, ownership, management, subscription rates, and other ITC Garamond Std – Bold Narrow (12pt) pertinent information concerning a newspaper or periodical is known as the masthead. ITC Garamond Std – Bold Narrow (14pt) ITC Garamond Std – Bold Narrow (16pt) ITC Garamond Std – Bold Narrow (18pt) Since 1995

© 1995 Al Nasr Publishing LLC GulfTuesday, times 13th February 2016 font A font represents the entire character set of a typeface at a particular point ordinals size. In digital type, a font is an electronic file written in programming code that describes the shapes of some or all of the characters in a typeface. These Ordinals are alphabetic characters used for indicating numeric values such as 1st. It is shapes can be scaled to size as needed and imaged by rendering them as an a typographic shorthand expression, set as a superior, that denotes degree, quality, or array of pixels. position in a series; for example, 2e and Io. level 01: beginner 5 22

grid hierarchy

Grids estabilish a system for arranging content within the space of a page, Hierarchy expresses the organization of content, emphasizing some elements and screen or the built environment. They are made using horizontal and vertical subordinating others. It helps readers scan a text, knowing where to enter and exit and lines with even spacing between the lines. These lines break down a space how to pick and choose amongst its offerings. into regular units. In typography grids are critical as they help us create consistency when designing books, posters and other things. creating visual hyphenation

Hyphenation is the division of words at the ends of lines so that a measure is filled more completely with type. It connects linked words and phrases, by breaking words at the ends of lines. Hierarchy with type

Why did the chick- leader A series of repeated characters, typically dots, used to connect type on opposite cross the road? margins of a column or page is called a leader. It is most usually seen in the table of contents page to connect the title to the page number. Contents 1. Chapter One...... 1-15 2. Chapter Two...... 16-25 3. Chapter Three...... 26-35 4. Chapter Five...... 36-42

level 03: advanced 21 6

folio index

A printed page number is called a folio. An index is an ordered reference list of keywords and subjects that is usually found at the end of a book. This list also contains notations or/and page numbers that specify where a particular word appears.

A single character, such as a lowercase a, can be embodied by several different symbols like à, â, A. Each glyph is a specific expression of a given character. lowercase & UPPERCASE The minuscule characters of a typeface are known the lowercase alphabets and the majuscule characters of a typeface are known as the uppercase alphabets. margin

E ÈÉÊË e éêë A margin is the blank space that extends from the edge of the printed image (or text) to the page’s trim edge. Margins are used to organize text and image U ÙÚÛÜ u úûü such that it fits within a given page. I ÌÍ i ìíîï paragraph A paragraph is a group of related sentences in a text. It is a Dus dus et am fuga. Nequi aliquatior simil inverat quibus volor suntiis ciatur dintinct section of writing that usually has a single theme ab id nest, optatem liquiae voluptur arcia *Some of ITC Gramond Std qui is aut que diori volent etur sunt, and is indicated by a new line, indentation or numbering, eum fuga. Quae nobis eicil id que dolupti deliquo diciliquam remperum volorep much like this one. elicit officie nditates re vollantia vollibu sapiene voluptatium ipsam excepero et ex hang line earit mosant officabor acerit aute.

Aturest ea sitatur aborem ex exped An alignment guide on a page against which columns of type or illusrations top-align. quamus, alique auteceatatem et quiae iur simodistiis maio. Epudis as ea vit imendan It allows the page to be divided horizontally. An area across the top can be reserved for iaecture comnihit, officiu menimus velique as antotatus, sunt faccus sentur? images and captions, and body text can hang’ from the common line. A Elendip sanihit am fugit am fuga. Ut lab Afghanistan...... 1 Australia...... 9 Ajmer...... 17 imin con nonseque occate nobiscius, opti Albania...... 2 Austria...... 10 Akashi...... 18 Essi dusdandenis aci omnis dolestiis siti Algeria...... 3 Azerbaijan...... 11 Akesu...... 19 duntotatum lab ipsa vidiaer spitaturis. Andorra...... 4 ACoruña...... 12 Akishima...... 20 Ictiatem ea voluptam faccume mini hoe Angola...... 5 Aachen...... 13 Akita...... 21 testium et ma nimus re corum niscil. Antigua Barbuda....6 Aalborg...... 14 Akola...... 22 Argentina...... 7 Aarhus...... 15 Albacete...... 23 Let’s hang out Armenia...... 8 Abu Dhabi...... 16 Alberqueque...... 24

level 01: beginner 7 20

Your

broadside FUTURE is created by A broadside is a large sheet of paper that is printed on what you do one side only. originally they were used for announcing events or proclamations, or simply advertisements. Today, broadside is done by many smaller printers and publishers as a fine art variant, with poems often being available as broadsides, intended to be framed and hung Todaynot on the wall. tomorrow

endnote

Endnotes are simply footnotes that are gathered at the end of the chapter or section rather than placed on the page where they are referenced.

fpo

FPO is an abreviation of “For Position Only.” It is the placement of a blank placeholder or temporary low-resolution illustration in the required location and size on the artwork to indicate where an actual image is to fpo be placed on the final piece. FPO images are commonly used when you’ve been supplied actual photographic prints or other type of artwork to be scanned or photographed for inclusion.

(last page) Notes: 1 Citation 1 2 Citation 2 3 Citation 3 4 Citation 4

level 03: advanced 19 8

anti aliasing Anti aliasing helps create the appearance of smooth curves on screen by changing the brightness of the pixels or sub pixels along the edges of each letterform. When displayed at very small sizes, strongly anti-aliased type can look blurry. It also increases the number of colors in an image. It applies gray pixels around the edges of characters to reduce the jagged, stairstep contours apparent in black and white screen.

Alias Anti-alias

block quote

A block quotation (also known as a long quotation or extract) is a quotation in a written document, that is set off from the main text as a paragraph, or block of text, and typically distinguished visually using indentation and a different typeface or smaller size font. Level 02: intermediate

Digital dwsign is like painting, except the paint never dries. – Neville Brody 9 18

& baseline grid A baseline is the most stable axis along a line of text and it is the crucial edge for aligning text with images or text with text. The baseline grid is a structure that defines where all the text baselines on a page are located. It forms an armature for the placement of graphics and text on a page. baseline

body text

Body text is the term for the text forming the main content of a book, magazine, web page or other printed matter. This is as a contrast to both the headings on each page, and also the pages of front matter that form the introduction to a book. Body text has two slightly different meanings, depending on context.

This is the title Level 03: advanced This is the body text. The body text is here. Yes, this is the body text. Are you looking for the body text? This is it! You are now reading the body text. 17 10

call out A portion of text that is usually duplicated from accompanying text and is enlarged and set of in quotes and/or a box to draw attention to it from what surrounds it.

“ to draw attention to it ”

drop cap

n enlarged letter cut into the text bock is called a drop cap. It commonly marks the entrance to a chapter in a Abook or a magazine. It aligns on a text baseline several lines from the top of the paragraph and top-aligns with the ascent line of the paragraphs’s first line.

footnotes & footer

Footnotes are the citations placed at the bottom of the page where they are referenced. They are set in a smaller point size than the body text. Footer is the repeating text element that appears at the bottom of every page, or every other page of the document.

Footnotes are nice. 1

1 I like them.

level 02: intermediate 11 Header 16

A book’s title or a chapter title printed at the top of the page and often with a folio (refer to page *). It provides brief information about the weight content and structure of the text. An expression of the thickness of the strokes that make up the characters of a typeface is called the weight of the typeface. Typeface weights range from extra light through Lest estium iumet, Iquatur resto idebit, in light, medium, and book, to bold, heavy, extra bold, and beyond. gutter sitat porposse voluptas exeri accabor ehenis dollo endae Et manam, moluptia duntion sinciasit Ehendis di ectusam volupta nus A gutter is a shallow trough fixed beneath the edge of a roof to con natibusci cum auta coritia estium niet for carrying off rainwater. Wait, that doesnt sound right. Let’s res doluptam reres eat quamustotat pliquo pore vollaut lit aute totaerfere nossitenda Ultra light start over. A gutter is a vertical band of white space that soluptam earione ni voluptatia pores Light offic totam fugit a nes cum re consequam Thin seperates columns of text on a page or in a table. doloreici re nimi, que aliquae volut quiatiis pliquis nobis atquis assus, offictaque cum Book Light repelectur? doloratur accus es Udi ut quissum, a as sunt laboreste Regular nos sitaturiorat santur maionet, quis Bold maxiimmmen imint. perspientiis ut eosam, Medium indent Offic tet ex et quati optiorro volorrovit coressedi intur? restempor sim fuga. Ultra Bold An indent occurs when you move the margin Inctur suntend iscipid Nam dolum ut fugiatur que nis expero blant sit quiatis moluptatus of one or more lines of type to the left, to the qui sit perchic tenecto el ius nonserepero qui odicatin nempore, cus dentiatur? right or both simultaneously. It signals a break or a seperation. x-height

It is defined as the distance from the baseline to the top of the lowercase x. The distance from the baseline to the , a measure of the height of the lowercase characters in a typeface. The x is used as a gauge because it has a both a flat top and a I’m obviously a typeomaniac, which is an flat bottom. incurable if not mortal disease. I can’t explain it. I just love, I just like looking at type. I just get a total kick out of it: they are my friends. Other people look at bottles of wine or whatever, or, you know, girls’ bottoms. I get kicks out of looking at type. It’s a little x-height worrying, I admit, but it’s a very nerdish thing to do.

–Erik Spiekermann

level 02: intermediate 15 12

justification

These are reduced-size capital letters used for setting a certain kinds of type, including Justification is the process of fitting type into into a measure and handling any space and abbreviations. They are shorter than normal capitals, sometimes as that isn’t filled with type. It is a type of alignment where text is forced into lines of even short as the x-height. measure, with even edges on both sides of the column. It creates a clean shape and uses space efficiently using space efficiently. It is most commonly seen in newspapers.

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Ecabore perovitat vend. voluptaquam et veliata tvoluptaq- uam et veliata tvoluptaquam et veliata to.

Placeholder text or dummy text of the printing and industry. tracking layout The overall spacing between characters in a passage of text is called tracking. Tightening the tracking draws characters together by the same proportional amount Layout is the guide prepared to show the Header and loosening the tracking enlarges the space between each character in a text. arrangement and location of all the type. Sub Header A successfully organized type area, as well as Body text having purely rational advantages in the design Hillorem porestio quas sus alitati unte officia aut et lit laudis ese volore volut phase, also guarantees financial advantages, esciisi tibusa ne as et fuga. Rio. Nam, loose tracking especially at the pre-press, platemaking and voluptatecto in erspe arupta quo mil iminci dit aut volesti to omni ressum production stages. quaspie nducia quiae nos poresec temporem fugit quist, estemporero tight tracking ipsametur, conse volorpor accullu.

level 02: intermediate 13 14

orphans & widows

Adjusting the space between two characters to compensate for their relative shapes is Orphans are short segments of a paragraph that are stranded at the bottom or top of a known as kerning. There are two types of kerning– optical and metric. Optical kerning column. A three-line paragraph fragment ending with a widow that appears at the top uses the form of the characters in the actual font and sets the kerning according to that of a column may also be considered an orphan. Widows are very short last line of a for the best result. Metric kerning uses the built in kerning pairs in the actual font to set paragraph that creates the visual effect of a line space between paragraphs. the kerning and where there is none, you do it manually.

Ehent, sedi volupta tiatibus is an orphan. dolorest volorep udic ipsandem eatius, quas ellis ipsu possendis Um veniendiat essit volorer aectatia samel figotia This is a ibusdae ceriore venitate You are just my type widow. cusapiendis qui dolores sim You are just my type Ehent, sedi volupta tiatibus venimi, eatur re si quam quia m y t ype dolorest volorep elisra. This dolorem apeleste laboruntius. You are just my type river You are just my type A series of word spaces in consecutive lines that stack one upon the other to create the appearance of a fissure in the text.

Ita nonsequ ateceat praturio evelit et voloreptati ut velecup tatiant Leading is the distance, measured in points, from the baseline on one line of type to ipsum doluptaque aut perro volupta temporrum rerum quodi the baseline of the line that precedes it. The distance from a text baseline to a graphic velluptatiae molupidit, sitia dolorae. Itaquodi volum a voluptam, above it may also be called leading. Rules, like type, have their own baselines, and a quis doluptis de quibusciis net audaeped qui dolupta non num their positions are also expressed in terms of leading. voluptur alitate ctiore rerem rerum vellia nimi, unt omnis dia nonsed estem rehenihm vollumendi aut atem es eum que etur si nestiatium ipsunda ndmusant iumque sunt mint, comnis Itatustr measure ument. Nis parchit, ipideri bernati atur am con pore nonseri Measure is the width of a column of type, or the length over which a line of type is tiundion nones nes maximin ciumqui ssitatur sunt exerum justified. Type set with justified margins fills the measure. que cusdae con plaut que molupta tquaspiet autem volor re

level 02: intermediate