Sense Títol 1

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Sense Títol 1 Història i cultura de les religions Activitats d'aprenentatge de l'alumne/a: ........................................................................................ 1. La més difosa en l'Ortodoxia és la creu de vuit braços, que rep també el nom de crucifix. Sobre l'eix central (vertical) es troben tres travessers horitzontals. El mitjà és gran, per a les mans del Crist crucificat. El travesser horitzontal superior recorda la tauleta amb la inscripció “Jesús Natzaré, Rei dels Jueus”. Escrita en tres llengües -grec, llatí i hebreu- va ser col!locada sobre la creu de Crist per ordre de Pilat. Era costum romà escriure la culpa del reu en aquestes tauletes. En la tradició ortodoxa, els peus de Crist no estan travessats per un sol clau, com en la catòlica, sinó amb dos claus: un per cada peu. Com mostren les investigacions sobre el Sudari de Torí. El travesser horitzontal inferior és per als peus del Crucificat. Un dels seus extrems està una mica alçat: mostra el paradís, cap al qual es va dirigir el Bon Lladre crucificat al costat de Crist. L'altre extrem, en canvi, es dirigeix cap a a baix: cap a l'infern, el lloc destinat a l'altre lladre, que no es va penedir. 2. Si la creu té el braç vertical més llarg, se'n diu creu llatina, mentre que si els quatre braços són iguals és una creu grega. Quan apareixen dos braços horitzontals, s'anomena creu de Lorena. Sumant-li un braç més, esdevé la creu papal. La creu nòrdica, present a les banderes escandinaves, té el braç horitzontal allargat per un costat, per cobrir la tela. Si la creu té la part superior formant una baga o elipsi, el símbol s'anomena ankh. Si el braç superior gairebé ha desaparegut, de manera que la creu sembla una T, passa a dir-se creu de Sant Antoni. 3. Creu de Jerusalem. També coneguda com a Creu dels Croats. Una creu gran amb una creu menor a cadascun dels angles. 4. El zoroastrisme, mazdaisme o mazdeisme (culte d'Ahura Mazda) era la religió dels antics perses abans l'arribada de l'islam, basada en la doctrina predicada per Zoroastre a l'Iran. Actualment la segueixen encara els anomenats parsis. El zoroastrisme va substituir el politeisme indoeuropeu per un culte monoteista, fonamentat en la saviesa moral: l'entitat creadora suprema (Ahura Mazda o Ormazd) engendra l'esperit del bé o principi de la Veritat (Spenta Mainyu) i l'esperit del Mal o principi de la Mentida (Angra Mainyu o Ahriman). Tots dos tenen els seus corresponents seguidors, sovint divinitats anteriors lleugerament transformades. Lluiten eternament pel domini del món i sobretot per a convèncer l'ésser humà, l'únic amb llibertat per triar, perquè segueixi un camí o l'altre. Aquest combat s'acabarà a la fi dels temps amb el triomf del bé i una purificació general pel foc. El zoroastrisme mantingué restes de l'antiga religió iraniana, com per exemple el paper central del foc i la llum (que esdevenen símbols del bé). Posteriorment, però, va esdevenir una religió ritualista on s'hi van afegir elements judaics i budistes, i la seva essència monoteista es va anar diluint fins a convertir-se en una concepció quasi absolutament dualista. Faravahar (o Ferohar), un dels símbols principals del Zoroastrisme, es creu que és la imatge d'un Fravashi (un esperit guardià). 5. L'Ichthys, o símbol del peix ( ), va ser usat pels primers cristians, especialment durant les èpoques de persecució, per així identificar-se d'amagat els uns amb els altres. [1] El peix i l'àncora és un antic símbol que s'observa per exemple a les monedes de Deci. Malgrat això, existeixen proves de l'ús gràfic de la creu, com és el cas del grafit d'Alexàmenos, (també conegut com el "grafit del Palatí"), considerat per molts com la primera representació pictòrica coneguda de la crucifixió de Jesús, efectuada en to irònic per un no-cristià. El monograma del crismó, adoptat per Constantí I al seu estendard (veure Làbarum), va ser un altre símbol de l'Església primitiva. 6. Con orígenes que parten de la mitología griega, la Diosa de tres aspectos ha alcanzado una importante presencia en la wicca y la cultura moderna. La Triple Diosa es principalmente neo- pagana. Representa el paso del tiempo y las edades de una mujer siguiendo las fases de la Luna: Creciente para la Joven/Doncella, Llena para la Madre y Decreciente para la Anciana/Bruja. En ocasiones es la Diosa que representa también el paso de las estaciones: Primavera-Verano la Doncella, Verano-Otoño la Madre, Otoño-Invierno la Anciana. 7. L'estrella de David (en hebreu !"! #$%, Magen David o Mogen Dovid en hebreu ashkenazi i yiddish) també anomenat escut de David o segell de Salomó, és un símbol consistent en una estrella de sis puntes formades per dos triangles superposats. Es considera el símbol bàsic del poble jueu i per això està present a la bandera d'Israel. El nazisme l'usava sobre un fons groc per assenyalar els jueus com a marca despectiva, prèvia a l'holocaust. Els seus orígens es lliguen al rei David però no és clar el seu significat. Per a alguns és la transformació d'un signe de Zoroastre anterior, per altres és una mena de carta astral sobre el naixement del rei, i d'altres afirmen que és el dibuix format per les lletres del seu nom. L'historiador Jorge Mª Rivero-Meneses el proclama com a unió de dos triangles , simbolitzant la fertilitat femenina . Eren identificades com la divinitat i amb el inici de la vida (vèrtex cap adalt) i com el sexe de la dona i la seva funció generatriu (vèrtex cap avall). 8. L'estrella baha'i. La estrella con nueve rincones significa una personificación de la cifra nueve. Conforme con el sistema de calculo numérico Abjad, Baha tiene un coeficiente numérico de 9, motivo por cual este numero es mucho encontrado en los escrituras, la arquitectura y la fe. 9. Om (también Aum u Ohm, ) es la más sagrada de las sílabas en el Hinduismo, simbolizando el Brahma infinito y el universo entero. A!U!M es la única sílaba eterna que contiene el pasado, el presente y el futuro. Apareció prominentemente por primera vez en la Tradición Védica. OM o AUM es el símbolo de lo esencial en el Hinduismo. Significa unidad con lo supremo, la combinación de lo físico con lo espiritual. Es la sílaba sagrada, el primer sonido del Todopoderoso, el sonido del que emergen todos los demás sonidos, ya sean de la música o del lenguaje. 10. Yin i yang. És el canvi constant, l'alternança que crea l'equilibri a través del seu contrari i que dins el Dao, l'U, crea "les deu mil coses" a través de la seva relació, definint la forma de les coses, no el seu contingut, que l'aporta el Dao, animat pel qi -bufada o energía vital- que en condensar-se provoca vida, i al dispersar-se la mort, permetent així el retorn a l'U, al Dao. "El retorn és la manera com avança el dao; la feblesa és la manera com actua. Les coses neixen del ser; el ser neix del no ser." Daodejing. El llibre del dao i del de (40). "El dao engendra l'U; l'U engendra el dos; el dos engendra el tres i el tres engendra totes les coses. Totes les coses porten el yin damunt les espatlles i el yang als braços; tots dos es fonen amb l'energia vital per crear l'harmonia. (...)." Daodejing. El llibre del dao i del de (42). 11. Dharmatxakra. Per l'hinduisme es tracta de la llei universal de la naturalesa, llei que es troba en cada individu així que en el cosmos. A nivell còsmic aquesta llei es manifesta per moviments cíclics i regulars. Per aquest motiu se simbolitza el dharma amb una roda (txakra) que gira sobre si mateixa. Aquest símbol es troba a la bandera de l'Índia i se l'anomena oficialment "el txakra d'A"oka". Pel que fa a l'individu humà, el dharma adquireix una nova accepció: la del deure ètic i religiós que cadascú té assignat segons la seva situació particular de naixença. Pel budisme, la Dharmatxakra (Roda Dharma) representa el noble camí dels vuit passos 12. La creu solar pagana. La creu celta, combina una creu amb un anell que rodeja la intersecció. És un símbol molt estès en el cristianisme cèltic, tot i que podria tenir orígens precristians. S'ha utilitzat per a representar les quatre direccions, els quatre elements, la terra, els quatre vents, etc. És el lloc on es creuen els camins (dels vius i els morts, per exemple). Se l'utilitza també com a representació del número cinc agafant el punt del mig. 13. El lotus encès ayyavazhi. El símbolo de la religión del ayyavazhi es un loto de 1008 pétalos, que lleva un namam blanco. El loto representa los 1.008 pétalos Sahasrara (en Tamil, Ladam) y el Namam representa el Jyothi o atman, traducido a veces como ‘alma’ o ‘uno mismo’. Hay referencia para Thirunamam en escritos primarios y secundarios, Akilattirattu Ammanai y Arul Nool. Pero parece que no hay referencia directa para el símbolo, ‘loto que lleva namam’, allí. Pero según algunas leyendas este símbolo estaba funcionando en ayyavazhi a partir de los años cuarenta, a comienzos del siglo veinte. 14. Un torii és un arc situat davant d'un temple xintoista, al Japó, per assenyalar-ne l'entrada. Antigament el torii era d'ús habitual en altres construccions i indrets, però amb el temps es va anar limitant als santuaris xintoistes, als mausoleus imperials i a determinades tombes.
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