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The Exchange of Ideas 79 ABSS8 Ch04.Qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 80 ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 78 The Exchange 4 of Ideas FIGURE 4-1 This painting by an unknown artist shows Galileo’s trial before Church officials in 1633. What does Galileo’s experience tell us about how difficult it is to change a worldview? 78 Unit 1 Renaissance Europe ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 79 WORLDVIEW INQUIRY Geography How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas Knowledge Time across Europe? Worldview Economy Beliefs 1633. The brilliant scientist Galileo was brought before a jury Values Society of Church officials called Cardinals on a charge of heresy, that is, opposing Church teaching. alileo entered the hushed courtroom and knelt In This Chapter in front of the Cardinals. The Church had G As you see, Galileo was faced with always taught that the Earth was at the centre of the a dilemma. On one side were the universe. Galileo had published a book in which he humanists you read about in the argued that the Sun was at the centre, and the Earth— previous chapter. They taught that like the other planets—travelled around it. Galileo people had it in their power to based his conclusion on observations he made with understand the universe. On the the new, powerful telescope he had developed. other side were the Church The Church charged Galileo with heresy and authorities, who were not ready to ordered him to give up his views. If he refused, he accept new ideas. Some Church knew he might be tortured or even burned alive for officials saw Galileo’s book as an heresy. Galileo made his decision. He read out a state- attack on Church teachings and ment denying his belief in a Sun-centred universe. leadership. What other ideas in the sciences, religion, and leader- For publishing a book that challenged Church ship challenged established ways teachings, Galileo was sentenced to house arrest on of thinking during the his estate for the rest of his life. The Church put his Renaissance? How did they affect book on the Index of Prohibited Books, a list of titles people? How did ideas and knowl- that Catholics were forbidden to read. edge spread across Renaissance But Galileo knew that he was right. After he fin- Europe? ished reading the statement, he is believed to have whispered to himself, “Eppur si muove” (“But it [the Earth] still moves”). According to the story, why was Galileo sentenced to house arrest? With which elements of the worldviews icon did Galileo’s knowledge conflict? Chapter 4 The Exchange of Ideas 79 ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 80 Science: A New Way of Seeing If you lived at the beginning of the Renaissance and you wanted to How can discoveries in the sciences shape people’s learn about the sciences such as astronomy, physics, and biology, you worldview? would read books by scholars from Classical or Islamic civilizations. However, you were not encouraged to ask questions, study anything in the natural world, or do any hands-on experimenting. The Scientific Method Attitudes toward science changed during the Renaissance. Thinkers dramatically expanded the range of texts they read. In addition, the new importance that humanism placed on human beings and their experiences encouraged people to question and experiment. The scien- tist and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote: We must consult experience in the variety of cases and circumstances until we can draw from them a general rule that is contained in them. And for what purposes are these rules good? They lead us to further investigations of nature and to creations of art. FIGURE 4-2 This page is from an Arabic translation of De Materia The process of making observations, experimenting, and drawing con- Medica by Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides, who lived clusions based on evidence is known as the “scientific method.” The during the first century. It was use of the scientific method led to discoveries in many areas of science the authority on herbs until during the Renaissance. The most important advances were in astron- about 1600. omy, medicine, and mathematics. Think IT THROUGH 1. Identify the problem Today we have a great deal or question. more knowledge about 2. Gather information astronomy, medicine, and 7. Repeat the steps. on the problem. mathematics than people had during the Renaissance. What do you think you know that Renaissance The Scientific Method people had not yet learned? Explain your thinking. 6. State a conclusion. 3. Form a hypothesis, or educated guess. 5. Record and analyze data. 4. Experiment to test the hypothesis. FIGURE 4-3 The scientific method is still used today. Why do you think it is so effective? 80 Unit 1 Renaissance Europe ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 81 Astronomy How do you know that the Earth goes around the Sun and not the Jupiter other way around? For thousands of years, right up until the Saturn Sun Renaissance, most people believed that the Sun went around the Earth. Mars Venus Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer who lived during the first century CE, Mercury introduced this idea of the universe. Europeans believed that God had Moon Earth placed the Earth at the centre of the universe. The new theories presented by Galileo and the astronomers who FIGURES 4-7 Ptolemy, a Greek came before him threatened the worldview of their time and perma- astronomer who lived during the first century CE, introduced this nently changed the way people looked at the universe. This chart idea of the universe. Europeans shows how Renaissance astronomers built on one another’s ideas. believed that God had placed the Earth at the centre of the universe. Astronomer How Discoveries Discoveries Were Made Jupiter Got ideas from ancient Earth is a planet that Saturn Moon Greek astronomers moves around a station- Earth Mercury whose ideas were not ary Sun. Mars accepted in their day. Venus Sun FIGURE 4-8 During the Renaissance, Copernicus sug- FIGURE 4-4 Nicolaus gested a very different view of the Copernicus, Polish universe. astronomer. Tried to combine Concluded that planets Ptolemy’s and travelled in an elliptical Copernicus’s systems. (oval) orbit, not perfect Spent 20 years using circles as Copernicus mathematics to test and believed. prove his ideas. FIGURE 4-5 Johannes Kepler, German mathemati- cian and astronomer. Built telescopes and Through observation Think IT THROUGH studied objects in the confirmed Copernicus’s Albert Einstein said in 1941: sky. idea of a Sun-centred Science without religion is universe. Saw sun spots, lame, religion without craters, and mountains science is blind. Einstein’s on the moon, the stars of comment suggests that science and religion need the Milky Way, and each other, that they are Jupiter’s moons. FIGURE 4-6 Galileo Galilei, equal partners. How is this Italian astronomer and view different from the view philosopher. during Galileo’s time? Chapter 4 The Exchange of Ideas 81 ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 82 FIGURE 4-9 This is a photograph of the Eagle Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope which has been in orbit around the Earth since 1990. The Hubble Space Telescope has transmitted many such remarkable images of space to Earth. From them, astronomers have learned a great deal about the age and rate of expansion of the universe. In what ways do modern scientists share Galileo’s worldview? Medicine What’s in a WORD? What does the following medical prescription for treating wounds sug- From the Greek word gest about Renaissance medicine? “In one pound of olive oil cook ten astrologia, which means green lizards and filter them through linen; add one measure of marjo- “telling of the stars,” ram and wormwood; cook slowly and set by for use.” Doctors had lit- astrology was considered a serious science in the Middle tle accurate knowledge about anatomy, that is bodily structure, and the Ages and the Renaissance. causes of disease; remedies based on astrology, superstition, bloodlet- ting, and applying leeches were common. During the Renaissance midwives and others with knowledge of traditional and herbal remedies played an important role treating the sick. Remedies from the environment have always been an important part of healing for First Nations peoples. This is illustrated by the Mi’kmaq saying: “For every sickness on this Earth, there is a medicine FYI… under your feet.” Today, the practice of midwifery is Here are some traditional First Nation’s attitudes toward healing: regulated in most provinces and ◆ Rely on the wisdom of elders. territories. To qualify as a midwife in Alberta, a university degree and ◆ Use the medicinal power of plants. attendance at 60 births are among the requirements. As of ◆ Focus on the spiritual, emotional, and physical self. May, 2006, Alberta had 29 regis- ◆ tered midwives. Medicine women/men help to establish harmony between people and nature. 82 Unit 1 Renaissance Europe ABSS8_ch04.qxd 2/9/07 10:53 AM Page 83 During the Renaissance medical knowledge grew, particularly in anatomy and surgery. Scientists and doctors began to apply the scien- tific method to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked. Anatomy During the Renaissance, dissection was made legal for the purposes of study in many Italian cities. Andreas Vesalius, a professor at the University of Padua, dissected bodies in the lecture hall while his stu- dents watched. He wrote a book, De humani corporis fabrica (On the fabric of the human body), which was illustrated with detailed, accurate drawings. FIGURE 4-10 François Rabelais was a French humanist scholar and physician.
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