Modelling and Optimization of a Transit Services with Feeder Bus and Rail System
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MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A TRANSIT SERVICES WITH FEEDER BUS AND RAIL SYSTEM MOHAMMADHADI ALMASI THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2015 UNIVERSITI MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Mohammadhadi Almasi (I.C/Passport No. N19116185) Registration/ Matric No: KHA100122 Name of Degree: Dr. of Philosophy Title of Thesis: MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A TRANSIT SERVICES WITH FEEDER BUS AND RAIL SYSTEM Field of Study: Civil Engineering I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this work; (2) This work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this work to the University of Malaya (―UM‖), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate‘s Signature Date Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness‘s Signature Date Name: Designation: ABSTRACT Currently, many passengers use transit systems to reach their destination, while a growing concern for public transit is its inability to shift passenger‘s mode from private to public transportation. By designing a well-integrated public transit system and improving the cost-effectiveness network, public transport could play a crucial role in passenger satisfaction and reduce operating costs. The main objective of this research is to develop a mathematical formulation model for designing and coordinating schedules of integrated public transit services, which includes development of feeder services and coordination with major transportation services and transfer time consideration between two modes (i.e. Feeder bus and LRT). In the proposed improved model, the additional terms and constraints employed in objective function provide more accurate and efficient solutions for various conditions of transit systems, and this may lead to the creation of a more realistic model in simulating real-life problems. This is followed by application of the improved model to the benchmark and Petaling Jaya study areas. In this study, optimized transit services and coordinated schedules are developed using metaheuristic algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), water cycle algorithm (WCA) and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The data of the study were obtained based on the literature review, questionnaire survey and observation. Finally, obtained numerical results of the proposed model including optimal solution, statistical optimization results, the convergence rate as well as comparisons were discussed in detail. Therefore, optimum transit network was obtained by using ICA and WCA. As a result, the corresponding network costs obtained by PSO and GA are greater than ICA and WCA. iii PERMODELAN DAN PENGOPTIMUMAN SERVIS TRANSIT MELALUI BAS PENGANTARA DAN SISTEM RAIL ABSTRAK Pada masa kini, ramai penumpang menggunakan sistem transit untuk tiba ke destinasi masing-masing, di mana kebimbangan yang semakin meningkat adalah ketidakupayaan untuk mengalihkan mod penumpang daripada pengangkutan persendirian ke pengangkutan awam. Dengan merekabentuk sistem transit awam yang bersepadu dan memperbaiki keberkesanan kos rangkaian, pengangkutan awam boleh memainkan peranan penting dalam kepuasan penumpang dan mengurangkan kos operasi. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan satu model formula matematik untuk merancang dan menyelaraskan jadual perkhidmatan transit awam bersepadu, termasuk membangunkan perkhidmatan bas pengantara dan penyelarasan dengan perkhidmatan pengangkutan utama dan pertimbangan masa pemindahan antara dua mod (iaitu bas pengantara dan LRT). Di dalam cadangan model yang telah diperbaiki, tambahan terma dan kekangan bekerja dalam objektif fungsi menyediakan penyelesaian yang lebih tepat dan efektif untuk pelbagai keadaan sistem transit dan ini boleh membawa kepada pembentukan model yang lebih realistik di dalam simulasi masalah kehidupan sebenar. Ini diikuti oleh aplikasi model yang telah diperbaiki kepada penanda aras dan kawasan kajian Petaling Jaya. Dalam kajian ini, perkhidmatan transit yang optimum dan penyelarasan jadual telah dibangunkan menggunakan algoritma metaheuristik seperti Algoritma Genetik, Pengoptimuman Zarah Kumpulan, Algoritma Kitaran Air dan Algoritma Imperialis Kompetitif.Data kajian yang diperolehi adalah berdasarkan kajian literatur, kajian soal selidik dan pemerhatian. Akhirnya, cadangan keputusan berangka model yang telah diperolehi, termasuk penyelesaian optimum, keputusan pengoptimuman statistik, kadar penumpuan dan juga perbandingan iv dibincangkan dengan jelas menggunakan jadual dan rajah. Maka, rangkaian transit yang optimum diperoleh dengan menggunakan ICA dan WCA. Hasilnya, kos rangkaian yang sepadan diperoleh melalui PSO and GA adalah lebih besar daripada ICA dan WCA. Best of luck then. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Mohamed Rehan Karim for his remarkable advice and guidance. His understanding and patient assistance in the preparation of this thesis has given me the awareness of how to synthesize, refine and complete the research. My gratefulness and dedication go to my parents for their enormous encouragement and support during the research. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION ....................................................... iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................... 5 1.6 Outline of the Study .............................................................................................. 5 1.7 Summary of the Chapter ....................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Transit Network Design Problem .......................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Terminology Proposals for Transit Network Problems .................................. 9 2.2.2 Types of Bus Route Network Design Problems ........................................... 10 vii 2.2.3 Brief Description of the Feeder Network Problems ...................................... 11 2.2.4 Distinction of Data Preparation ..................................................................... 12 2.3 Problem Description ............................................................................................ 13 2.3.1 Feeder Bus Network Design Problem ........................................................... 13 2.3.1.1 Feeder route generation ........................................................................ 13 2.3.2 Feeder Bus Network Scheduling Problem .................................................... 15 2.4 Problem Characteristics ....................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Demand Pattern ............................................................................................. 16 2.4.2 Objectives of the Previous Studies ................................................................ 17 2.4.3 Constraints of the Previous Studies..............................................................