2828 Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756

This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Probability Of And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Dez

Zaniar Tokmechi

Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, .

Zaniar Tokmechi: The Probability Of Dez River And Khozestan City Environmental Pollution Due To Seismic Response Of Dez Dam.

ABSTRACT

Dez dam is on the Dez River in the Northwestern province of Khuzestan, the closest city being . It is 203 meters high, making it one of the highest in the world, and has a reservoir capacity of 3.340 million cubic meters. Historically Khuzestan is what historians refer to as ancient Elam, whose capital was in . The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiya, which is present in the modern name. Khuzistan, meaning the Land of the Khuzi refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the Susian people, Old Persian Huza or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as Hauja or Huja. This is in conformity with the same evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind /Hindustan. In Middle Persian the term evolves into Khuz and Kuzi The pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khwuzestan. In this paper, the probability of environmental pollution due to heavy metals caused by Dez dam failure is studied. Finite Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different dam cross sections and various loading conditions are considered to study the effects of these factors on the seismic behavior of the dam. Results show that the effect of the highest cross section is not the most significant for heavy metals pollution at the dam down stream. Pollution coefficient due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the determinant pollution. While, in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant parameter affecting downstream heavy metal pollution and normally are bigger than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. According to results, when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, maximum pollution coefficient due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the pollution due the maximum compressive stress at dam basement depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading condition.

Key words: Environmental pollution, Seismic Response, Dez dam, ZENGAR, FEM.

Introduction Khozestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra The Dez Dam is a large hydroelectric dam built in Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and Iran in 1963 by an Italian consortium. The dam is on the covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include Dez River (Figure 1) in the Northwestern province of , Abadan, Andimeshk, , Bandar Khuzestan, the closest city being Andimeshk. It is 203 Imam, , , , , Baq-e-Malek, meters high, making it one of the highest in the world, Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, and has a reservoir capacity of 3.340 million cubic , , Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo meters. Island and Hoveizeh. Figure 2 shows the place of Khozestan in Iran.

Corresponding Author Zaniar Tokmechi, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +98-918-873-1933, Fax: +98-871-3229437 2829 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

Fig. 1: Dez River

Fig. 2: Khozestan Place in IRAN

The seismic action on is the most important associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal to be considered in dams safety studies and its effects on production. the environmental pollution [13]. In 21st century, According to the statistics, the construction regions hydraulic power exploitation and hydraulic engineering in many areas, are notable for their high environmental construction have been improved in many countries. pollution [12,9,10]. Therefore, environmental studies Some high dams over 200m, even 300m in height, have affected by the seismic safety of large dams is one of the been built in many areas of the world [7]. key problems that need to be solved in the design of Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a dams. While, difficulties exist in determining the seismic natural environment that causes instability, disorder, response of dams [14]. The most important difficulty is harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical dams complex geometry and forms, motivated by the systems or living organisms [8,1]. Pollution can take the topography and geotechnical character of the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, implantation zone and controlling the project pollution heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can effects. be foreign substances or energies [2], or naturally According to the previous studies, usually 2D occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered models corresponding to the higher section the dam have contaminants when they exceed natural levels [3,6]. been used in the structural seismic analyses of the dams Pollution is often classed as point source or no point [5]. While, normally there is a lot of variation in the dam source pollution. foundation geometry which can be extremely make the Pollution has always been with us. According to study of the dam downstream pollution difficult. articles in different journals soot found on ceilings of In this paper, the probability of environmental prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high pollution caused by Dez dam failure is studied. Finite levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate Element and ZENGAR methods are used to analyze the ventilation of open fires. The forging of metals appears probability of pollution at dam downstream. Different to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air dam cross sections and various loading conditions are pollution levels outside the home (Core samples of considered to study the effects of these factors on the glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution probability of environmental pollution due to seismic behavior of the dam.

2830 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

Materials and Methods Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's parliament, the Majlis, and 6 representatives in the Dez Dam: Assembly of Experts.

At the time of construction the Dez Dam was Iran's Etymology: biggest development project. It is also possible to visit powerhouse which is located at the east side of the dam Khouzi is referred to as people who make raw in the mountains. The powerhouse has eight vertical sugar from sugar cane fields of northern Sassanian Francis turbines. planes up to Dez River side in Dezful. Khouzhestan has The dam's current problem is the annual loss of been the land of Khouzhies who used to cultivate sugar reservoir capacity due to the erosion of soil in upstream cane even to day in .The name Khuzestan areas. means "The Land of the Khuzi", refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Building Process: Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) in the same evolutionary manner Impregilo was involved with building the Dez dam, that Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind"). Iran’s highest. The water from the reservoir went to The name of the city of Ahwaz also has the same origin irrigate 160 square kilometers (62 sq mi), only one-fifth as the name Khuzestan., being an Arabic broken plural of the area that the dam’s designers claimed would be from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahwaz" (Market of irrigated. The irrigated land was largely for the benefit of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced foreign agribusiness corporations, including Mitsui, the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times. Chase Manhattan, Bank of America, Shell, John Deere The southern half of the province (south of the and Tran world Agricultural Development Corporation. Ahwaz Ridge) was still known as "The Khudhi or The About 17,000 farmers lost their land to agribusinesses. khooji" until the reign of the Safavid king Tahmasp I and Years later, many were still landless and jobless. Until the 16th century. By the 17th century, it had come to be the overthrow of the in 1979, all the foreign known—at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as companies left the area. Dez Dam has now an official Arabistan. The great history of Alamara-i Abbasi by web page and visitors are advised to visit the page and Iskandar Beg Munshi, written during the reign of Shah get more exact information. Abbas I the Great, regularly refers to the southern half of the province as "Arabistan" and its ruler as the "wali of Khozestan Province: Arabistan," from whence Shah Abbas received troops. Some tribes from as far away as Yemen had settled the The Persians settlers had by the 6th century BC, southern half of the province since the 7th century AD, mixed with the native Elamite population. The giving rise to some of the most prominent Arab poets assimilation, however, does not seem to have concluded such as Abu Nuwas Ahwazi. They remain an integral until after the Islamic invasion of the 7th century, when part of Khuzistan up to now. the Muslim writers still mention Khuzi to be the primary There has been many attempts at finding other language of the inhabitant of the province. sources for the name, none however being tenable. The seat of the province has for the most of its history been in the northern reaches of the land, first at Geography And Climate: Susa (Shush) and then at Shushtar. During a short spell in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided moved to its geographical center, where the river town into two regions, the rolling hills and mountainous of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the regions north of the Ahwaz Ridge, and the plains and ancient Hoorpahir by Ardashir I, the founder of the marsh lands to its south. The area is irrigated by the Sassanid Dynasty in 3rd century AD. This town is now Karoun, Karkheh, Jarahi and Maroun rivers. The known as Ahwaz. However, later in the Sasanian time northern section maintains a Persian (Lur, Bakhtiari, and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat Khuzi) majority, while the southern section had an returned and stayed at Shushter, until the late Qajar Arabic speaking majority until the great flood of job period. With the increase in the international sea seekers from all over Iran inundated the oil and commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahwaz commerce centers on the coasts of the Persian Gulf since became a more suitable location for the provincial the 1940s. Presently, Khouzestan has several minority capital. The River is navigable all the way to and ethnic groups of Lors-Bakhtiyaris-ghashghayee- Ahwaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town Arabs and Persians from periods of history that arabs was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king, were not mentioned anywhere. Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Naseri. Khuzestan has great potentials for agricultural Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Naseri expansion, which is almost unrivaled by the country's prospered to the present day. other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the land. Karun, Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers

2831 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011 long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, Pre-Islamic History: however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is hampered by the fact that their waters carry salt, the The province of Khuzestan is one of the centers of amount of which increases as the rivers flow away from ancient civilization, based around Susa. The first large the source mountains and hills. In case of the Karun, a scale empire based here was that of the powerful 4th single tributary river, Rud-i Shur ("Salty River") that millennium BC Elamites. flows into the Karun above Shushtar contributes most of Archeological ruins verify the entire province of the salt that the river carries. As such, the freshness of Khuzestan to be home to the Elamite civilization, a non- the Karun waters can be greatly enhanced if the Rud-i Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and Shur could be diverted away from the Karun. The same "the earliest civilization of Persia". applies to the Jarahi and Karkheh in their lower reaches. As was stated in the preceding section, the name Only the Marun is exempt from this. Khuzestan is derived from the Elamites (Ūvja). The climate of Khuzestan is generally hot and In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel, the occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while Elamites were "the founders of the first Iranian empire in winters are much more pleasant and dry. Summertime the geographic sense." Hence the central geopolitical temperatures routinely exceed 50 degrees Celsius significance of Khuzestan, the seat of Iran's first empire. (record striking temperatures of over 60 degrees air In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by temperature also occur with up to 90 degrees surface Ashurbanipal coming under the rule of the Assyrians temperature) and in the winter it can drop below who brought destruction upon Susa and . freezing, with occasional snowfall, all the way south to But in 538 BC Cyrus the Great was able to re-conquer Ahwaz. is known to master the the Elamite lands. The city of Susa was then proclaimed hottest temperatures on record for a populated city as one of the Achaemenid capitals. Darius the Great then anywhere in the world. Many sandstorms and dust erected a grand palace known as Apadana there in 521 storms are frequent with the arid and dessert style BC. But this astonishing period of glory and splendor of terrains. the Achaemenian dynasty came to an end by the conquests of Alexander of Macedon. And after Alexander, the Seleucid dynasty ruled the area. Figure 3 and 4 show some historical places in Khozestan. History:

Fig. 3: Daniel's shrine, located in Khuzestan

Fig. 4: The ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil

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As the Seleucid dynasty weakened, Mehrdad I the considered in the dam designing and its effects could not Parthian (171-137 BC), gained ascendency over the be negligible. In this paper, ZENGAR method is used to region. During the Sassanid dynasty this area thrived model the earthquake loading condition (Omran and tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was Tokmechi, 2008). According to this method, responsible for the many constructions that were erected hydrodynamic pressure of water can be derived by the in Ahwaz, Shushtar, and the north of Andimeshk. equation 1. During the early years of the reign of Shapyyyur II P  C. . wH (1) (A.D. 309 or 310-379), Arabs crossed the Persian Gulf h from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition where αh is the maximum horizontal acceleration of through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the the earthquake, γw is water mass density , H is the water Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd depth and C is a coefficient which is given by: Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in Cm Z Z Z Z central Najd. The Sassanids resettled these tribes in C  ( (2  )  (2  ) (2) Kerman and Ahwaz. Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur 2 H H H H Dhul-aktāf" after this battle. The existence of prominent scientific and cultural where Z is the depth of the point from the water centers such as Academy of Gundishapur which surface and Cm is a coefficient which is given by: gathered distinguished medical scientists from Egypt, 90   India, and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity Cm  0.73( ) (3) 90 of this region during this era. The Jondi-Shapur Medical

School was founded by the order of Shapur I. It was where is the upstream slope. repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a. Zol-Aktaf: The inertia load due to the vertical acceleration of "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed the earthquake can be also given by: and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan. E  v.W (4) Earthquake And ZENGAR Method: where αv is the maximum vertical acceleration of Earthquake as a special and challengeable load the earthquake and W is the weight of the dam. condition is one of the most significant loads that is

Table 1: Earthquake Condition Earthquake Level Maximum Horizontal Acc. (g) Maximum Vertical Acc. (g) DBL 0.28 0.20 MDL 0.34 0.25 MCL 0.67 0.55

Table 2. Loading Conditions Loading Condition Body Weight Hydrostatic Pressure Uplift Pressure Earthquake LC1 * - * - LC2 * * * - LC3 * * * DBL (1st mode I) LC4 * * * DBL (2nd mode II) LC5 * * * MDL (1st mode) LC6 * * * MDL (2nd mode) LC7 * * * MCL (1st mode) LC8 * * * MCL (2nd mode) I: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the same direction II: Earthquake inertia loading and dam body weight act in the apposite direction

In this study, a sample earthquake condition properties have been taken as shown in Table 1 (Omran In this study, Constant Strain Triangle element is and Tokmechi, 2008). Also, eight different loading used (Chandrupatla, 1997). Equation 5 is used to conditions, mentioned in Table 2, have been considered calculate the element stresses. The calculated stress is to study the seismic response of the dam (Omran and used as the value at the center of each element. Tokmechi, 2008).   DBq (5 )

Finite Element Method:

2833 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

Where D is material property matrix, B is element strain displacement matrix, and q is element nodal In which, K and F are modified stiffness matrix and displacement from the global displacements vector Q. force vector, respectively. The global stiffness matrix K For plane strain conditions, the material property is formed using element stiffness matrix ke which is matrix is given by Equation 6. given by Equation 10.   k e  t A BT DB 1  0 e e (10 ) E   D    1 0  In which, te and Ae are element thickness and (1 )(1 2 )  0 0 1 2  element area, respectively.  2 (6 ) Results And Discusion Element strain-displacement matrix is given by Equation 7. Seismic Response:

y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  1 Using Finite Element, ZENGAR and probability B   0 x 0 x 0 x  det J  32 13 21  studies methods, study of the probability of x y x y x y  environmental pollution due to Dez dam failure has been  32 23 13 31 21 12  (7) done and different loading conditions were considered.

Fig. 5 to Fig. 15 show the probability of environmental In which, J is Jacobian matrix, and the points 5, 6, pollution due to failure (Named PEP) caused by and 7 are ordered in a counterclockwise manner. maximum compressive stress values in different cross Jacobian matrix is given by Equation 8. sections. The PEP due to maximum tensile stress values x13 y13  are also shown in Fig. 16 to Fig. 26. The PEP due to J    x23 y23  vertical stress distribution across dam basement due to (8 ) different loading conditions are the other key factors for controlling dam safety, and they are shown in Fig. 27 to Global displacements vector Q is given by Fig. 37. In all Figures Sx, Sy and Sz are stand for PEP due Equation 9. to stress along X, Y, and Z axis, respectively. KQ  F (9 )

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section) 60 50 40 30 Sx 20 Sy 10 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 5: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (1st section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section) 35 30 25 20 15 Sx 10 Sy 5 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 6: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (2nd section)

2834 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 7: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (3rd section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section) 100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 8: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (4th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

100.00

80.00

60.00 Sx 40.00 Sy 20.00 Sz 0.00 12345678 LC

Fig. 9: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (5th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

100

80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 10: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (6th section)

2835 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

120 100 80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 11: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (7th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section) 50 40 30 Sx 20 Sy 10 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 12: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (8th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9thsection) 100 80 60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 13: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section)

35 30 25 20 Sx 15 Sy 10 Sz 5 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 14: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (10th section)

2836 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section)

100 80

60 Sx 40 Sy 20 Sz 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 15: PEP Due To Maximum compressive stress (11th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (1st section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 16: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (1st section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (2nd section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 17: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (2nd section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (3rd section)

30 25 20 Sx 15 Sy 10 Sz 5 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 18: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (3rd section)

2837 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (4th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 19: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (4th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (5th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 20: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (5th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (6th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 21: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (6th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (7th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 22: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (7th section)

2838 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (8th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 23: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (8th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (9th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 24: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (9th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (10th section)

50 40 Sx 30 Sy 20 Sz 10 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 25: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (10th section)

PEP Due To Maximum tensie stress (11th section)

100 80 Sx 60 Sy 40 Sz 20 0 12345678 LC

Fig. 26: PEP Due To Maximum Tensile stress (11th section)

2839 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (1st section)

60.00

40.00 LC1 20.00 LC2 LC3 0.00 LC4 -20.00 Probability LC5 -40.00 LC6 -60.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 27: PEP Due To Basement Stress (1st section)

PEP due to basement stress (2nd section)

100.00 80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 -20.00 LC4

Probability -40.00 LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 28: PEP Due To Basement Stress (2nd section)

PEP due to basement stress (3rd section)

80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 20.00 LC2 0.00 LC3 -20.00 LC4 -40.00 Probability LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam

Fig. 29: PEP Due To Basement Stress (3rd section)

PEp due to basement stress (4th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4 -60.00

Probability LC5 -80.00 -100.00 LC6 -120.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 30: PEP Due To Basement Stress (4th section)

2840 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (5th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4

Probability -60.00 LC5 -80.00 LC6 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 31: PEP Due To Basement Stress (5th section)

PEP due basement stress (6th section)

40.00

20.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 -20.00 LC3 -40.00 LC4 -60.00

Probability LC5 -80.00 -100.00 LC6 -120.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 32: PEP Due To Basement Stress (6th section)

PEP due to basement stress (7th section)

100.00 80.00 60.00 LC1 40.00 LC2 20.00 LC3 0.00 -20.00 LC4

Probability -40.00 LC5 -60.00 LC6 -80.00 -100.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 33: PEP Due To Basement Stress (7th section)

PEP due to basement stress (8th section)

30.00 20.00 LC1 10.00 LC2 0.00 LC3 -10.00 LC4 -20.00

Probability LC5 -30.00 -40.00 LC6 -50.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 34: PEP Due To Basement Stress (8th section)

2841 Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(9): 2828-2843, 2011

PEP due to basement stress (9th section)

15.00 10.00 LC1 5.00 0.00 LC2 -5.00 LC3 -10.00 LC4 -15.00 Probability LC5 -20.00 LC6 -25.00 -30.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the da (km)

Fig. 35: PEP Due To Basement Stress (9th section)

PEP due to basement stress (10th section)

10.00

5.00 LC1 0.00 LC2 LC3 -5.00 LC4 -10.00 Probability LC5 -15.00 LC6 -20.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 36: PEP Due To Basement Stress (10th section)

PEP due to basement stress (11th section)

5.00

LC1 0.00 LC2 LC3 -5.00 LC4

Probability LC5 -10.00 LC6 -15.00 LC7 0 102030405060708090100 LC8 Distance from the dam (km)

Fig. 37: PEP Due To Basement Stress (11th section)

As it can be seen from Fig. 5 to Fig. 15, the PEP maximum tensile and compressive stress of dam body due to maximum compressive stress changes due to are increased. different loading conditions are similar for different Comparing Fig. 9 and Fig. 15, it is obvious that the cross sections. While, comparing Fig. 20, Fig. 22 and PEP due to maximum compressive stress is not Fig. 25 there is no response similarity for different cross developed in the highest cross section of the dam. Also, sections and the PEP due to maximum tensile stress comparing Fig. 20 and Fig. 22, it is clear that the PEP changes are vary from a cross section to another. due to maximum tensile stress develops in D-D section It is clear from Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 that the first modes which is smaller than E-E section. Thus, the highest of the earthquake, LC3, LC5 and LC7, develop PEP due cross section of the dam is not the most significant cross to bigger compressive stress. While, the second modes section for analyzing. of the earthquake, LC4, LC6 and LC8, develop bigger Moreover, Fig. 15 and Fig. 18 show that the PEP PEP due to tensile stress. That means for the safety study due to maximum compressive and the maximum tensile of RCC dams both modes of earthquake should be stress are not developed in the same cross section. That's analyzed. In addition, Fig. 5 to Fig. 26 show that when why, as it is mentioned previously, all cross sections the earthquake accelerations are bigger, both PEP due to should be analyzed to determine the dam PEP due to seismic response.

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According to the findings, Sy is always the (3) When the earthquake accelerations are bigger, both determinant PEP due to compressive stress. In the other PEP due to maximum tensile and compressive word, PEP due to stress along Y axis is the biggest stress of dam body are increased. compressive stress and it is bigger than both Sx and Sz. (4) The PEP due to maximum compressive and tensile While, the determinant PEP due to tensile stress depends stresses are not developed in the highest cross on the cross section geometry and loading condition section of the dam. Thus, the highest cross section (Fig. 16 and Fig. 20). However, in all sections Sx and Sy of the dam is not the most significant cross section are normally bigger than Sz. And, Sz can never be a for analyzing. determinant. In normal loading condition, when there is (5) PEP due to stress along Y axis (Sy) is always the no earthquake loading, the determinant PEP due to determinant PEP due to compressive stress. While, tensile stress is Sx, and Sy can be ignored. in all sections Sx and Sy are the determinant PEP The PEP due to stress distribution across the dam due to tensile stresses and normally they are bigger basement under different loading conditions for all cross than Sz. And, Sz which can never be a determinant. sections are shown in Fig. 27 to Fig. 37. Even though the (6) In normal loading condition, when there is no PEP due to stress distribution for different conditions earthquake loading, the determinant PEP due to extremely depend on the cross section geometry and tensile stress is Sx, and Sy can be ignored. loading condition but, they can be divided into the (7) Even though the PEP due to stress distribution for groups for similar cross section. For example, as it can different conditions extremely depend on the cross be seen from Fig. 30 to Fig. 32, there are some section geometry and loading condition but, they similarities between PEP due to stress distribution can be divided into the groups for similar cross changes for sections E-E to I-I. section. In general, results show that when the earthquake (8) Results show that when the earthquake accelerations are bigger, PEP due to maximum tensile accelerations are bigger, PEP due to maximum stress at dam basement is increased. While, PEP due to tensile stress at dam basement is increased. While, the maximum compressive stress at dam basement PEP due to the maximum compressive stress at depends on both earthquake acceleration and loading dam basement depends on both earthquake condition. acceleration and loading condition. Fig. 29 shows that the PEP due to maximum tensile and compressive stress at dam basement develop at References section D-D. 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