DOCSLIB.ORG

Adec Preview Generated PDF File

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adec Preview Generated PDF File Records ofthe Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 69: 1-9 (2006). Interspecific differences in the efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics of the symbiosis of JJ solarpowered" Nudibranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with zooxanthellae Ingo Burghardt1 and Heike Wagele2 1 Lehrstuhl fur Spezielle Zoologie, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany , [email protected] 2Institut fUr Evolutionsbiologie und Okologie, University of Bonn, Germany [email protected] Abstract - In this study the photosynthetic performance and efficiency of the symbiosis of different species of the Cladobranchia (Nudibranchia) with zooxanthellae (Dinophyceae) of the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal, 1962 is investigated. The species studied include members of the Aeolidoidea (Aeolidiella alba Risbec, 1928, Limenandra nodosa Haefelfinger and Stamm, 1958, Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) Phyllodesmium briareum (Bergh 1896), Spurilla australis Rudman, 1982), one member of the former Arminoidea (Dermatobranchus sp.) and one of the Dendronotoidea (Melibe cf. bucephala Bergh, 1902). Long term cultivation under starving conditions indicates a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae in all investigated species by means of Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorescence. The data taken by a Diving­ PAM (submersible Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer) indicate interspecific differences in the ability to retain photosynthetic active zooxanthellae and suggest different stages in the evolution of this symbiosis represented by different species of Nudibranchia. The efficiency of the symbiotic relationship can be correlated with morphological adaptations, especially the branching system of the digestive gland. Interspecific differences in the photosynthetic characteristics suggest different involved types or strains of Symbiodinium, depending on the specific food source and its distribution in geographic range and depth. Key words: Nudibranchia, mutualistic symbiosis, Pulse Amplitude Modulated Fluorescence, zooxanthellae, Symbiodinium, photosynthesis. INTRODUCTION feeding on soft corals, in some cases also hard The mutualistic symbiosis of different clades of corals. Some nudibranchs, e.g., Melibe Rang, 1829, the Nudibranchia with zooxanthellae (unicellular do not feed on cnidarians and the source of the dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium zooxanthellae is still not verified. The advantages of Freudenthal, 1962) was already described by this mutualistic relationship were already discussed Rousseau (1934, 1935). Assignment to the genus by different authors. The incorporation of Symbiodinium with the known 5 clades (see zooxanthellae offers a cryptic appearance (Rudman LaJeunesse 2001, Rodriguez-Lanetty 2003, Ulstrup 1987, Wagele and Johnsen 2001, Burghardt and and van Oppen 2003) was verified by investigating Wagele 2004, Burghardt et al., in press) and several nudibranchs belonging to the family photosynthetic products to the involved nudibranch Facelinidae by molecular means (Melkonian pers. (Hoegh-Guldberg and Hinde 1986, Hoegh­ comm.). Other taxa ("zoochlorellae" like e.g., Guldberg et al. 1986, Rudman 1991, Wagele and Carteria Diesling 1866, Prochloron (Lewin 1975» Johnsen 2001, Burghardt and Wagele 2004, cultivating a symbiotic relationships with marine Burghardt et al., in press). These additional invertebrates (e.g., didemnid tunicates) are in nutrients allow them to survive periods of food nudibranchs only known from the temperate shortage or even without their documented food species Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1761) although (Burghardt and Wagele 2004, Burghardt et al., in this symbiosis does not seem to be stable press). (McFarland and Muller-Parker 1993). In the past, zooxanthellae inside nudibranchs The zooxanthellae are housed inside the cells of were mainly detected by histological and the digestive gland. Generally the nudibranchs take ultrastructural investigations (Kempf 1984, Rudman up Symbiodinium through their prey, mostly by 1981a,b, 1982a,b, 1991; Marin and Ros 1991; Wagele 2 I. Burghardt, H. Wiigele and Johnsen 2001). Wiigele and Johnsen (2001) and f.illlol quanta m,2 S,l) in the laboratory at the Ruhr­ Burghardt et al. (in press) have already discussed University Bochum. Dermatobranchus sp. was kept that the existence of Symbiodinium inside the in the shade (under a roof, ~200 f.illlol quanta m 2S·l) digestive gland cells does not necessarily prove a on Pulau Bunaken (Bunaken Islands, Indonesia). All symbiotic relationship with the host. Wiigele and specimens were kept without their documented food Johnsen (2001) were the first who introduced the under starvation conditions to prevent the uptake of now established method of using a PAM ("Pulse fresh zooxanthellae. A Pulse Amplitude Modulated Amplitude Modulated Fluorometer") to distinguish Fluorometer (Diving-PAM, Walz, Germany) was digested from photosynthetically active used to detect in vivo photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae in situ inside seaslugs. Burghardt and zooxanthellae in the investigated nudibranchs by Wiigele (2004) and Burghardt et al. (in press) measuring the fluorescence emitted by photosystem performed long term experiments with IT (PSIT) of chlorophyll a. This allows distinguishing "solarpowered" nudibranchs (Wiigele and Johnsen between active photosynthetic zooxanthellae and 2001) of the genus Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831 digested ones inside the nudibranch (Wiigele and and Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas, 1864) and showed Johnsen 2001; Burghardt and Wiigele 2004; intra- and interspecific differences in the efficiency Burghardt et al., in press). of the symbiosis by means of PAM data. Measurements of the maximum fluorescence In this study we present new data from different yield (<Pile.mJ were taken in darkness. <Pile.max was nudibranch species belonging to different subtaxa of plotted versus time in diagrams in order to show the Cladobranchia (Aeolidoidea, 11Arminoidea" and how long the zooxanthellae are able to stay Dendronotoidea) and discuss the efficiency and photosynthetically active inside the nudibranch and photosynthetic characteristics of their symbiosis with to detect possible interspecific differences. Symbiodinium by presenting the results of long term Except for Dermatobranchus sp. and Phestilla starvation experiments including PAM data. lugubris, all specimens were exposed to different irradiances of natural sunlight between 0 and 1500 flmol quanta m·2S·l for measuring the operational MATERIAL AND METHODS quantum yield (<PIle) and obtaining photosynthesis For this study, nudibranchs from different Versus irradiance curves (P-E curves). The P-E­ localities in the Indopacific and the Red Sea were curves and the resulting values (Pmax' Ek, et) were sampled. Phyllodesmium briareum was collected at analysed by the statistics software Kaleidagraph 3.6. Cobia Hole, Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef, For the calculations the following equation was Australia) at a depth of 16m on Briareum violacea used (for further details see Wiigele and Johnsen in July 2002. Phestilla lugubris was collected at 2001): Loomis Reef, Lizard Island under a Porites coral in P = Pmax * (1- exp (-et * E/Pma)) 0.5m depth in August 2004. Melibe cf. bucephala P = photosynthetic rate at a given actinic irradiance, Bergh, 1902, Aeolidiella alba Risbec, 1928, Spurilla P = <Pu; E where: australis Rudman, 1982 and Limenandra nodosa P = <P Ue [mol charge separation . mol quanta Haefelfinger and Stamm, 1958 were collected on a absorbed'l] .E [flmol quanta m 2S·l] field trip to Dahab (Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea, Egypt) <PUe = operational quantum yield in May 2003. All Red Sea specimens were collected Pmax = maximum photosynthetic rate (same units as at Dahab lagoon, in shallow water from 0.5 to 1.5m P) depth between coral rubble. Dermatobranchus sp. et maximum light utilization coefficient (et = (<pu; E) was collected near Pulau Talise, north of Sulawesi . RI) (Indonesia) in July 2003. This specimen was found E = Irradiance (PAR, 400-700nm; [flmol quanta m·2 under coral rubble in about 1m depth. S·l]) Phyllodesmium briareum and Phestilla lugubris were kept under natural moderate light conditions Ek= Pmax I et = light saturation index in [f.illlol qum;tta 2 1 (up to a maximum of ~350 f.illlol quanta m 2 S·l at m· s· ] solar noon) for the whole time of the experiments at For curve linear regression the Webb equation the Lizard Island Research Station (LIRS; for details was used (Webb et al. 1974). For methodological see Burghardt et al., in press). Natural light details see Wiigele and Johnsen (2001) and conditions means natural light climate conditions in Burghardt et al. (in press). After the long term which irradiance, spectral irradiance and experiments (and before their natural death) all photoperiod are driven by the sun's position (sun specimens were preserved in formalinlseawater for angle), clouds, the extinction coefficient of water and later histological investigations. depth. All Red Sea specimens were kept in natural light conditions (shade) during the first 10-14 days and after transfer to Germany kept under controlled RESULTS artificial light conditions (up to a maximum of 70 Comparisons of the maximum yield of Photosynthetic characteristics of "solarpowered" Nudibranchia 3 "Solarpowere d" Nudib ranchi a 0.7 0.6 • o 0.5 ..~... ... 0.4 0.3 • 0.2 0.1 O-t-----,~--.___--.--~---r---__.__-~_e.....--...__-__.__-____,--....._-__I A o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Phestilla lugubris Spurila australis 0.8 0.8 ~---"7iIJ!::'--'-'-"--'---'---'------, 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix to Taxonomic Revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas' Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with Correction
    http://www.natsca.org Journal of Natural Science Collections Title: Appendix to Taxonomic revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas’ Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with correction of authorities Author(s): Callaghan, E., Egger, B., Doyle, H., & E. G. Reynaud Source: Callaghan, E., Egger, B., Doyle, H., & E. G. Reynaud. (2020). Appendix to Taxonomic revision of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas’ Glass Models of Invertebrates 1888 Catalogue, with correction of authorities. Journal of Natural Science Collections, Volume 7, . URL: http://www.natsca.org/article/2587 NatSCA supports open access publication as part of its mission is to promote and support natural science collections. NatSCA uses the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ for all works we publish. Under CCAL authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but authors allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles in NatSCA publications, so long as the original authors and source are cited. TABLE 3 – Callaghan et al. WARD AUTHORITY TAXONOMY ORIGINAL SPECIES NAME REVISED SPECIES NAME REVISED AUTHORITY N° (Ward Catalogue 1888) Coelenterata Anthozoa Alcyonaria 1 Alcyonium digitatum Linnaeus, 1758 2 Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766 3 Alcyonium stellatum Milne-Edwards [?] Sarcophyton stellatum Kükenthal, 1910 4 Anthelia glauca Savigny Lamarck, 1816 5 Corallium rubrum Lamarck Linnaeus, 1758 6 Gorgonia verrucosa Pallas, 1766 [?] Eunicella verrucosa 7 Kophobelemon (Umbellularia) stelliferum
    [Show full text]
  • High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project
    High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project AEA Technology, Environment Contract: W/35/00632/00/00 For: The Department of Trade and Industry New & Renewable Energy Programme Report issued 30 August 2002 (Version with minor corrections 16 September 2002) Keith Hiscock, Harvey Tyler-Walters and Hugh Jones Reference: Hiscock, K., Tyler-Walters, H. & Jones, H. 2002. High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project. Report from the Marine Biological Association to The Department of Trade and Industry New & Renewable Energy Programme. (AEA Technology, Environment Contract: W/35/00632/00/00.) Correspondence: Dr. K. Hiscock, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB. [email protected] High level environmental screening study for offshore wind farm developments – marine habitats and species ii High level environmental screening study for offshore wind farm developments – marine habitats and species Title: High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project. Contract Report: W/35/00632/00/00. Client: Department of Trade and Industry (New & Renewable Energy Programme) Contract management: AEA Technology, Environment. Date of contract issue: 22/07/2002 Level of report issue: Final Confidentiality: Distribution at discretion of DTI before Consultation report published then no restriction. Distribution: Two copies and electronic file to DTI (Mr S. Payne, Offshore Renewables Planning). One copy to MBA library. Prepared by: Dr. K. Hiscock, Dr. H. Tyler-Walters & Hugh Jones Authorization: Project Director: Dr. Keith Hiscock Date: Signature: MBA Director: Prof. S. Hawkins Date: Signature: This report can be referred to as follows: Hiscock, K., Tyler-Walters, H.
    [Show full text]
  • A Radical Solution: the Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae Kristen Cella1, Leila Carmona2*, Irina Ekimova3,4, Anton Chichvarkhin3,5, Dimitry Schepetov6, Terrence M. Gosliner1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 3 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 4 Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 A.V. Zhirmunsky Instutute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 6 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia a11111 * [email protected] Abstract Tergipedidae represents a diverse and successful group of aeolid nudibranchs, with approx- imately 200 species distributed throughout most marine ecosystems and spanning all bio- OPEN ACCESS geographical regions of the oceans. However, the systematics of this family remains poorly Citation: Cella K, Carmona L, Ekimova I, understood since no modern phylogenetic study has been undertaken to support any of the Chichvarkhin A, Schepetov D, Gosliner TM (2016) A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the proposed classifications. The present study is the first molecular phylogeny of Tergipedidae Nudibranch Family Fionidae. PLoS ONE 11(12): based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) genes and one nuclear e0167800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167800 gene (H3). Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis were con- Editor: Geerat J. Vermeij, University of California, ducted in order to elucidate the systematics of this family. Our results do not recover the tra- UNITED STATES ditional Tergipedidae as monophyletic, since it belongs to a larger clade that includes the Received: July 7, 2016 families Eubranchidae, Fionidae and Calmidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Norwegian Sea Slugs (Nudibranchia): New Species to Norwegian Coastal Waters and New Data on Distribution of Rare Species
    Fauna norvegica 2013 Vol. 32: 45-52. ISSN: 1502-4873 Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species Jussi Evertsen1 and Torkild Bakken1 Evertsen J, Bakken T. 2013. Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species. Fauna norvegica 32: 45-52. A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucro- niferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glau- coides), in some cases with considerable changes to their distribution. These new results present an update to our previous extensive investigation of the nudibranch fauna of the Norwegian coast from 2005, which now totals 87 species. An increase in several new species to the Norwegian fauna and new records of rare species, some with considerable updates, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples from poorly sampled areas. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1576. Received: 2012-12-02. Accepted: 2012-12-20. Published on paper and online: 2013-02-13. Keywords: Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, taxonomy, biogeography 1. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Corresponding author: Jussi Evertsen E-mail: [email protected] IntRODUCTION the main aims.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudibranchia: Flabellinidae) from the Red and Arabian Seas
    Ruthenica, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4: 183-194. © Ruthenica, 2020 Published online October 1, 2020. http: ruthenica.net Molecular data and updated morphological description of Flabellina rubrolineata (Nudibranchia: Flabellinidae) from the Red and Arabian seas Irina A. EKIMOVA1,5, Tatiana I. ANTOKHINA2, Dimitry M. SCHEPETOV1,3,4 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, RUSSIA; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninskiy prosp. 33, 119071 Moscow, RUSSIA; 3N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Vavilov str. 26, 119334 Moscow, RUSSIA; 4Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI, National Research University), 111250 Krasnokazarmennaya 14, Moscow, RUSSIA. 5Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Flabellina rubrolineata was believed to have a wide distribution range, being reported from the Mediterranean Sea (non-native), the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas, and the Indo-West Pacific and from Australia to Hawaii. In the present paper, we provide a redescription of Flabellina rubrolineata, based on specimens collected near the type locality of this species in the Red Sea. The morphology of this species was studied using anatomical dissections and scanning electron microscopy. To place this species in the phylogenetic framework and test the identity of other specimens of F. rubrolineata from the Indo-West Pacific we sequenced COI, H3, 16S and 28S gene fragments and obtained phylogenetic trees based on Bayesian and Maximum likelihood inferences. Our morphological and molecular results show a clear separation of F. rubrolineata from the Red Sea from its relatives in the Indo-West Pacific. We suggest that F. rubrolineata is restricted to only the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and to West Indian Ocean, while specimens from other regions belong to a complex of pseudocryptic species.
    [Show full text]
  • Étude Sur L'alimentation D'aeolidia Papi Llosa L
    ÉTUDE SUR L'ALIMENTATION D'AEOLIDIA PAPI LLOSA L. par Jean-Claude Moreteau Station biologique de Roscoff et Laboratoire de Zoologie, Université Paris-Sud, Centre d'Orsay - 91405 Orsay Résumé Après une étude biologique d'Aeolidia papillosa en milieu naturel (herbier des environs de Roscoff), ce travail aborde l'adaptation alimentaire du Nudi- branche à ses proies (les Actiniaires). A partir de l'étude du cnidome des proies, on établit un coefficient de présence pour chaque type de cnidocyste dans chaque tissu. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative des fèces du prédateur permet de dégager certains faits. Les basitriches sont stockés dans les sacs cnidophores et sont aussi rejetés régulièrement. Tous les autres cnidocystes, à part les mastigophores microbasiques, sont rejetés très rapidement et sans subir de dégradation. Par contre, les mastigophores microbasiques sont rejetés plus tardivement et en grande partie dégradés. La quantité de chaque type de cnido- cyste dans les fèces confirme que le prédateur n'a pas la même appétence envers les différents tissus. Il existe une bonne relation entre le comportement prédateur du Nudibranche et son appétence envers les différents tissus de la proie. Introduction Les préférences alimentaires d'Aeolidia papillosa ont fait l'objet de nombreuses observations. Cela a permis de dresser la liste des proies du Nudibranche (Miller, 1961 ; Swennen, 1961 ; Waters, 1973 ; Edmunds et coll., 1974 pour ne citer que les travaux les plus récents). Corrélativement, des études ont porté sur le choix de la proie par ce Nudibranche (Stehouwer, 1952 ; Braams et Geelen, 1953 ; Waters, 1973 ; Edmunds et coll., 1974), ainsi que sur les réactions des Actiniaires vis-à-vis du prédateur (Robson, 1966 ; Waters, 1973 ; Edmunds et coll., 1976).
    [Show full text]
  • Ringiculid Bubble Snails Recovered As the Sister Group to Sea Slugs
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ringiculid bubble snails recovered as the sister group to sea slugs (Nudipleura) Received: 13 May 2016 Yasunori Kano1, Bastian Brenzinger2,3, Alexander Nützel4, Nerida G. Wilson5 & Accepted: 08 July 2016 Michael Schrödl2,3 Published: 08 August 2016 Euthyneuran gastropods represent one of the most diverse lineages in Mollusca (with over 30,000 species), play significant ecological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments and affect many aspects of human life. However, our understanding of their evolutionary relationships remains incomplete due to missing data for key phylogenetic lineages. The present study integrates such a neglected, ancient snail family Ringiculidae into a molecular systematics of Euthyneura for the first time, and is supplemented by the first microanatomical data. Surprisingly, both molecular and morphological features present compelling evidence for the common ancestry of ringiculid snails with the highly dissimilar Nudipleura—the most species-rich and well-known taxon of sea slugs (nudibranchs and pleurobranchoids). A new taxon name Ringipleura is proposed here for these long-lost sisters, as one of three major euthyneuran clades with late Palaeozoic origins, along with Acteonacea (Acteonoidea + Rissoelloidea) and Tectipleura (Euopisthobranchia + Panpulmonata). The early Euthyneura are suggested to be at least temporary burrowers with a characteristic ‘bubble’ shell, hypertrophied foot and headshield as exemplified by many extant subtaxa with an infaunal mode of life, while the expansion of the mantle might have triggered the explosive Mesozoic radiation of the clade into diverse ecological niches. The traditional gastropod subclass Euthyneura is a highly diverse clade of snails and slugs with at least 30,000 living species1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • Phidiana Lynceus Berghia Coerulescens Doto Koenneckeri
    Cuthona abronia Cuthona divae Austraeolis stearnsi Flabellina exoptata Flabellina fusca Calma glaucoides Hermosita hakunamatata Learchis poica Anteaeolidiella oliviae Aeolidiopsis ransoni Phidiana militaris Baeolidia moebii Facelina annulicornis Protaeolidiella juliae Moridilla brockii Noumeaella isa Cerberilla sp. 3 Cerberilla bernadettae Aeolidia sp. A Aeolidia sp. B Baeolidia sp. A Baeolidia sp. B Cerberilla sp. A Cerberilla sp. B Cerberilla sp. C Facelina sp. C Noumeaella sp. A Noumeaella sp. B Facelina sp. A Marionia blainvillea Aeolidia papillosa Hermissenda crassicornis Flabellina babai Dirona albolineata Doto sp. 15 Marionia sp. 10 Marionia sp. 5 Tritonia sp. 4 Lomanotus sp. E Piseinotecus sp. Dendronotus regius Favorinus elenalexiarum Janolus mirabilis Marionia levis Phyllodesmium horridum Tritonia pickensi Babakina indopacifica Marionia sp. B Godiva banyulensis Caloria elegans Favorinus brachialis Flabellina baetica 1 Facelinidae sp. A Godiva quadricolor 0.99 Limenandra fusiformis Limenandra sp. C 0.71 Limenandra sp. B 0.91 Limenandra sp. A Baeolidia nodosa 0.99 Crosslandia daedali Scyllaea pelagica Notobryon panamica Notobryon thompsoni 0.98 Notobryon sp. B Notobryon sp. C Notobryon sp. D Notobryon wardi 0.97 Tritonia sp. 3 Marionia arborescens 0.96 Hancockia cf. uncinata Hancockia californica 0.94 Spurilla chromosoma Pteraeolidia ianthina 0.92 Noumeaella sp. 3 Noumeaella rehderi 0.92 Nanuca sebastiani 0.97 Dondice occidentalis Dondice parguerensis 0.92 Pruvotfolia longicirrha Pruvotfolia pselliotes 0.88 Marionia sp. 14 Tritonia sp. G 0.87 Bonisa nakaza 0.87 Janolus sp. 2 0.82 Janolus sp. 1 Janolus sp. 7 Armina sp. 3 0.83 Armina neapolitana 0.58 Armina sp. 9 0.78 Dermatobranchus sp. 16 0.52 Dermatobranchus sp. 21 0.86 Dermatobranchus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 1977 A MONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NEW ENGLAND CORYPHELLIDAE (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA) ALAN MITCHELL KUZIRIAN Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation KUZIRIAN, ALAN MITCHELL, "A MONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NEW ENGLAND CORYPHELLIDAE (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA)" (1977). Doctoral Dissertations. 1169. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1169 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia Semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
    Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) January 2021 Togawa Yumiko Studies on Cnidophage, Specialized Cell for Kleptocnida, of Pteraeolidia semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Doctoral Program in Life Sciences and Bioengineering) Togawa Yumiko Table of Contents General Introduction ...........................................................................................2 References .............................................................................................................5 Part Ⅰ Formation process of ceras rows in the cladobranchian sea slug Pteraeolidia semperi Introduction ..........................................................................................................6 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................8 Results and Discussion........................................................................................13 References............................................................................................................18 Figures and Tables .............................................................................................21 Part II Development, regeneration and ultrastructure of ceras, cnidosac and cnidophage, specialized organ, tissue
    [Show full text]
  • Seasearch Seasearch Wales 2012 Summary Report Summary Report
    Seasearch Wales 2012 Summary Report report prepared by Kate Lock, South and West Wales coco----ordinatorordinator Liz MorMorris,ris, North Wales coco----ordinatorordinator Chris Wood, National coco----ordinatorordinator Seasearch Wales 2012 Seasearch is a volunteer marine habitat and species surveying scheme for recreational divers in Britain and Ireland. It is coordinated by the Marine Conservation Society. This report summarises the Seasearch activity in Wales in 2012. It includes summaries of the sites surveyed and identifies rare or unusual species and habitats encountered. These include a number of Welsh Biodiversity Action Plan habitats and species. It does not include all of the detailed data as this has been entered into the Marine Recorder database and supplied to Natural Resources Wales for use in its marine conservation activities. The data is also available on-line through the National Biodiversity Network. During 2012 we continued to focus on Biodiversity Action Plan species and habitats and on sites that had not been previously surveyed. Data from Wales in 2012 comprised 192 Observation Forms, 154 Survey Forms and 1 sea fan record. The total of 347 represents 19% of the data for the whole of Britain and Ireland. Seasearch in Wales is delivered by two Seasearch regional coordinators. Kate Lock coordinates the South and West Wales region which extends from the Severn estuary to Aberystwyth. Liz Morris coordinates the North Wales region which extends from Aberystwyth to the Dee. The two coordinators are assisted by a number of active Seasearch Tutors, Assistant Tutors and Dive Organisers. Overall guidance and support is provided by the National Seasearch Coordinator, Chris Wood.
    [Show full text]
  • I I I I I I I I I
    I I I I I I SEA SEARCH I Stackpole Quay 1993 to 1998 I I Full Report I I I I ÉER.O]I 1E C_E G~ad MARINE CONSERVATION C~rtgor Cefn CymmforyWales Countryside Council SOCIET Y www.projectaware.org I ! ! ~l l ] il MARINE CONSERVATION SOCIETY 9, Gloucester Road, Ross−on−Wye, Herefordshire, HR9 5BU Tel: 01989 566017 Fax: 01989 567815 www.mcsuk.org Registered Charity No: 1004005 Copyright text: Marine Conservation Society 2002 Reference: Marine Conservation Society (2002). Stackpole Quay Seasearch; 1993 to 1998. A report by Francis Bunker, MarineSeen, Estuary Cottage, Bentlass, Hundleton, Pembrokeshire, Wales, SA71 5RN. Further copies of this Full Report and the Summary Report for Stackpole Quay are available from the Marine Conservation Society. This report forms part of a project funded by PADI Project AWARE (UK) and the Countryside Council for Wales. PROTECT CoCuntgroysridefn Guwäd Alid!l~ II'~',all,,llZll~L I~−−−. for Wales Synopsis This Full Report and its accompanying Summary Report have been produced as part of a project undertaken by the Marine Conservation Society to provide feedback on the results of Seasearch dives carried out on the South Wales coast. This is a non−technical report, which compiles the findings of 33 Seasearch dives between West Moor Cliff and Broadhaven in south Pembrokeshire, Wales between 1993 and 1998. Location maps showing the dive sites are presented together with summary descriptions and detailed species lists for each site. Observations or features of interest encountered during the dives are noted. Diagrams showing the distribution of habitats and communities encountered during dives are given in several instances.
    [Show full text]