DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix A: Site History and Landscape Analysis Cultural Landscape Overview and Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix A: Site History and Landscape Analysis Cultural Landscape Overview and Analysis APPENDIX A: SITE HISTORY AND LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS This section provides an integrated understanding of the environmental and Historic Designed Landscape. A landscape that was consciously designed cultural context of the Spring Lake Park Reserve landscape to inform the planning or laid out by a landscape architect, master gardener, architect, or process. It begins with an overview of the significance of the landscape, followed horticulturist according to design principles, or an amateur gardener working in a recognized style or tradition. The landscape may be associated with a by a chronological narrative illustrated with graphics explaining the changes that significant person(s), trend, or event in landscape architecture; or illustrate an have occurred to the physical landscape over time. Next, the existing condition important development in the theory and practice of landscape architecture. of the landscape is evaluated in relation to the significant historic themes, and Aesthetic values play a significant role in designed landscapes. Examples aspects of the landscape that potentially contribute to the historic significance of include parks, campuses, and estates. the property are clearly identified. Historic Vernacular Landscape. A landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or occupancy shaped that landscape. Through social The inventory and analysis has been undertaken using a cultural landscape or cultural attitudes of an individual, family or a community, the landscape approach according to federal standards including A Guide to Cultural Landscape reflects the physical, biological, and cultural character of those everyday Reports: Contents, Process, and Techniques, The Secretary of the Interior’s lives. Function plays a significant role in vernacular landscapes. They can be a Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the single property such as a farm or a collection of properties such as a district of Treatment of Cultural Landscapes, and other pertinent documents.1 This approach historic farms along a river valley. Examples include rural villages, industrial uses a foundation of historical documentation as a basis for understanding the complexes, and agricultural landscapes. evolution of significant landscapes. The site history builds on research conducted Historic Site. A landscape significant for its association with a historic event, 2 for the 2003 Spring Lake Park Reserve Master Plan. activity, or person. Examples include battlefields and presidential house properties. This document identifies potentially significant resources based on existing research for the master plan. There is a formal process for determining Ethnographic Landscape. A landscape containing a variety of natural and significance which has not occurred for resources within Spring Lake Park cultural resources that associated people define as heritage resources. Reserve. Examples are contemporary settlements, religious sacred sites and massive geological structures. Small plant communities, animals, subsistence and ceremonial grounds are often components.4 WHAT IS A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE? A cultural landscape is “a geographic area, including both cultural and natural Terminology and approaches to support integration of Indigenous cultural values resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic into mainstream evaluation and planning processes have been developing over event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.”3 There the past several decades. The concepts of Traditional Cultural Property (TCP) are four general types of cultural landscapes, which are not mutually exclusive: and Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) have been developed as approaches historic sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, and for thinking about landscapes more cohesively than earlier definitions of ethnographic landscapes. ethnographic landscapes. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) recognizes Traditional Cultural Properties (TCP) as physical properties or places eligible for inclusion in the National Register if they are associated with the continuing cultural identity of a living community and retain integrity.5 The type of property and evaluation of integrity must meet the standard NRHP criteria (listed in the next section), which A-2 6.22.21 DAKOTA COUNTY SPRING LAKE PARK MASTER PLAN UPDATE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SIGNIFICANCE can be difficult to reconcile with Indigenous values for cultural sites. Spring Lake Park Reserve includes both historic vernacular landscapes associated with early Euroamerican settlement, development of the town of Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) is a term used to address places that Nininger, and local agriculture; and ethnographic landscapes (Traditional Cultural supported American Indian lifeways and settlements in the early 17th century, Properties and culturally sensitive sites) associated with living Indigenous and is the terminology used in this report. The concept communities. “…recognizes and respects that Indian cultures lived within the context of their WHAT IS THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES? environment, although not in the stereotypical sense of living in harmony with The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government’s the environment. American Indian peoples lived around major waterways official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects (all called within large, varied landscapes, with which they were intimately familiar. “properties”) worthy of preservation. The list is kept by the National Park Service.7 They used different parts of those landscapes in different ways: for food, medicine, and clothing procurement, for making tools and objects related to Significance is the meaning or value ascribed to a structure, landscape, object, or transportation and the household, for agriculture, and for settlements…. [T] site based on the National Register criteria for evaluation. The National Register o be effective in such a society, both men and women had to be familiar with of Historic Places recognizes districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that very large areas of land and water, and be able to remember and travel to the fulfill at least one of four criteria of significance and possess integrity. Integrity is appropriate places for gathering particular plants, acquiring stone for tools, or the ability of a property to convey its significance.8 hunting particular species of animals.”6 Criterion A. Properties that are associated with events that have made a In fall 2020, the Upper Sioux Community Tribal Historic Preservation Office significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or conducted a Traditional Cultural Properties Survey for portions of the park.1 The survey identified TCPs and culturally sensitive areas within the boundaries Criterion B. Properties that are associated with the lives of persons significant of the park, and evaluated the cultural significance of known archaeological in our past; or sites. A Traditional Cultural Property, as defined by the National Park Service, Criterion C. Properties that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, is a “property that is eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, Places (NRHP) based on its associations with the cultural practices, traditions, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and beliefs, lifeways, arts, crafts, or social institutions of a living community. TCPs are distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or rooted in a traditional community’s history and are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community.”2 The 2020 survey defines culturally Criterion D. Properties that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information sensitive areas as “locations that contain elements of a TCP or have proximity to important in history or prehistory.9 identified cultural properties.”3 1 Upper Sioux Community Tribal Historic Preservation Office,“ Spring Lake Park Reserve Traditional Cultural Properties Survey,” on file at Dakota County, November 9, 2020. 2 National Park Service, “Bulletin 38: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties” U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, 1. 3 Upper Sioux Community Tribal Historic Preservation Office,“ Spring Lake Park Reserve Traditional Cultural Properties Survey,” on file at Dakota County, November 9, 2020. SITE HISTORY AND LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS 6.22.21 A-3 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SIGNIFICANCE POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT VERNACULAR LANDSCAPE SIGNIFICANT ETHNOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE (TRADITIONAL Although there are currently no portions of the study area that are listed on the CULTURAL PROPERTIES AND CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT SITES) National Register of Historic Places, this framework can be used to evaluate the Ethnographic significance of the landscape was reviewed by Tribal Historic potential significance and integrity of historic resources within the park. Preservation Officers of associated Indigenous tribes and nations for inclusion in this plan. Ethnographic significance of the landscape was reviewed by Tribal The McCarriel’s Mill site may be locally significant under Criterion A related to Historic Preservation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inland Zone Sub-Area Contingency Plan (SACP) for Minneapolis/St
    EPA REGION 5 INLAND ZONE SUB-AREA CONTINGENCY PLAN Inland Zone Sub-Area Contingency Plan (SACP) for Minneapolis/St. Paul December 2020 Sub-Area Contingency Plan i Minneapolis/St. Paul Letter of Review Minneapolis/St. Paul Inland Zone Sub-Area Contingency Plan (SACP) This SACP has been prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the direction of the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) with collaboration from stakeholders of the Minneapolis/St. Paul Inland Zone Sub-Area. This SACP has been prepared for the use of all agencies engaged in responding to environmental emergencies and contains useful tools for responders, providing practical and accessible information about who and what they need to know for an effective response. This SACP is not intended to serve as a prescriptive plan for response but as a mechanism to ensure responders have access to essential sub-area specific information and to promote interagency coordination for an effective response. This SACP includes links to documents and information on non-EPA sites. Links to non-EPA sites and documents do not imply any official EPA endorsement of, or responsibility for, the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at those locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. David Morrison Federal On-Scene Coordinator United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund & Emergency Management Division Region 5 Sub-Area Contingency Plan ii Minneapolis/St. Paul Record of Change Change SACP Description of Change Initials Date Number Section 1 all EPA R5 2020 New Sub Area Format – IAP w/main body plan DHM 12/22/2020 Sub-Area Contingency Plan iii Minneapolis/St.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Statutes 2020, Section 138.662
    1​ MINNESOTA STATUTES 2020​ 138.662​ 138.662 HISTORIC SITES.​ Subdivision 1. Named. Historic sites established and confirmed as historic sites together with the counties​ in which they are situated are listed in this section and shall be named as indicated in this section.​ Subd. 2. Alexander Ramsey House. Alexander Ramsey House; Ramsey County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 3; 1967 c 54 s 4; 1971 c 362 s 1; 1973 c 316 s 4; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 3. Birch Coulee Battlefield. Birch Coulee Battlefield; Renville County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 5; 1973 c 316 s 9; 1976 c 106 s 2,4; 1984 c 654 art 2 s 112; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 4. [Repealed, 2014 c 174 s 8]​ Subd. 5. [Repealed, 1996 c 452 s 40]​ Subd. 6. Camp Coldwater. Camp Coldwater; Hennepin County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 7; 1973 c 225 s 1,2; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 7. Charles A. Lindbergh House. Charles A. Lindbergh House; Morrison County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 5; 1969 c 956 s 1; 1971 c 688 s 2; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 8. Folsom House. Folsom House; Chisago County.​ History: 1969 c 894 s 5; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 9. Forest History Center. Forest History Center; Itasca County.​ History: 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 10. Fort Renville. Fort Renville; Chippewa County.​ History: 1969 c 894 s 5; 1973 c 225 s 3; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd.
    [Show full text]
  • Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community Testimony in Response to the Department of Army
    OFFICERS Shakopee Mdewakanton Charlie Vig Chairman Sioux Community Keith B. Anderson 2330 SIOUX TRAIL NW • PRIOR LAKE, MINNESOTA Vice Chairman TRIBAL OFFICE: 952-445-8900 • FAX: 952-445-8906 Freedom Brewer Secretary/Treasurer Testimony in Response to the Department of Army, Department of Interior, and Department of Justice’s Tribal Consultation on Infrastructure Development Projects November 15, 2016 Federal Agency Consultation Prior Lake, MN The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community (“SMSC” or “Tribe”) is a federally-recognized tribal government, located in Prior Lake, Minnesota. In recent decades, there has been a steady march of economic development toward our Reservation community. We are now surrounded by it. Our Tribe has been fortunate to play a significant role in the economic revitalization of our neighbors. With 4,200 employees, SMSC is the largest employer in Scott County. Our success with our tribal enterprises has allowed SMSC to provide a range of governmental services to our members. It has also enabled SMSC to partner with local governments to meet our broader community’s shared needs such as roads, water and sewer systems, and emergency services. Our Tribe administers social services for children and families, mental health and chemical dependency counseling, employee assistance, emergency assistance, public works, roads, water and sewer systems, health programs and a dental clinic, vehicle fleet and physical plant maintenance, membership enrollment, education assistance, regulatory commissions, economic planning and development, enterprise management and operations, cultural programs, an active judicial system, and many other governmental services. Our tribal government assumes full responsibility for the construction of all on-Reservation infrastructure. And in many instances, our infrastructure serves the needs of the neighboring communities surrounding our Reservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Was Gen. Henry Sibley's Son Hanged in Mankato?
    The Filicide Enigma: Was Gen. Henry Sibley’s Son Ha nged in Ma nkato? By Walt Bachman Introduction For the first 20 years of Henry Milord’s life, he and Henry Sibley both lived in the small village of Mendota, Minnesota, where, especially during Milord’s childhood, they enjoyed a close relationship. But when the paths of Sibley and Milord crossed in dramatic fashion in the fall of 1862, the two men had lived apart for years. During that period of separation, in 1858 Sibley ascended to the peak of his power and acclaim as Minnesota’s first governor, presiding over the affairs of the booming new state from his historic stone house in Mendota. As recounted in Rhoda Gilman’s excellent 2004 biography, Henry Hastings Sibley: Divided Heart, Sibley had occupied key positions of leadership since his arrival in Minnesota in 1834, managing the regional fur trade and representing Minnesota Territory in Congress before his term as governor. He was the most important figure in 19th century Minnesota history. As Sibley was governing the new state, Milord, favoring his Dakota heritage on his mother’s side, opted to live on the new Dakota reservation along the upper Minnesota River and was, according to his mother, “roaming with the Sioux.” Financially, Sibley was well-established from his years in the fur trade, and especially from his receipt of substantial sums (at the Dakotas’ expense) as proceeds from 1851 treaties. 1 Milord proba bly quickly spe nt all of the far more modest benefit from an earlier treaty to which he, as a mixed-blood Dakota, was entitled.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa
    Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Introduction 20 The African archeological record of 43-28 ka as a comparison 21 A - The Aurignacian has no direct equivalent in Africa 21 B - Archaic hominins persist in Africa through much of the Late Pleistocene 24 C - High modification symbolic artifacts in Africa and Eurasia 24 Conclusions 26 Acknowledgements 26 References cited 27 To cite this article Tryon C. A. , 2015 - The Aurignacian Viewed from Africa, in White R., Bourrillon R. (eds.) with the collaboration of Bon F., Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe, Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University, P@lethnology, 7, 19-33. http://www.palethnologie.org 19 P@lethnology | 2015 | 19-33 Aurignacian Genius: Art, Technology and Society of the First Modern Humans in Europe Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 08-10 2013, New York University THE AURIGNACIAN VIEWED FROM AFRICA Christian A. TRYON Abstract The Aurignacian technocomplex in Eurasia, dated to ~43-28 ka, has no direct archeological taxonomic equivalent in Africa during the same time interval, which may reflect differences in inter-group communication or differences in archeological definitions currently in use. Extinct hominin taxa are present in both Eurasia and Africa during this interval, but the African archeological record has played little role in discussions of the demographic expansion of Homo sapiens, unlike the Aurignacian. Sites in Eurasia and Africa by 42 ka show the earliest examples of personal ornaments that result from extensive modification of raw materials, a greater investment of time that may reflect increased their use in increasingly diverse and complex social networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Future for Somalia's Ancient Cave
    Indian historical epic sweeps ‘Bollywood Oscars’ MONDAY, JUNE 27, 2016 37 Indian Muslims offer prayers on the third Friday of the holy fasting month of Ramadan in Lucknow, India. — AP Master of street fashion photography Bill Cunningham dead at 87 egendary New York Times fashion pho- mentary about Cunningham, Anna Wintour- Mayor Bill de Blasio’s office wrote on Twitter. Bantam Dell who was often photographed by tographer Bill Cunningham died the powerful editor of American Vogue and De Blasio added: “We will remember Bill’s Cunningham, first met the photographer LSaturday, according to the paper where one of the photographer’s muses-marveled at blue jacket and bicycle. But most of all we “many, many years ago” on a cold February he worked for nearly 40 years. He was 87. his ability to “see something, on the street or will remember the vivid, vivacious New York day during New York Fashion Week. Cunningham, whose watchful eye brought on the runway, that completely missed all of he captured in his photos.” Cunningham’s “I didn’t yet know him and he certainly did- images of New Yorkers-from the well-heeled us. And in six months’ time, that will be a “wealth of knowledge is absolutely stagger- n’t know me, but he did notice that I was inap- to unsuspecting trendsetters-to the public, trend!” Frank Rich, a former New York Times ing and he is self-effacing,” one of the found- propriately dressed for the blizzard-like condi- had been hospitalized recently after a stroke, columnist and executive producer of the HBO ing editors of InStyle magazine, Hal tions,” Cho told The Hollywood Reporter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Prairie Island Community a Remnant of MINNESOTA SIOUX
    MR. MEYER is a member of the English faculty in Mankato State College. His familiarity with the history of Goodhue County, of which he is a native, combined with an interest in the Minnesota Sioux, led him to undertake the present study. The Prairie Island Community A Remnant of MINNESOTA SIOUX ROY W. MEYER A FAMILIAR THEME in American Indian recognition by the government and were al­ history concerns the tribe or fragment of a lowed to remain on Prairie Island, where tribe who either avoid government removal their children and grandchildren make up to some far-off reservation or who return to one of the few surviving Sioux communities their original homeland after exile. The in Minnesota today. Cherokee offer the most celebrated example. The Mdewakanton were one of the seven When they were removed from their native bands that composed the Sioux nation, and territory in the Southeastern Uplands and re­ the first white men to visit the Minnesota located west of the Mississippi in 1838-39, a country found them living near Mille Lacs few families remained behind and were Lake. The advance of the Chippewa, who later joined by others who fled the new area had obtained firearms from the whites, set aside for them. Their descendants hve forced them out of this region about the today on the Qualla Reservation in North middle of the eighteenth century, and they Carolina. moved southward to the lower Minnesota A Minnesota band of Mdewakanton Sioux River and the Mississippi below the Falls of provide another instance of this sort of back- St.
    [Show full text]
  • Cave Pollen Taphonomy in Kurdish Iraq
    CAVE POLLEN TAPHONOMY IN KURDISH IRAQ MARTA FIACCONI A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2017 Abstract This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms involved in pollen transport and deposition in cave environments and the influence of different factors on the composition of the pollen assemblage, with special reference to the problem of the Neanderthal ‘Flower burial’ at Shanidar Cave, Kurdish Iraq. Limited systematic taphonomic work has been done in cave environments, with most of the studies on an ad hoc basis. However, the number of interconnected factors acting on pollen transport, deposition and accumulation in this kind of environments implies that models used for open-air sites are inadequate and demonstrates the need for further taphonomic studies. Surface samples from six caves located in the Zagros Mountains of Kurdish Iraq were collected along front-back transects and outside for comparison in order to evaluate the distribution of anemophilous and entomophilous taxa in relation to the sample location. Additional surface samples were collected from Shanidar Cave along a side to side and perimeter transects to better evaluate the pollen distribution. Water, airfall and animal dung samples were also collected to investigate the influence of those factors in pollen transport. Finally, stratigraphic samples collected during the excavation at the site were analysed for pollen and for particle size distribution. Results show that simple sac-like caves with little or no influence of factors such as water, humans and animals are characterised by broadly predictable patterns of pollen distribution with a positive correlation between anemophilous pollen and vicinity to the cave entrance and entomophilous pollen and distance from the cave entrance.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota in Profile
    Minnesota in Profile Chapter One Minnesota in Profile Minnesota in Profile ....................................................................................................2 Vital Statistical Trends ........................................................................................3 Population ...........................................................................................................4 Education ............................................................................................................5 Employment ........................................................................................................6 Energy .................................................................................................................7 Transportation ....................................................................................................8 Agriculture ..........................................................................................................9 Exports ..............................................................................................................10 State Parks...................................................................................................................11 National Parks, Monuments and Recreation Areas ...................................................12 Diagram of State Government ...................................................................................13 Political Landscape (Maps) ........................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup L3 Basal Lineages Migrated Back to Africa from Asia Around 70,000 Years Ago Vicente M
    Cabrera et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2018) 18:98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1211-4 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago Vicente M. Cabrera1* , Patricia Marrero2, Khaled K. Abu-Amero3,4 and Jose M. Larruga1 Abstract Background: The main unequivocal conclusion after three decades of phylogeographic mtDNA studies is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been argued for to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, the out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion and, consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basal L3 lineages around 70 kya. Results: The coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African (L3 ) lineages, both around 71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. An Eurasian origin and back migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Times of Cloud Man a Dakota Leader Faces His Changing World
    RAMSEY COUNTY All Under $11,000— The Growing Pains of Two ‘Queen Amies’ A Publication o f the Ramsey County Historical Society Page 25 Spring, 2001 Volume 36, Number 1 The Life and Times of Cloud Man A Dakota Leader Faces His Changing World George Catlin’s painting, titled “Sioux Village, Lake Calhoun, near Fort Snelling.” This is Cloud Man’s village in what is now south Minneapolis as it looked to the artist when he visited Lake Calhoun in the summer of 1836. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. See article beginning on page 4. RAMSEY COUNTY HISTORY Executive Director Priscilla Farnham Editor Virginia Brainard Kunz RAMSEY COUNTY Volume 36, Number 1 Spring, 2001 HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Howard M. Guthmann CONTENTS Chair James Russell 3 Letters President Marlene Marschall 4 A ‘Good Man’ in a Changing World First Vice President Cloud Man, the Dakota Leader, and His Life and Times Ronald J. Zweber Second Vice President Mark Dietrich Richard A. Wilhoit Secretary 25 Growing Up in St. Paul Peter K. Butler All for Under $11,000: ‘Add-ons,’ ‘Deductions’ Treasurer The Growing Pains of Two ‘Queen Annes’ W. Andrew Boss, Peter K. Butler, Norbert Conze- Bob Garland mius, Anne Cowie, Charlotte H. Drake, Joanne A. Englund, Robert F. Garland, John M. Harens, Rod Hill, Judith Frost Lewis, John M. Lindley, George A. Mairs, Marlene Marschall, Richard T. Publication of Ramsey County History is supported in part by a gift from Murphy, Sr., Richard Nicholson, Linda Owen, Clara M. Claussen and Frieda H. Claussen in memory of Henry H.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information 1
    Supplementary Information 1 Archaeological context and morphology of Chagyrskaya 8 Archaeological, spatial and stratigraphical context of Chagyrskaya 8 Chagyrskaya Cave (51°26’32.99’’, 83°09’16.28’’) is located in the mountains of northwestern Altai, on the left bank of the Charysh River (Tigirek Ridge) (Fig. S1.1, A). The cave faces north and is situated at an elevation of 373 m ASL, 19 m above the river. The cave is relatively small and consists of two chambers, spanning a total area of 130 m2 (Fig. S1.1, A, D). Investigations started in 2007 and approximately 35 m2 have been excavated since that time by two teams (Fig. S1.1, D) (1,2). The stratigraphic sequence contains Holocene (layers 1–4) and Pleistocene layers (5-7). The Neandertal artifacts and anthropological remains are associated with layers 6a, 6b, 6c/1 and 6c/2 (Fig. S1.1, E). Among the Upper Pleistocene layers, only the lower layer 6c/2 is preserved in situ, while the upper layers with Neandertal lithics have been re-deposited from that lower layer via colluvial processes (2). Additional evidence of re-deposition is seen in the size sorting of the paleontological remains and bone tools, with the largest bones found in the lower layers 6c/1 and 6c/2, and the smallest bones in the upper layers 5, 6a and 6b (1,2). The Chagyrskaya 8 specimen was found during wet-sieving of layer 6b (horizon 2) in the 2011 field expedition headed by Sergey Markin. Using field documentation, we reconstructed the spatial (Fig. S1.1, B, C) and stratigraphic (Fig.
    [Show full text]