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Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of the Fe-Cu

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Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of the Fe-Cu Mineralogical and Geochemical characterization of the Fe-Cu-Occurrence and associated Hanging wall and Footwall Alteration halo of the Viscaria D-Zone, Kiruna District, Northern Sweden Madelen Estholm Geosciences, master's level (120 credits) 2019 Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Mineralogical and Geochemical characterization of the Fe-Cu- Occurrence and associated Hanging wall and Footwall Alteration halo of the Viscaria D-Zone, Kiruna District, Northern Sweden Madelen Estholm Luleå University of Technology Master Thesis in Ore Geology and Environmental Geochemistry ! Abstract Northern Norrbotten County is one of the three major ore producing districts in Sweden. Based on the predominance of epigenetic Cu-Au and Fe-oxide mineralization this region is regarded as a typical IOCG province. The massive to layered Viscaria Cu-deposit is proposed to be a VMS deposit of Besshi-type and is unique in deposit type of the region. The volcaniclastic rocks of the Viscaria Formation hosting the Viscaria deposit belong to the rift related Kiruna Greenstone Group. The Viscaria deposit consists of three stratiform-stratabound mineralized zones: A-, B- and D-zone. Sulphide mineralization of the D-zone differs in structural features, host rock, mineralization style and Fe-oxide dominance over Cu-sulphides compared to the main Cu-ore in the A-zone. These differences between A- and D-zone mineralization styles raise the subject that the D-zone could be of a different origin. The Kiruna area is mainly covered by glacial-till, which contributes to limited bedrock exposure. This becomes a challenge when exploring for new deposits and highlights the importance of good geological knowledge obtained from existing deposits to carry through successful exploration programs. The objective of this study is to characterize the Fe-Cu-occurrence and the associated alteration halo of the Viscaria D-zone. Alteration halos can reach several kilometres away from the main ore zone and provides mineralogical and chemical signatures that extend the target area significantly in exploration for new deposits. Detailed core logging, optical microscopic studies, lithogeochemistry and electron microprobe analyses was utilized to contribute to a better genetic understanding of the D-zone and the associated hanging wall and footwall alteration features. The study shows that the main ore minerals of the D- zone consist of magnetite and chalcopyrite, and minor pyrite and hematite. The major alteration minerals associated with mineralization are calcite, actinolite/tremolite, epidote, chlorite and also biotite and scapolite in the hanging wall. The most prominent potential ore vector is calcite veins and biotite, as the abundance increase towards the D-zone. D-zone are further characterised by low REE concentrations, similarly to the calcic-dolomite host. The study also shows that the alteration halo of the D-zone is different in the hanging wall compared to the footwall, which is confirmed by the lithogeochemistry and mineral chemistry. The footwall is characterized by spilitization and chlorite alteration. The lithogeochemistry of the D-zone and the hanging wall reveals element mobility of Mg, Ba, Fe, Na, K, Cu and Zn. Mineral chemistry of epidote, amphibole and chlorite shows chemical changes in Fe/Al- and Mg/Fe-ratios. According to the result of this thesis and earlier studies, the D-zone mineralization is suggested to be part of the VMS system forming the stratigraphically above laying A-zone of the Viscaria Cu-deposit. ! 1! Contents 1.! Introduction! 4! 1.1.#Objectives# 5! 1.2#Background# 5! 1.3#Hydrothermal#alteration#systems# 5! 1.3.1!VMS)Systems! 6! 1.3.2!IOCG)Systems! 7! 1.4#Regional#Geology# 8! 1.4.1!Major!regional!events!of!metallogenetic!importance! 8! 1.5#Local#Geology# 10! 1.6#Viscaria#Formation# 11! 1.6.1!Viscaria!ore!deposit!and!Alteration!Features! 12! 2. Methodology! 14! 2.1#Core#Logging# 14! 2.2#Sampling# 14! 2.3#Petrography# 15! 2.4#Lithogeochemistry# 15! 2.5#Mineral#Chemistry# 16! 3. Results! 17! 3.1#Macroscopic#observations# 17! 3.1.1!The!D)zone! 17! 3.1.2!The!Footwall! 18! 3.1.3!The!Hanging!wall! 20! 3.1.4!Structural!and!Alteration!Features! 22! 3.2#Microscopic#Observations# 23! 3.2.1!The!D)zone! 23! 3.2.2!The!Footwall! 24! 3.2.3!The!Hanging!wall! 25! 3.3#Lithogeochemistry# 28! 3.3.1!Lithogeochemical!data! 28! 3.3.2!Lithogeochemical!element!trends! 30! 3.3.3!Box!plot! 32! 3.3.4!Rare!EartH!Elements! 33! 3.4#Mineral#chemistry# 34! 3.4.1!Nomenclature!of!minerals! 36! 3.4.2!Chemical!variation!of!minerals!across!the!D)zone! 38! 4. Discussion! 39! 4.1#Genetic#aspects#of#the#DOzone#Mineralization# 39! 4.1.1!Geochemical!Characterisation!of!the!D)zone! 39! 4.2#Alteration#features#related#to#the#DOzone# 40! 4.2.1!Alteration!minerals!and!mineral!paragenesis! 40! 4.3#Summary#Alteration#Features#of#DOzone#Hanging#wall#and#Footwall# 43! 4.4#Formation#of#the#DOzone# 44! 4.4#Suggested#further#studies# 46! 5. Conclusion! 47! 6. Acknowledgements! 47! 7. References! 48! 8. Appendix! 51! 8.1#Core#log# 52! 8.1.1!Alteration!Features! 54! ! 2! 8.2#Core#Sampling# 55! 8.3#Microscopy# 57! 8.3#Lihogeochemistry#data# 58! 8.3.1!Lithogeochemistry!reference!data! 65! 8.3.2!Lihogeochemical!trends! 66! 8.4#Mineral#Chemistry# 70! 8.4.1!Microphotographs! 73! 8.5#Classification#diagram# 74! ! 3! 1. Introduction ! The Northern Fennoscandian Shield is an economically important metallogenic province in Europe. Northern Norrbotten County, in northernmost Sweden is one of three major ore producing provinces in Sweden and is dominated by epigenetic deposits of Cu-Au and Fe- oxides ores (Bergman et al., 2001; Martinsson et al., 2016). Based on the deposit style together with the regional extensive scapolite and albite alteration the region has been regarded as a typical IOCG (Iron oxide copper gold) province (Billström et al., 2010). The majority of the ore deposits were formed during Palaeoproterozoic time and many of them have been classified as end-members of IOCG-type deposits such as the Fe-oxide dominated Kiruna iron-apatite deposit (1.98 Ga) and the Fe-oxide poor Aitik Cu-Au (1.9 Ga) deposit (Hitzman et al., 1992; Weihed et al., 2005; Wanhainen et al., 2003). Although some of the deposits in the area may just shear a few characteristics of an IOCG system (Billström et al., 2010; Martinsson et al., 2016). The massive layered Viscaria Cu-deposit is located four kilometres west of the Kiruna town, and is unique in its place and mineralization-style. The deposit is hosted by the Viscaria Formation, which is part of the rift related Kiruna Greenstone group of Palaeoprotozoic age. Viscaria Formation includes three mineralized lenses of stratiform-stratabound style named A-zone, B-zone and D-zone from the stratigraphically uppermost to the lowermost. These units have later been tectonically tilted in the current sub-vertical position. The deposit has been classified as a syngenetic exhalative VMS-deposit (volcanogenic massive sulphide) of Besshi-type (Martinsson, 1997). At Viscaria an alteration zone characterized by plagioclase destruction and phyllosilicate formation occurs in the footwall to the Viscaria A-zone, which also encloses the stratigraphically lower B-zone (Martinsson, 1997). The D-zone in the stratigraphically lowest part of the Viscaria Formation is different in mineralization style compared to the above laying Viscaria A- and B-zone horizons. The D-zone has lower Cu-grade and is dominated by Fe-oxides and occurs in a deformed and sheared dolomite rock sequence. Instead of being a part of the Viscaria ore system, the D-zone could possibly be a sheared related epigenetic IOCG-type mineralization. The character of the D-zone ore and the alteration features of the host rocks are crucial in the genetic understanding of the deposit and would also contribute knowledge for further exploration in the Kiruna area. Kiruna area are largely covered by glacial till, which provides limited bedrock information, which makes it important to get maximum of information from each drilled core in exploration drilling programs. ! 4! 1.1. Objectives This thesis is a following up study to Martinsson (1997) and Masurel (2011) in the process towards an improved understanding of the ore forming processes that have occurred within the Viscaria Formation. This thesis has two objectives (1) to identify mineralogical and geochemical signatures of the Viscaria D-zone ore lens and (2) to establish the mineralogical and geochemistry signatures of the ore related alteration halo within the hanging wall and footwall to the D-zone. The aim is to generate results, which will contribute to a better understanding of the Viscaria deposit and also to be useful in exploration of new ores/mineralized zones in the Kiruna district. 1.2 Background The Viscaria copper-deposit was discovered in 1972 using geobotanical methods, in particular the presence of the flower Viscaria Alpina in the area (Martinsson, 1997). The flower Viscaria Alpina (Lychnis alpina) is tolerant to high metal content and used as an indicator of anomalous copper rich ground (Nordal et al., 1999). The first hole was drilled in 1973 intersecting the Viscaria A-zone (Martinsson, 1991). Mining started 1983, and 12.54 Mt of ore with a Cu grade of 2.3%, were processed from the A-zone the B-zone by the mining companies LKAB (1983-1985), and later by Outokumpu OY (1985-1997). The D-zone has not been mined and is estimated to contain 0.74Mt at 1.5% Cu grade, with cut off at 1% (Martinsson, 1997). 1.3 Hydrothermal alteration systems A subsurface heat source (intrusion) could generate a hydrothermal system including a recharge zone with progressive heating of fluids during vertical and lateral transport through the rock (Fig.
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