ANNUAL REPORT 1980-81'

ANNUAL REPORT 1980-81' INTRODUCTION The Shipping Research Bureau was founded in early 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos, two long standing anti-apartheid organizations, based in the Netherlands. The two founding organizations have for many years been actively engaged in attacking the oil link of the western oil majors, Shell in particular, with South Africa. The Working Group Kairos has since 1973 constantly been campaigning on this issue. The Holland Committee on Southern Africa joined then in 1977. From March 1979 the organizations together embarked upon a nationwide campaign for an oil embargo against South Africa and for the withdrawal of all Shell commitments from that country. Few if any statistical sources are available on the trade in crude oil with South Africa, and enormous secrecy surrounds the means whereby South Africa obtains its oil. However by researching and analysing movements of the world's tanker fleet important information can be obtained regarding this trade. The initiative to set up a monitoring unit to investigate the tanker trade with South Africa, was in accordance with the resolution on an oil embargo against South Africa, passed by the Council of Ministers of the Organizationof African Unity in July 1979. Paragraph 1 of resolution 731 explicitly "welcomes proposals for methods of monitoring and cutting down the shipment of oil to South Africa". In March 1980, Amsterdam was the venue of the International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos, in close co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. The Seminar was presided by Ambassador B. Akporode Clark of Nigeria, chairman of the Special Committee. One of the concrete recommendations resulting from this seminar was: "The creation of machinery to monitor all oil shipments to South Africa", considered an essential component of an effective oil embargo. With immediate effect, two researchers were assigned by the founding organizations to set up a monitoring unit, named Shipping Research Bureau, and they started their investigations into the tanker trade with South Africa. Setting up this research desk was made possible by generous financial assistance of development cooperation organizations and by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. PUBLICATIONS Within half a year of its inception, the Shipping Research Bureau published its first main report, entitled "Oil tankers to South Africa". The 90 page report presented available information on tanker movements to South Africa, mainly from shipping industry sources. It provided a list of 150 tankers which called at Durban or Cape Town between 1 January 1979 and 31 March 1980, and P 0 BOX 11898 AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS TEL020.25130 included information on the identity and nationality of owners, managers and charterers of the tankers involved as well as the ports of call before and after sailing to South Africa. Advance copies of the report were made available to the Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid in December 1980. He then addressed letters to the Permanent Representatives of countries which, while they voted for General Assembly resolutions on the oil embargo against South Africa, appeared in the report to be involved in oil supplies to South Africa. They were requested to undertake appropriate investigations and encouraged to furnish relevant information and advice. Specific parts of the main report were made public on two occasions. In December 1980, a press conference was staged in Oslo by the Norwegian Council on Southern Africa, where a preliminary extract of the report of the Shipping Research Bureau on the Norwegian connection was published. Similarly, a press conference in The Hague, organised by the founding organizations of the Bureau in January 1981, focussed upon tankers somehow connected with the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles. Both reports received wide coverage in the national press as well as abroad. IMPACT The Shipping Research Bureau report "Oil tankers to South Africa" was a main topic at the Brussels conference of West European parliamentarians on an oil embargo against South Africa, held in February 1981 and organised by the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. On the basis of the Shipping Research Bureau findings 40 members of Parliament from 11 countries called upon the United Nations Security Council to impose a mandatory oil embargo against South Africa. In March 1981, the report "Oil Tankers to South Africa" as a whole was presented in New York to the Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid by the Chairman of the Shipping Research Bureau's Board. Simultanious press conferences were organised in New York and in London, where the report was made public, in London through the Anti- Apartheid Movement. In addition, press communiques based upon the findings of the Bureau were issued at the same time in Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, in collaboration with the respective national anti-apartheid organizations. Summaries of the main report and of the press releases were translated into Arabic and widely distributed. Again, the results of the investigations of the Shipping Research Bureau were widely covered by the international press, both in newspapers all over the world, and in specialised periodicals of the oil and shipping circles. In a letter of 17 March 1981 to the Board of the Shipping Research Bureau, the Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee, Ambassador B. Akporode Clark expressed his appreciation of the work done by stating: "The Bureau has already, within its first year, fully justified its existence". About this time Ambassador Clark then disclosed a number of replies received from Governments that had earlier been approached by him to react to the findings of the Shipping Research Bureau on the possible involvement of shipping and oil companies based in their respective countries. Some relevant reactions of Governments may be cited here. The Indonesian Government stated that if the Bureau was right in its accusation that a certain company took Indonesian oil to South Africa, "the Government of Indonesia will circulate (the company's) name and that of the broker to all oil companies operating in Indonesia and prohibit them from doing business in Indonesia". The Government of Libya stated that it had decided "to bar from entering Libyan ports and to include in the blacklist", a tanker which the report revealed had called at a South African port for less than one day while en route from Libya to Japan, even though it had delivered no oil during its stop in South Africa. In May 1981 the Government of Liberia publicly issued a statement to the effect that it had proclaimed a decree "to make it illegal for any ship flying the Liberian flag to enter the territorial waters of South Africa. " This was done at the request of the OAU Liberation Committee meeting in Tanzania, where the report of the Bureau was presented by the consultant of the Shipping Research Bureau. The Government of Norway proposed a conference of oilshipping countries (such as Norway) and oil producing countries, to discuss means to stop the movement of embargoed oil to South Africa. At the United Nations sponsored International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, held in Paris, May 1981, a declaration was adopted which stated that an effective embargo on the supply of petroleum is an essential component to the arms embargo against South Africa. The Paris declaration requests all states concerned to take effective action against corporations and tanker companies involved in the illicit supply of oil to South Africa. In the technical commission of the conference the report for the Shipping Research Bureau was presented and elucidated and another paper presented there, commissioned by the United Nations Centre against Apartheid, was mainly based upon research conducted by the Shipping Research Bureau. Resulting from the great demand by oil and shipping companies, journalists, embassies, universities and other agencies, a second reprint of the report proved necessary. PRESENT ACTIVITIES Since the publication of the report "Oil Tankers to South Africa", the small staff of the Bureau has continued its research. Notwithstanding the greater difficulties faced in obtaining relevant data (because of an increasing clamp down on information by the South African authorities) the Shipping Research Bureau plans to publish another similar report in a few month's time. It will cover a period of one and a half years (1 January 1980 - 1 July 1981), and compared with the first main report, the scope will be widened in two respects. Besides oil tankers as such, the new report will also handle other oil carrying vessels, such as combined carriers (ore/oil, bulk/oil). In addition, apart from Cape Town and Durban, other South African ports are being monitored as well, of which Saldanha Bay is particularly important. Many of the future possibilities of the Shipping Research Bureau depend on the availability of sufficient financial means, which are rather difficult to obtain. -4 In a letter to the Board of the Shipping Research Bureau, the Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid concluded as follows: "The work of the Bureau must continue and be extended until there is an effective machinery to monitor the oil embargo and punish the culprits. I hope that it will receive the necessary co-operation, as well as material and financial support, towards this end." Amsterdam, January 1982.

ANNUAL REPORT 1982 -1983 P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone (020) 251300/270801 Telex 17125 comsa nl

ANNUAL REPORT 1982 -1983 P0. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone (020) 251300/270801 Telex 17125 comsa ni

REPLBLIC OF SOU Ill AI-ICICA HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY DEBATES (IlANSARD) tIlIRD SLSSION-SE\ EN, I H PARLIAMUNT WEDNESDAY, 9 MARCH 1983 CRUDE OIL SUPPLIES FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA *The MINISTER OF MINERAL AND ENERGY AFFAIRS: I think all hon. member who participated in this debate admitted that South Africa is a country that is being boycotted internationally as far as the supply of crude oil is concerned. I want to challenge any hon. member in this House to try to purchase oil from an oil-producing country with. out entenn2 the twilight world. I challenge anyone in this Ilous& to show me a country that will openly say that it sellk to South Africa and will be prepared to shout this from the rooftops. I challenge anyone to show me shipping companies that will be prepared to shout from the rooftops that they supply oil to South Africa. I am issuing this challenge. If it had been that easy we would not then have had a problem. Those hon. members should just listen to what is being said in the UN. They should take a look at what the Amsterdam Shipping Bureau and Kairos are doing. They are committees that are trying day after day to cut off the essential supply of crude oil to the Republic of South Africa. Those are the facts.

INTRODUCTION. The Shipping Research Bureau in Amsterdam was founded early 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid). These two long standing anti-apartheid organisations,both based in the Netherlands, have been actively engaged for many years in actions against the involvement of western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. Since 1973 the Working Group Kairos has continuously been campaigning on the oil issue, in particular against Shell. Four years later the Holland Committee joined those actions. From 1979 onwards both organisations embarked upon a nationwide campaign for the enforcement of an oil embargo against the Apartheid r6gime. In March 1980 Amsterdam was the venue of a International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organized by the Holland Committee and Kairos in close co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. The Chairman of the Special Committee, Ambassador Mr. B. Akporode Clark of Nigeria, acted as president of this Seminar. One of the concrete recommendations resulting from the Seminar was the "creation of machinery to monitor all shipments to South Africa", since this was considered as a conditional element of an effective oil embargo. As an immediate effect two researchers were assigned to run a monitoring unit called the Shipping Research Bureau. Conducting this research was made possible by generous financial assistance from all kinds of organisations in the field of international development and co-operation and by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and from abroad. THE INTERNATIONAL OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA. Oil is without any doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. South Africa does not have any crude oil deposits or reserves of its own. Threats of a mandatory oil embargo by the UN Security Council have therefore encouraged the South African government to introduce by legislation a wide range of contingency measures to reduce its reliance on imported oil. The most extra-ordinary decision has been the massive development of the oil-from-coal technology called SASOL which is covering at the moment about 25 percent of the country's oil needs. SASOL is one of the largest industrial complexes in the world and the most expensive project ever undertaken by the South African government. Its costs are enormous, mounting up to US $ 9 billion totally.

The balance has to be imported from overseas mainly by large oil tankers. In 1982 South Africa imported about 15 million tons of crude oil at a cost of nearly $ 4 billion. So notwithstanding the expansion of its oil-from-coal plants of SASOL South Africa will remain vulnerable to an oil embargo. If these oil supplies from abroad should dry up, the South African economy would eventually come to a standstill. For the Apartheid regime oil has also decisive military implications since oil is more and more defined as "munition of war". The strategic significance of oil is not only shown by the police and security forces in the oppression inside the country, but also by the South African Defence Frrces in the illegal occupation of Namibia and the military agression towards the Frontline States. The need for an enforced oil embargo (of crude oil and petroleum products) is therefore urgent and complements the embargoes on arms and nuclear collaboration. A mandatory oil embargo by the UN Security Council has not been implemented yet because of vetoes of three Permanent Members, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and France. However, there does exist a voluntary international embargo endorsed by an overwhelming majority in the General Assembly of the United Nations, as was shown by the voting on the latest resolution of 5 December 1983: 130 to 6. Nearly all oil producing and oil exporting countries have imposed embargoes on crude oil to South Africa. Member countries of OAPEC committed themselves in May 1981 to a improvement of embargo legislation,monitoring and penalties against embargo breakers. The call for an oil embargo against South Africa is supported by many international organisations such as the Non-Aligned States, the Organisation of Africa Unity, International Trade Union Bodies amd The World Council of Churches. RESEARCH: the main report "Oil Tankers to South Africa" Within a year of its foundation the Shipping Research Bureau published its first main report "Oil Tankers to South Africa". This was the first time ever a comprehensive list was presented on tankers, companies and countries involved in the secret oil trade to South Africa. The 90 page report listed 150 tankers which called at South African ports in the period of January 1979-April 1980. Due to the publication of these data and to a considerable press coverage Governments of several countries took measures against embargo breakers. Moreover, the report was widely used in international fora and conferences in preparing statements and resolutions on sanctions against the Apartheid r6gime. "The Bureau has already, within its first year, fully justified its existence", stated the Chairman of the UN Special Committee, Ambassador Mr. B. Akporode Clark expressing his appreciation. In June 1982 the Bureau published its second main report "Oil Tankers to South Africa 1980-1981". In preparing this report the Bureau managed to improve both its scrutiny and its cautiousness by presenting the provisional data to the companies and the countries involved. In this way the Bureau enabled these companies and governments to investigate the cases of their concern. The effect of this procedure is twofold: on the one hand the Bureau may gain additional and amplified data on those cases, on the other hand companies and governments can take action, if they wish, immediately before definite research findings are published. This procedure will also be applied in the preparation of the next report. This next report, the third one, is covering the period June 1981-January 1983 and will be published in the Spring of 1984. The preliminary data have been sent to the companies and countries involved. Of the companies about 75% have replied. Replies from the governments, through their Representatives to the United Nations, are being received at the moment.As with the preparation of the previous reports the UN Special Committee against Apartheid has been informed of all the relevant research findings. OTHER ACTIVITIES: special feature reports and assistance. Producing and presenting the main report on oil deliveries to South Africa is not the only way of publication by the Shipping Research Bureau. To inform governments and benevolent companies the Bureau produces occasional confidential memoranda on practises of oil traders. For instance, the Bureau investigated the abuse of a Third World country's port facilities by some oil and shipping companies in secret supplies of oil products to South Africa. This research was made on request of the country in question. Another activity in the field of publication is the Bureau's support to international conferences,seminars and symposia. If possible, the Bureau is represented directly at those conferences. Otherwise the Bureau presents special papers for international meetings. Special papers were made for the following conferences: -the International Conference of Trade Unions in solidarity with the workers and peoples of Palestine, South Africa and Namibia; Tripoli,March 1982 -the Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctions against South Africa; the Hague, November 1982 -the Seminar of Asian Youth and Student Actions against Apartheid in South Africa; Hong Kong, December 1982

-the Parliamentary Hearing in the Netherlands on a proposed policy of the Dutch Government; the Hague, May-June 1983 -the International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctions and Other Actions against the Apartheid R6gime in South Africa; Geneva, June 1983 -the Sixth Assembly of the World Council of Churches; Vancouver, July-August 1983 -the General Assembly of the United Nations, 38th Session before the Special Political Committee. Testimony on the oil embargo by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos; 8 november 1983, New York. On the crucial problem of the origin of the oil shipped to South Africa the Bureau is engaged in consultations in two fields:direct shipments from oil exporting countries and indirect deliveries via trans-shipment ports like Rotterdam, Netherlands Antilles or Singapore. The first field is a very sensitive one and must be discussed on the level of international diplomacy. Here the Bureau's role can only be an advisory one . The second field,however, in particular the case of Rotterdam, is less difficult because of the Bureau's base in the Netherlands. In order to reduce trans-shipment of oil to South Africa the Bureau has started a Rotterdam-project. As a basis for consultations with the City Council the Bureau has published "The Oil Embargo against South Africa and the Role of Rotterdam". These consultations still continue and may eventually result in a unilateral embargo policy by the City of Rotterdam. To present possibilities for further research and measures the Bureau published in September 1983 a paper "Certificates of Final Destination and Identification of Suspect Tankers in the Port of Rotterdam (both papers in Dutch version only). To improve the follow-up work of the research findings such as updating the media, dissemination of crucial information and keeping concerned organisations well-infromed, an additional staff worker was assigned. One of the activities will be the production and dissemination of a Newsletter on the international oil embargo. This newsletter comprising the Bureau's findings and information from other sources may spotlight the oil embargo even stronger and will try to bring pressure on the embargo breakers. IMPACT. Conducting in-depth research, publishing the data and disseminating the crucial information is of course an essential element to support the international oil embargo. More important, however, is the international impact of the Bureau's findings on concrete actions and policy measures to make the existing embargo more effective. There is no doubt that any reduction of imported oil will put a heavy burden on South Africa's economy. All kinds of contingency measures did bring down the oil import quota to a level which cannot be lowered any further. Self- sufficiency in strategic goods such as oil has become a central policy of the Apartheid regime. Despite its enormous costs and despite the fact that projects like SASOL are the main source of inflation, this policy of autarchy continues with force. "What is often not perceived is the necessity, because of threatening or effective boycottaction, to build up all strategic sectors of our economy and in doing so free us from too much dependence on the outside world"(Rand Daily Mail, 25 April 1983). Other measures taken are the build up of gigantic strategic stockpiles of oil all over the country, fuel rationing and imposition of speed limits. The South African r6gime is already for years desperately trying to find oil offshore and in spite of negative results and of high investments these explorations must go on: "Although we can buy oil easily now, the minute everybody wants oil they may rethink the boycott and see if they can't do a better job", justified the managing director of the state-owned oil exploration agency SOECOR(New York Times, 21 March 1983). According to the Bureau's findings all those special measures do cost South Africa more than $ 2 billion a year. A striking effect of the existing oil embargo is the policy of total secrecy on energy matters, anchored in a variety of legislation such as the Petroleum Products Act and the National Keypoint Act. It may not be surprising that the Bureau's activities are seen as hostile to the Apartheid r6gime. In a parliamentary debate on the scandal of the scuttled tanker "Salem" (the biggest theft in history) the Minister of Internal Affiars, Mr. F.W. de Klerk said: The struggle against boycotts is by no means over. UN attempts to prevent crude oil deliveries to South Africa continue. Active groups such as Kairos and the Amsterdam Shipping Bureau are attempting to embarrass South Africa. The latter attempting to monitor ships plying around the Cape in order to determine which of them deliver oil here. At the moment they are firing shots in the dark as long as it is only speculations and rumours in the outside world.Any relaxation in respect of secrecy, however, can help to spotlight the target and enable our enemies to identify our friends and partners who deliver to us. Secrecy is essential. (House of Assembly Debates, Hansard 9 March '83)

For this very reason of secrecy the Bureau's main report "Oil Tankers to South Africa" was been as a "undesirable publication" (see press clippings). Speaking of impact, the effect of the Bureau's publications on the involvement of oil and shipping companies also appeared more perceptible. Challenged by questions raised by the Working Group Kairos, the President-Director of Shell, Mr. L.C. van Wachem stated in the 1983 Annual General Shareholders Meeting in the Hague:"Icannot tell you from where the Shell subsidiary in South Africa gets its oil since the South African legislation prohibts Shell-SA to give further information on this. But placing a few things in perspective I can inform you that already for some time not a single Shell company delivers oil to South Africa"(19 May 1983). After a request for comment a shipping company showed its uncomfortable postion by replying: "for your guidance our vessels have not called South-African ports since the publishing of your last report, but have been in lay-up. The reason for this is purely commercial and partly due to your activity. However, if you continue to publish our previous calls our commercial reason to discontinue our trade will cease to exist, and we will be free to break lay-up and trade world wide within lawful trading limits". A bank with investments in shipping informed the Bureau on its policy towards oil trade to South AFrica in this way: "It is not the intention of the bank to permit vessels owned by us to engage in this trade and I am arranging to have appropriate instructions passed immediately to the management company responsible for the trading of our vessels". In respect toi the oil embargo by international organisations the outcome of the Sixth Assembly of the World Council of Churches must be mentioned here. In co- operation with the Bureau the Working Group Kairos presented a paper on possible contributions of the churches to an oil embargo. In its official statement on South Africa the World Council re-affirmed its firm stand. One of its recommendations reads: "renews its call to member churches to a disengagement from those institutions economically engaged in South Africa; affirms the need for mandatory and comprehensive sanctions and urges governments to give the highest priority to the establishment of an effective oil embargo". This policy is also shared by the Lutheran World Federation. Its President, Bishop J.Kibira stated: "Our standpoint on South Africa is absolutely clear. We should do whatever we can in practice, not only in words, to end the injustice of apartheid. The joint UNOAU meeting in Paris in the end of May 1982 came out with very definte proposals about sanctions and disinvestment being the best and the most possible ways of changing the situation in South Africa, without too much violence. An effective oil embargo seems to be the most efficient means in this direction. This is why the study of the Shipping hesearch Bureau is so important". In assistance to actions by trade unions the Bureau presented a paper for the International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctions and Other Actions against the Apartheid R~gime in South Africa, in June 1983 at Geneva. In this conference the work of the Bureau was not overlooked either. In a speech by the Norwegian trade union representative was stated: "The international society has an increasing understanding of the transportation role for the continuing supply of oil to South Africa. Recently, this situation has been confirmed by, among others, the Shipping Research Bureau in Holland"(L.O. representative Mr. K. Dahl). In November 1983 a number of Western Seamen's Unions embarked upon a common policy on the enforcement of the oil embargo. Regarding the support for expanded action one of their recommendations was "that co-operation be sought and extened between trade unions and research organisations such as the Shipping Research Bureau to enable comprehensive data to be available to maritime unions". PRESENT ACTIVITTIES. Since the oil trade on South Africa is becoming more and more secretly organized, consequently , the need of reliable data is more urgent. Therefore the Bureau is constantly tryingto build fruitful relations with many organisations and individuals in presenting solid information. As was already mentioned above international action by trade union organisations is increasing. In this respect the Bureau is supporting several initiatives such as the campaign of the Maritime Unions, the Worker's Group of the ILO, the WFTU and ICFTU with their affiliated organisations TUI and ITF. The Bureau will also take part in a expanded campaign in Western Europe by anti-apartheid organisations in co-operation with liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia. In addition to its main report on tanker movements to South Africa the Bureau is preparing some special feature reports such as trans-shipment(Rotterdam), the involvement of individual companies like Shell and A.P. Miller and on the role of particular countries as the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Norway. To improve the spread of relevant information the Bureau will start soon the production of a international newsletter on the oil embargo. The actual research, writing, editing, publicity and consultancy work is conducted in officies in Amsterdam and New York. Supporting activities are undertaken by volunteer associates in various countries.

PRESS CLIPPINGS June 10, 1983 I ir-i Wfilw 5al m6imdtk 1 1 , .l 7. 4 - .,I Durban Harbour, one of the principal entry points for South Africa's oil imports. The harbour is one of the main monitoring centres for the "tanker watch'" being mounted by anti-aparthetd groups around the world. OIL SANCTIONS COSTING RSA US$2 BILLION SOUTH Africa is being forced to spend an extra US2 100 million per year above the cost of its oil purchases to circumvent the present international voluntary oil embargo. These figures have been produced in a recent Dutch consultancy group study of the effects of the present embargo on South Africa. The study concludes that "despite all. measure' to reduce its dependency on imported oil. South Africa still neeus to procure about 15 million tonnes of crude oil annually. A reduction in crude imports is virtually impossible be. cause ihe use of liquid fuels in the country has already been reduced to a minimum. Every improvement in the present international voluntary oil embargo will, therefore, hit the economy and military forces very hard." As pairt of the study, the consul. tants estimated the costs to South Africa of circumventing the embargo from the following basic assumptions: * Imports: South Africa imports 15 million tonnes a year. and given an oil price of about US$29,80, the total import bill would be US$3 billion. * Sasol: This plant produces about a third of South Africa's oil needs (about 7.5 million tonnes per year). The cquivalent col in terms ot crude oil amounts to US$I 500 million per year. It is estimated that Sasol's product is at least IfM. more expensive than imldar oil products from conventional refining. " Storage: South Africa has stored two year's supply of crude oil in unused mines, a total of 30 million tonnes. Normally, oil-importing countries maintain a stockpile of only 90 day's consumption. Due to the embargo, South Africa's stockpile is in excess of what would be considered normal, by some 26,25 million tonnes, equivalent to US$5 250 million. " Interest rates: These are estimated to be 10%. " Premium: Oil and shipping companies breaking the embargo expect financial compensation, depending on the oil and tanker market and the risks of being exposed. The premium paid by South Africa can be estimated to vary between 10% and 50%o of the crude oil price. On the basis of. these assumplions, the consultant have estimated the amnual costs of circumventing the voluntary oil embargo to total US$2 M10 million. The total is computed from the following main cost areas: * Premium: Assuming the conservalive 10ro premium, the cost would be 10% x US$3 billion= USS3(M) million. " Costs of slockpiling: Preparation of mines and installation costs at US$8 a lonne applied to 26.25 million tonnes = USSlio million. On the hasis ki a it) year ,morit atlon ind ainle le. (Iltt1 S1 ,.nnruail 'o. would be US$42 million. To this must be added the loss of interest earnings on financing an above-normal stock pile (10e x US$5 250 million) = USS525 million. " Sasol: Additional 5001 of equivalent crude oil price (50% of US$1 500 million) . US$750 million. * Oil Exploration: 1982 costs were US$500 million. ANNEX

(1 OPEC Bulletin ) Vol. XIII, No. 6 July 1982 OIL TANKERS TO SOUTH AFRICA 1980 - 19Sf In 1973, most oil exporting countries agreed to impose an embargo on exports tO South Africa, in an effort to ue economic pressure as a means of alrering the South African Governmrniv policy of aparthed. The following article consists ofextracts from the latest report of tlre Shipping Research Bureau. a body created in 1980 and based in the Netherlands, which was set up to assist goierments and organizations seeking to render tie embargo more effective. The majority of crude oil traded on international markets is produced in Third World countries, which are united in their opposition to apartheid. the Bureau states. There is as yet no mandatory Un ited Nations oil embargo against South Africa because such a proposal, which would have to be passed by the UN Security Council. has been vetoed by France. the UK and the US. However. the report states: '.. aill members of OPEC. plus most other countries exporting any significant amount of oil, now refuse to permit their crude oil to be sent to South Africa. The oil embargo against South Africa has also been endorsed in several non-binding resolutions approved in the United Nations' General Assembly by an overwhelming majo. ity of the world's nations". Enforcer. ent The Bureau's report states that some countries hive been particularly diligent in seeking to enforce the oil embargo; a noteworthy example being Nigeria. whose various actions include a refusal to deal with any tanker which has called at a South African port for any reason in recent months. It goes on; "Unfortunately, despite these efforts, the oil embargo against South Africa is working tar less well than it could be. Although many oil and shipping companies have made it clear that they are not prepared to take the risks involved in violating the embargo policies of the oil exporting countries, a number of other oil and shipping companies have proved themselves willing to act as intermediaries in the secret supply to South Africa of some t5 million tons of oil annually. worth over $3,000 million" The report says that tankers leave oil exporting countries purportedly destined for Singapore. Europe, etc. and then after departure are given new instructions. Alternatively, shipments are unloaded in trans-shipment ports and later taken in other tankers to South Africa. Because of this, most oil ewportig countries whose oil is reaching South Africa appear to have little awareness of ti-s existence or circumstances of these leakages. Indicating some of the efforts being made by individual oil exporting countries to counteract this trade, the Bureau cites moves by the Government of Indonesia and the Government of the Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to prohibit trading with tankers which had visited South Africa. It also outlines a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). adopted last year, which states that OAPEC Governments obliged companies purchasing crude oil to ensure: - That they do not send the oil to South Africa. - That the oil is delivered in its entirety to the final party specified in the contract of sale. - That this party does not itself permit re-exportation of the oil to South Africa. The resolution also requests companies purchasing crude oil to obtain documentary proof that the cargo is delivered to the port specified in the contract of sale; and states that OAPEC Member Governments would penalize oil and shipping companies that niolated the above policies by ref. ,,ng - on a temporary or long-!irm basis - to supply them further with ol. Ships identified The Bureau has identified 256 ships of over 25,000 tons deadweight which were capable of carrying crude oil cargoes, that called at South African ports between January 1980 end June 30. 1981. Of theta. 52 were selected as the most likely to have actually delivered cargoes of crude oil during their visits, and a further 29 ships were considered as being "possible" deliverers of crude. If every one of the 52 identified did deliver a full cargo of crude. the report says then together they supplied over ton million tons of crude oil, or half of South Africa's estimated crude oil imports over the period examined. The Bureau identified three oil companies (companies owning oil cargoes being carried, but not necessarily owning or managing the ships themselves) which appeared to be most involved in the oil trade with South Africa. It also stated that'oil exporting countries normally did not know whether their oil was destined for South Africa, end were often given false information regarding the oil's ultimate destination. It added that of the 52 ships of greatest interest which visited South Africa. 28 had sailed from the Gulf. As all Gulf countries were supporting the embargo this suggested that the companies linked with these 28 ships violated the intentions of these countries. The report ends with a list of proposals for action to make the embargo more effective. These include monitoring to ensure that exported oil is actually delivered to the places it is intended to go; legislation and contractual provisions to control shipment of oil; and the imposition of penalties on companies breaking the embargo. TRANSPORT WORKERS OF THE WORLD Mv1'- t-4. I+)37 PUBLISHED BY TRANSPORT TUI STOP THE OIL FLOW TO APARTHEID CASEBOOK OF EMBARGO BREAKING ' asr. TAM~~ ig of tw1kB" 'v" ei~t D General Secretary Debkumar Ganguli reports with considerable enthusiasm that the TUI has entered into cooperation with the Shipping Research Bureau. based in Amsterdam. The Bureau was founded in early 1980, by two Outch Anti-Aparthed Groups to investigate and publish about the ways how racist South Africa obtains ,ts crude oil, despite the Oil embargo against that country by almost all Oil producing and exporting countries. To prevent penalties by oil producing countries. the oil shipments to South Africa are kept stinctly secret, both by South Africa and by the Oil and shipping companies involved. Tanker calls to South Africa are no longer reported in the shipping press. vessels sailing to South Africa state false destinations. and frequently oil is transshipped into another vessel before it definitely arrives in South Africa This means that the South Afrcan apartheid regime still gets the oil it needs to repress its own citizens, to destabilize the neighbouring countries and continue the occupation of Namibia. The secrets of the embargo breakers are not as well kept as 'hey would wish In its latest report, Oil Tankers to South Afrca 1980-1981 he Shipping Research Bureau has cemoIded a casebook of damning evide'ce aga,st the -+ zinalional 0' and sipping 'ompavies de'-evrng oil to the Aoa,nield i. e, "n In page after page of detailed, carefully sifted facts the report traces the movements of 52 tankers believed to be engaged in this nefarious trade. When all the evidence concerning each tanker has been marshalled, the repot sums up the case for the prosecution The Case of the Cast Fumar On 27 April 1981 the combined carrier Cast Fulmar arrived empty in Rotterdam When the ship departed. on 30 april 1981 at about 18 O0 hrs the Dutch Authorihes concerned were informed that it was loaded with 108,554 tons of crude oil, with the stated destination "Amenca" The ship, however, sailed to South Afnca About two weeks after departure from Rotterdam the Cast Fulmar (or its company) reported to the shipping industry papers that tMe official desnatior 'rao been changed to 'Dakar (For d vPssei wif a cago of tO8 554 tovs of cude ofi thits was not a vet' sen.ibie destination as Dakar car', 1niV acc'mmodite tai'res with a maximum caro, of ,3u iLo) 4t I41e0d,fa'heLals:F, ,5.(Ca.i-d it', I' ' cargo of iron ore at Saldanha Bay. and sailed directly to Rotterdam again In consequence of the information given to the Dutch Authonties. the official Dutch transit-trade statistics show that in the first half of 1981 108.554 tons of crude oil were trans-shipped from Rotterdam to the U S.A. (From Oil Tankers to South Africa 1980-1981f The Shipping Research Bureau following an editorial in this journal concerning transport workers and the struggle against Apartheid. wrote to the TUI Secretariat suggesting that its reports might be of value to all branches of seamen and port workers. A very positive response was sent to Amsterdam We hope to publish an article from the Bureau in our next number and we understand that two co-operation projects are planned, a Bureau paper to the Asian Seminar of Transport Workers in 1984 and hlson between the two organrsa'-ons in preparing for the UN International Conference '.2 'spanne~d Meantime any organsation ti: would like to enter into iontart -1Il'l's deoii - g.' rouip or ,ini IiajI'iilit w, I"Ir'1r can wrile t, " c m , ' A " t - l, N I

M7 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 7 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE STAATSKOERANT VAN DIE REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA PRICE (GsT hawchied 30C PRYs. lAVB himlpli) Aqetecedor the Po- O asce Newtpnee ABROAD 40. BUITELANDS As.n nNainloy bdipe, Pok aaae G e re POST FREE * POSVRY Vol. 2I5 PRETORIA, 27 MAY 19No. MEI No. 8730 GOVERNMENT NOTICE GOEWERMENTSKEN1SGEWLNG DEPARTMENT OF INTER.NAL DEPARTEMENT VAN BINNELA.NDSE AFFAIRS AANGELEENTHEDE No. 1169 27 lay1983 No. 1169 271Me9983 UNDESIRAL E PUBICTIO~SS OR OBJECTS ONGEWENSTE PUBLIKASIES OF VOORWERPE 'n Komtee beidoie in artikel 4 van die Wet op PublikaA co ni reined to in econ 4 of de t Pbti12carons sies. 1974, sons geseysig. het kragtets arliel 11 (2) van Asit 1574, a. amended, decided u-Jet 'con 1t(2) of the genoenmde Wet heslis dat die ondergenoemde publtkasies of said Act that the undermenioured pubhcation, or obects me ongewens is binne die bedoeleg s.an arukel 47 undesirable sthm the mearing of seccirn 4? (2) of the said (2) van genoemde War. Actd LIiST'LYS 13 53 EntryNo I Pulabcna olret Authorepee"rt I ',ot 0 ft toskocisep N," t'rcl~hhkaa. O' so.rnert Skewer sit of leoltner .a O Pn3/s:5 I Nathili as Stolen iSellttr: %arh An-sersn, lIneom. dent nd ,lctl Ofrs-n " rcnjwtee P$ 315 44 $1nseabtienents h am onjo . ia. t hesnati itoss A&rh. Peple' Oeranitit, (SIVAPOiso ,Namibia t. e-eti o tb Eape'n . fnone Cenovaniy Paraswntary Greep. at Brssels. M0tt S"p.b.,t 1932 p35001 T~es, gr1 de t .11 on Na.1n1bAn telons P5 3,5t 4. Plondero!'.eain t nmno Phi 51St Old ranker, tolooehAfrroa..t9Oti~l0&l le-e oe Lande wr. s lIon tawori tSlier Kleftef l) Gad , .Iey ...... Reprotd aol noed by Tnuoptl Chu.heos foe So14 A,.f. New Yorb SWA1'7 ot Nantibta, lowio Shtpping Rmeth Buwes,. Aesordaai. The Netherlan.ds Not stse Nr.'; e veomld ns . ...e.. tte n ,t e- N .'etes .nt. Sts-A.ap.s tons NeweAp- NesCotl.vte. Atstat'.... Int Ghe'o ilebtello, to Slak Ji econ.. . Claude M I $!tfot . . el Va.etbe.SirPro,,er5" - ,pr- kko l -10.at N n, e f erreldn te ...... let "Itepttan ant iloo o h n ,ihsa It, ,ttu'" Stero,, y IIt A Shetteato. Se, retrn Geen't let If l'e r .(tl rI Chorshes o Natora Retet of the 8-two Conaie.m of fr, stol in. Pontad b, Pc igang ...... (0 ihe Sw,"rt.e Afiec- Opt-sano of OrZ ltr-eoni Rt., t I Ft I ,Etwnf tM koth krka- '5trd C, fgn Ilgaln Mltsry sod 'clea ol.- i4t Ittkotre ool 'te lb-o,m cthSolAr-.. Ois. 't , 1(', srhd sam N., -. . Phnns'o'tt t O r1t1. 'N 1eveld vel Ie (tefrO.te I 0,--I1, - Ir liNA 1-0ti. tu' 't rter ...t t l he,,'no utot,c t A"T', I t .T'k1 t k,,,P . t l P"5,-'," lot trt 1' The Observer November 11, 1983. Greater oil pressure on South Africa I i a move that could substantially increa se the pr-s ofthe oid embargo on South Africa. a meeting of internatonal ealtorer and dockers, in Copenhagen has dcided to amsemble detil of ompntnes shtpping oil to that country The Copenhagen meetg wil be followed by a Full-scale conference in the new year The seamen and docket, intend to gather detais of tankers docking in South African ports and to lobby compames that breach the iebarg South Afica ba nct laws blacking out iniormation about oil u.inactios. Lawr also restrict the publication of infrmnation about the uoantrso *key ponmt". which Itclude harbours. The ceaforers and dockers have confirmed that they will publish a blacklist of firs breaking 17N General Aembly rmsolutinos and that they have not ruled out the posibility of industrial action agairst the offending campanie. The end of the conference coincided with a report in the London Observer detailing a secret Trade as nl between South arca and Tamania. The front-page report claimed that over a four-year perod, Tnnmt has been exporting esidual oil it did not have the Capaoty to refine to South Afrca - and that South Afesc"a had, in turn, been delivering ol produeta to Tantra. The report documents the soyage of the tankrr Ar-dmore. which left Nigeria on 26 September in ballast and delivered a carga of 30,000 tons ofol to Dar e Solaarn on 13 October The shup's papers stated that the oil had been shipped by BP Singapore, however. BP havedemed sbipping the products. The head of Tanzaa's state oil corporation. S *lreoter Baeong, o, alleges that the certificate of ongon from the Singapore Charmber of Commerce wais forged and that it would have born impeosible for t e Andmore to have covered the 13.000-mtlejoutrnev frim Lagos to Dir es Salaaim vi Singapore at 18 day, The newspaper alleges that the AnInore. in fact, called at Cape Town earlsy to Octoher to collct 20.0t of diesel and 10,O0Ot of let fuel from the Caltex refinery for transi to Dar en Salaao Marcoteade . r S -ltsAd ,uhn'odt,t ,t Gulf International tioldings of Luneolturg not to confti d 'sith the US) Gulf OiW hwh N.r a I-kage dl to -uppl, ,All Tanmtac oil. admitttd that the tanker, pirviou; pet ,t oll wa Cape Town In stew of the Observi's disclsmurs and ito allegatisr that Barengo and Tanzatman Energy Minister Al Noor Kansue were to be paid ari nio s by litarcttrahl. a ery .etrosu dlenre in Tanana. President Nyerre ha Ordered an urgent toqary Stop apartheid tankers ' move A CONCERTED campaign to stop oil reaching South Africa is being organised by international seafarers' and dockers' unions, writes Victor Smart. The first steps in this new campaign-in protest at apartheid-came in Copenhagen last week at a meeting of unions from five nations, including Britain's National Union of Seamen and the Transport and General Workers' Union. l'his will be followed hy a full-scale conference early in the new year. The strategy will be to amass details of tanker- docking in South African ports- informa- ton the government there has banned. Union- will then lobhb companies breaching the embargo, repeatedly endorsed by the UN General Assemhl, although not by the binding Security Council Further pressure will be applied through publication of a blacklist and industnal action has not been ruled out. MNAOA asked to help in 'apartheid' oil move WORRYING evidence has emerged that seafares may be tss8 e their s and livehoodar by breaking a United Nations embargo on sappy. tng oil to South Afttca. Forned documents and bribe toe ang the method, -ld to dory bans ended by the United Nattons e m'eri asoal and toe tOrganitaon of Penslcam Ex. f[rrtg t ountttmn Mlit ciotr. now hack 'he r-thabto ind Penalt- they! coo "tnude relou", 1i deal -,0 , ts calln as touth - t, ac olts. tefusal in allow IoadteS and discharge of cargo, and rte dbntorn 1othrr5 -od .re of uhtt suspected of clandetnine trdinz. A clue to the wiay n a " the ewrhgtoes are being broken comes loom terso mn the 0terer tist mn lh whi.h eoaled tha a Snuth manser, tMS =rmes. bed tred dcoe a bribe otrnme to inisdt is In' bok to ditosia .l care.a Iscoth Alicn oonin After discoverng that dou. mees on ihe tp had been forged she captaintfoninwd the thipes manages. P A 0. who toid him II deal only with bona tide documents. MMSA Umtitant general sere. tar t Derck Bond aid: 'Othe maetrs should take note ot this and be on their guard agans postible de eption.' He warned that the end result of such incidents could he "hghy unpreh-tble.'" * Clitin the saw of the Salem. which wars tautld aien nhtppino Oi to South Africa. a pkcketwan for the London-bad Aol, Apartheid Mosemest armed "11 is eletnm Ip the siage whe. People ts toes are a relk hsauso of the rnahoda used to break ie ebasgo-s. The AAM hist coaptied ens demce shoown thast Brtith otn. panr.. have ben involved i the enmbrgo breaking A. ia ta in the iusneshts of t thatns so rt the ans of omnwen onmora so fetaudulet, and ilteal practices. MNAOA memnhra are to be asked ta take part eaely net yeat in an ineraa lai moon against, ship owet and ai tompanis do. fylt the United Nations ha. Assocatot numbers, along Olh s -ealaicr 0015 toughout the world, will he asked to complte questionnaires to help build up infomsuotn about compaotim violating the anMtoms. The quTtosnnaren will be tent out eoly its she Yno oea All the tnfot atin supplied will be treated in the strictest confidence MNAOA general sectetary Eric N-m. tad where you aes Shady 0oislsns you Sn shady Operaors and that is no Road for 'The owner that defie a UN ban today is te oner who tre m on crtew waes tomoeow ad Oette. an it t ship the day lfter I hope that all naieeb who have itormation will ashe it ionaible to the Ass s alO.' p tY P3t 152 psri f--T -NTNVYADAIRLINE OFFICERS' ASSOCIATION Vogl ?10tO12 DECILBER 1983 40P in

ANNUAL REPORT 1984-1985 P.O. BOX 11696 1001 GW AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS PHONE 10201 251300 TELEX 17125 COMSA NL

".:verybody is acutely aw'are of the extremely sensitive nature of the information concerning South Africa's crude oil purchases and although the crude oil market has now to a large extent turned. into a buyers market this has not reduced South Africa's economic and even military vulnerability in this sp here. As must be clear from the current events in the Persian Gulf an over-supply of crude oil can change overnight into a critical shortage." (Report of the South African Advocatc-Cencral, No. 7, 27 June 198L, 7ection 9.12, page 39emphasis by !RB)

INTRODUCTION The Shipping Research Bureau in Amsterdam was founded early 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group KAIROS (Christians against Apartheid). These two long standing Dutch antiapartheid organisations have been actively engaged for many years in actions against the involvement of Western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. From 1973 onwards the Working Group KAIROS has continuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against SHELL, since 1977 jointly with the Holland Committee on Southern Africa. In March 1980 Amsterdam was the venue of an International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organized by the two groups above in close co- operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. One of the concrete recommendations resulting from the Seminar was the "creatiom of machinery to monitor all shipments to South Africa" since this was seen as a conditional element of an effective oil embargo. As an immediate effect the Shipping Research Bureau was established. The principal aim of the Shipping Research Bureau(SRB) is to conduct in-depth research and to publish reports on the ways in which the oil embargo against South Africa is circumvented. Additional objectives are doing research on legislative and other means making the oil embargo more effective, and to inform governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations being able to strengthen the existing oil embargo on the Bureau's research findings. Since its foundation the SRB has published three main reports presenting detailed information on oil tanker deliveries and on companies involved. Furthermore the SRB has released several special surveys on particular companies or features and it has started to disseminate its "Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa" as a more regular information service. The Bureau's activities are made possible by financial assistance from several organisations in the field of international developmemt and cooperation and by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and from abroad.

- 2 OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without any doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and its police apparatus. South Africa has to import about two thirds of its needs of liquid fuel from overseas by means of large crude oil tankers. About one third is covered by production of three SASOL-plants converting indigenous coal into liquid fuels. On oil exploration, mainly off-shore, South Africa has spent large sums of money without striking sizeable oil finds. Oil is a strategic and essential commodity for the South African government to survive. Without oil the South African military could not maintain its army, air force and navy. Without oil the military and police could not invade and occupy the black townships inside South Africa and maintain the system of apartheid. Without oil the South African military could not continue its illegal occupation of Namibia against the will of the Namibian people and the international community. Without oil South Africa could not continue its invasions and air bombings in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique and Lesotho. A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa imposed by the UN Security Council has not been implemented yet because of opposition of three of its Permanent Members, i.e. the United States of America, United Kingdom and France. However, there does exist a voluntary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown by the vote on the latest separate resolution of 5 December 1983: 130 to 6 countries. In particular, this embargo is endorsed by all main oil-exporting countries including member states of OPEC and OAPEC. In 1985 an oil embargo was also included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and the Commonwealth of Nations. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo against South Africa is widely shared by many international organisations such as the Non-Aligned States, Organisation of African Unity(OAU), World Council of Churches, Lutheran World Federation, International Labour Organisation(ILO)1, international trade union bodies as ICFTU and WFTU, '.estern seafarers' and dockers' unions represented by the Maritime Unions Against Apartheid, Organisation of All African Trade Unions Unity(OATUU), taropean Parliament, International Parliamentarians Union(IPU) and by the Association of ".'est European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (A'.7EPAA).

-3- RESEARC1: SRB's MAIN R PORT All Shipping Research Bureau's findings on oil shipments to South Africa over a certain period of time are compiled in its main reports which have been Dublished in a sequence of about every two years. Previous main reports were published in March 1981 covering the year 1979, and in June 1982 on the period 1980-1981. The SRB released its third main report in June 1984. This report entitled "Secret Oil Deliveries to South Africa 1981-1982" covered the period July 1981-January 1983. In this report the SRB identified 209 oil tankers which called at South African ports. 57 of these were considered to have actually delivered crude oil when they visited South Africa. The report presented a detailed examination of these 57 cases of apparent deliveries by providing names and tonnages of the tankers, names and nationalities of the managing companies, shipowners and charterers or owners of the cargo, the country or region where the crude oil did originate and the month of call at South Africa. In connection with these 57 tanker calls, thirty oil and shipping companies violating the oil embargo were identified. In addition special emphasis was given to the secrecy surrounding these shipments and to the effects of the existing oil embargo on South Africa. Among others, a list was presented showing the extra costs South Africa has to pay annually to circumvent the oil embargo. As a matter of standard procedure, prior to publication of its definite findings the Bureau did submit all its provisional data for correction or amplification to companies and governments concerned. As in the case of previous main reports, the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid was informed of all relevant research findings before publication. At its release -simultaneously in Oslo, Geneva and the Hague- SRB's third main report inspired front-page articles in international newspapers and in oil and shipping periodicals, and it was covered by radio and television networks in several countries. A summary in Arabic language was made available. Some of the press headlines are shown at the end of this annual report.

OTHE"R RiES!'APCH PUBLICATIONS: SURVEYS ON SP!CIAL FE1ATURES In addition to publication and dissemination of main reports the Shipping Research Bureau has released a number of special suveys. In order to inform governments, companies, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations and the media more accurately the Bureau started in 1984 publication of surveys focusing on specific practices in the oil trade to South Africa or on the role of individual oil and shipping companies which were identified as to be most deeply involved. All survqrs as listed below received substantial media coverage in the countries concerned. Contributing to the public discussion in Norway on the crucial role of Norwegian tanker companies in oil supplies to South Africa, the Bureau published in December 1984 a survey entitled "Oil Shipments to South Africa by the tankers Thorsaga, Thorshavet and Thorsholm. owned by A/S Thor Dahl of Norwav(1981- 1984)". This company transported at least 13 crude oil cargoes to South Africa in the period November 1981-September 1984. The survey was released in close co- operation with the Norwegian Council for Southern Africa. In January 1985 a survey was published on the role of the Dutch oil trader Mr. John Deuss and his main company Transworld Oil(TVO):"John Deuss/Transworld Oil, South Africa's main oil supplier". Transworld Oil and associated companies delivered at least 16.4 million tons of crude oil to South Africa in the period 1979-1983. In August 1985, shortly after a heated debate in Norway on secretive practices by Norwegian shipping companies in oil supplies to South Africa, the Bureau presented a survey on the shipping company Bergesen; "Oil Shipjments to South Africa by tankers owned and managed by Sig, Bergesen d.v. & Co of Norway(January 1979-January 1985)". Bergesen transported in this period at least 5.2 million tons of crude oil to South Africa by 21 tanker calls. Again, this survey was released in cooperation with the Norwegian Council for Southern Africa. In September 1985 the Bureau published a survey on the prominent role of the Danish shipping company Maersk/M~ller in the period 1979-1982: "Oil shipments to South Africa on Maersk tankers, The role of A.P. Miller of Denmark". Research for this survey was conducted jointly with the Danish Seamen's Union which presented clear evidence by crew members on several clandistine practices and procedures.

-5- As a result of growing public awareness of the use of trans-shipment of oil to South Africa via the port of Rotterdam, the Rotterdam City Administration commissioned an official investigation into the port's role in oil deliveries to South Africa. This investigation was done by the Bureau and was published in a special report in October 1985. Also in October 1985 a special survey was made on the role of the West German oil trader Marimpex:"Marimpex, a German Oil Supplier to South Africa". This survey showed Marimpex delivered at least 10 tanker cargoes to South Africa in the period December 1980-May 1983. All shipments were made by tankers which loaded crude oil in the port of Rotterdam. For a list of SRB-publications during 1984-1985 see page 11-12. NE'3SLETTER ON THE OIL 1?MBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA In order to got easier access to the Bureau's findings and to other relevant sources on South Africa's oil procurement many journalists, intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations requested the Bureau to present its findings on a more regular basis. Asa result the Bureau started in 1984 the release of its Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa. This newsletter does not only contain the Bureau's recent findings on oil shipments and on companies involved, but it also presents information from other sources on South Africa's oil situation and on actions by governments, intergovernmental organisations and anti-apartheid movements throughout the world. The newsletter has a wide international distribution and is sent free of charge to all organisations and individuals interested. Since it contributes to the growing international campaign for sanctions against South Africa, in particular by informing the media and pressure groups more accurately, subscription of the newsletter is steadily increasing. ASSISTANCE TO CONC7RN',D ORGAINISATIONS Apart from publications resulting from its own research activities the Bureau does release occasional papers in support of international conferences, seminars, hearings or other meetings by intergovernmental and by non-governmental organisations which are active in seeking ways to make the present oil embargo against South Africa more effective.

-6 The Bureau is also assisting the international press and other mass media continuously by presenting documentation and detailed information on specific aspects related to the oil embargo against South Africa. By supplying reliable documentation to journalists on their request the Bureau's activities have become well-known over the years to the international newspapers and to the specialized periodicals in the field of shipping and oil industry. If possible, representatives of the Bureau do participate in international conferences and other important meetings to be of assistance by presenting statements or background information on the oil embargo issue. In case the Bureau's representatives are not able to participate personally, the Bureau tries as much as possible to support those meetings by presenting occasional papers. During 1984 and 1985 the Shipping Research Bureau participated in or supported several international meetings of which the main were: -Evaluation Symposium on ICFTU Programme of Action in support of independent black trade union movement in South Africa, 19-20 January 1984, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. -International Hearing on South African Agression against the Neighbouring States, 22-24 March 1984, Oslo, Norway. -Seminars by the United Nations Council for Namibia in April and August 1984, Ljubljana and Toronto. -Conference of Arab Solidarity with the Struggle for Liberation in Southern Africa, 7-9 August 1984, Tunis, Tunesia. -Founding Conference of the Association of W1est European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(A'.7EPAA), 2-3 November 1984, Copenhagen, Denmark. -orld Council of Churches, Program to combat Racism(PCR), Yorkshop on Strategies towards Economic Isolation of South Africa, 20-23 May 1985, Frankfurt-Main, Federal Republicof Germany. -Conference "the Struggle against Colonialism and Racism -40 years of United Nations" of the ITGO Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization, 4-5 June 1985, Geneva, Switzerland. -International Conference "Apartheid and Southern Africa: the 'lest European Response", 12-14 September 1985, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. -Public Hearings on the Activities of Transnational Corporations(UNTNC), 16-20 September 1985, New York, U.S.A.. -Colloque sur l'Isolement de l'Afrique du Sud, organized by the French Anti- Apartheid Movement, 19-20 October 1985, Paris, France. -Conference on Oil Supplies to South Africa, by Seafarers' and Dockers' Trade Unions and the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, 30-31 October 1985, London, United Kingdom.

-7 IMPACT "I want to make the statement that the position in respect of the obtaining of oil by South Africa has not changed at all since 1979. To tell the truth, it has deteriorated because since 1979 two Western courtries have made laws prohibiting the sale of oil to South Africa. They have made it a punishable offence, and the position has deteriorated as a result." (the South African Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Mr. Danie Steyn, in a speech to Parliament, 21 March 1985. Hansard, col. 2586) Fully aware of South Africa's vulnerability to an oil embargo, its government and its oil industry officials have repeatedly shown their fear of monitoring research by the Shipping Research Bureau and of the threat of subsequent sanctions. In a speech to the Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce on 23 August 1984 a senior director of SASOL and former director of SFF responsible for all crude oil purchases, Dr. Dirk F. Mostert stated: "The Amsterdam Shipping Bureau and others monitor all ships that come to South Africa and. they keep a list and if any ship is identified as having delivered crude oil in this country, it is attacked when it returns to anyone of the other harbours. So one can be sure that ship owners are very careful in coming here because they run the risk that they couldn't go back with that into some other ports." It may not be surprising that the Bureau's work is seen as hostile to the South African government. Reports of the Bureau are therefore in South Africa "undesirable publications". That research findings and publications by the Bureau do contribute to campaigns by the international anti-apartheid movement was shown in March 1985 when Vest 11uropean groups launched actions in support of the oil embargo against South Africa. These actions against companies breaking the embargo followed a public appeal by the Presidents of ANC and SVJAPO which presented a blacklist of South Africa's "friends and partners", i.e. about 200 V7estern companies known to have been involved in supply and transport of oil to South Africa. As a result of the Bureau's activities some oil and shipping companies which were exposed as oil suppliers to South Africa, have ceased their involvement. Among them was a Dutch oil trading company called Vitol which was identified by the Bureau for at least 8 deliveries. Txpressing its regrets this company stated in March 1985: "Vitol has learnt a hard lesson from this experience. Since Vitol is trading with 0P.C and Comecon countries, it would be suicide to trade with oil to South Africa."

- 8 Partly due to 3RB-publications on the crucial role of Norwegian and Danish companies in oil supplies to South Africa, anti-apartheid organisations and political parties in Parliament of these countries did put mcre pressure on their governments to introduce stricter measures in order to stop shipping companies calling at South African ports. In Denmark Parliament instructed its government in December 1985 to table a separate bill banning the sale of Danish oil and transport of any oil on Danish-owned vessels. In Norway the government expressed its wish in December 1985 to reduce calls at South Africa by Norwegian ships. As an instrument the Norwegian government introduced a system of registration. According to these guidelines Norwegian shipowners are asked to report their ships' calls at South African ports. Quarterly returns on the number of vessels and tonnage involved will be made public by the government. In addition the Norwegian government announced in November 1985 it would present legislation pro:ibiting the sale of Norwegian North Sea oil to South Africa. In a more indirect way publications by the Bureau may have contributed to some policy measures by other governments such as of Canada, Brasil and Australia and by intergovernmental organisations as the -uropean Community and the Commonwealth of Nations which both introduced an oil embargo as part o-f their "restrictive measures" against South Africa in 1985. Continued support for an oil embargo was also expressed by the League of Arab States in August 1984 in their conference in Tunis. Its final declaration stated: "It denounces the tanker companies and other corporations which are helping South Africa to circumvent the oil embargo. It urges the Arab and African oil-exporting countries, in co-operation with other oil-exporting countries, to take firm action against those companies, including strict penalties against companies violating the oil embargo against South Africa." In recent years the Bureau has given special emphasis to the role of trans- shipment ports, in particular of Rotterdam. Due to previous findings by the Bureau on oil shipments from Rotterdam to South Africa and subseauent discussions in the Rotterdam city council, the City Administration commissioned the Bureau to investigate the volume of those shipments in recent years. As a result of this investigation a majority of the city council urged a permanent control on destinations of loaded oil tankers departing from Rotterdam. It also planned to prepare for a conference of West European ports to develop common measures to stop the flow of oil from these ports to South Africa. Since introduction of legislation and implementation of policy measures are crucial for an effective oil embargo against South Africa, the

-9- Bureau supported the foundation of the Association of W.Iest European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(AZEPAA) in November 1984. Action in support of the oil embargo is one of A.VJPAA's priorities and A'IPAA will use the Bureau's findings on each country in '.estern Europe to take initiatives to get international and national legislation adopted in various Parliaments. In the field of actions to tighten the existing oil embargo initiatives by international and national trade unions are of crucial importance. As an example, due to close co- operation with the Danish Seamen's Union the Bureau was not only able to identify more tanker calls, but it could also present detailed information on clandistine operations which were witnessed by Danish crew members. In May 1984 the ICFTU adopted a new programme of action including actions to enforce the oil embargo against South Africa. Its affiliate, the International Transportworkers Federation(ITF) requested its members to send information on ships to the Bureau. In its action program the ICFTU expressed: "Ie vill, in co-operation with the Shipping Research Bureau, seek to identify practical measures which may contribute to the implementation of the existing oil embargo against South Africa, and will press for the introduction of obligatory and published reports by shipping companies on calls at South African harbours." Speaking of impact of the Bureau's work on trade union action, special attention has to be given to an initiative by the international trade unions' group called "Maritime Unions against Apartheid"(MUAA), representing unions from Denmark, Australia and the Un.:ted Kingdom. Their aim is to complie a "hit list" of shipping companies which would become targets for direct action. The possible effect of initiatives like this were clearly recognized by the 2outh African government. Before parliament the South African Minister of Mineral and Snergy Affairs, Mr. Danie Steyn stated in March 1985 South Africa's oil procurement had deteriorated: "To tell the truth, I think the efforts since 1979 to cut off South Africa's oil resources have increased(...) The shipping companies are being watched 24 hours a day and 365 days a .year, and not for nothing. Adefinite and deliberate attempt is being made to influence shipping companies in this way." In October 1985 the initiative above was taken over by unions from more than 30 countries all over the world at a conference of seafarers' and dockers' unions in London with the support of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. For this conference the

- 10 - Bureau prepared a special conference paper which contained a list of all companies identified by SRB ov3r the period 1979-1983. As its main decision the conference resolved that any ship detected to be involved in oil deliveries to South Africa would be liable to direct action by maritime unions throughout the w-orld. PRS7T!!T ACTIVITI7S Although the Shipping Research Bureau does highly esteem all activities by organisations and individuals trying to tighten the existing oil embargo against South Africa at which the Bureau aims to support as much as possible, it has to maintain its principal purpose: conducting in-depth research and publish its findings on the ways in which South Africa tries to obtain its crude oil imports. Therefore the Bureau is preparing for its next main report which may provide new documenta;tion on oil embargobreakers and subsequently present possibilities to close additional loopholes in the oil embargo against South Africa. The Bureau is planning to release its next main report in the autumn of 1986. This report will cover the period 1983-1985. In addition the Bureau will continue its release of the Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa during 1986, hereby providing occasional SRB findings and compiling information on South Africa's oil procurement for all organisations concerned. Furthermore will the Bureau be of assistance to governments, to the media and to organisations campaigning for a stricter oil embargo against South Africa. In this respect the Bureau did support preparations for an international campaign against SHEL, in 1985 and ,ill continue to do so in the coming period in which campaigning activities against Shell's involvement in South Africa may increase, in particular in the USA and in Hestern :-urope. Amsterdam, May 1986.

- 11 PUBLICATIONS by the Shipping Research Bureau in 1984-1085: 1. Secret Oil Deliveries to South Africa 1981-1982: Amsterdam, June 1984. Main report. ISBN 90 70331 15 2. A 100 page main report listing up 57 large oil tankers and their corporate relations (owner, manager, oil company) apparently involved in supply of crude oil to South Africa. Period July 1981-January 1983. Chapters highlight the secrecy surrounding those shipments and the extra costs South Africa has to pay annually to circumvent the oil embargo. Chapter on companies mainly focuses on Transworld Oil(John Deuss), Shell, Vitol Trading, Marc Rich, Scandports, Marcotrade/Tradinaft in respect to oil companies, regarding shipping companies on Sig. Bergesen d.y., A.P. Miller-Maersk, Cast- Eurocanadian Shipholdings, Denholm(UK), Helmer Staubo, Lorentzens Rederie Co., and Hansen-Tangen. 2. Oil and Tanker Interests that facilitate the Exploitation of Namibia's natural resources. Amsterdam, April and August 1984. Survey. A 25 page survey presented at the Seminars of the United Nations Council for Namibia, Ljubljiana, April and Vancouver, August 1984. Brief outline of strategic importance of oil products and petrochemicals in Namibian economy, and use of these products by South African occupation army. Analysis of origin of petroleum products, oil companies producing them, and shipping companies transporting products to Namibia. The importance of the oil embargo as a means to stop occupation and exploitation of Namibia is discussed. 3. The Oil Embarro against South Africa: West European involvement and nossible actions. United Nations Centre against Apartheid, Information Note no. 57/84. New York, November 1984. Paper prepared for the Founding Conference of the Association of West ]uropean Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(AWEPAA) at Copenhagen, 2-3 November 1984. Brief outline of South Africa's vulnerability to an oil embargo and of economic sectors as main consumers of oil. Loopholes in the existing oil embargo are discussed emphasizing the role of West European companies as the main embargo-breakers. Conclusion on possibilities for action by 3est European Parliamentarians. 4. Oil Shioments to South Africa by the tankers Thorsaps. Thorshavet & Thorsholm owned by A/S Thor Dahl of Norwav(1981-1980). Amsterdam-Oslo, December 1984. Survey. The Norwegian shipping company Thor Dahl as one of the most persistent in crude oil deliveries to South Africa. Survey identifies 13 apparent deliveries in the period November 1981-September 1984. Tables provide detailed findings on each shipment. Annexes present background information on the compapy. 5. John Deuss-Transworld Oil. Zuid-Afrika's belanrriikste olieleverancier. Amsterdam, January 1985. Survey in Dutch with English summary. 20 page survey listing up shipments of crude oil to South Africa by tankers owned or chartered by Transworla Oil. Information added from South African confidential report on Deuss' long-term contracts with South Africa. .vidence of false customsstamped certificate is included illustrating the ways in which Transworld Oil is circumventing the oil embargo. 6. West .7uropean Involvement in breakinr the Oil ;bbarro arainst South Africa. Amsterdam, May 1985. Workshop paper. Paper presented to PCR workshop on Strategies towards Economic Isolation of South Africa, by World Council of Churches Commission on the Program to Combat Racism, 20-23 may 1985 at Frankfurt-Main. 27 page paper is uodated version of United Nations Centre against Apartheid Information Note No. 57/84. >xtensive information on involvement in West European countries by oil and shipping companies was added. Conclusion on recommendations on possible actions by solidarity groups, churches, trade unions and others in 'estern'Europe. 7. Oil shitments to South Africa by tankers owned and msnaged by Sir. Eerresen d.y and Co. of Nor.-v(1T-1985). Amsterdam-Oslo, August 1985. Survey. Dergesen transported about over 5.2 million tons of crude oil to South Africa in the period January 1979-January 1985. This is about 7 per cent of South Africa's need of crude oil. Detailed information on tanker calls, quantities, secretive practices and the origin of oil in question is presented in this 30 page survey.

- 12 - 8. Ipqt )irononn Connn, h5-alrin. th. O11 Snr-n amginnt South Africi- Ponibillities for n mst !Nironenn Rernonsp. Amsterdam, September 1985. Conference paper. French version available. .pecial paper prepared for the International Conference "Apartheid and Southern Africa: the 3est ,uropean Response", 12-14 September at Amsterdam. Focus on West European involvement with emphasis on actual impact of existing embargo by showing South Africa's lasting vulnerability to an oil embargo, by stressing secrecy measures by the South African government and oil suppliers, by summing up the costs of the embargo, and by pointing out which crucial sectors are dependent on oil imports. Detailed information is given on West European involvement over recent years. Conclusion on summary of government policies and actual possibilities for policy measures to tighten the oil embargo. 9. Oil Shipments to South Africa on Maersk Tankers: the role of A.P. Hillor of Denmark. Amsterdam, June 1985. Survey. At least 20 times a MNller-Maersk tanker delivered oil to South Africa in the period 1979-1981, when South Africa was extremely vulnerable for an oil embargo. Maersk tankers supplies about 20 per cent of South Africa's oil needs in that period. Apart from 18 crude oil deliveries, two shipments of refined products from Canada to an army base in South Africa were identified. Duo to eye-witnesses from crew members very detailed evidence is given on the use of secrecy clauses, code names for tankers, false reporting of destinations, transshipment of oil at sea by ship-to-ship transfer and hiding origin of oil. Research was conducted jointly with the Danish Seamen's Union. 10. Harimnex-a German Oil Sunnlier to South Africa. Amsterdam-Bonn, October 1985. Survey. At least 10 deliveries of crude oil to South Africa were made by the Hamburg- based oil trader Marimpex during December 1980-May 1983. All deliveries were made through the port of Rotterdam by trans-shipment. False destinations in all cases were reported to the authorities. Review of owmership of tankers ';y Marimpex. Detailed information on the use of foreign companies by Marimpex, some of them affiliated, to keep the company's involvement from being exposed. 'ictensive information on this untransparent conglomerate, its controversial role in Sest German oil industry and politics. 11. Comnanies Breakine the Oil J~barro arainst South Africa. Amsterdam- London, October 1985. Conference paper. Special paper prepared for the international Conference on Oil Supplies to South Africa by seafarers' and dockers's unions in London, 30-31 October 1985, sponsored by the United Hations Special Committee against Apartheid. This is a comprehensive overview of all oil and shipping companies identified by the SRB as having been involved in oil shipments to South Africa in the period 1979-1983. Inclusion of updated findings. Some research results on the years 1983 and 1984 were added. Detailed information on all tanker calls, associated oil and shipping companies, company addresses, ownership, management, monte of call at South Africa and on volumes involved by each company. 12. Newsletter on the Oil Eubarpo arainst South Africa. In February 1984 the Shipping Research Bureau published its first issue. Second issue in June 1985, third in February 1986. Nos. 4,5 and6 will be released in May, September and December 1986. This newsletter does offer a compilation of reports on the international oil embargo against South Africa. Not only SRB-research findings are reported here, but also other relevant sources regarding the oil situation of South Africa. In addition news is given on actions, campaigns and policy measures by antiapartheid movements, trade unions, churches, poitical parties, governments and international organisations. .~ ~; O'*.,

- 13 - Some international press headlines on SRB's 3rd main report LLoYosusT.FridayJun.94 Shippers 'evade' Bureau urges clamp on South Africa S. Africa oil shipments toil sales ban Int. Herald Tribune: Oil Embargo on South Africa Defied 1 ,. 1.r2 SA's oil secrets, spotlighted by Dutch group A REPORT CALLED *Secret oil deliveries to South Africa, 1981-1982", purporting to monitor breaches of the UN oil embargo against South Africa. has been sent to newspapers in South Africa and the authorities in Norway. Britain, Swi tzerland and the Netherlands. S.Africa oil-embargo busters hit back at research bureau epd Enewicklungspol e.k 13/84 *J u1l) South Africa's secret oil shipments are unmasked Financial Times: name viooa.ors Report details violations itch l vi r of of S. African oil embargo anti-apartheid embargo Junk n. 1954 [ jca,=,,ctr. ]Tankers break Report exposes illegal oil deliveries to S Africa oil Guardian embargo 'all Street Journal: S. Africa Said to Evade OPEC's Oil Boycott Information Shipping Research Bureau: SUDAFRIKA: WIRKSAMKEIT UND BRUCH EINES OLEMBARGOS D.s von za hr*ichen st.aen und Untern.men beechiossene ole.aro rland nog betrokken bij SOdafrikas macht deI Apex theid-Stast schwer zu schaffen und verursacht jahziehe Zusetz-Kosten in 66he von rund z.,ei Milliarden Dollar.' Zu ,:eSam Egc9 n* l = . d ie In Juni ver~ffentlichte Studi* "Gehei e 01 Ii: e;untc h frk 1981 - olieleveranties Zuid9Aenika rika-Gruppen gegrandeten Shipping Research Bureau in mstrdm. 24i-AUL DTAt.NCORDea 11, l4 NEW DATA ON OIL IMPORTS Africia News :in iericht beluchtl die illegalen Prahtiken europdischer Unternehmen ,, WeSfidafrika trotzEmbargozu seinem 01 kommt ,ch tasd'. . 'AFRIQUE OU SUD. Journal d e Geneve: ;' ''""'"-"'"'" :...'"""* "*'... Pretoria,.ne.,manque pas .-de, p trole.*. The Tim ez (UlK) Muigri to boycot dent to rigimte e-sricalneset robjel. I ,tie d'or )bo,.n direction do Durban. e Tankers ' o itng Sou torlssent t Is oris des linkers nesi pas prs d. srr . ,. . Tankers Aola_.4 o South .,,,,-, -- ,-.,o Aparteid Africa embargo named irmaie n -i , , rwi: talon combien Ho'Sui Afra id'Achille ? Le petrole coIte How7outh Arica lmports oil leI boycott Les trafiquants ne manquent . pas d'iriagination . . , IAo," , l. At C,.C.,L British ships help (Secret Oil Deliveries to South Africa 1981- 1982) * 1A AT - I-,A apartheid oil flow Ein austunrlicher Bericht Uber illegale Ollieferungen an SUdafrika J e&un q.Ar~~ un 6eud ra/e par le Shipping Research Bureau (S.R.B.) d'Amsterdam dvalue i plus de 2 milliards de dollars les peris causdes A I'Afriquc du Sud par le .. ==...... ==.======...... ==== Lutherische Welt- Information 27/84 Amsterdam (Niederlande), 12. Juli 1984 (wi) - Ein vom Amsterdamer SchffahrtsforschungsbUro Verfasster Bericht Uber "Heimliche Ullieferungen an SUdafrika 1981-1982" ist kUrzlich erschienen. Er enthalt Erkennt"t_ - . .... V.*. =11.0 217 - - __ zzmw t

Some clippings on SRB-surveys: - 14Rand Daily Mail:fSA 'still a target of oil ban'I 16 Oct. 1984 DAG OGTID Nr.51152.20.desember 1984 "RdE ANO VILf0 4 j WriTSI 1 W " FIl d '11- 1 Mistanke om meir olle- STORE NORSKE ,transport til Sor-Afrika OLJE-FRAKTER John Des/TTransworld Oil, hor Dahl/everer 10prosent av Sor-Afrikas ol/e? .,.o,.,.,., o, .,,,,,,r.,., . .oohn ^o-' Deuss /.,. Tawo ol, W oi TasordOf Reiartaret A/S Thor Dahl stir truleg bak ends fleire South Africa's Main Supplier or Crude Oil NjS is ransworld1 (bi1? leveransar av olie til Sor-Afrika enn del sor star i sk p,7A.L den rapporten Shipping Research Bureau Ia fram sist mindag. TAKE ACTION AGAINST TWO- JUNE 26th Oliehandelaar Deuss is'nooit thuis Picket and Telegram TWO Head Office O Pb"b Xd- .-0-13 -, R... . I.. &. %W10. UK Omstreden oliehhndelaar lapt offer-'.: TRANSWORLD OIL embargo Zuid-Afrikai aan ziin aia LUBRICATES APARTHEID sier nederlandsk forskningsinstitusjon _ Nordsjo-olje il Sor-Afrikas krig Report on secret Danish Somaendenes forbund: oil shipments to SA -AIIllI,,,dsl rti, "Ber A.P. MOULLER SIELGER A. P.Mflle," frak oelbie til til Sv STADIG TIL SYDAFRKA'dafrika API YN-oImSSle CALL FOR AN vra[d OILEMBARGO Sg .r. By the African National Congress of its Africa antd the South West African SIAfI-k Lom onieab yeo S People's Organisation of Namibia. ~~ N.TERNATIONAL SUPPORT GROWS AGAINST OIL SUPPLY TO SOUTH AFRICA otterdam about to ban LONDON - INTERNATIONAL FOR CUTTING OFF OIL SUPPLIES TO S AFRICA IS SATTRACTING THE ATTENTION OF WESTERN SHIPPIEG TRADE UNIONS ACCO:,.%G '0 A SPOKES M. St. r'. Fo rt O A ,-.j MAN O TEHE TRITIS NATIONAL UNION OF SEAMIEN N ew S.FC A _, SAID UNIONS FROM DENMARK AUSTRALIA WEST G EMANI A%1, 10A1 F t \R GETTING .. ._iti. rI j l 'U INVOLVEO ... E CAMPAIGN ADDING *WUAT WE WOULD LIKE To SEE IS A FLC'-r. INFOR.,ATION olsim nsto S BrtshO ROMMIIOLEAST1 TUDUNIONISTANDOTUER11SOURCES 0,HELP US SCF Dens o l sh i m ents v THE MAI' TAS OF TUE CAMPAIGN IS TO DRAN UP A tIST OFT ' C!oI-S 5.- C.iAFIES Sl N TO HAVE IPPLI OIL TO SOUI AFRICA AND TO ENCOURAGE '. .'.'e fRS TO IL EM1AR oi.(l| ' l ban~l C -L- PnoVol), IMORMATION ABOUT THEATIVTIIESO SUC" TAIE 1SAND Cl IP-' VIFFEN A C PRIIIE SIV LUIST HID BEEN O ANN UP IT WO L N- .E ' Z 11.ICZD"AO SINVOLVED WOULD BE C T OR AI URANCEI0 LASE ., SPOKSMAN SAID l 0 OULO THIS FAIL if CQIIPANIES V.OUL0BE lJAANE° THAT Tb.t, N.PAGUT EECOMUEA L. . . ..iby MARTIN SAILEY TAnGETSOFIVORLDV."°F INDUSTRIAL ACTIO HE ADDED ...... h" fl f k A " J I ... Det contract:" froi .... li Illegaler Olexport nach unda J.rahia. Hamburge Firma Maimpex verstoOt gegen Olembargo f smasl gesen-skip er mest oljj V 1 41 Moller 'ends Owners face boycott oil voyages . Lloyd' List 31 Octob 8 to S. Africa' over S African oil Union strike threat against suppliers of oil to Pretoria Shell gets boycott warning on py network plan S.. Africaess(SoUt Refined oil to cUE oer 194 evades embargo f Soi

ANNUAL REPORT 1986 P.O. BOX 11898 1001 GW AMSTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS PHONE (020) 251300 TELEX 10236 sanam n1

"Between 1973 and 1984 the Republic of South Africa had to pay R 22 billion more than it would have normally spent on oil imports. There were times when it was reported to me that we had enough oil for only one week. Just think what we could have done if we had that R 22 billion today ... But we had to spend it because we couldn't bring our motor cars and our diesel locomotives to a standstill as our economic life would have collapsed. We paid a price which we are still suffering from today." (President P.W. Botha in a speech to South African Parliament , 21 April 1986. Emphasis by SRB)

- 1 - THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU The Shipping Research Bureau(SRB) in Amsterdam was founded in 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group KAIROS(Christians against Apartheid) . These two long-standing Dutch anti- apartheid organisations have been actively engaged for many years in actions against involvement by Western companies in oil suppliesto South Africa. From 1973 onwards KAIROS has continuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the major oil company SHELL. Since 1977 the Holland Committee on Southern Africa has joined in this campaign. In March 1980 Amsterdam was the venue of an International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organized by the two above groups in close cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. One of the main recommendations resulting from this Seminar was the "creation of machinery to monitor all shipments of oil to South Africa" since this was seen as an essential condition to develop an effective oil embargo. As an immediate effect, a separate monitoring unit -the Shipping Research Bureauwas established. Principal aim of the Bureau is to conduct in-depth research and to publish reports on the ways in which the oil embargo against South Africa is circumvented. Additional objectives are doing research on legislative and other measures making the oil embargo more effective, and to inform governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations being able to strenghten the existing oil embargo. Since its foundation, the SRB has published four main reports presenting detailed information on oil tanker deliveries, on companies involved and on countries or regions from where tankers sailed to South Africa, covering the period 1979- 1984. Furthermore the SRB has released several special surveys on particular companies or features.In 1985 the Bureau started to issue its quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa as a more regular service of information. The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several organisations in the field of international develooment and cooperation and, in particular, by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad.Among the funding

- 2 - organisations are the Swedish and Norwegian Governments, the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions(LO) , the World Council of Churches and the United Nations. OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA "Oil is a key factor in the racist regime's illegal occupation of Namibia, in the acts of agression against the People's Republic of Angola and other neighbouring states, and in the terror, repression and death meted out against the peoples of Namibia and South Africa." (from the joint appeal to the international community by President S. Nujoma of SWAPO and President O.R. Tambo of the ANC to impose and enforce an oil embargo against South Africa, 7 March 1985) Oil is without doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and police apparatus. South Africa has to import about two thirds of its needs for liquid fuel -about 14 million tons of crude oil a year- from overseas by means of large oil tankers. The remaining third is covered by production of three SASOL plants converting indigenous coal into liquid fuels. South Africa has spent large sums of money on oil exploration, mainly offshore, without striking sizeable oil finds. Oil is a strategic and essential commodity for the survival of the South African government. Without oil, the South African military could not maintain its army, air force and navy. Without oil the military and police could not invade and occupy the black townships inside South Africa and maintain the system of apartheid. Without oil, the South African military could not continue its illegal occupation of Namibia against the will of the Namibian people and the international community. Without oil, South Africa could not continue its invasions and bombings in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. - 3 - A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, has not been implemented yet, because of opposition by three Permanent Members, namely the United States of America, the United Kingdom and France. However, there does exist a volutary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was discussed as separate issue. The resolution of 10 November 1986 on the oil embargo was adopted by 136 to 5 votes, with 15 abstentions. The member states voting against were the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oil-exporting countries including member states of OPEC and OAPEC. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo is widely supported by many international organisations such as the Non-Aligned States, the Organisation of African Unity(OAU) , the League of Arab States, the World Council of Churches(WCC) , The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) , the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office(ILO), international trade union bodies as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions(ICFTU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions(WFTU) , the International Transport Workers Federation(ITF), Western seafarers' and dockers' unions represented by the group "Maritime Unions against Apartheid", the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity(OATUU) , the European Parliament, the International Parliamentarians Union(IPU) , the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(AWEPAA) , and the Socialist International. RESEARCH SRB'S MAIN REPORT: "SOUTH AFRICA'S LIFELINE. VIOLATIONS OF THE OIL EMBARGO" All SRB's findings on oil shipments to South Africa over a certain period of time are compiled in its main reports which have been published in a sequence of about every two years. Previous reports

- 4 - were published in March 1981(covering 1979), in June 1982(on 1980-1981), and in June 1984(on 1981-1982). The Shipping Research Bureau released its fourth main report in September 1986. This report entitled "South Africa's Lifeline. Violations of the Oil Embargo" covered the period January 1983December 1984. A total of 268 .taaker calls at South African ports were identified. 83 of these tankers apparently delivered crude oil. The report presented detailed documentation on those 83 cases by providing names and volumes of the tankers, identities and nationalities of the operating companies, shipowners, charterers and owners of the oil cargoes, and the month of call at South Africa. In addition, due to intensified scrutiny, in a large number of cases the country or region where tankers sailed from, could be identified. Special emphasis was given in this report to the effects of the oil embargo on South Africa, in particular, on the South African counterstrategy of synthetic fuel production, of oil exploration and of official state secrecy and draconian legislation, and on the extra costs: annually South Africa has to spend about US $ 2,300 million extra to counter the oil embargo. This amount has to be spent over and above its "normal" crude oil import bill of about Us $ 3,000 million. In addition, the report presented an overview of actual and possible actions and measures to tighten the present oil embargo. As a matter of standard procedure, prior to publication of definite findings, the Bureau submitted all its provisional data to companies and governments involved for correction, amplification or other comments. As with previous reports, the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid was informed of all relevant research findings before publication. On the queries sent to the companies involved the Bureau received a response of about 70 per cent. The number of replies given by governments was substantial, but some Western nations where oil and shipping companies are based, and some oil-exporting countries failed to reply. When it was released -simultaneously in London, Brussels, Oslo and the Hague- the report gave rise to many front-page articles in international newspapers and in oil industry and shipping press, and it was covered by several radio and television networks all over the world. Some of the press headlines are shown in the annexes to this annual report.

- 5 - INFORMATION NEWSLETTER ON THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA In the past many journalists, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations requested to the SRB to offer a more regular source of information and a quicker access to the Bureau's findings. In response to that wish the Bureau started in 1985 the release of its Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa(ISSN 0169-3956). This quarterly newletter does not only contain SRB's recent findings, but it also presents information from other sources on South Africa's oil situation, and on actions by governments, international bodies and campaigns by anti-apartheid organisations throughout the world. The newsletter has a wide international distribution, and it is sent out free of charge to all organisations and individuals interested. During 1986 subscription increased steadily, partly due to growing international support for sanctions against South Africa, partly because of the worsening situation inside South Africa, its state of emergency and its draconian censorship regulations on media coverage of events. The Bureau has experienced that its newsletter is closely read by media workers, representatives of companies and governments, and by non-governmental groups active on the oil embargo issue. OTHER ACTIVITIES ASSISTANCE TO CONCERNED ORGANISATIONS Apart from publications resulting from its own research activities the Bureau does release occasional papers in support of international conferences, seminars, hearings or other meetings by governmental, intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations which are actively seeking for ways to make the present oil embargo more effective. The Bureau also assisted the international press and other mass media by directly presenting documentation and background information on the specific subjects asked for. Whenever possible, representatives of the Bureau participate in

- 6 - international conferences and other important meetings by delivering statements or presenting the necessary information on the oil embargo issue. When the Bureau's representatives are not able to attend personally, it tries to support those meetings by issuing conference papers. During 1986, the Bureau participated in or supported several international meetings of which the main ones were: -the United Nations Seminar on Oil Embargo, Oslo, 4-6 June. This Seminar was organized by the UN Special Committee against Apartheid in cooperation with the Government of Norway; -The World Conference on Sanctions against Racist South Africa, Paris, 16-20 June. This was sponsored by the UN Special Committee against Apartheid in cooperation with the Organisation of African Unity(OAU) and the Non-Aligned States. Here the Bureau presented the paper "Tightening the Oil Embargo against South Africa, possible actions to close the loopholes."; -the Workshop on Namibia and Sanctions against South Africa, Stockholm, 15-19 October. This was organized by the Swedish Committee for the Isolation of South Africa(ISAK) and the Africa Groups of Sweden(AGIS) in cooperation with the American Committee on Africa(ACOA) , the Holland Committee on Southern Africa(HCSA), the Mouvement Anti-Apertheid(MAA) of France and the Namibia Support Committee(NSC) of the UK. The UN Council for Namibia and the Swedish International Development Authority(SIDA) sponsored this Workshop. -the International Conference "Beating Apartheid and Strengthening the Frontline", Lusaka, 21-23 October. This conference was jointly sponsored by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) , the Southern Africa Trade Union Coordination Council (SATUCC) and the Zambian Congress of Trade Unions(ZCTU); -the Working Session on Economic Sanctions against South Africa by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(AWEPAA) , Strasburg, 23-24 October. For this meeting of parliamentarians the SRB prepared a discussion paper entitled "West European loopholes in the Oil Embargo against South Africa: Actual situation of policies and action potential by Parliamentarians".

- 7 - IMPACT "The Press discontinued the publication of the names (of oil suppliers-SRB) after we had held consultations with their editors. We saved oil supplies from certain sources regardless of the fact we can buy it anywhere. The reason for this is that the crux of the matter is not what is said overseas but what we say in South Africa." (Mr. Danie Steyn, South Africa's Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Hansard, House of Parliament debates, col. 5864, 20 May 1985) Since in South Africa total secrecy on oil imports is paramount, SRB's research findings embody "what is said overseas", namely the publication of the identities of oil suppliers violating the oil embargo. Well aware of South Africa's continued vulnerability to an oil embargo, the South African government has repeatedly shown its fear of the effects of monitoring work on oil shipments and of the threat of subsequent sanctions. Stressing the need of strict secrecy regulations, the South African Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs stated before Parliament on 20 May 1985: "We are still in an embargo situation, there is no question about that. No oil company would happily supply to South Africa because they would know that they would then be in a lot of trouble in their own country." It may not be surprising the South African government is regarding the Bureau's work as hostile. SRB's reports are banned in South Africa as "undesirable publications". As a result of the Bureau's monitoring activities, some companies which have been exposed as oil suppliers to South Africa, have ceased their involvement. Among them was a prominent Norwegian shipping company. After publication of the latest SRB main report in September 1986 the company A/S Thor Dahl stated it had severed all trade links with South Africa. Due to more publicity, partly because of SRB's publications, and due to pressure by anti- apartheidL organisations and parliamentary action, several governments introduced stricter measures in order to stop companies supplying oil to South Africa.

- 8 - On 30 May Denmark became the first Western country to impose a legal ban on all commercial transactions with South Africa and Namibia. In the Act special reference was made to the oil embargo (Section 2): "The ban on trade with the Republic of South Africa and Namibia applies also to transport of mineral oil and mineral petroleum products on Danish-owned vessels to and from the Republic of South Africa and Namibia". In Norway, parliament adopted a bill banning the sale, resale and brokerage of Norwegian crude oil, gas and refined products to South Africa. In addition the Norwegian government introduced a system of registration of Norwegian tankers calling at South African ports. At the UN General Assembly Norway actively sponsored the inclusion of monitoring work by an Intergovernmental Group in the UN Resolution on the Oil Embargo in November. At an international oil conference in London in October, the Norwegian governmental delegation left the conference room in protest of the attendance of one of South Africa's main oil suppliers, Mr. John Deuss of Transworld Oil, who had been invited to address the conference. In the United States of America, the Congress adopted in October the "Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986", thereby overruling a Presidential veto. In this act a section is included on prohibition of exports of crude oil and petroleum products to South Africa. The government of Iran, in a letter to a Norwegian newspaper, stressed its adherance to the oil embargo by stating:"In all of the oil deals with other countries and companies Iran requires a guarantee that they will not sell oil to the racist and illegitiate Regime of South Africa. In case of any violations of the agreement by any company, their names will be included in the blacklist." After being informed by the Bureau on a secret delivery of Egyptian crude oil cargo, the government of Egypt started investigations and announced it did not wish to do business anymore with the shipping company involved. Within the organisation of the United Nations, the Bureau's research findings did contribute to the initiative of having a special UN Oil Embargo Seminar, held in Oslo in June, which was sponsored by the Norwegian government. Although the Seminar was only open to governmental representatives, SRB's reports and

- 9 - surveys supplied the necessary documentation upon which many of the Seminar's recommendations in its final resolution were based. These recommendations regarding the tightening of the oil embargo, have been endorsed by the World Sanction Conference in Paris and they played a crucial role in the debate at the UN General Assembly. In November the UN General Assembly adopted a separate resolution on the oil embargo in which special emphasis was given to the monitoring of the supply and shipping of oil to South Africa. One of the key decisions was the establishing of an intergovernmental group to monitor the oil trade to South Africa, and to submit a report on the implementation of the present resolution of the UN General Assembly. The full text of this resolution is added to this annual report as an annex. In the European Community, a limited oil embargo came into effect in January. The EC measure, however, only bans the sale of crude oil which is brought in free circulation within the common market. Crude oil held in bonded storage, for instance in transshipment ports like Rotterdam, and refined products exported to South Africa are not covered by this measure. Stressing these apparent loopholes, not in the least a lacking implementation of the EC measure by member states, the European Parliament adopted a resolution in July urging the extension of the EC embargo by including a ban on all oil- based products including stocks held in storage, on oil technology and its financing, on petrochemicals and on involvement by EC companies in the transport of oil to South Africa. In October European Parliament requested the EC Commission to make proposals as to the most practicle means of monitoring sanctions, in order to get information on the actual implementation of measures. In the field of non-governmental actions to tighten the oil embargo, initiatives by national and international trade unions are of crucial importance. In July, the British officers' union, the National Union of Marine, Aviation and Shipping Transport Officers (NUMAST) urged its members to observe trade sanctions and to report any instances of sanctions-breaking by shipowners. In August, the International Transport Workers Federation(ITF) adopted a resolution urging affiliated unions to observe the oil and arms embargoes against South Africa, and to take industrial

- 10 - action against companies violating these embargoes. A clear example of vigilant action was givenby the Seamen's Union of Australia which prevented a loaded tanker from calling at South Africa. Due to information supplied by the Australian union the chartering company advised the vessel was diverted to an other port. In October, a special trade union conference "Beating Apartheid and strengthening the Frontline" was held in Lusaka, Zambia. This conference was organized by the ICFTU in cooperation with the Southern Africa Trade Union Coordination Council(SATUCC) and the Zambian Congress of Trade Unions(ZCTU) . One of the keypoints of the final declaration of this conference was the explicit call for an international monitoring unit which should check shipping movements to and from South Africa, in support of a comprehensive trade embargo. In relation to the activity of monitoring to be conducted by the United Nations, the declaration referred to SRB's activities: "Shipowners and oil traders engaged in this activity(i.e. in oil supplies to South Africa-SRB) must be traced through the country of ship registration and be subject to severe criminal penalties. For this to be effective, with the cooperation of the International Maritime Organisation, Lloyd's Register and the Shipping Research Bureau, the UN must establish a special monitoring unit using all available techniques, including satellite monitoring, to ensure that sanctions busters are put out of business." Since the international campaign to persuade the major oil company SHELL to leave South Africa is aiming at cutting off all links with the South African oil industry, the Bureau has assisted campaiging organisations in the United States of America, Australia, Canada and Western Europe. In particular, the Bureau has supplied documentation on SHELL's involvement in oil embargo violations in recent years and on the company's strategic value for South Africa's key economic sectors. Clearly showing SHELL's vulnerability to an international campaign, Mr. John Wilson, Chairman of SHELL South Africa, expressed his concern in August: "Mobil ,for example, have pressures from the United States, Barclays from Britain. But Shell is faced with an onslaught (emphasis by SRB) from no fewer than 9 different countries, and the number is growing. Shell is the only company having to handle an international campaign against it. Remember that Shell is big. For the last three years, it has topped the Fortune 500 list of the world's largest companies. And big is seen by many as synonymous with bad. Shell has British and Dutch parent companies, and its USA operating company, now a wholly- owned - 11 - subsidiary, accounts for about 30% of the group's profit worldwide. Strategically, one couldn't choose a better or bigger target, and the bigger your target, the more impact and publicity your campaign is likely to achieve." In France, the Mouvement Anti-Apartheid(MAA) has launched a campaign against the French oil company TOTAL because of its strategic support to the South African oil industry. In its campaign publication "TOTAL: le carburant de l'Apartheid" of October the MAA heavily relied on documentation supplied by the SRB. PRESENT ACTIVITIES As the only organisation with an ongoing program of research and publication of comprehensive data on crude oil supplies to South Africa, the Shipping Research Bureau continues to focus its main activities on monitoring of illicit oil deliveries. The Bureau is now preparing its next main report scheduled to be issued in 1988. It will try to cover the period 1985-1986. In between, the SRB aims as much as possible to expose oil suppliers to South Africa during more recent -and sometimes even actual- periods. An example of this was the release in January 1987 of a survey on crude oil deliveries from Brunei to South Africa over the period 1979-October 1986. As to its scope of assistance to concerned organisations, the Bureau is considering to support the Intergovernmental Group of 11 countries appointed by the UN in their task to monitor the oil trade to South Africa, and to compile all implementations of existing legislation and other measures. Some of this Group of 11 UN member states have approached the SRB on possible cooperation in monitoring activities. Furthermore, the Bureau is planning to contribute to the policies of sanctions against South Africa by the Commonwealth, in partircular when these policies will be reviewed at the Commonwealth Summit in Ottawa, Canada in October 1987. The Bureau is prepared to deliver a paper listing existing implementation of the oil embargo measures by Commonwealth member states.

- 12 - A similar assistance will be given to the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid(AWEPAA) at its conference in May 1987 when AWEPAA reviews all measures taken in West European countries. SRB's support here will mainly be stressing the present loopholes and showing possible ways of closing them. In its assistance to non-governmental organisations the Bureau is at present active in supplying information to trade unions in their monitoring activities, such as by the ITF and by the group of 'Maritime Unions against Apartheid'. Furthermore, the SRB continues to support the International Campaign against SHELL in which a growing number of Western trade unions, church organisations, anti- apartheid groups and others are participating. As one of its possible surveys in 1987 the Bureau is considering to prepare a survey on specific shipping practices related to oil deliveries to South Africa, such as maritime fraud. Court cases on the 'Salem affair' and against the Norwegian shipowner Fredriksen could illustrate this as well-known examples. Apart from supplying material for various publications by others, for press articles and television and radio programmes which are highlighting specific aspects of the oil embargo against South Africa, the Bureau continues to compile all relevant information as is shown by the release of its quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa. Amsterdam, April 1987.

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14 . T ' T NBW YORM Z11T/M/ SUNAY, DBCBMBBR , MfSfftfAfricas World Oil Pipeliie Starts to Di-y Up f sTrEVE UM. On bought wnll aded, the f.". t taks ware o I the Persian ol t thepurchasing company, AMSTERDAM -G/ving way to pub- Gulf, with moat comuing from Saudi typo-C an ol trader. And standard lic preamu, companies and cntries Arabia, Onma and the United Arab practins h shipments from the Middle aresr tl of lucrative Emirates, while Brme oaded the ksiot to determine the destination but o trade with Smith Al- most tankers out"the Middle Eat WiU a taner leave$ tie Persian Gulf. rica. The Lundeseg e Oil Thereumis not so much secrecy as to opnesand hippng ira t sideThe trade in arranged byh a handful ofafford the companies greater flexibilIsMP the a p embargo agst Preoi cmpanes whom tctcs or disu ity in matching shifts in prices and des ethe out include fake oeppinb n the ast-moving oil market, ac'and~~a route~ inc_-'. .d Cy Fao'anu Aric was well "now in t er document, raise qust papers, stop --e dr ROY Farndoneltpe- of krc a;e nonI ne-ping at Several ports, unloading an re od it hpignwspaper. ital dCircles. a Lr aberate embargo-using actioas FaToday, helped by te glut in the olm - te Arab atoas seem ukey. ,market, Pretoria can still find sppli- "But we must admit that some of the [s But their tumsber are aparently m m two decaes, Sou Middle East governments are turning 1diraid ngsd Car vo ns of the emba Afla nbens act to a vhU" re in September, for example, A est eca us a l d Cor Gro endyk the rThor Daihl, a Nrwegian shppn coil emagoemrieuneoltos hng bureau's chairman. the United Nations General Assembly et hile hr prig aoe Smit f ia tremat and Other maermtoal organzado fre at while embargo violatas are Pori oa to Seth al tadInM cd In addition, some Middle Eastern coun, frut, the cat Is high for Prtori. Wth Pretoriaseveed a tra g links tries have laws stipulating that Shp The research bureau estimates that ad wit Prtora. he oregin tmpa stppig t their ports must pledge lnt imports coat South Africa $2.3 biliont a __y' tona take oil cargoes to South Africa Ad year. Of that, about $300 million anodeclarations from Dutc, Swim and at a 194 sessiao of the Arab League, ally 9- foE pettm payments Of Danish shipping companies and, last te group denouced companies th about $2 a barrel to companies to per, year, from Phtlipp Brothers, the corn- sidestep the embrot them break the embargo modidts trading arm of the New York members to "take firm actions against "Companies tat handle o ship investment bnk Salomon Brother .. tme companies, Including len gths tokeep i secreat andpaying And ast moth, the Norwegian Gaim.. mnts to So ut src and oatg ernment inoduced lellatmtoa . aap a i k dreetof tee TheArab netimla sy thedn these midleman is expenslve," said w d partially ba Nregtan t - Jop C. Story, a former Aramio offifrom traffIng In ad d aed e Shipin Reearch Bsa purt sell car for Smh w heads Gulf Cosulg fm rica. Still, moa of Soth Arica's oi I Southcomes from the Middle Ea, and some Services In MCLean, V. uled to become law H January ad-- Of thes frm toei Est ndsome Larg- expenditures so toward1 of the leading all traders handling Ail), trirng to reduce South Africa's depend-j after.a transilimb pero- a total boycott te 3 ' Nowga Uem niton, replies meats to South Africa, such as Marc tryin ordc ot fiasdpnIn eapactedorwegan ship carry aw Rich, who tied the United Staes i n nce o imported oil South Africa is estaed hird Pretoria od' "It will not be to get around be-* ishu 5 =a iie Research Bmuu easy to avoid tax evasion d $1.3 biion at trea prant' p't. .di RecB a hrges, and Joebawns Doe of t that cmtvert coal into liquid fuel But at ____ o tt has very good sources In Sauth Africa Neterlans, are ko wihi theo i t adSUOi prices the llqil fuel doM ant eammmtimwb " he aid industry for their conections i the rived from coal is five times more exI I lt amun with Sfo the ca And- ardmild Cinat Mtidle East. They meet with Senior d pn m.etanr g gasoline from pe h com from a Dutcg called The sls-year-old hereau is financed offcials of the Gulf status and rego r n wll never stop every larly ar mi i alaAn embargowllnvrsoeey t gRe search Bure Housed by organlitlios opposed to apartheid e t ehalways at a p tt in a raw-oom office in in Sout Africa, inluding church is of the Organization a inti South Afric," Mr. Woldendorp catral Antsterdam, the bureau hs groups and trade unions mainly in Eu- EXporti COng ra. fsid "But the ad e.bargpo has cat gined an inter=d reputation far rope, pla modest government funding rurn a Blid Kyof Pretoria dearly and forced toe Govern. pro the layem of secrecy and the from Sweden and Norway. Yet the bu- Tom be m urte o movemetas, am ment to move toward something like a Intricate sems arrangemets that ream's reports and newsleters, which ditmcuit to monitor for toe exporting war econo " shrond the oil trade with South Africa. circulate to about N0 subscribers, are With a global network of contacts determinedly straightforward, filled and a record of solid research, the bu- with case studies, foot i end docuroan Ised fltdlms that am an, mentation.embarrasment her thm who ply the "We're a research bureau, net an so. l route to South Africa and difficult to tin group," said Jaap Wokledorp, the reftue. bureau's 34-year-old director. "The For examples the Thor Dl' s- only credibility we have is de anmmcemad In September cas curacy f ofr informatim" Shortly after a repas by the bureau The research dame by Mr. Woldesdocaumented several oil roe byf dorp ail his threepm staff sh-a Norwegian company's Ship s b thee toe longstandinoil embargo Aftrice, 0 Gte he . copo'u aganst South widely-btham viomanaging director, admtte d0 the leted and extremely rntty for Preto bureau'sasrtimowe "'br ol r d r, L . " . ..I rec." In a September report, the bularin Norway some arem ncerned thi identied 83 tankers thatin ri the u legislativ prlbilone an about 114 million barrels of ol to Souti transporting adl to South Africa could Africa dhring 1503 and 1504, half toe be Ignored with lspmstiy. But Pmr country's petrolem imports during Myklebua. secretary of research f t' the period. In 64 of the 83 case, thq

15 DU PtfROLE POUR LES MOTEURS DE L'APARTHEID ' ' Mille et une manie'res de contourner tin embargo Par 33 90K WE ILP'EVANT 'ascatod, dcl to.o koCo p.1.lsque en Atnique do Sod, dcsgnc dosanctions contrme rt so fait chaq. u planfoew Fn ddoenshso 1979. tsn~tngnrl do I'ONU adopt& ton 6loltitimn doo,.ndant an emborgo pdtrolior. dons I, codired ito aomg.. Interntationale _-ot . II, liqo d.plartlteid. Mais. coirimc set prddoonatsonrs, In goonose 10005 do pottidlot Boh..a p. j=qo proen ace aox 00nosns poitro. I~o do l'Afriqoo do Sod ric. a0 -onoos d, Smnomconents 6troogots do tso as d'i,cldsdo qoi pennet. tent 00l facisten to "taprt du brot or qui ot mse Ins t'inanctento. lee busn do6qoilpmont a Io technooti 6et~.sjrO A l'indostnnc petrolirn ololoAocttn mature ohliflatosro nA nc.oro P. it'. dde,dihe par In 2-n1s dt vonotrul do G'NU. I came, dots wc0 oppod.£ or nC r osrtotse . p ztot d t eor porofanunt s .to EtsasUnts. In Ioao.- n - et ato Paron. Un baihrg petrohofoi nuqors psd'seffteott asq idnrgeot todon. ls tranopcrta ont pour pros quo 90 %. do peftrol. ar qo. pratsqoomoot,' sootto I consummaotion do crornt liqoids no Affnqoo do Sodt fatin ot do soanor des tronspobts os dos forces ort.des. too informsatiooo sst tes qoontitts do p0trol osslssot par I.lorot.9 Itt poilon ssosoetproso. Dons oo coosd'A Ill tO doSld c *Lons. mo d'eosor. Iton dovnrob do syndicts moesstmes. M. Abduol Minty. tmeteor do 1. Composieon lanote cenitro I. .olt.borotss islitsre at nsctdsr 0000 I-Afrslsm do Sod. sopaqua, qo I. osnas,t so oro too idle do to irt tone cosmniosso deo edliset ct _0-0S oltra-modema dons ispose Presors al a dot to capoetti des rosor. 0stdon 0qo1m=t An s""Io don, lrnoPar oxmt. lo. holsOOSsso bonthodsoe Moot.." sltootsoos forn do.ttasln do toast.pouooot onmrisrtos 3300 himo do OorhoeOmt. .tors quotI lottcaptioe Ponm ont be-ot do 1500 istro polst wstnndro losr rayon docetsonsnteo. toO Msnty Waist egototonI rontoeqiso qun too viihteotes htisdd Bottet. os,Itnn dons socon do stern on N-to. bit, el a. Angola. 05055 sls poor potrooller dons1 Ins psca o os li.!dogoee ont do. reoro. do 200 filmm os cososnt I jils tots to d kldonetres Qoand on sost qse to pInce "nare".t ans omncdn Les navettes avec It Golle S ELON ds eottrnations do I'ANC. t'Afr,slo do Slid ddpend dos -npenottonts do Bat A hsosnor do 60 lie E continue0. ot B jsste rtn.do crosodeeo muropsoto oso coroor $oI (Ad..,,t Goineat) dt 'Atrsqoo ds Soid. qot mqodtss as dosa oJiogatiora do cooru ption. oftloot *No.,osot -OO OWsrO~tlr-c tnts d" o wsf heo1 nnt t1 ttOAnour,= dtotIs bnst , bsen q0* ttssart do bas onancoto~Oo --he ls(Whrdacls. col... 0 ppo oostt nomit asisosr do-s s dosnsssn - Co aPPoor P-otsn ontro do.spoootltunnot Commtw If dinmoneo .o. IrmI.,t oviamcell does te Golf,. 00* oarprodoctton de brost pol. do ,ora vaeO nudnm.0 It .agtt lii dont Ittsso to im-rr do. (dl4 "' Iran Oansi h,00 qo. ti'rok toorosso do Idtrol. A Prlot". scIon de ricents rapris do Shspsn Research, Boneau (SOB) qos a.so tss, I Amosterdant D'opril ens ntdnt. srcos.t, eenmo do Titteose tst IPond, octssirer doarmes sod. otricosnt. on ariscoid. mortsers do gem caliboe. poor en ootool do 7'Ass-T_ do olls-n d atto .ose poor, t. smo wtrs fI). Es. sclon to -.n,,1 doffatro.,u h tt iclo Loooo'Trade s~t eot cedoes SRO N~411oct (2). lo assorti. trbsnesOt dgotonteot stgod on accord do true pitrotorormnoot Ato .fn do 15 tt., as on -moo spt sAtovert Il I ntttttatd do doltos. ltSAPO Noott~r ' Asaa. .00 n6 stS"iNtoo0- a.O 19M. r-~ ~ ~ ~~~pr c- ' n IiOiaer andestins reosmo do Pmoton. _nfate -r -"tr -d.. ym c.u 61 e- e lof du secret Les fIdles du dispositif anoot .o 1. molseo. Lot lirrsomn do A pssdo l'paettsotd. tn sforisinoos r'Ateslo do Sd. .-tr 1901 etl "~5~~ o lstsntrsd TN potns; s l lpptdmmutsire produin t Mlato soot eeloo. %cn 1904. par lo. nos-ostvi.o Thor. drlo 'nrs o coo sore porru PO ttv a oolvtl, dons to toulemetot r osptl-! rusetos 1o.o- Thorbar osTeron t h l.q, itombe t sdonto ope ostos som msorrce .0 to Ce,,..oe.ooth. Ins Etsts. noemssI 551.000roso ,pponono_ ao Imsorts sousosoo Is cop depolu n 1 ]a Thor . Dohe's.. Is Its 00t p Is proiseoton do fitontuttnOf Unit ot to CEE rot maoesoolin jurti. ocoot qus vooiet ra- cu-00 u Iooltor Do oss 10nsse do 105.ic Oplqoo ts1nort~qe sons do so-ettos saneon umolimo to lins .oMu-oscro do meins,s somble qo con poes is~s nts charhon et dauitros prodotto. Ltostoht - p500bo ooLs~so00.so 505 Ene o los qon tic lomtnel1ru~e root Inst dsIn, o ic Stssppsogm ita blo do eseto ont. 1.to I pisr an pr~vmt des peirim :ilat jiso 6eonnique q05 rslesrasi d'ac. 041, -- do es coo u,,I Golf. tIAnwiq elsn opioto s.0oofsrnoorsdo -rs s sols. ShpigResearch Bmeotec ~ ado d'asond poor quitqo gseoboporM Bs. no t 159000 dooosrr. It - rcs -sonson-s Isrtos otonon a 1981. ot a5/ Publers dm tnfomamotsad sor. ttal. on poroselson. de to situtono Poll- ireooe.rs psosr 'doossfd o0 1904 .Cot Pilreoier oo . to rorf,ooslo. It ten . sqoe. En Prance, to Mosoomont nonO 0 sratsproort qes_ do Sod potl. ts dIcotrat"m. I* soookog. to opotsssd (MAA) ronforco so esnpo. -, L'ooMsste o Itrot o tramne oW.me ..Id d, 3.3 mttoode gusnti on to mo-t do stock, do no pear t'ssolentont do 'fnu do ton it .1t dtffsestt On 1~5 ooco I-00 or bros --o mbargo ..t' dons onprodI "prear.. Soid. So prohotno cihl. lit 1.fne s. ddo.,- dembahrgo coumnorcal I I 001000 ddpaosonl .0 tipoqoo plus de La tot am r toatto A disposisson dos, se pditsoiro Tota. don!to Is m 00 00t pat- aloneo es nn rimo sd6W0 . I-oo de dattots. L, doconon ap deooi"bo:- nsooto do pops tNotonat sod-aotncaso cisntssoo tonr do liftots. q copso 0rpesd do SRB ofrimn qua A/S Thor DahI. Spp..osPonstntsr A")pmo 0 tot ot sttgeBoaod 4 atoscasotquetoe/tootDosmeest 00 50050 onpatso 000 ~t otoo. osooto doto itso '.Parent.. *a neo - I raegir globdootPso.- Totu. 00000 poor so voionti 00 modoAmp itsse 1rsl~ q , . ation. as! riirs a.. moecoorn do oro. pietoo =app ad.o -mtpito . qoele acidti do Loon:. It itrgIttque. La Movntont ants. .sdrnt Reagan Os do kInto 1 ssotch.r Ohorentno.os voclosoosnto ta. P~lo.Z uluadst don! nite a beot& aparthesd retll topostondotodinm oropco o oesoo otnesnaeonssio~to otoot dodo.Btn onond. t nic formation roto. ton do Total. slat ddcto tot opon. soto orn..tCrs/n e totor bo- acisso, doal po11ofrt *- don,doostdosgr"o itoholoor~ to dolfoe. do to tos su lo Riotost It hOeotge do Total par quoo plot do 2000 NrOsts geaseo do1.. roltoto ttdenstil de to coPe soeot..t'sento s sot ros toil s00 to In cottoottrsa taneots. I0 moO peodo to os* on do.. -It a t, suite do, perrolmtu s.o - ff rit ett rtosnd. moset: - t Afrsgoe do Slid. troubles polsosqoovs. Dans 1,Iseels nopas ite decline on 4.sitas1lhr Poor attdoooir it effeto do = ;yol Total a dt :oohoe -,b-- io40 of. protoqoMenI test tds~o - doam p/sntto000 sO. to titag. 080 ilm tstot. to ooornttnot a p dr do -ogo d, Pi0,01, best Aa politiqoos. coltuono. rolgioux l, "s oda. lsmbto.it" h.d ek e. hoot, do trot measires: n stockans do cori, es. p005p0t55 towegoo orwac s on o case - Bt l'eception do chet o hon. mnr pot_ o porooson Ln ablid disahles qo..aots do pitrolo - A toias substitton, Total o as!ul "005 tmtS tbost Kleomolo. M Gstasha Bosbotoos iso istrlt oo ando feats poor to cotrnhaohle. nsso dotsS t5supled Sdes oters Soe) - &pproen In s anctions. 00 so ,cl - As a is1o z C haesf blnc. - on ceotsttant d.s o--o apponlao -e aide piottas t 1.41sf- diatent It quession does., s. atnriotitf 0ldjoal.d isfcsodo ohorhon (let got du Sud damso ot efforts poor t'occtdo in staoe. tlete~ol do, onr hs- or/Ies Melin/o fRoottenfats. graodon, rderons ds harpen Inseas vaiaw" toiipatudaaot . Notrs. L'atisde do st distoett "esc.SogposIta"fatt capmto .16 cess trds radtios plot sers.o to1 nto s let .000 to-, '= et tot oe t ot 54 0 asl sotatrnf do to masodotarn . 00000. ttiOutOt onnos. Prottost stisentdsBavsnsTootItmtitdeaft_ssOs.outan000s 00o,0).on ctosaot do grsss ttonoafl, ton proopectioes do *i,*,- a ooatit 1a reposi. Do janeso 1979 4 fdvnr 1905. vitt sostant doargent A It m en place do sacnoson L'ao doasor. it soooo- #CW MAPWIA. 0art et3essons par des no05t05. doen rdsoso s-rt dovirtoon ien, - o .ar a a cd to ldeonrto do ettoans ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I .e " t stlos 000poto oe00000.ftOtdoo minpdo eMmon aiaonce St Borgnso DY a C.drlsso al0 brut on osloo d.... Bay, tooto Is te sod. La Southern 0I blota a - 0 dell do" npoas soes 50 on!P.twosdemostesparIC"a op, (SKR. _ _ 0I. o _at pollst _.rtc Ls dnoto ai ostl cmnidu do onh tgts slotim l_'s,.ooron do Boplorason CotEgs fOEOIPs'etn:I oob 5 aaas dtfrL o 1" osoe em-frnno stoes dncooff.sr.. o -4_sec cotototn . peEtat. a sndsqoi. en jost- toow dsasm pay.. ma00,0msttndo tors ooso.so nsror doMosoet- (4) 04 pitlat dasn. on noad aslad 2.66 sdootsqoos dotour estoo d cellos' --o cr n dsscoorsao Il'rlssment c,, boy ponorotoor Alto, ..-dolA do Pat- I- -asan . ,cosot ThrDh. aDntrrlun 0 . s. o~eI o eso mauvon ntoo do srontsam no UL do mie Ordn oct ti Z.sto B-- propsnoolerllrrooC, ~ pfl. q05 mdonsassora on firasonton do M. John Do=o do to onnpagposswh-It do . Iils twdo ol pesalbre sdrandea Troncl Ot!. s~"Z At/f~v IOCOW FRONT. -ol! Jaw s odlas a sd i- oon los ad acooo n Hatton aroo tAss. Is .oe... o. e ow , I i sqo do Sslid par Ins aitendo cemas00awnc ro co poy tosood M OU4 niint does so =por mlh por-t~s otrlcro suppiltmous- eses I. osetos colifideaml - et csardt - do bevr .....,04 sted -'-tbtos ~ seat.o do sonctions. So'aoi 000tt AI nonoot sodlfncsso. Uo bslmshoot Ie Itesbtos, eio .oots,,, rs 1,re1,Mas st do limgifaatoo do.obe t P.l Looa 10,1 InS00 odoranodwi. Vto.0 Nudrlarnd. a pe Ind.- 0 -0 -.,.ot d~ti-fse Wt am, 1s rost~s de, WFb! $1toltde do.s dos Am lt I'mneo duoptrolto ue 00 douns P-eirwter 50- Pus0 tOPlr~ic mines desatfte s riparis sor U'ot.t - gen Jooseph00 Hlio.. @00000 do to caenr At to paso 23 do ir, Ittentblo do terrfisro atI A otteti - = =dann.g o 1s t110C .i do Go. rappoen. Ec noserc de~rose. on, conpet des 0050500 do sooctess. Indioo. tsan I tdso. d~etons t. grr -at.9 La SRB a public do raMVn ddtottl oalet canlre to Shell a etc 100000 ctrtot do S00 natural donnoos A0 n In ptmalp~ do pn.A bla 0 S,-,o Ofl 0.1s nVArtofO"" to Soi ,leoi00lits.Uni, per It touvoentj Onto' M. Botha do bottomnnoon do penser An . llsttlPS I Leoasos crto t do c.,.s o--pooltbosiltod se qo'I Pan! torns on paid do no so aolux.-t oeotfot 1981r19$ 1- Lwaotrq d Slid tO8l. Ljbgrez l'Atroc do Soil os ptar let Ocdoosas sos It o mscetgn .. soo topsevanls . falw -,mnn 1ns8so 7o potrost dos In*poto ncOsdt Lplottotoc. po,atior IIIe pour000 Ouart0.n iroths, rapmst doftt~on .00 500.4i ct~st. 10 oo irsned Ic, soeiona posroltoc dstnt do L'emlior litt dichid I'n dormer schoo noaionr a slars do mstat Im.,sm dtbrutet Iur tnnag. ttule. 00 Atossno 00l Sod Erl otbro Par to CEE. ltsn do 'acord dt . do rood0 inb ,- :. dg wonot lsderss d.5 osntime-pt lbillirms f 90. 1 rsostatoe don orponssltuon do L-obootg -. ost no bon stopto. ae. do I-AN. s -~ ta .n on coose. et comeognios poiroon omt m~n t~t0 do dockto. 000 cotirceso d- useftOOOctli dn o= osss 00u all on" asi hldt * toaan.. mmstpao It los jmirtters loot, o olopari ocsden- dosndcuvoOt morsttmon tot tooosqoio clntblo pall lt todlos do dospoossf do sawasua subunits. wsags de fbn-011 snyI ue . asC . P0 n Lo t os Loodros pour secier 000 minums 1 sanctios mssso. L'an do ddsuos .ms. duet Ioosour ste ton Map dsn In regtoos do. ba htoaoz soot pants aopter -0050 000 slot ,olm tO pstua par In tost e dw ouasns La"wa fine".d derunplas in 001". o direction do l'Atrlqan do Sud: tooessoos. Rcnoa-tn dot daigoe do trngiont do to CEE. dons boo, tramn noi I' I d eo C lu ==aato twtto *crIt$ esooonie-seps navtres- esngi'roso p3st It dos reprnontants do . mrsonw, e00tetica ., prisassios . foasos a1913 . dow t -sss 000. .1i-t .. m-s. quoriosse -- ate dots nesontncs de Ihootteso d'Alrs- coent 00 - CndOO liirtnt tO ooetss tas de o g.s do Itoualsad as Los. do Col/o c Ia f. poe, deese, ocx y 9000 dui. c111 i .0.11 lotis l. am. scum - on directmon do giooerooes hnt t-a onL l_! i~,o C-_ m toot loj Eta,, wons. Amof os compufose do -,sGo- aad-out. slts to ton do exports- Coonuooot pro osbnt wito do Go/,f, .0, decesotnem.. g Iou00. t 0000.0 etonoor Iomsooonc lions da pirot. Solon to hSbppmo s-ttpon~~tont~lAnso _oote l.ilrtgto do Sod. ,eI. tcnyJl - .qssorso oo 'I, Phqsgj,. -o sla Research Boneu. s, 100000000 ttet - =.. tosae s 0 ,torsor.qon Ito 1 eoostre seti .. m.soe .. £tnlem in lsoO a ceo, dast lo jau- tattoo qo, tot doodo do oete ddetsoo as pe tia o -ai o m.A 9005 get a to sotolts sde cot amie ate0ux. ustwe de. rserle o l.iesque do Soid. VtOlt unnsqooont loopnotson do baut ton, to qn nin Ers. ala Is am ens dihsbrr,-ml s, Ito sOrseom~t to blirs P/are soo 1oot ,poa, poaot da.s Ins pay. mercnless do t o fa su l m o paodo t atiersourist"' do , r- Ol ...romse . .... pn;.. ... peto/e .i f.1 Cooosmmoti . Ropsam-Uns. Dona'- saw 1as ~st antsanso.tac HoseIte Boonqu 9t Impoors o SRO ~ e occerdc -4 1. y -P1 "t.nPootBas. L. 29 jwrier 19 t, ton 1 onthI -6-dott watt t offsotttlemntot Ic boo/df 00 o oteAt9tdsio tdcos.eSttl Enoa doto& CEE woot ecoms qu sweodd nPisl I..Z hov rtt - Apros Is cnfilronuc da k oo nEtsrmrdswos ec pays. MI J..p R.dnttg r..pon. .Lnanorn1n "W-17." tuble dos 'oasson .. sti...s"o'"s d 5d d0 r 5torooto - ro~o ce-t ni.0 1.ris igaloao = I Bumrno s o Watts onteodr qui dotodmstot ona to aooo rifteo Mweil ct0omm'st Cti. o. 6*Il sIA chute des pAm do hs a edust do ....ton dons contrat dtmponato d, morq do Mmrosa ca.. Comhan e tonontros opsirtoreus a tformal Ins Chb sao-ofnsaon. 1 1o suis doe0rnro oOBan aaoodn rsocnsr tor !posrs~oor.dilo offiito. ooo canooroot 5' '4 Lorenorooert Po sta. sin loqsr. o'beaaensss* t a proonst do Host des osnquameott-o i 0500- paM Laoren a~.. itnollpondt dons In Ests climes tost porn do Batosc. suit mood Too. 1t o sacion Alas p-o. i 1rteo do to CE!. - Us votlume contrite bnuw~oqoe pendant ts piodo -5000c rat c'urenee Par Prcle' coossdiradit do pine bner ottoll 00000050 por In tappers (Ba.", at Le Donotort decide iegton npeinom pas o,_i po, toell donnat iod~pendant to I- Janosor itoserosos t, ipolltualon do- Choron moo., fats rotosequor to SOB it 1984f. Qoals de, nas- so diingiron d'Aft'squ. du Sold, tape do bersort. en ekero de traest. von Afnq.. do Soid sprit 00010 fatt to Poog.. o - os o it I i nsteto plod otBRtot.P0d o _1 doom,, io anse ctut/r d s'taw pill des piocspa r.I tosdsu d m tashn L IP70AP 11 osht it .stulin litho. . E. dotes on c do1 sn 1152. fustiq.. ctat dkiot ons,00 posstble do Do sororoit. Its passmotts a0 a0 cKI. .4<~~ hartor do brat Bt desisnaton do t'Aoeffsctois pot ('At rsqo do Sod sons me -IK 'PL qui It.900 Sadt d. dies Ports de traoeue oscotlento garsmot cone s ut ucosa fA. c do.eot d'Eurapecdnso tun des coont do dollar. Un: I00 fIlel does In dispoastst IDots Inlisteux des ganden compa-debrndo E io scq.t pots on atimeo AS iolttad. do dollarsebeodl EO0wBesO o 1. emt do to facture pilrit'l on~oeC atdsnPood oU ssW.ta l'Atr=,do.doSod.Zdnt, 2 miillsoedsa Iai- In o.rw&in o 0ijjr w wiai&.tM lists indoOtsrO l*tboog.. Loo - 1g.d mssedt Casgs, osan r.esn $s it. , , ass done. 6u...o ptbttqot A V= Iotgn. AFfilUE CU SUD L IALWOGUE CU LE BM11 DE SANG 0oall5Its santownois enst" . CORMh UKl XIG~A* 101 1. 20 .rt deroso. to. Plao Boh DIII, O.0"M im,0 atimias bow 5,.07r1 swan aw Ilogia rwrsqoco embaoto east. a.l Vewas fanodo . IeI sd$tmos tor aw d to Matso n olo .sO thod.. comtetris to t"pm ma ruws woors do ca dermahinsoao.rpd ,oatla0ts rata = C oon.Cooon om snot gCONTOURE UN EMBAROWt Opess doa 7). Woll muns, wosO~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~puassto.dch.d.oc~eM~aO 404N05500 w. aLE DIALOGUIE C Ort 04t et06EgSit~0 o ma woosonpat. oln tt.Onto1973 on (Ma. 3ESB~ ~0 a 4j, ft qui o niatrast Va. a W-e lta G!os opas Iant weoaswasa Inoe 1904. Aoiu dSa di "iqottcr us nurcubst do 22 totllsards de axdo (4).

THE latest report by the Shipping The bureau iao'ciaitime a NethResearch Bureau (SRB) on South erand oil cotny and a West African oil imports highlights the German oil company as hating country's most vulnerable point of -deep involvement" in South dependence on the international Africa's oil trade in 1983 and 1984. community - and the lengths the In 60% of the cases, Norwegian Pretoria government will go to owner/operators were involved assue a continuous supply. 55 of the 83 tankers recorded, it The report, South Africa's Life- claims. line. says the country has still And in 64 of the 83 caes, lobained ayshe ou tr hasil l tankers sailed directly to -South -obtained enough crude oil both for Africa from the Persian Gulf area. ready use and stockpiling in the last The other main oil exporting area i months despite growing inter- was Brunei from where 17 national concern about its apal- deliveries were made. heid policy and the "broadly" How South Africa has coped supported United Nations oil with oil embargo. Page 3 embargo. - Issue of Platt's Oilqran News RePort of Thursday, September 25, 1986. PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST SEATRADE WEEK - September 19-25, 1986 -AMSTERD-jj "IM - . PRETORIA'S PIPELINE : The latest report from watchdog organisadon Shipping Research Bureau claims t,, have identified 83 tankers delivering crude to South Afric;i in 1983 and 1984, a combined cargo capacity of 15.5ni tons, more ihan Sureau exposes t oil sanctions busters nti count Lf crude The Shippir past disclost also haspi shipping Wo . udeoil-'n South Africa's Lifeline: Violations of the Oil Embar o e Published by the Shipping Research Bureau of Amsterdam, a H oe [ non-profit organization, this 106-page softcover volume covers oil deliveries to South Africa in 1983 and 1984, with some preliminary findings for 1985. Extensive information on the effects of the oil embargo on South Africa eft 3artheid researchers-in Amstrdam have identified the ies of origin and tanker- operators for over half the oil exported illegally to South Africa in 1933 and 1984. ig Research Bureau, which is noted for its authoritative ne of breaches of the oil embargo against South Africa, *liminary results of research showing that Norwegian ,panies alone exported at least 20% of South Africa's eeds last year. - Bk6ckade' lit ole- . bargo breakers .tn..r.i... e5is ...... , I t an . on .. os .... rd m.. . en the present voluntary oil embargo is included. Attention f AMSTEERDAM - kighty-three is given to the role of the Dutch trans-shipment port of w ordt w-ilaaua. , tankM broke a voluntary Rotterdam in the secret oil trade with South Africa during RRUSSL .i I ._,o& global oil embargo against 1979-1984/85. For further information, or to obtain copies,, South Africa in 1983 and T Ibau ' .qo Z= ze-,f 0 198,1 and could have supplied hod6 beh - lois -a* mor than half its needs for ms Medo 0 8jami. 1 S a, the Jerd. a Dutch monitorBothapi nosk b lge. sear - - g.roup said yesterday. B*noree 'severs all' "U ',, ...European Report 0/Ohn Damt a & Dowe Westp my olie - filisi i 1 1jv Itcvf".,~[~,7~ 4j.~, A Special Roundup of Bulstiess, A___ shil - fire W-de l s -uda b"n = =-1 links' w ith mn--II l " v-r. Hat - , Industry and Financial rikoo v. tli , alaullall ,nvmy k og muuean r .Ka imn-o - . dci Procne Developments di t 6etaanmrfria ci A.C buns dshs,cd OW bil eahe Qe_2:t I -orm Msi.ttt vttaskelut A fossl at dci ,kkc skal S. , Tria- Analsis NHE Om Gn Com~oN is ...... 6Afir Anli 0mg be sqnlyft South Africa's 041. JOINNTBUR. Lrgesuplues til onth alo . th n l., a L. a.Sydafikamkt and prices driftadg below $14 a barn me t, I bagvejen trods handelsboykot ==in= sout .ic ,o go stockpili oi, &l-iw, -.-%,, a) I1 Sept. is The general belief is that the exra suoks are in-t. Wertan teo, a s. tor Danmark haenges 0b .1 .P ,.' P.. . .1 d , ., d anticipation of possible economic sanctions. -s. ;Th rCmIM: Ns.onys caster Beet. ud i hollandsk heI-,, 6k=,ok 1979 o, i i rii, However, the Amstazdm-based Shipping Research the world's lae I vy rapport om brud pP -" po. ,. .iss W, 26 Bureau believes that South Africa is merely plitcai reprisals f t y s their an FNs embargo , ,, -, smn b. oeie; "'" ~' = replenishing reserves depleted in 1984-85. tu) 59s A e atl e omr O t" Between the third quarter of 1983 and the start of NorwaYs sod-list r .vernmer: adoi s a 1985. when oil prices were high and the Rand was eStUtianSule Norwep ian. vatels cofallig sharpy agans th US dollar, South Afica 11111tosupilyatleU25%ofSo~thAMlC&!$ ti ll S y d a r i k a - zBut by theend of Jauary 1985 it could no longer risk M atc bu-u's direcr. md, f CA.M a ts drain on reserves, and raised pe ol prices by over also plans btmit a bilt to parlbainest tils C3 40% to cu doetic cosuipin tail for a trade boyeatt with South Africa. tr ld e m bar, a! - D*".*.- - etals aren-t clear. but sipp~lere fear L ,d e Fo1k j ?e . ,aA In 1984-85, when the stockpile was being tapped, thel l about 1. of ther .an,-a imot webaues m oslwrtannra.S sinuess. -it is a qustin of life amd deth AMSTERDAM~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~s(--. D.W.dk - limotWeeales tnloethnorl. S any comspanues.' Wernier says. hi ra" 12Z --_-" ' '"P - to bring its strategic stockpile back to 1983 levels, h i The isas larn., ieacer, i . of 1'. *sNs voibasgoN At- k.bt-n,er , ;2 South Africa must buy mome than day-to- day needs for Wve andmampe ofWest ...d oilvra t it tl Ir- hsnn)d.9h,-d, Repk. I, ? rIe a" .- - --. - v s the a o mf wn mes 11 1 n611I.ienra sonici~ssflsds~~dRpsrs considerable time. deeplty meid re the secret buil." BAUNEI IS IIAJOR Anti-apartneid activists involved in the Shell boycott may want to write for a w .)-sydarua fta asw. SOURCE O $A OIL SubSCription to the Newsletter on the Oil Embargo Against South Afsca. published i A.su, oll.'.";.. . quarterly in Amsterdam The newsletter reports on the ways South Africa tries to ob- b . =*i. leias . le'r"Sc*q lain crude oil imports despite the embargo imposed by nearly all oii-exporting coun- i tt UweMdm I M-wt *t ,e aSids,tluk w m a d ,k tlla . ISPITE in oil esasrg '-Ies The newsletter is free. with contributions welcome Write: Shipping Research t i. _L . . policy against South Africa since 199S, oil fro the Kingdoa of Brunei is reaching South Africa, according to a report by the Sipping RSDPCh brtedU in Holland. Bureau, P 0 Box 11898. 1001 GW Amsterdam, the Nether ands . I ts 3aietemabklbed ke lee' Rta-a ficlied. 'lee,+ ;;aii;-s 01-Embargo gegen Sudafrika I ... ,=. ,-.. D. 3.3 iskakibe It. Ma. diekkin baldele of SydSata period. mitiebeh fodem i wird bereits unterlaufen b komBericht ama Amsterdam belegt Praktiken des Umgehens r .ie a m.- "0"' " ' lat b.U d ,i iaUisai rrNews,SepteberWho supples oil for South Africa? v*=&!=. , , Following up the IT U=, Congress declaration on South ,.ikoor_,, wle t Africa, General Secretary Harold Wll. m Wit wit Lw in .t., mvfvin .sa Lewis participated in a press ni Z7 tI= en tas ?An e in Lndn n it PA ..da2?*W conference in London on 16 Despite Ban, A, "ss t l8 a i.-sl South AI'ri.a Apartheid's SoFuhooaI Ur |nl a '1 By JOHN TANNER THE oil embargo, against South Africa is being broken mainly by Norwegian tankers shipping crude from the PerSian Gulf and from Brunti, claims from the Shipping Research Bureau in the Netherlands. It identifies 83 tankers delivering oll to South Africa in 1983 and 1984. The bureau cites two companies most involved in the illicit oil trade over that eriod was Dutch-based ransworld Oil and Marimpex of West Germany. LAi ..a w n't t55e. Africa ban' In South Africa, passing on information about the oil trade is a criminal offence but the bureau has used newspa. per reports, trade union sources and statistics from other governments, to build up a picture of the secret trade. It accepts that the 83 ships probably only account for about half South Afra's imports of petroleum. Until January 1984, Brunei was a British colony and Shell, which operates a refinery in South Africa jointly with BP has a S0 per cent stake in Brunei Shell. With low oil prices, it is not difficult for South Africa to buy oil cargoes, at a premium, on the Rotterdam ,spot" oil market and producers may not ask too many questions about the final destination of their oil. The tal in world oil prices has enabled South Africa to build up its stocks in case sanctions are tightened, which now stand at 15 months supply, according to the bureau; 80 per cent of the country's energy needs are met from coal but oil is vital for fuelling the armed forces. To stop the leaks in the oil embargo, governments should step up the penalties for illegal shipments, for tra. ding and for registered tankers supplying oil to South Africa, says the bureau. Of the tankers identified, 16 were either UK- owned or flying the British flag. September to launch a new gn. ta,,,. n, , publication dealing with oil Gu"zz O -illu Pi R'a ,atoarbtiuz1,, supplies to the Apartheid rigime. TIlE WASI.VGTOS POST "5 Bureau sas in a reent roppr that oil Ia, u ,- . d. .The report "South Africa's A sophisticated network of inter. hcoiiic "'outh .Alr.a's mot %ulticrihbl ,kRhW, iflw a . Lifeline" was prepared by the national oil traders and shipping poil ol dependent' on the intcrniationtl -- - - Amsterdam-based Shipping companies secretly directs oil tank- :oninUlll%" -%bout sit per c it oI its Research Bureau, an independent ers that pull out of Persian 'Gulf Ifi.icc d ai ml riil homrnc-prtidulrh monitoring group which traces ports with doctored customs doc- Ior tran'pirt ucl. Ilmpotrt in 1t . are put - ship movements in and out of uments and false invoices. Trans- at about US$2- hillion. . -. South African ports. The press fers are made among tankers in the A~uinst this. though. the recnt price 'conference was sponsored by the high seas or at special transship- collapse on the Roiterdam pot miarket ha. Bureau together with several of nent ports such as Rotterdam. In enahled the apartheid rceimc to huild endau theete t r s l otoc:ks, no put at 15 monthY ,supplyv y the the ITF's UK affiliates, the Anti. the end, the t. e n-. bui-iu. %hi.- i h, reordcd ,3 tanker the TF's Uload their cargo at offshore oil dlieri in od to Preioria in IY83 and .o,, z - Apartheid Movement, and other buoys outside the ports of Durban 9S4. 4a ou1tini. ior about half total needs ,A ... voluntary organisations. and Saldanha Bay, furnishing South Mo,t ot the t,ikcr, %crc registered i, Nor,,. tth 1,4l At them staittng th t A~AI ~JD 11411 !c' in the Utill and 17 lin Brunei. Oni' New call to step Up baniit I'urc tL1 %tcrc t 'S-,x. iied or rc,_nl',crt~d. Uo11 on S African oil tradeOL-EMBA GOWIRD ___NEW INITIATIVES to ... clamp down on shipments of Das "Shipping Research Bureau" (Schiffahrtabeobachtungs-Baro) in Amoil to South Africa are urged sterdam hat ninen umfangreichen Bericht dareber verffentlicht, wie -j in a new report highlighting das im Dezember 1983 von der UN- Vollversammlung gegen Sldafrika verbreaches of the existing hnge 0-Embargo ungangen wird. Der EG-linisterrat hatte im September United Nations embargo. Drawn up by the Amsterda,"- 1985 beschlossen, alle 61lieferungen aus EG- Staaten nach Sdafrika zu based Shipping Research unterbinden. Dem Bericht zufolge sind eine bundesdeutache Firma . Bureau. the t00-page report identifies 268 tankers wohich Marimpex und sins niederlindische Firma ramens Transworld Oil ir die " called at ports in South Africa U1moehunggeschfte am hiufigsten verwickelt. Die Untersuchung ist in. during 1984 and 1983. 3-* 'I .C .ptdw t v, & -deutsch ale epd-Entwicklungspolitik-aterialien IV/85 ver~ffentlichtO HOW 15.5 NIILL;O\ fONS OF ILLEGAL 01!. . PRESS epd REACHES SOUTi- AFRIC', EACH YEAR -_M= - . Eighty-thrae c:;,i.- "olations of the 19,S3 -= eaoreme, rvbmmt .sk , United Nations --unt .,il embargo againmt 1s-4 = tvb, b ak South Africa lm-e L-en ,:.umnented in a report - Wn = o1 H as vba. -, " nemigi&Sin Is d dd papirate published by -he Shipping f'~e.search Bureau. 't w" "sa .uia mwftaw. Dena etim eitit g~ a p t I le, Netherlands-ba--d anti-m.,ui- tirin. , iU0 so., L Non" .aodcb os 5jvomdr - to m hs.N ,re research ai"'e. - dos gir o k . sm hwi "Th-; . "[, rt 5 m t fl Ica [ /'.Ig, otatitio skp~ tm ot d Wh CI l X 0S Soutt do k'J iitt o ,i'./totooi-* o( ,i! (11 ,i/' , '/,: 'lntioin ,iitO 'ilit ,I sow - " / t[h~ dee 1ftkiigh* e ,ij,.- er,sow 21i8 itilet &NOW I .i till tr SnW TReaeass BueauN leo suioIlen"ed . M9%. W 111111 i1. d-i a ,A frica n p, )U., i:.J:.(.1 ±t't' i ii ) ', :9 f. id doaUir :m mf.ta ,tnkoCiotaad' - rnwson h w r .,s*aet &. _-_ d m Oil shins 'flout South-7 h I J t b J d I r \ c II

I- ANNUAL REPORT Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam Netherlands telephone (20) 251300/266073 telex 10236 sanam n1 fax (semi automatic) (20) 220130 1987 SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU

THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU The Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) in Amsterdam was founded in 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid). These two longstanding Dutch anti-apartheid organisations have been actively engaged for many years in actions against involvement by Western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. From 1973 onwards Kairos has continously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the major oil company SHELL. Since 1977, the Holland Committee on Southern Africa has joined in this campaign. In March 1980, Amsterdam was the venue of an International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and Kairos in close cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. One of the main recommendations resulting from this seminar was the "creation of machinery to monitor all shipments of oil to South Africa", since this was seen as an essential condition to develop an effective oil embargo. As an immediate effect, a separate monitoring unit -the Shipping Research Bureauwas established. The principal purpose of the Bureau is to conduct in-depth research and to publish reports on the means whereby the oil embargo against South Africa is circumvented. Other objectives are to conduct research on legislative and other measures with regard to the oil embargo and to inform governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations on this particular matter, with the intent that these bodies will be able to make effective and optimum use of the research results. Since its foundation, the Shipping Research Bureau has published four main reports, presenting detailed information on oil deliveries, on companies involved and on countries or regions from where tankers sailed to South Africa. These reports cover the period 1979-1984. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau has released several special surveys on particular companies and other items. Since 1985, the Bureau publishes its quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa as a more regular service of information. The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several organisations in the field of international development and cooperation, and especially by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. Among the funding organisations are the Swedish and Norwegian Governments, the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions (LO), the World Council of Churches and the United Nations.

THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and police apparatus. South Africa has to import at least 70 per cent of its needs for liquid fuel -about 14 million tons of crude oil a year- from overseas by means of large oil tankers. The remaining 25 - 30 per cent is covered by production of three SASOL plants converting indigenous coal into liquid fuels. South Africa has spent large sums of money on oil exploration, mainly offshore, without striking sizeable oil finds. Oil is a strategic and essential commodity for the survival of the South African government. Without oil, the South African military could not maintain its army, air force and navy. Without oil, the military and police could not invade and occupy the black townships inside South Africa and maintain the system of apartheid. Without oil, the South African military could not continue its illegal occupation of Namibia against the will of the Namibian people and the international community. Without oil, South Africa could not continue its invasions and bombings in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, has not been implemented yet, because of opposition by two Permanent Members, namely the United States of America and the United Kingdom. However, there does exist a voluntary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was discussed as a separate issue. The resolution of November 20, 1987 on the oil embargo (Resolution 42/23 F) was adopted by 138 to 4 votes, with 12 abstentions. The member states voting against were the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France and the Federal Regpublic of Germany. Israel, which until 1986 voted against the oil embargo resolution abstained. On March 8, 1988 the Security Council voted on mandatory sanctions against. South Africa, including a mandatory oil embargo. The resolution was vetoed by the permanent members the United States of America and the United Kingd2m. France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan abstained from voting. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oil exporting countries, including member states of OPEC and OAPEC. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo is widely supported by many international organisations such as the NonAligned States, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the

League of Arab States, The World Council of Churches (WCC), the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office (ILO), international trade union bodies as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), Western seafarers' and dockers' unions represented by the group "Maritime Unions against Apartheid", the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU), the European Parliament, the International Parliamentarians Union (IPU), the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), and the Socialist International. PUBLICATION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS Main reports The findings of the Shipping Research Bureau on oil shipments to South Africa over a certain period of time are compiled in its main reports. These reports are published every two years. Previous main reports were published in March 181, covering 1979; June 1982, covering the years 1980 and 1981; June 124, covering 1981 and 1982 and in Septemer 19, covering 1983 and 1984. The fifth main report is scheduled to be issued in September 1988. It will cover the years 1985 and 1986 and some preliminary findings over the first eight months of 1987. Surveys Additionally, in 1987 the Shipping Research Bureau released a number of special surveys. These occasional topical reports are produced to inform governments and concerned organisations on short notice about research findings and/or current developments regarding crude oil supplies to South Africa. After further extensive verification, the relevant parts of surveys may be included in forthcoming main reports of the Shipping Research Bureau. In 1987 the Shipping Research Bureau released the following surveys: Shell, Marubeni, Rich: Crude Oil Deliveries to South Africa from Brunei (Jan. 1979 - Oct. 1986) This survey, which was published in January 1987, shows that between January 1979 and October 1986 at least 56 deliveries of crude oil from Brunei to South Africa were made. These deliveries involved a total amount of about 6.7 million tons of crude oil. This amount was equivalent to 6 per cent of South Africa's need for imported crude oil during the period mentioned. The crude oil was delivered via a chain of intermediaries. Brunei Shell Petroleum (a 50-50 joint venture between Shell and the Brunei Government) sold the oil to a local Brunei trader. This local Brunei trader resold the crude oil to Marubeni International Petroleum Co. (MIPCO) (Hong Kong), a subsidiary of Marubeni Corp. (Japan). MIPCO resold the crude oil to the oil trading company Marc Rich (Switzerland), a company well-known for its embargobreaking activities, who delivered the crude oil to South Africa. The Commonwealth and the Oil Embargo against South Africa The report was issued in September 1987. The purpose of this report was to provide background information for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Vancouver (Canada). The summit was held from October 13 - 17, 1987. The report gives an overview of the history and development of the oil embargo, and the policy of the Commonwealth and its respective Member States on the oil embargo issue. Copies of the report were distributed to the Member States by the Commonwealth Secretariat. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa The main purpose of the Newsletter is to provide a regular flow of information on the issue of the oil embargo. The Newsletter has been published on a quarterly base since 1985. It is the Bureau's experience that the Newsletter is closely read by the media, representatives of companies and governments and by nongovernmental groups active on the oil embargo issue. The quarterly Newsletter does not only contain recent research findings of the Shipping Research Bureau but it also presents information on South Africa's oil situation from other sources. It gives information on actions by governments, international bodies and on campaigns by anti-apartheid organisations throughout the world. The Newsletter has a wide international distribution. It is sent out free of charge to all organsitions and individuals interested. During 1987 subscription increased again steadily. Some 2,000 copies are distributed directly to subscribers. An additional 750 are distributed through anti-apartheid organisations in various countries. OTHER ACTIVITIES The Shipping Research Bureau contributes actively to international conferences, workshops and other meetings in which the oil embargo against South Africa is discussed. During 1987 the Bureau contributed to the following international meetings: Eurogean Seminar on Support to SADCC and Action against Apartheid This seminar was organised by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) in Strasbourg (France), from May 13-15 1987 . The Bureau presented the paper : Oil Embargo against South Africa. How to Close the Loopholes in Current West European Measures. Conference on Sanctions and South Africa This conference was organised by the African Studies and Research Program of the Graduate School of Howard University in Washington DC (U.S.A.) on October 30 and 31, 1987. The Bureau presented the paper: The Oil Embargo against South Africa: Effects and Loopholes. Workshog o Southern Africa and Namibia and sanctions against South Africa and Namibia The workshop was organised by the Isolate South Africa Committee and the African Groups of Sweden in Sigtuna (Sweden), from November 19 - 22, 1987. Conference Peoples of the World against Agartheid for a Democratic South Africa This conference was organised by the African National Congress of South Africa on the occasion of their 75th anniversary. It was held in Arusha (Tanzania) from December 1 -4, 1987. The Shipping Research Bureau contributed to the conference with the paper Closing the Loopholes in the Oil Embargo against South Africa. Meeting on the NGO initiative on the EC and Apartheid This meeting was held in Copenhagen (Denmark) on December 4, 1987. The Shipping Research Bureau presented the paper: The European Community and the Oil Embargo against South Africa. The purpose of this paper was to provide background information for the EC summit held on December 4 and 5, 1987 in Copenhagen.

Through the year the Bureau presented documentation and background information to governments and intergovernemental organisations, as well as to the national and the international press and other mass media on the subjects asked for. For instance, the Bureau provided the United Nations Interovnmer nta1 Grou to Monitor the Sugg arid Sh i2ing of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa with extensive information on the subject. Also the Bureau assisted broadcasting networks in gathering information for possible television and radio programmes on the oil embargo issue. IMPACT Well aware of South Africa's continued vulnerability to an, oil embargo, the South African government has repeatedly shown its fear of the effects of monitoring work on oil shipments and of the threat of subsequent sanctions. Stressing the need of strict secrecy regulations, the South African Minister of Mineral and Energy affairs stated before parliament on May 20, 1985: "We are still in an embargo situation, there is no question about that. No oil company would happily supply to South Africa because they would know that they would then be in a lot of trouble in their own country". It may not be suprising that the South African government is regarding the Bureau's work as hostile. Its reports are considered to be "undesirable publications" and are banned in South Africa. Partly as a result of the Bureau's monitoring activities, some companies which have been exposed as oil suppliers to South Africa, have ceased their involvement. Undoubtedly the most spectacular announcement came in October 1987 from the trading company Transworld Oil, owned by the Dutchman Mr John Deuss. The company publicly announced that it had ceased al oil deliveries to South Africa. As was highlighted by several of the Bureau's publications in the past, Transworld Oil used to be one of the major oil suppliers to South Africa for a number of years. Due to more publicity, pressure by anti-apartheid organisations and parliamentary actions, several governments introduced stricter measures in order to stop companies supplying oil to South Africa.

Norway In N rway a-new law came into effect on July 20, 1987 banning all oil deliveries to South Africa by Norwegian-controlled tankers. This is especially striking since in the past years Norwegian tankers delivered up to 35 per cent of South Africa's need for imported crude oil. The United States of America In the United States of America, amendments to the Comprehensive Anti- Apartheid Act of 1986 have been made. The Anti-Apartheid Petroleum Sanctions Act, introduced by Congressman Bob Wise, a democratic member of the House of Representatives for West Virginia, calls for a total withdrawal from South Africa of companies that are involved in refining, storage, transport and distribution of crude oil and refined petroleum products and of companies that are involved in the distribution of goods and technology to enterprises in South Africa, which are involved in the refining, storage, transport and distributing of crude oil and refined petroleum products. Companies which do not withdraw, will not be allowed to bid on federal coal, oil and gas leases. The amendments will be discussed and voted on in Congress in the course of 1988. The United Nations In the United Nations General Assembly, the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, that was established by the General Assembly in November 1986, presented its first report. The Shipping Research Bureau extensively supplied the Group with its research findings. In its conclusions and recommendations the report stated : "18. The Intergovernmental Group believes that the international community should consider without delay the imposition of comprehensive mandatory sanctions and should use all available pressure on the South African regime to induce it to eradicate apartheid through peaceful means. An oil embargo can be one of the most effective means of pressure, short of comprehensive mandatory sanctions. Thus the Group believes that the Security Council is under a special obligation to impose a mandatory oil embargo against South Africa. This (...) would contribute to deterring the apartheid regime's oppression of the black people of South Africa and its aggression against independent African States, as well as to expediting its withdrawal from Namibia." (page 6) Furthermore, the Group concluded in its report that effective monitoring is necessary to tighten the oil embargo:

"24. The Intergovernmental Group emphasizes that, in order to ensure effective monitoring of the oil embargo against South -Africa, a mechanism should be established to gather and verify information on the movements of ships to and from South Africa". (page 7) However, the Group also concluded: "20. It has been noted that many States have not introduced legislation or comparable measures to enforce the oil embargo. In some cases, even declared policies have not been fully observed". (page 6) In the resolution on the oil embargo adopted by the General Assembly on November 20, 1987, the mandate of the Monitoring Group was renewed. The European Community On October 30, 1987, the European Parliament adopted a resolution urging for a better control on circumventions of restrictive economic measures imposed against South Africa by the European Community. In the resolution a section is included on the oil embargo. Interalia it "calls on the Community and its Member States to take appropriate action to ensure that the oil embargo is not cicumvented by EEC-based companies." The Shipping Research Bureau has continued to assist campaigning organisations in the United States of America, Canada, Australia and Western Europe in the international campaign to persuade the major oil company Shell to leave South Africa. In particular, the Bureau has supplied documentation on Shell's role with regard to crude oil deliveries to South Africa from Brunei and on the company's strategic value for South Africa's key economic sectors. In 1987, the report "Shell U.S. South Africa Strategy", the socalled Ne2tuDe r22rt became public. This report was devised by the Washington based consultant Pagan. Royal Dutch/Shell United States subsidiary Shell Oil commissioned Pagan to advise on a counterstrategy against the international boycott campaign. The report clearly shows Shell's concern about the boycott activities against the company. In Norway, the Norwegian Council for Southern Africa extended its oil boycott activities to all major oil companies that are active in South Africa and that have subsidiaries in Norway. These companies are British Petroleum, Texaco, Mobil and Total. This decision was taken after a court ruling that the city of Oslo was in its right not to purchase petroleum products from the

Norwegian subsidiaries of Shell, Mobil, British Petroleum and Texaco, because of their involvement in South Africa. PRESENT ACTIVITIES As the only organisation with an ongoing programme of research and publication of comprehensive data on crude oil supplies to South Africa, the Shipping Research Bureau continues to focus its main activities on the monitoring of illicit oil deliveries. The Bureau is now preparing its next main report, scheduled to be issued in September 1988. It will cover the period 1985-1986 and will present some preliminary findings over the first eight months of 1987. The Bureau will follow the proceedings of the United Nations Intergovernmental Group with great interest and will also continue in assisting the Group when requested. The Bureau will continue to compile developments on the oil embargo issue on the level of governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations and provide information and documentation on this matter. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau will continue its assistance to the international campaign against Shell in which a growing number of trade unions, church organisations, antiapartheid groups and other organisations are participating. In the coming year, the Bureau will continue to contribute actively to international conferences and other meetings on the oil embargo issue. For the consultative meeting of anti-apartheid movements from the EC Countries, held in Bonn on February 13 and 14, 1988, the Bureau prepared a paper. The Bureau attended the annual conference of the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) held in March 1988 in Lusaka (Zambia) and Harare (Zimbabwe), and submitted a paper. The Bureau also contributed a paper to the United Nations Council for Namibia's seminar, held in March 1988 in Istanbul (Turkey). This seminar focussed on the international responsibility for Namibia's independence.

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RECORDED VOTE ON RESOLUTION 42/23 F: In favour: Aananlstan, Albania. Algeria, Angola, Antiqua ana Barbuda, Argentina, Australia. Austia. Bahamas, Bahrain, Banqlaoesn, Barbados, Beli~e. Benin, Butan. Bolivia, Brazi., Brunei Darussalaa, Bulaaria. Burkina Faso. Bursa, Burundi, Byelorussia, Cameroon. Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad. China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, C.echoslovakla. Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador. Equatorial Guinea, Etniopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana. Grenada, Guatemala. Guinea. Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Inoia Indonesia, Iran. Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan. Kenya. Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Lebanon, Liberia. Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, MorOcco, Mozambique, Nepal. New Zealano, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda. Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal. Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden. Syria, Thailand. Togo, Trinidad and Tobao Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda. Ukraine, USSR, United Arab Emirates, united Republic of Tanzania; Uruguay. Vanuatu, Venezuela. Viet Nam. Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: France, Feoeral Republic of Germany, United Kingdom, Unitea States. Abstaining: Belgium, Canada, Cote d'Ivoire, Greece, Israel, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. Absent: Botswana. Chile, Dominica, Paraquay. Resolution by European Parliament, 30 October 1987 Export ban on crude oil 25.Notes that the bar. applies only to exports of oil produced in the EEC or oil aLready in free circulation, thus excLuding oil products and transit trade; PV 39 11 PE 117.595 EN. 26. Notes that many Member States have not yet eracted any legaL provisions to implement the oil export ban, whereas BeLgium, Derrark, France'and ItaLy have imposea more extensive bans; 27. Notes that South Africa, which has no appreciabLe crude oil deposits of its own, is heavily dependent on imported oil and because of sanctions only obtains this et prices substantially higher than those on the world market; 28. Calls on the Community and its Member States to take appropriate action to ensure that the oil embargo is not circumvented by EEC-based companies;

Natal Mercury (South Africa) 12 and 14 November 1987 iU~ons are tied! up .... 'tI n S A's oil reserves - Illlklt- Mercuo Correspondent rr ' , [.;j. ji CAPE TOWN-Billions of rands of scarce cap__ ital resources have been 'sterilised' as a reN suit of South Africa's political problems, Finance Minister! Barend du Plessis maintained yesterday. " These have been squandered on building up the country's strategic reserves I oil through fears that . supplies would be cut off. SQUA DERAirA . da P.it todlirote that thes vas..t .... mid probably .;,,e been etr seto moeproductive manner In dentiUANDEI ANIA he e my -- a t t utn also voiced by represe nt*Or s o the pri vte ector ' WHIAT A wEEK of discovery! And we'd sus- Add.sIns III. Nationa. PS's Cape neshre epect thatold Thundercloud of the wagging day tirdhPessi cmpesisdt Itkis now beoeiesetil finger is going to be looking for scalps when ale he o tbusipln al p roblem. iray aeadw.ywa. to he's back in office first thing. Monday "mndeln. koldlsup the eceousmy. . be'sobaking o ffice first ,n Mon To this end. he alo declared that It was oeeuary for the morning. State to reduce its Involvement and atilficial control of Ihe Just imagine - first his Minister of Edl- eonomy. saying that as far as possible Ibis should be left to Jutiaie-frthsMnsiio d- Marko.t forme. "*" cation and Culture (White), Mr Piet Clane, Mr ri " .... confesses that apartheid - the ugly yam- r Mir di Piesais eotosesi that the size .f t State's tnvoe ,. c meet in the economy had a fundamental bearing on he lflepire of the country's wealth that 'PW' and lis rite. " others of his cronies are trying to keep out ie sld it was well known there was a cest Horelason beof sight - Is~an expensive policy' that's go Itween the growth of the public sector and itflaton - 'it stands Ing to become even more costly. lie wasn't I out like a red flag'. Sst how much. Then one af those 10;lie also came out stronily saying by uho inspport of big business. deungrateful academics, Prof Michael Savage trying calls for price sd oth. of the University of Cape Town,'-lio's been r controls to be imposed. . studying these things, reminded: us all. ealisg wh a ootion cal. Apartheid, he said, cost B,8O0 fiUo in a aorfliurthser ifortion ls. lost economic growth in 1985, bad Iost the Governments privotisabout R66 000 million In lost growth oppor- anon pins, Mr do Plessis tunities in 1986. and direct Government waraed that thbs oocept spending on its race policies in 1965186 plisrolly or asoe a ae amounted to 1R3900 million. That's ibout Privatisallon will taho 12c of every rand spent by the State![ place. b ut ka pleased a. We'll not make too much of the lamebt a ., #e s... of -. day later from the Minister of Finance, Mr -the eSlls eot of a. Barend du Plessis, that so many billions causn ctorh potte . were frozen and out of circulation in the a- yi do rms aid. . .;.. lion's strategic oil reserve that could have He told the roosese that created and sustained hundreds of thou- the Government had enous sands of jobs and contributed immensely to problems without setting togrowth, because it's debatable whether voled In soh acheme.. such a reserve would not have been neces- .? Replylng to i motion Tesary whatever white government was In oqesh the oen romet ton abslish 05? ou medIcaton. power because no party, as far as we are and prescriptions, he sld aware, is in favour of majority rule and with selectIe exemptions p laced Soviet interest continuing we suspect we'd the Government loian 'Impoa havq to have it anyway. sibde moral asitatiog'. lie said 05'? was ea high 00' But then the cherry on top! And we hope, 12%. because the Goernmet even if only for the sake of the courage he bad given way to demands to showed. it does not lead to a fatal bolt of esempt ood. the bas aiol lightning from on high. amaior s the weight wait ap. We're speaking of Thursday's startlingly The proposed medical en. frank statement by Mr G P Croeser, Deputy erpios "0a osd eatplo Director General of Public Finance, who [xfw "s " a . told the Natal Municipal Association's annual meeting in Margate that general gov. ernment spending 'was getting out of hand.' State officials, lie said. could tell local authorities not to overspend, and be obeyed. lowever. they 'were not so successful with politicians'. Government expenditure was 'getting out of control' and this was going to have a serious impact on the country's stability, affecting important areas such as job creation. Remember, it wasn't us that said it this time, but one of the Government's own keepers of the purse! What future Mr Croeser might have, come Monday. we shudder to think. But does anyone with even half a wit now utll believe we can go, on squandering the country's wealth the' way this Government's doing so recklessly: .end.pot grow steadily poorer?

Transworld Oil Pressrelease TW2(U1 WK) Ltd. To City Editors For Immediate Release 13 October 1987 TRANSWORLD OIL AFFILIATES CEASE OIL SHIPMENTS TO SOUTH AFRICA HAMILTON, BERMUDA, October 13, 1987 -- Transworld Oil Ltd., a Bermuda-based international oil trading company, announced today that the company and its affiliates are no longer engaged in the supply of oil to Sputh Africa. The company's decision to withdraw from the business is based upon an assessment of the economic, social and political envi ronment. Through several affiliated companies, Transworld Oil had been supplying crude oil to South Africa. Oil shipments to South Africa have accounted historically for only a minor portion of Transworld Oil's total revenues. Neither the company nor any of its affiliates has had an office in South Africa since 1983. Transworld Oil, established in 1976, has trading offices in Hamilton, Bermuda, and nine other c.ities around the world. ENDS For further information contact: John Goold, Telephone: 01-930 3177

WASHINGTON. 0.C 20006 Front Edit Other Page Page Page - -0/ 4 1986 14AD IO , .!Z.....S CAPITAL "*1i'.'*, " E - 29, ,)07 Financial Times (UK), 26 January 1987 wamefl b nfe s 0H emA orgo wvit nksl to 5 Akicn!I BY LUCY KELLAWAY BRUNEI has been supplying South Africa with large quantitlies of crude oil. breaking the embargo Imposed by the country in 1982. says the Shipping Research Bureau, an anti-apart. heid organisation based in the Netherlands. The bureau has Identified 56 deliveries of crude oil between 1979 and October 1986, of which it says 33 were made during the past three years. . Altogether. It says, the deliveries were worth at least $1.3bn,(1853m) and account for about 6 per cent of South Africa's oil import needs during the period. The sales circumvented the embargo by using a series of intermediaries, says the bureau, which has- traced a chain from the producer, Brunei Shell Petroleum, Jointly owned by Royal Dutch/Shell and Brunei Government, to Marubeni, a Japanese trading company. The bureau claims Marubent then sold the oil to Mark Rich, a US trader, now operating from Switzerland, which in turn delivered it to South Africa. where much was used by the Shell-EP refinery in Durban. The shipping companies identified by the bureau as involved, in the deals were Neptune Orient Lines of Singapore and Lorentzens Rederi of Norway. Both Shell and Brunei Shell Petroleum have denied any connection with the sales, although they do not deny selling the oil to Marubeni. They claim to have strictly imposed restrictions on the final destinations of oil sold. Marubeni has made a similar denial. The Brunei Government is investigating the disappearance .of large quantities of oil from its official figures, which show that deliveries to the US were les -than the amount leaving the country ostensibly for tha US. It is believed some of the missinge oil may have reached South Africa. Oit.ngdom probing dJiversion 6f cnide to S. African refinery By MARTIN BAILEY London Observe' Ne Sesce LUNDUN - The Brunei government Is investigating the disappearance of $705 million worth of oil sold by Shell oil company. The oil is believed to have ended up in South Africa. Thirty tankers "went missng" over the past four years after loading at Brunel and giving false destinations. It is feared that the embargoed oil reached South Africa through intermediaries, and much of It was ultimitely sold to Shell's refinery in Durban. Shell officials deny that the company was behind the shipments "If any Brunei oil in fact eventually reached South Africa, there was no Shell involvement." a spokesman says. The tankers being investigated carried 20 Million barrels of oil, over 10 per cent of Brunei's annual output. With the recent deterioration in the South African situation, the sultan of Brunel has toughened his anti-apartheid stand. Checks were Initiated to ensure that no clandestine oil supplies reached South Africa The Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau, set up by anti- apartheid groups to monitor the South African oil embargo, has investigated the 30 tankers. "Our inquiries suggest that at least 25 of the ship.ments went to South Africa. and some of the remaining five may aLso have gone there," says Jaap Voldendorp, bureau director. All major oil exporting countries now ban exports to South Africa, and reports that Shell- marketed oil from Brunei is Sil finding its way there is likely to increase pressure on the company to pull out of South Africa. Brunei Shell Petroleum, jointly owned by Shell and the government, markets all of the country's oil. Last Friday, a Shell spokesman in London said: "The supply of oil from Brunati to South Africa is prohibited by the Brunei government. Brunei Shell Petroleum has strictly observed this prohibition i nd destination restrictions have to be accepted by the buyers." All the suspect shipments were purchasedby a Japanese company. It maintains. "We have never shipped any Brunei crude oil with the destinaUon of South - Africa." But a spokesman refuses to comment on the sug- gestion that its customer had srpplied South Africa. The Japanese company sold the "missing" shipments to a Swiss-based oil trader which has been among South Africa's major clandestine suppliers. Much of the Brunel oil was tinloaded at the Durban refinery which is owned by Shell. The company's South African subsidiary has always refused to reveal Its sources of supply, citing the government's draconian secrecy legislation. The most recent consignment was loaded aboard a Greek tanker Aug.28 in BruneL. When It left the port of Seria, It gave its destination as 'West Coast, USA." After the vessel was out of sight. it swung round and sailed towards South Africa. All tanker visits to South Africa are secret, and the Greek ship quietly discharged before appearing again in the Arabian Gulf last month. The Greek tanker manager now admits that the ship did not go to Its ongim stated destination. "It was trading on the east coast of Africa, but did not discharge in South-Africa." he says.

Statement issued from the Office of the Prime Minister of Brunei Darussalam -CA' Caaai '~i to it9 a a' ~' it t it ~ iC3 a~~~~~~~~ :.i ' '9 - . -o0 a,- o aa -~~~~~ 0 0 0 a i a ti . . w. oM .i 2 i . - 1 v C 0 c aCa a a it a S it r m a t - a- a a it w 30 C a t - w 't 0 a' z 0 Z, , B : a C 'a 4 a 0 .a C in -CaC i''rn=I' aa .a 0n itIV a it4 0" C- *a ft.C - a i t CL a S ' a~~~n t'a' aza z 0 g V) 0 aC ta a CT I0t a1 to V. it t.r r. va 0 11 .a a a ntit araoano.-a i aa Lp a a4 v a a ii

ANNUAL REPORT Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 SW Amsterdam Netherlands telephone (20) 251300/266073 telex 10236 sanam nl fax (20) 220130 1988

THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU The Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) in Amsterdam was founded in 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid). These two longstanding Dutch anti-apartheid organisations have been actively engaged for many years in actions against involvement by Western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. From 1973 onwards Kairos has continuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the major oil company SHELL. Since 1977, the Holland Committee on Southern Africa has joined in this campaign. In March 1980, Amsterdam was the venue of an International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa, organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and Kairos in close cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. One of the main recommendations resulting from this seminar was the "creation of machinery to monitor all shipments of oil to South Africa", since this was seen as an essential condition to develop an effective oil embargo. As an immediate effect, a separate monitoring unit, the Shipping Research Bureau was established. The principal purpose of the Bureau is to conduct in-depth research and to publish reports on the means whereby the oil embargo against South Africa is circumvented. Other objectives are to conduct research on legislative and other measures with regard to the oil embargo and to inform governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations on this particular matter, with the intent that these bodies will be able to make effective and optimum use of the research results. Since its foundation, the Shipping Research Bureau has published five main reports, presenting detailed information on oil deliveries, on companies involved and on countries or regions from where tankers sailed to South Africa. These reports cover the period 1979 - mid 1987. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau has released several special surveys on particular companies and other items. Since 1985, the Bureau publishes its quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa as a more regular service of information. The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several organisations in the field of international development and cooperation, and especially by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. Among the funding organisations are the Governments of Sweden and Norway, the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions (LO), the International Confederation of Free Trade-Unions (ICFTU), the World Council of Churches and the United Nations.

THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material riot found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and police apparatus. South Africa has to import at least 70 per cent of its needs for liquid fuel - about 14 million tons of crude oil a year - from overseas by means of large oil tankers. The remaining 25 - 30 per cent is covered by production of three SASOL plants converting indigenous coal into liquid fuels. South Africa has spent large sums of money on oil exploration, mainly offshore, without striking sizeable oil finds. Oil is a strategic and essential commodity for the survival of the South African government. Without oil, the South African military could not maintain its army, air force and navy. Without oil, the military and police could riot invade and occupy the black townships inside South Africa and maintain the system of apartheid. Without oil, the South African military could riot continue its illegal occupation of Namibia against the will of the Namibian people and the international community. Without oil, South Africa could not continue its invasions and bombings in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, has not been implemented yet, because of opposition by two Permanent Members, the United States of America and the United Kinsdom. However, there does exist a voluntary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was discussed as a separate issue. The resolution of December 5, 1988 (A 43/50 J) on the oil embargo was adopted by 138 to 2 votes, with 14 abstentions. The member states voting against were the United States of America and the UnitedKingdom. On March 8, 1988 the Security Council voted on mandatory sanctions against South Africa, including a mandatory oil embargo. The resolution was vetoed by the permanent members the United States of America and the United Kingdom. France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan abstained from voting. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oil exporting countries, including member states of OPEC and OAPEC. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo is widely supported by many international organisations such as the NonAligned States, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States, The World Council of Churches (WCC), the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), the Workers' Group of the

International Labour Office (ILO), in ternational trade union bodies as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), Western seafarers' and dockers' unions represented by the group "Maritime Unions against Apartheid", the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU), the European Parliament, the International Parliamentarians Union (IPU), the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), and the Socialist International. PUBLICATION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS Main reports The findings of the Shipping Research Bureau on oil shipments to South Africa over a certain period of time are compiled in its main reports. These reports are published every two years. Previous main reports were published in March 1981, covering 1979; June1982,covering theyears1980and1981; June1984, covering 1981 and 1982 and in September 1986, covering 1983 and 1984. On 13 September 1988, the Shipping Research Bureau released its fifth main report Oil to South Africa. Apartheid's Friends arid Partners. The report covers 1985 and 1986. Some preliminary findings over the first eight months of 1987 are included (for a summary of the report, see Annex 1). The report was released simultaneously in Athens (Greece), Brussels (Belgium) and London (United Kingdom) and attracted extensive coverage by the international press (Annex 2 shows a selection of the presscoverage which the report atracted). South African censorship TAR 13/9/88. TIGHTER SA OIL BOYCOTT 'FEASIBLE' AMSTERDAM - A Dutch monitoring group has voluntary oil embargo against South Africa was feamade claims concerning South Africa's importation sible. If oil exporting countries would observe and enof crude oil in defiance of oil sanctions. force their embargo policy, and increase the penal. The Shipping Research Bureau, a non-governmen- ties against companies which violated their policy, tal body set up in 1980 to keep watch on Pretoria's the flow of oil to SA could be significantly curtailed. backdoor oil imports, said In a report that because of Embargo legislation by countries In which oil trd. measures to conceal deliveries, it takes some time ers were based might disrupt the oil procuremen for evidence of trade to emerge. system'which the South Africa Government. togethe" CONSIDERABLE COSTS with a number of these traders, had set up, it added However, the monitoring of oil deliveries to South, -Sapa-Reuter. Africa has been shown to be feasible despite the secrecy surrounding such deliveries. n~ eort Restricted It said South Africa had incurred considerable extra costs in order to secure crude supplies. 0 This report has been cut and amended to comThe report said a further tightening of the current ply with the Petroleum Products Act.

DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa The main purpose of the Newsletter is to provide a regular flow of information on the issue of the oil embargo. The Newsletter has been published on a quarterly base since 1985. It is the Bureau's experience that the Newsletter is closely read by the media, representatives of companies and governments and by nongovernmental groups active on the oil embargo issue. The quarterly Newsletter does not only contain recent research findings of the Shipping Research Bureau but it also presents information on South Africa's oil situation from other sources. It gives information on actions by governments, international bodies and on campaigns by anti-apartheid organisations throughout the world. The Newsletter has a wide international distribution. It is sent out free of charge to all organisations and individuals interested. Some 2,000 copies are distributed directly to subscribers. An additional 800 are distributed through antiapartheid organisations in various countries. OTHER ACTIVITIES IN 1988 The Shipping Research Bureau contributes actively to international conferences, workshops and other meetings in which the oil embargo against South Africa is discussed. During 1988 the Bureau contributed to the following international meetings: Consultative meeti ngofnti-Aarthe id Movements from the EC countries This meeting was hosted by the Anti-Apartheid Movement of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn on February 13 and 14, 1988. The Bureau contributed to the meeting with the paper The European Community ard the Oil Embargo against South Africa. Seminar on International Res2S!Enibility! for Namibia's Inde2endence The Seminar was organised by the United Nations Council for Namibia in Istanbul (Turkey), from March 21 - 25, 1988. The Bureau presented the paper Kudu. South African Development of Namibia's Gas Deposits to circumvent the Oil Embargo?

Conference Southern Africa's Future - Europe's Role This Conference was organised by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), in cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, the United Nations Council for Namibia, the Speaker of Parliament (Zimbabwe), the Co'mmission of the European Community and the African European Institute, in Lusaka (Zambia) and Harare (Zimbabwe), from March 23 - 30, 1988. The Bureau contributed to the Conference with the paper Legislation, Monitoring and Enforcement: Tightening the Oil Ewbargo against South Africa. International Conference on Anti-A2artheid The Conference was organised by the Nigerian National Committee against Apartheid (NACAP) in Lagos (Nigeria). The Bureau contributed the paper Oil: South Africa's Lifeline. International Conference of the Afro-Asian Peoles Solidaritg-Ogarisation (A.A.P.S.O.) This Conference was organised by the A.A.P.S.O. in New Delhi (India), from November 24 - 28, 1988. The Bureau contributed the paper Oil: South Africa's Lifeline. During the year the Bureau presented documentation and background information to governments and intergovernemental organisations, as well as to the national and the international press and other mass media. The United Nations Intergovermental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa was again provided with extensive information or the subject. The information submitted by the Bureau was subsequently incorporated in the Group's report of November 1988. The Bureau was also asked to contribute various confidential reports to the Commonwealth Expert Study on Sanctions against South Africa. The World Council of Churches was assisted with information regarding the role of the oil major Shell and the involvement of (companies based in) Asian countries in oil supplies to South Africa. IMPACT Partly as a result of the Bureau's monitoring activities, due to more publicity, pressure by anti-apartheid organisations and parliamentary actions, several Governments introduced stricter measures in order to stop companies supplying oil to South Africa.

Norwayo In 1987, Norway followed the example set by Denmark in 1986 and banned all oil transports to South Africa by Norwegian-controlled tankers. Before the law came into effect on 20 July 1987, up to 75 per cent of South Africa's need for imported crude oil was delivered by Norwegian tankers. Since the law came into effect, there have been no reports suggesting that Norwegian tankers are still delivering oil to South Africa. Brunei Between January 1979 and January 1987, at least 57 tankers sailed to South Africa from the Far East oil-exporting country Brunei. Since 1982, Brunei has joined the oil embargo against South Africa. Nevertheless, between 1982 and January 1987, at least 39 tankers delivered some 3.8 million tons of Brunei crude to South Africa, about six per cent of the country's need for imported crude oil. After the release of a Shipping Research Bureau survey with detailed information regarding these oil deliveries in January 1987, the Brunei Government took effective action. In 1987, the Bureau found no evidence of crude oil deliveries to South Africa from Brunei. The Bureau has no indications that this situation may have been reversed in 1988. The United Nations General Assemnbly On 5 December 1988, the UN General Assembly approved by a large majority resolution No. 43/50 J urging the Security Council to take action without delay to impose a mandatory embargo on the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa. The resolution requests Governments, pending a decision by the Security Council, to adopt measures in order to ensure the complete cessation of the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa, strictly monitor these and impose penalties in case of violations. An important aspect mentioned by the resolution is that the supply of equipment, technology and finance to South Africa's oil industry and synthetic fuel projects should also be covered by the mandatory embargo. UN MonitoringGroug In the Group, oil-shipping and oil-exporting nations are both represented. The Group's Chairman is the Norwegian Ambassador to the UN, while Ms Nabeela A1-Mulla (Kuwait) acts as Vice-Chairman. The other nine nations represented in the Group are Algeria, Cuba, the German Democratic Republic, Indonesia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Tanzania. As in 1987, the major part of the Group's second report is devoted to problems relating to the monitoring of oil shipments, to policies aimed at reducing oil supplies to South Africa and, especially, to ways of effectively implementing and enforcing those policies. A considerable number of individual cases of embargo violations, which had been brought to the attention of the Group by the Shipping Research Bureau, were communicated to the Governments concerned. In the report of the Group of 1987, 32 cases were dealt with. Investigations and correspondence on these 32 cases have continued in 1988, to which more than 60 cases were added by the Shipping Research Bureau. Almost all cases under investigation arose in the period January 1985 - July 1987. Strong emphasis is laid by the Group on the need for strictly implemented policies. "A review of cases before the Grosup suggests that in general the control and verification of discharge documentation is not being strictly applied. (Report of the Group, page 13 - Official Records: Forty-Third Session, Supplement No. 44 (A/43/44)) By its resolution 43/50 J of 5 December 1988, the UN General Assembly has renewed the Group's mandate, and specifically, requested the Group to organise hearings on the oil embargo in 1989 in cooperation with the UN Special Committee against Apartheid. Italy Italian State-owned shipping company Almare di Navigazione S.p.A. has decided to stop oil transports to South Africa, following investigations by the Shipping Research Bureau and the United Nat ions. Two Italian-flagged vessels owned by the company which had been found by the Shipping Research Bureau to have supplied oil to South Africa in 1985-1986 have been investigated by the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa as well. Bulk/oil carrier Almare Settima of 101,590 dwt tons sailed from Saudi Arabia or 15 December 1985, and secretly discharged her oil cargo in South Africa in December 1985/January 1986. On departure from Saudi Arabia, the stated destination had beers 'Maputo' (Mozambique). After the discharge, the vessel collected a cargo of South African coal at Richards Bay, for delivery to Italy. Bulk/oil carrier Almare Terza of 104,824 dwt loaded a cargo of about 78,000 tons of British North Sea oil in Sullon Voe, U.K., on 10 March 1988. The purported destination on departure was 'Lavera' (France). Instead, the vessel sailed to South Africa and delivered her cargo there in April 1986, before she collected a cargo of South African coal for Italy. The cargo had changed hands several times since it was sold by the original owner, Shell U.K. The case of the Almare Terza involving the illegal sale of British crude oil to South Africa has stirred a debate in the United Kingdom (see Newsletters 13 and 14). Shell International Petroleum Co. has written to the Bureau that the company is "still not in the possession of any clear evidence that the cargo was eventually delivered to South Africa". The Government of the United Kingdom informed the Bureau that "Our enquiries into the alleged shipment of crude oil frori? the North sea to South Africa by the vessel Almlare Terza are not yet cowplete. " "Following the incidents regarding the chartering of the two (... ) ships", the Italian Ambassador wrote to the UN, "the management of SocietA Qlmare has arranged for the inclusion in all contracts of a clause excluding landings in South Africa. PRESENT ACTIVITIES As the only organisation with an ongoing programme of research and publication of comprehensive data on crude oil supplies to South Africa, the Shipping Research Bureau continues to focus its main activities on the monitoring of illicit oil deliveries. In 1989, special attention will be given to shipping companies based in Greece and Hong Kong. Recent information seems to suggest that some shipping companies based in these countries are taking over part of the former trade of the Norwegian shipping companies in secret oil deliveries to South Africa. The Bureau will continue its assistance to the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa and to the Commonwealth Expert Study on Sanctions against South Africa. The Bureau will testify during the Hearings on the Oil Embargo which the Intergovernmental Group, in cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, will organise in April 1988 in New York (U.S.A.). The Bureau will continue to monitor developments with respect to the oil embargo issue on the level of governments, intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations and provide information and documentation on these matters. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau will continue its assistance to the international campaign against Shell in which a growing number of trade unions, church organisations, antiapartheid groups and other organisations are participating.

ANNEX 1 A summary of the Shipping Research Bureau's fifth main report Oil to South Africa. Apartheid's Frie, s and Partners.

1985- 1986 1. The Shipping Research Bureau identified 194 tankers each capable of carrying a cargo of over 50,000 tons of crude oil, which called at South African ports during 1985 and 1986. 68 of these tankers apparently delivered oil to South Africa. The total cargo capacity of these 68 tankers is about 13.4 million tons, equivalent to almost half of South Africa's estimated crude oil import needs over the two-year period. 2. Oil trading companies most deeply involved in the secret oil trade with South Africa during 1985- 1986 appear to be: - MARC RICH (Switzerland) - MARIMPEX (Fed. Rep. Germany) Featuring prominently among the shipping companies are: - BERGESEN - MOSVOLD SHIPPING - NEPTUNE ORIENT LINES - LIVANOS/CARRAS GROUP - FEARNLEY & EGER - THOR DAHL (Norway) (Norway) (Singapore) (Greece/U.K.) (Norway) (Norway) 11 cases 8 cases 7 cases 6 cases 5 cases 4 cases 3. Norwegian shipping companies were involved in 38 of the 68 ,cases. Together, these 38 tankers were capable of carrying some 8.6 million tons of oil to South Africa, equivalent to more than 30per cent of the country's crude oil import needs during the period in question. Among the other nations whose companies are involved in oil deliveries to South Africa are Uberia, Switzerland, Greece, Singapore, the U.K., the U.S.A., the Federal Republic of Germany, and Hong Kong. 4. In 46 of the 68 cases, a tanker sailed to South Africa from the Persian Gulf area, of which: - 21 tankers from the United Arab Emirates - 10 tankers from Oman - 7 tankers from Iran - 7 tankers from Saudi Arabia (Figures include multi-porting in different countries and transshipment.) The other main oil-exporting area from where tankers sailed to South Africa is Brunei (13 cases). Other tankers sailed from the Red Sea area (Egypt and S. Yemen - 5 cages); from Europe (Netherlands and U.K. -2 cases); and from unknown countries (2 cases). 1987 5. Preliminary research on 1987 revealed 17 oil deliveries to South Africa in the first eight months. The cargo capacity of the tankers, 4.3 million tons, represents some 45 per cent of South Africa's estimated import needs during these eight months. 6. Oil trading companies involved include: - INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSPORTATION CORP. - MARIMPEX - TRANSWORLD OIL (Cayman Islands) (Fed. Rep. Germany) (Netherlands/Bermuda) Norwegian shipping companies account for eight deliveries (about 2.4 million tons, or over a quarter of the country's crude oil import needs during the period). These deliveries all occurred prior to 20 July 1987, when the Norwegian law prohibiting oil transports to South Africa came into effect. 7. All 17 tankers sailed to South Africa directly from the Persian Gulf area. Secrecy, false destinations and forged documents 8. Oil and shipping companies are prepared to go to great lengths to conceal intended oil deliveries to South Africa. Confidential charterparties are concluded, false destinations reported and forged documents used to disguise that a delivery has actually been made. In about 95per cent of the identified cases in 1985, 1986 and 1987, the calls of vessels delivering oil to South Africa have been kept strictly secret. In the few remaining cases only vague indications that a call had been made were reported. None of the tankers reported their actual destination on departure from the oil- exporting countries. In some cases, the Shipping Research Bureau has evidence of forged documents used to conceal an actual oil delivery. South Africa's strategic stockpile 9. During 1984 and 1985, the South African government used a sizeable part of its strategic stockpile of oil in an effort to counter its economic and political problems. The Rand almost halved against the US Dollar, inflation shot up and, especially in 1985, South Africa ran into major financial problems with the international banking world. At the end of 1985, the price of imported crude oil had almost doubled compared to 1983. Oil imports were reduced to save foreign currency to repay part of the country's debts to foreign banks. In 1986, the South African government profited greatly from the drastic fall of oil prices and imported extra crude oil. This is reflected in the uneven spread of the 68 identified deliveries during 1985 - 1986: in 1985, the Shipping Research Bureau identified only 27 cases, while the figure for 1986 is 41. 10. The actual size of the strategic stockpile is a state-secret. It has been estimated that the stockpile could be about five times the size of stockpiles in other industrialised countries, covering about fifteen months of crude oil imports (16- 17 million tons of oil). Recent research suggests that South Africa's strategic stockpile is in fact considerably smaller. The stockpile could well be not larger than 7- 8 million tons. Costs of the oil embargo 11. The present voluntary oil embargo has had severe effects on South Africa: "Between 1973 and 1984 the Republic of South Africa had to pay R 22 billion more for oil than it would normally have spent. There were times when it was reported to me that we had enough oil for only a week. Just think what we could have done if we had that R 22 billion today... what could have been done in other areas? But we had to spend it because we couldn't bring our motor cars and our diesel locomotives to a standstill as our economic life would have collapsed. We paid a price, which we are stir suffering from today" (South Africa's President, P.W. Botha, in: Windhoek Advertiser, Namibia, 25 April 1986). The 'pariah cost' at which the country -despite the broad support for the oil embargo - nevertheless still manages to obtain its crude oil imports, is a considerable one. Between January 1979 and January 1988, over and above its crude oil bill of about US $ 25,000 million, South Africa has had to spend at least US $ 20,000 million to overcome the direct and indirect effects of the oil embargo. Update January 1979- August 1987 12. Over the period January 1979 to August 1987, the Shipping Research Bureau identified 343 tankers which delivered oil to South Africa. The total cargo capacity of these 343 tankers is about 67 million tons, equivalent to about 53 per cent of South Africa's estimated crude oil import needs during these eight years and eight months. 13. The secrecy surrounding oil deliveries to South Africa increased dramatically. In 1979 about one-third of the identified tankers made a secret call at a South African port. Since 1982, over 90 per cent of identified calls were kept secret. 14. The number of areas or countries from where tankers sailed to South Africa decreased considerably. Since 1982, between 80and 90 percent of the tankers identified sailed from the Persian Gulf area. 15. In 1979, the four major oil companies Shell, BP, Exxon and Mobil owned over 40 per cent of the cargoes delivered. Since 1981, the oil majors have withdrawn from the open supply of oil to South Africa. Oil trading companies like Transworld Oil, Marc Rich and Marimpex apparently took over. In October 1987, Transworld Oil announced that it had stopped supplying oil to South Africa. This decision had been prompted by the growing number of countries introducing sanctions legislation. Making the oil embargo more effective 16. A further tightening of the oil embargo is feasible. The crude oil shipped to South Africa originates in a limited number of countries. If oil-exporting countries would observe and enforce their embargo policy, and step up the penalties against companies which violate their policy, the flow of oil to South Africa could be significantly curtailed. Oil embargo legislation by shipping nations could considerably curtail the transport capacity for crude oil destined for South Africa. A point in case is the Norwegian law of 1987, prohibiting oil transports to South Africa. A similar law had already been adopted in May 1986 by the Danish Parliament. Embargo legislation by countries in which oil traders are based might disrupt the oil procurement system which the South African government, together with a number of these traders, has set up. The monitoring of oil deliveries to South Africa has shown to be feasible despite the secrecy surrounding such deliveries. 17. A necessary step would be the instituting of a mandatory oil embargo against South Africa by the United Nations Security Council. Pending a mandatory embargo, the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, in its report of November 1987, made a number of important suggestions to improve the present voluntary embargo. cla T CV) mr rm co CIS CD -0 cts

ANNEX 2 Presscoverage of the release of the Shipping Research Bureau's fifth main report Oil to Scuth Africa. Apartheid's Friends and Partnhers. sto -kie sys monitor1 epBjPeter*Montagnan, World Trade Editor Fnaca Tie (U)1 Sp 9 88 7O0t le Moleboco t a 0 De Morgen (Belgium) 14 Sep 1988 ,~al van Ianden en Iternationale arganizattes hebben qfgekondigd regen Ziad- Afrik 06P voak am.eild t warden. Maar am die haycot mnet ailcytet truukjes te om.-eilen beta E* e voor -Iit: alie Iwast het dubbele van deprijs op de wercldrnarkt. Oyer het respekit K64 filkerd rapport bekendgemaaki. Daarudt blijkt dat sancges wel degefjk zin hebben dat xc nag Peel strikter macten nageleefd warden. THE JOURNAL Or COMMEACE.Woodr., S*0WIA1,19 ~ GIf Exports to South Afr Continue, Dutch Group S e SHIPSBREAKSOUTHAFRICAN0 ITF News (UK) Sep South Africa PTR13/9/98. TICHTER SA OIL BOYCOr? *TEASIBLE' AMSTERDAM - A 0.W.1.Is~ .~1. ..l~ 5 M.g WdIS 1.11511 415.". I11U. Ship.sg SM-s.. 3ss...... C-- si. .11- PWAAA 5*N= 1t= M.1517 = -4 -Pd A.. Als A,134 k., .lch - pmbSM SM .ItOSA-4M. s.~lSy.5 .4I..M.1 41.. AA~s lPA tu b-- ..1 -l.5 - 51 d.il..im. II AA455. SMl- n. ,bl SMSM by M5515sM AS hkIb WI b.4 1.-,Wta0.S . "5.116m.M np th341 . .'...,a P-M41 COSGOEAALE COSTS11 .11 -.bM1. d b- .M A~M "51.A~ .4dst A lly.V4 SM l..1 . d.U. to=,1d Alls. M S . . h-s I....1.dSpi MI. ~ a S3r". Ppii-~n 015 4.155SM "n MA -P1.". ~ TM17 "Pon A &S~ 35~w ti55 55d5.pI* *ww 1 11 35755A" bS.-k P5 A .54. M.s Rr I Z BUSINESS DAY SA 'RUNIIING D LAW"O - A b"1 ISM SM .sSS Hl SA4.hsd k115by b sM.ASMSMdm4ed,*c Ws l9sM.sI ablike ~ren,urL-uud__maar lea ays IL BAN - 1988 Ulm4 OIL 7-91. d 11.1 TMII b. 5.bI . A AA7 bl ~M =l p.'.l"l7 b"s Amew- S ., - - V/) (D. (D C)

N: 0l iiieuwsblad Transport (NL) 13 Sep 1988 Bijna helft olie-import van Zuid-Afrika N 0. UWE %U 0 30 0 0 0 0 The Guardian (UK) 14 Sep 1988 -__. FINANCIAL NEWS 9 Te soufres ofst fiaill su -l 343 tankers which saed to Sout Africa. 1979-1987 Lloyds List (UK) 14 Sep 1988 No 53,994 P+ ;. .Jr -- ,"" cargoes reach' South Africa" 15 - ( 4 4 t. Het Parool (NL) 14 Sep 1988 Lits E . , TYJ "P'.-- 9 25 . .0 1 &1 E"-, ;. . I q 'o am. I E.,I . _ .6 firecd uit Golf 00 z CI) q 0n - -D -. CD zi z Stz >~P z: -od 0 Cw -..1 i

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-!bc 368118 oil --M 77 M1, OPEC Bulleting (Austria) October 1988-." infonmdon ma 4,, ng =21io"Camup Oil ddivaies 110 Obt 1,999 W PLAtrSWEEKrjepwnAwI9.Im 6) EIFFEKtTIV N c RS EBOIKO TT(S-30) ; ; 111 If% " ON s lop

ANNEX 3 Text of the United Nations Oil Embargo Pesolution of 5 December 1988 (A 43/50 J) and voting behaviour of Member States on previous Oil Embargo Resolutions.

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UN: Oil embargo resolutions 1979-1988 Not indicated are those States which by their absence in some cases accounted for small variations in the numbers of recorded votes. date of adoption in f and number of resolution 1979 (24 January) 105 33/183 E again Luxt abst.: Bots Gree Leso Port 1979 (12 December) 124 34/93 F again 1980 (16 December) 35/206D 1981 (17 December) 36/172 G avour against abstained 6 16 st: Belgium, France, FRG, embourg, UK, USA Australia, Austria, Bolivia, wana, Canada, El Salvador, ce, Guatamala, Italy, Japan, tho, New Zealand, Nicaragua, ugal, Spain, Swaziland 7 13 St: Belgium, Canada, France. FRG. Luxembourg, UK, USA abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Greece, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland 123 7 13 against: Belgium, Canada, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA aba.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Greece, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland, Zimbabwe 126 7 12 against: Belgium, Canada, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Chile, Greece, Guatemala, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, New Zealand, Portugal, Swaziland date of adoption and number of resolution 1982 (9 December 37/69 J 1983 (5 December 38/39 J 1986 (10 Novembe 41/35 F 1987 (20 November) 42/23 F 1988 (5 December) 43/50 J in favour against abstained ) 125 6 13 against: Belgium, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Canada, Greece, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal, Swaziland ) 130 6 14 against: Belgium, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA alul.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Canada, Greece, Italy, Ivory Coast. Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Swaziland r) 136 5 15 against: France, FRG, Israel, UK, USA abst.: Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Greece, Ivory Coast, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Liberia, Malawi, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland 138 4 12 against: France, FRG, UK, USA abst.: Belgium, Canada, Greece. Israel, Ivory Coast, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland 138 2 14 against: UK, USA abst.: Belgium, Botswana, Canada, France, FRG, Greece, Israel, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa, No. 14, January 1989

ANNEX 4 Shipping Research Bureau Publications

I LIST OF MAIN PUBLICATIONS OF THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU + Oil Tankers to South Africa 1980-1981 [2nd SRB main report], Amsterdam, June 1982; ISBN 90 70331 05 5 [currently out of print) + Secret Oil Deliveries to South Africa 1981-1982 [3rd SRB main report], Amsterdam, June 1984; ISBN 90 70331 15 2 + South Africa's Lifeline. Violations of the Oil Embargo 1983-1984 [4th SRB main report, covering the period January 1983 - first months of 1985; special section on shipments from Rotterdam 1979-19853, Amsterdam. September 1986; ISBN 90 70331 13 6 + Oil to South Africa. Apartheid's Friends and Partners [5th SRB main report, covering the period January 1985 - first half of 1987; special section on the countries from which tankers sailed to South Africa 1979'87; maps, illustrations], Amsterdam, September 1988; ISBN 90 70331 19 5 * Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa [quarterly]; ISSN 0169-3956; for subscriptions and back issues: The Circulation Manager, P.O. Box 11898, 1001 GW Amsterdam, The Netherlands + Oil and Tanker Interests that Facilitate the Exploitation of Namibia's Natural Resources [survey), Amsterdam, April/August 1984 + The Oil Embargo against South Africa: West European involvement and possible actions, United nations Centre against Apartheid, Information Note no. 57/84, New York, November 1984 [paper, prepared for the founding conference of the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), Copenhagen, 2-3 November 1984) + Oil Shipments to South Africa by the Tankers Thorsaga, Thorshavet and Thorsholm [survey on the role of the Norwegian shipping company A/S Thor Dahl, 1981-19843, Amsterdam/Oslo, December 1984 + John Deuss - Transworld Oil. Zuid-Afrika's belangrijkste olieleverancier [John Deuss - TWO. South Africa's main oil supplier; survey in Dutch with an English summary), Amsterdam, January 1985 + Oil Shipments to South Africa on Maersk Tankers: The Role of A.P. Mdller of Denmark [survey, based on research conducted jointly with the Danish Seamen's Union, Copenhagen], Amsterdam, June 1985 + ail Shipments to South Africa by Tankers Owned and Managed by Sig. Bergesen d.y. and Co. of Norway (1979-1985) [survey], Amsterdam/Oslo, August 1985 + West European Companies Breaking the Oil Embargo against South Africa. Possibilities for a West European Response [paper for International Conference 'Apartheid and Southern Africa: the West European Response', 1214 September 1985 at Amsterdam; French version available], Amsterdam, September 1985 [currently out of print)

+ Marimpex. A German Oil Supplier to South Africa [survey], Amsterdam/Bonn October/November 1985; translated into German as 'Marimpex liefert i. Umgehung des blembargos gegen SUdafrika', epd-Entwicklungspolitik Materialien IV/86; ISSN 0177-5510; P.O. Box 170361, Frankfurt/Main, FRG) + Companies Breaking the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for the International Conference on Oil Supplies to South Africa by seafarers' and dockers' unions in London, 30-31 October 1985, sponsored by the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid], Amsterdam/ London, October 1985 + Shell, Marubeni, Rich. Crude Oil Deliveries to South Africa from Brunei (Jan. 1979 - Oct. 1986) [survey], Amsterdam, January 1987 + Oil Embargo against South Africa. How to close the loopholes in current iWest European measures [paper, prepared for the European Seminar on Support to SADCC and Action against Apartheid, organized by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) at Strasbourg, 13-15 May 1987), Amsterdam/Strasbourg, May 1987 + The Commonwealth and the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper], Amsterdam, September 1987 + The Oil Embargo against South Africa: Effects and Loopholes [paper, prepared for the conference 'Sanctions and South Africa', organized by the African Studies & Research Program of the Graduate School of Howard University, Washington, DC, 30-31 October 1987), Asterdam/Washington, October 1987 + The European Community and the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper), Amsterdam, November 1987; 2nd revised and updated edition [prepared for the Consultative Meeting of Anti Apartheid movements from the EC Countries, Bonn, 13-14 February 1988), Amsterdam/Bonn, February 1988 + Closing the Loopholes in the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for the International Conference 'The World United Against Apartheid for a Democratic South Africa', organized by the African National Congress of South Africa in Arusha, 1-4 December 1987], Amsterdam/Arusha, December 1987 + Kudu: South African Development of Namibia's Gas Deposits to Circumvent the Oil Embargo? [paper, prepared for the Seminar on the International Responsibility for Namibia's Independence, organized by the United Nations Council for Namibia, Istanbul, 21-25 March 1988), Amsterdam/ Istanbul, March 1988 + Legislation, Monitoring, Enforcement: Tightening the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for AWEPAA Twin Conference on 'Southern Africa's Future - Europe's Role', organized by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid in Lusaka/Harare, 23-30 March 1988), Amsterdam/Lusaka, March 1988 + Oil: South Africa's Lifeline [paper, prepared for the International Conference on Anti-Apartheid, organised by the Nigerian National Committee against Apartheid (NACAP), Lagos, Nigeria, 7-9 November 1988, and the International Conference of the Afro-Asain Peoples' Solidarity Organisation (AAPSO), New Delhi, India, 24-28 November 19883, Amsterdam/ Lagos resp. New Delhi, November 1988

ANNUAL REPORT 1989 Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam the Netherlands Telephcie: +31 20 251300/266073 +31 20 200066 (coal secticn) Telex: 10236 sanam nl Telefax: +31 20 220130

1989 TEN YEARS SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU The year 1989 marks the ending of the first decennium of the Shipping Research Bureau. Ten years ago in 1980 the Bureau was established because it became clear that a monitory unit was an essential condition to develop an effective oil embargo. This was the main result of the 'International Seminar an an Oil Embargo against South Africa', organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos in co-operaticn with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, held in March 1980 in Amsterdam. The founding organisations of the Shipping Research Bureau, the Holland Committee oi Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid) are two lcng-standing Dutch anti-apartheid organisaticns which have for many years now been actively engaged in actions against involvement by Western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. Fran 1973 onwards Kairos has ccntinuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the major oil company SHELL. Since 1977, the Holland Committee on Southern Africa has joined in this campaign. In the ten years of its existence the Bureau has focussed on in-depth research and publication of reports on the means whereby the oil embargo against South Africa was circumvented. Other objectives were to conduct research on legislative and other measures with regard to the oil embargo and to inform Governnents, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisaticns on this particular matter, with the intent that these bodies would be able to make effective and optimun use of the research results. Since 1980 the Shipping Research Bureau has published five main reports, presenting detailed information on oil deliveries to

South Africa, on companies involved in this trade and on countries or regians fron where tankers sailed to South Africa. These reports cover the period 1979-mid 1987. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau has released several special surveys on particular canpanes and other items. Since 1985, the Bureau has published its quarterly Newsletter n the Oil Embargo against South Africa. This newsletter provides a regular flow of information on the oil embargo issue to the media, to Governments and ncn- governmental organisations as well as to individuals. Financial support The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several organisaticns in the field of internaticnal development and co-operation, and by dcnaticns of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. Among the funding organisaticrs are the Governments of Sweden, Norway and Canada, the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions (ID), the International Confederaticn of Free Trade Unions (ICTIU), the World Council of Churches and the United Natiors. Coal research Since March 1989 the Shipping Research Bureau has also been investigating shipments and export of coal from South Africa to its main importers in Western Europe, the Far East (Japan, South Korea, Hong Kcng, Taiwan) Brazil, Turkey and Israel. The aim of this research is to contribute to the achievement of an internatical embargo of coal originating from South Africa. In the quarterly Newsletter of the Shipping Research Bureau research findings on the coal issue are published in the section 'Coal Monitor'.

THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without doubt South Africa's Achilles' heel as regards its dependence on the internatioal community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and police apparatus. South Africa has to import at least 75 per cent of its needs for liquid fuel, about 14 million tonnes of crude oil a year, from overseas by means of large oil tankers. The remaining 20-25 per cent is covered by production of three SASOL plants converting indigerous coal into liquid fuels. South Africa has spent large sums of money on oil exploration, mainly offshore, without striking economically viable oil finds. Oil is a strategic and essential commodity for the survival of the South African government. Without oil, the South African military could not maintain its army, air force and navy. Without oil, the military and the police could not invade and occupy the black townships inside South Africa and maintain the system of apartheid. A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, has not been implemented yet, because of opposition by two Permanent Members, the United States of America and the [nited Kingdom. However, there does exist a voluntary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was discussed as a separate issue. The resolution of November 22, 1989 (A/44/27H) on the oil embargo was adopted with the largest majority ever by 139 to 2 votes, with 14 abstentions. The United States of America and the United Kingdom persevered in voting against. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oilexporting countries, including maeber states of the OPEC and OAPEC. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. moreover, the call for an oil embargo is widely supported by many internaticnal organisations such as the Non-Aligned States, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States, the World Council of Churchies (WCC), the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office (ILO), internaticnl trade union bodies such as the Internaticnal Confederaticn of Free Trade Unions (ICFIU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFIU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), Western seafarers' and dockers' unicns represented by the group Maritime Unions against Apartheid, the Organisaticn of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU), the European Parliament, the International Parliamentarians Union (IPU), the Associaticn of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), and the Socialist International.

WHY AN EMBARGO ON SOUTH AFRICAN COAL? The South African econmy is very vulnerable to an internaticnal embargo of its coal exports. Coal is South Africa's second export product in value terms. If this export could be embargoed, the country's ecotmy would be severely affected. Therefore, a coal embargo is an effective means to put pressure cn the South African govenmient. Until 1989 only a few countries had adopted an embargo of South African coal. These countries are: France (1987), Ireland (1987), the S v cmuntries (1987), Australia (1987), Canada (1986), New Zealand (1987) and the United States of America (1986). Already these limited sanctions have had a severe impact as the export of South African coal has not increased since 1987. All the important internatinal federations of trade unicns, for instance the International Confederaticn of Free Trade Unions (ICFIu), the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFIU), the world Confederation of Labour (WCL), the European Trade Union Confederation (EI=K), the Miners International Federation (MIF) and the Internaticnal Transport Federation (ITF), have endorsed an embargo on South African coal. South African organisaticns like the African National Congress (AC), the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), the United Democratic Front, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSAIU), the National Union of Mine Workers (NUM) and the churches have repeatedly called for an embargo on South African coal.

PUBLICATION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS Main reports on the oil embargo Every two years the oil secticn of the Shipping Research Bureau publishes a main report. In these reports research findings on oil shipments to South Africa over a certain period of time are compiled. In September 1990 the Bureau intends to release its sixth main report which will cover the years 1987, 1988 and part of 1989. The previous five reports were released in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986 and in 1988 respectively, covering the years 1979 until 1987. Research coal division In the course of 1990 the coal section will release a report covering coal exports frac South Africa to the Benelux over the years 1987 and 1988. Reports covering the previous years til 1986 have been released by the Working Group Kairos. Surveys In addition to the main reports the oil section of the Bureau publishes surveys on shipping companies and oil-trading capanies involved in the secret oil trade with South Africa. Commissioned research The Bureau has also been commissioned to do research by nongovernmental and intergovernmental organisaticns.

DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION Shipping Research Bureau Newsletter The Newsletter provides a regular flow of information on the issue of the oil embargo. It contains recent research findings of the Shipping Research Bureau and information on South Africa's oil situation fran other sources. Also information is given on actions by Governmnts and international bodies and on campaigns by anti-apartheid organisaticns throughout the world. Since October 1989 the Newsletter has included the 'Coal mnitor'. This section covers news on the import of South African coal by the various countries and the policies of Governments and ncn-govrnmental organisaticns with regard to coal imports from South Africa. In the course of 1990 the Newsletter will change its name from Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa to Shipping Research Bureau Newsletter. The quarterly Newsletter, published since 1985, is sent directly to some 2,200 subscribers all over the world. Another 800 copies are distributed through anti- apartheid organisaticns and other interested organisations in various countries. It is distributed free of charge. It is the Bureau's experience that the Newsletter is closely read by the media, representatives of companies and Governments and by non-governmental groups active on the issue of econmic sancticns against South Africa.

PUBLICATIONS IN 1989 World Wide Shiping Group. A Huig Rig oil shipper coes to South Africa's rescue. msterdan, April 1989 The paper deals with the involvement of the Fiong Kcng-based world Wide Shipping Group in transporting oil to South Africa. The company is emerging as the major oil shipper to South Africa, apparently filling the gap created by the Norwegian law of July 1987 which forbids Norwegian owned, flagged and managed tankers to transport crude oil to South Africa. Marimpex. A German Oil Supplier to South Africa. Amsterdam, update February 1989 This survey was first published in October 1985. The completely updated survey deals with Marimpex' involvement in the oil trade to South Africa since 1980. No Fuel for Apartheid. hmyterdam, July 1989 A draft report written in commission for the International Ccnfederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFIU). The report gives a ccmplete overview of the oil embargo against South Africa. It specifically focusses on the stances and activities of trade unions on the issue of the oil embargo. Furthermore, it provides reccmmendations for trade union activities with regard to the embargo. Newsletter on the Oil Ebtargo against South Africa In 1989 four issues of the Newsletter were published. (No. 1417). Number 15/16 was published in July 1989 as a double issue.

OTHER ACTIVITIES IN 1989 The Shipping Research Bureau contributed actively to international conferences, workshops and other meetings in which the oil embargo and coal sanctions against South Africa were discussed. Besides, the Bureau conducted commissioned research and assisted researchers and journalists with regard to oil and coal sanctions. International meetings Hearings on the Oil Emargo against South Africa Organised by the United Nations Intergovernmntal Group to Monitor the Shipping and Supply of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa and the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. New York, April 12-13, 1989. The Shipping Research Bureau was one of the thirteen witnesses which testified before a seven-person strong panel at the Hearings. In its testimony the Bureau gave an overview of the state of affairs of the oil embargo: the costs for the South African Government; companies involved in selling and transporting oil to South Africa; the countries from which the tankers sail to South Africa; loopholes in existing legislation and recomndaticns to tighten the oil embargo. warkshop on Strategies on the Shell boycott campaign Organised by the Programme to Combat Racism of the World Council of Churches. May 9-10, 1989, Amsterdam (the Netherlands).

Public Hearings an the Roe of Transnaticnal Gorparatins in South Africa arx Namibia Organised by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations. September 4-6, 1989, Geneva (Switzerland). The Shipping Research Bureau testified before an 11 -person strong panel of eminent persons. The Bureau issued two statements: one focussing on the issue of the oil embargo, the other giving an overview of coal exports fran South Africa. The testimony focussing on the oil embargo elaborated on the involvement of transnaticnal companies in the procurement of oil and oil products for South Africa, the contribution of the transnaticnal oil companies to the maintenance of the system of apartheid and the technological and material assistance of foreign ccmpanies in the development of the synthetic fuel projects in South Africa. The testimony focussing on coal exports dilated upon the imports of South African coal by other countries and present measures and actions taken by some Governments and nn-governental organisaticns to stop those coal imports. Commissioned research The oil section of the Shipping Research Bureau contributed to the 'Independent Expert Study on the Evaluation of the Application and Impact of Sanctions' commissicned by the Commonwealth Camittee of Foreign Ministers on Southern Africa. This 150-page report was presented at the Meeting of Cczmmwealth Committee of Foreign Ministers, held in Canberra (Australia) in August 1989. The report has been published by the Penguin Group in association with James Currey entitled 'South Africa: The Sanctions Report'. In 1989 the coal division of the Shipping Research Bureau ccntributed to an investigation of an embargo of South African coal, ccmmissicned by the city councils of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The research was conducted by the Dutch Centre for Research on Multinational Corporatics (SCM0). The report, entitled 'Broken Chains? Boycott of South African Coal in North-West Europe' was published in May 1989. It was published both in English and in Dutch. Contributions to the media Furthermore, the Bureau assisted a great number of researchers and journalists with regard to oil embargo and coal sancticns matters. Also, the Bureau was interviewed frequently by the naticnal and international radio and television press.

IMPACT Partly as a result of the Bureau's monitoring activities and owning to more publicity, pressure by anti-apartheid organisatians and parliamentary actions, several Governments introduced stricter measures over the past few years in order to stop companies supplying oil to South Africa. Singapore Singapore is the most recent case of a Government severing oil links with South Africa. on 15 September 1989 the Government announced that it had decided to prohibit the export of crude oil and petroleum products on Singapore registered tankers to South Africa. The Singapore ban is a major step forward in the tightening of the oil embargo against South Africa. However, the embargo is not ccmprehensive, as it does not prohibit ships owned by foreign companies which are based in Singapore to export crude oil to South Africa. Also the ban does not apply to ships owned by a Singapore company sailing under a foreign flag. Norway In Norway the Government is being pressured by representatives of Trade Unions and anti-apartheid organisations to extend the existing ban on the transport of crude oil to South Africa with a ban on the transport of oil products as well. Since July 1987, by law, Norwegian ships have been prohibited to export and transport crude oil to South Africa. Apparently, an increasing number of Norwegian ships is filling the existing gap in the 1987 ban, which does not include a prohibition on the transport of oil products.

Also at the level of international organisatiais developments occurred with regard to a severing of the oil embargo. The United Nations In April 1989 the United Nations' Integoreramental Group to monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleu P ts to South Africa, in co-operation with the UN Special Committee against Apartheid, organsed the 'Hearings on the Oil Embargo against South Africa' in New York. At the Hearings a panel of eminent persons heard testimnies from witnesses covering the various aspects of the oil embargo. In its conclusions and recam~ndaticns the panel explicitly called for a tightening of the oil embargo. In October 1989 the Intergovernmental Group released its third report, which was adopted by the General Assembly on November 21, 1989. In this report violations of the UN oil embargo during the past few years are mentioned. Furthermore, it provides recommndations with regard to a further tightening of the oil embargo. on 22 November 1989 the UN General Assembly voted on the issue of the oil embargo. The resolution was adopted by an overwhelming majority of 139 votes against two, and fourteen abstentions. the United Kidm and the United States of America persevered in voting against. Fourteen countries which abstained Belgium Botswana Canada France Federal Republic of Germany Greece Israel Lesotho Luxembourg Malawi the Netherlands Portugal Swaziland

In December 1989 the General Assembly convened in a special session to discuss 'Apartheid and its Destructive Ccnseqce in Southern Africa'. At this special session the United Nations Declarations on South Africa was adopted by consensus. This declaration is based on the Harare declaration which is the outline of the African National Ccngress (ANC) for a peaceful solution in South Africa. Commonwealth The meeting of the Commonwealth Committee of Foreign Ministers, which was held in Canberra (Australia) in August 1989, urged for a tightening of sanctions against South Africa. The 'Independent Expert Study on the Evaluation of the Application and impact of Sanctions', which was released at the meeting, explicitly recommended a further tightening of the existing sanctions against South Africa, including the oil embargo. At its bi-annual Heads of Government meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in October 1989, the member states maintained their sanctions policy, as adopted at the Heads of Government meeting in Nassau (the Bahamas) in 1985. The United Kingdom dissented from the Camonwealth stance on sanctions against South Africa. EL 7![a omunity The stance of the European Community sanctions against South Africa, which was adopted in 1986 and which also includes a limited oil embargo, has not altered.

PRESENT ACTIVITIES Promising changes are presently occurring in South Africa which will hopefully lead to the total dismantling of the apartheid system and the creation of a free and democratic South Africa for all. The activities of the Shipping Research Bureau must be seen in the light of these developments. At present the Bureau feels it is imperative to keep up econic and financial pressure on the South African government as was urged by Mr. Nelson Mandela upon his release in February 1990. It is this combined pressure from within and outside the country which is urgently needed to keep up the process of change and reforms. As the only nangovernmental organisaticn with an crgoing programme of research and publication of comprehensive data on oil supplies to South Africa and on coal exports from South Africa, the Bureau will continue to focus on the monitoring of these issues. Oil section The Bureau plans to release its sixth main report in September 1990. Furthermore, the Bureau will continue to contribute to the work of the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. With regard to the international campaign against Shell, the Bureau will prolcng its assistance in research matters. Also in 1989, the support for the campaign fran trade unicns, church organisations, anti-apartheid groups and other organisaticns mounted. The Bureau will continue to assist the media on the issue of the oil embargo. It will attend and contribute to meetings and ccnferences dealing with sanctions against South Africa.

Coal section The International Labour Organisation has ccmmissicned the coal section to research the flow of South African coal exports. This research will also cover the existing restrictive measures with regard to coal imports from South Africa and the loopholes in, the evasion of and the monitoring of these measures. The research will be completed in May 1990. The findings will be published in a report. On behalf of the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action Against Apartheid (AWEPAA) the South African coal imports per member state of the European Community will be analysed. Furthermore, suggestions will be made with regard to alternative suppliers. Furthermore, the coal section will monitor the South African coal exports in 1989. The main focus will be the coal exports from South Africa to the Benelux. Subsequently, exports to other member states of the European Comunity will be watched. The EC accounts for almost half of South Africa's coal exports. Finally, exports to the other main importers of South African coal like Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Israel and Turkey will be monitored. The coal section will ccntinue to gather statistical informaticn cn coal exports and imports worldwide. A data base will be compiled of coal contracts between South African suppliers and internatinal companies. A data base will also be constructed on the political progress made by governments with regard to establishing and/or implementing an embargo on South African coal. The coal section will continue to assist journalists. It will also attend international meetings and conferences on sanctions, starting with a workshop in Oslo in March 1990.

Bugge hits out over 'double standaids' that Lloyd's List rei brre '25/4/89 crude An Jama Glee, By James Brewer stlin, Shipping Reporter A LEADING chemical and products carrier operator involved In an allegedly secret shlipmeot of fuel oil to South Africa hit out yesterday at what it said were Norway's "double standards" over the apartheid regime., : Iver Bugge. of Larvik. was charterer of the 57,372 tounes deadweight Dagli, when she lifted a cargo from the Soviet Black Sea port of Odessa In September 1988. An Investigation by Norweg[an television in co-oper2tion with the Amsterdam- based Shipping Research Bureau said the ship's destination was given as the US, but after calling at Gibraltar she changed course for Cape Town. Jan Bugge, chairman of Iver. Bugge, said his company knew about the cargo and had done nothing Illegal, because the cargo was not Included In the boycott rules, which applied to crude oil. His company had followed local Instructions over what was an Isolated cargo. It had no regular trade with South Africa. Mr Bugge said his company felt it was being used as an example by certain political Interests to try to create a climate for an extended boycott of South Africa; yet only a few days ago, Norway had extended Import licences for South African manganese ore. The Dagli voyage appears to be first case of Soviet oil being diverted to South Africa. The practice is more common with Middle East oil.. Under the terms of a Norwegfan trade embargo, brought in -during 1986 and J987, ,Norweglan-owned. vessels. arei barred from transporting crude oil to South Africa, having played a major role up to then. Products like fuel oil were excluded. STHE GUARDIAN Govtprobing alleged sale of oil to racists: IF Fueral Goveon- ,ofT~amtiaa P )'.han. Bureau's letter and the. net is inoesti~ nsts By Alek Oni a d Ca sakensu tow iiwi a " apparently "naocr e wsl. newpaper report to Pet artog report l .0 orels of r1itm as sa.it Sooth Africa "th= radits.'spilled the. tortofShippi gResearch Nc. u., a , a t eroieu,jesytdaily 1I5000,besos. BureauofAmsterdem . mda alyeil-per ,oy. Miaster.iktsoaw Ru. Is of tIis c2uttry's. - On the tri. of they drew thaetten of the to Scut-Aftim, tlh gh- . Among the questions oil."" d t ...... " new the Dutch Oil rading raised . yesterday . by aie in . the trahing At are Nigcria'st York. intec Sates, to Compaoy,, VrTL-.. . observers tws. whevan ineas mission$ in New York." the newspaper a o. * ." TheNig ntInm osns that it 'we.- possible rof July 14.aieg.. The Hague, Geneva nd .. hest sde ade tt. .. expected.-Io send. 'ortheracsttos'rea-ie. at Jamaica was re. Jamaica. "that: "Since 1984. the ,their findings. copies o. g Nigeria's Oil to -On October l drec Petroleum Corporaton, the Shipping Rccarch. Continued an page 2 BUSI ESS DAY 2/11/89 CLAIM OF SANCTIONSBUST IAN HOs" LONDON - The figerlan toveranent and the Commowtivei amrvesttgatlog cdams that Nllerta OU was sld to SA In a sactlooib lng operatio =lag the J-m-ama at.- coeauoled oIL company. The inv tigation o the aUtlltes of on of the world's biggest commodities tLrdern. Belteia-torn Spanish natoalMtae Rich. Allegedly a key middgleoan for SA's ofl supple. 0~dc that rngerian oil woe 'del. - ~ed'X t A I, beia nght by lfont Amstattsm-baaoe and Dutch gversmet supported antIApartheid Grou, the shipping Reearch Buireau iSR.J An SRB sposten sid 'Mart of the tsfcrimtloo reactung s haa coma from Jamaca. We have pased aLl we knew to the Migetse governamt and they have laid a Were will be a thaopougn LaUpugaooI. The COmCwealth Is aatlog and the Jazmaica govnmet Is &ln Invstltng" 're lat(SRB-aewstt- quota reat maJamaican aewsltp- in iii In quehtien wee purchaed bly the state-cactrolled Petroleum Carpw. uses Of Jamaica Jamaican PM Michael Manly, who wai returned to Power n Februar? this 3eer. told ensaap end a atI. aparthe~d erganiatsoo that the former goveroMAt of Ediward Saga had bad deolingo wth Mere Rich. But Maaniy satd he wee anawm that lck had SA oi coneoml and be saud the dealkn had been "tid and useful for JAMAuca . In Amerdam. the SRB Ls gathering evldef-e suggesting that a soutuO catad soo s hatng oe uo. rag Jamaca = o tar the purchase of Nigean oiLwu linked to the bupplyofEcs za oil to SA - orgaasec by itlUiassu-e Marc RIch. CSepa tepr a pokesnma for the Dearmnt of Mineral and Eergy Al. fairs said It wee poUcy am to comment o retarm on crude oil deliveries becaue of the pravtaneof the Petroleum. Products Act. MorniLng star 28//W=i IRAN'S illegal sale of oil to apartheid South Africa showed how the two most repressive regimes in the world supported each other, solidarity organisation CODIR said yesterday. The Committee for the DeCI ence of branan Peopleos b y cur Rights was commenting on d. Foreign Oesk t about suspected secret oil The Shieptng Research Bureau shipments from the Islamic discovered as many aS 17 so.neot. Republic to South Africa. ed voyacet from vnaous Gulf A report by the Amsterdam. statis to South Africa since '96 booed Shtppio iteearch 8-ronu by tb n're anre-d by the Wo11. th*t month exposed two suspected Wide Shippit Group. oil delioeses fron iran to South Terror Africa - one in September 1987 and another a October 1980 The bureau's report deals with CO0111 desertned the the tniter movements of this infornotiOn *"'iot soother tle emotor t"mper , n, ndoes not reoriatioflofihe oitnsm,.. tnki iake ,nto uHn ., irsto bt..en the eem-i1 Khnme1n Souta Alls bn ather onen r",nI term,. nd is.. snot rtsstineor Aoni t.l he tnl,, tt in,. , t l,." ,\fr,. ns, irnile ,oni n,.l ' much larger than presently documentad. .Irana oil ha enabled the astahIe apartheid regime to ontinue its trror practices and bie an to $-oer.' said CODIR The apartheid dalta- to turn had been used by the Khomni. regime isn Ian to buy arms and .oa. of( torture Aad reoreasto. Referentg to arms trade links betmeen iron d Israel revealed in the More Star recently, CO. DIR said that the conclusion could emerge that South African fl. .ince find helped Khomeini ts . toL israeli weaoes. "Afte ol. this is not the first example of the unholy alliance of South Africa. Israel and Iran.* said the soihdarity orc-snaton. T ,, anti.democrattc re. gime., by vtue of the -etti-o of .l.l terntlnel ... nCpted som to n humtaoon qti t oItt rt cli I dWide Shipping in secret' oil runs to SA HONG KONG'S World follow 'he nexmple of DOematk correct deiitiong or no Wide Shipping has been and Norway ad proit sh0- drtoaons 55.a1 in on effort to nam ed as one of she m ajor PS o mpO mt¢O baed tnHaos ciecg ven the embarlo polic s ouppier f oid to South K from trsortn nd to Of&theClfO ponsnaros. S apior o South Afosa-' Of the 19 1 iflecd World Africa to defiance of United Accorditn 10 the r4port. Wide voyrse to SA sinco Nations embaergo poliie.. nearly a quaflor of sout aOober :936. I were made A new report by the Dutch Africa, crsdn oil neds could from he Pensian Gulf area. Shiepin Research Bura . y hone been ot if ihe 31 Wor"d incldng 13 which called as the tat $nc October 1986 .4 1135: Wide oelre wtra made. United Arab Eni14411. 1 seoro oil defiteries to Sout Laws banning all nuporin to Africa by World Wide tanker South Africa 'ere introduced 5. Wimh (4 ship| (| Ilisoin have noe tilonild. Doomes in t916 and to Norway under it control. the Worl ott. Year lain. The report , t0- est Wide Shipoens Grone to one of And l hG report .laims thai op The World Wide Shipping the argou o.rantrs of VLCCi. o II dHttyflth may hoon beo Group appears to boon filled the All of( s shim Wited to hen made by the com n yo thins Ceon trc.id by tbe di. saledtOloaihAirsaweeregtc. hOiween Ocitoe t956 and continuaiion of such oil tered o Literta. Ahhooog haled OThmoe toS. tcrhspo .' in Hoo Kon the group 0 S ibo bureau .#" the Hong e reot sy thai World ofies to Lonoon cod New Kong government to 'urgently Wide tanthor have repained in. York. Andrew Moncur .o..o..oo...o.o...... T IIERE'' 1r Thaeher. sharig a boo at the stere In Saiahurg with AgSImo nbar Drleat aodmea cod hs Chine wine. Ana Poe. So. they were dlsceustig Stong Koag. were they? Dr SoonentS. ofcoarse. a prom inent -U-ne-mao th.a and a former member of the coloay-S leglisative coaodt bost remembered for bia Cocsnevartve views siomecwiat to the right of Vlad the Ins. paler). Anything else known? Well. he as o n WorldWide Shlppine. part of lbe business empire built by his father-in-law. the blo10e SIr Yne.Kone Pa. According to the Shlpping Reaearcla Boresu. In Ameterdam, World-Wide Is now emerging as the majnr oi shipper to Sooth Afica. It baa Identifled at leut IS secret oIL delivetes there by the company's tankers between October. 19811 and lout De-. Comber. violatng the embargo .lipoed by the ol-e.. porting contreos supplying the atoLu. Nte cmpuay lot the oPOM. I meowi. And what did the Prime &ln'Ler and the buinemn wetch Vardt's tlaskd Bll. The- Mmr-an (UK) 18/8/89 HK shipper defends Oil South Chinta morning 2/8/89 ban busting By LULU YU -.. A spokesman for the T. ado AN cxctive of Hongkortg Department said he had not shipping na .nato Sir ye c. seen. the report of the Outch kong Pao's Wocld-Wide M dloring group and was lot Shigatiig Aget last night .aware of ay other accuations defenld sCla-bsti gh at .ge.is lao WnrldW troup ic l g o eardegOldeleric Og stlsouth and said the firm Would Azanc. tdl continueto hipoil toSouth The monitornlg gsp's acAfrica. r eudationeameinrsrlytwoyrars He shroggcd off alfits oer a United Nations reort made by a Dutc ilortlg $atck Sir Yuc.k-ng's shipping group that World.Widn toil re offi a lst ofat Hongkong giren false tnf'omlion t Of etompaoies that ¢oni d to hetI's cistittalion 10 avoid hae trnding ant economic -3 11.1c witl Sooth Afica. cbatoes against South Af- nWide Sh A ai l ricabyiodotO u benamedioal9tSreportof Africa W prd-Wil... has d the [IN Human Rights CoonAfrica W~ddWtdd.- - hn do-sa. hut vsrausclnded from liberately violated the oil cans. mlie cmnsosiono 1987 Coac. bstgo polcies of oil 4sporting o. counin fromn wher. Its task- letnglmob frica.hat d no 5 saldd to South Afrita. laid boge de All th Sauih Afrita. tic Shipping Icccorce ie ac h m Allen said WoSld-mVsde a non-goreiemcos body thet badnotIdilngaedo nusitmc mositrs Feownos Oil impert. links with South Africa asleJno in n report released In The 0 Sir Y. K. Pai charltemg operatons wordCanfalui. oil i l1pp'oSiosinh Afrium. the Usdred an economil lob. ut Me R. J. At". a senor Dutch buren said the group "Shiplin is a Commerrisl ofcioal oIh YK. Pn grou. made at least 19 "secret busness. reopic nrtn, under. soid oil JCshyvrlc by World- dellvrics" to South Afllci h smthng wht the er world of wile lonken In South Africa ten October 09t6 and the shiipping is,' sad Me Allen. on srting Sctet and formed end of 1911. -We know the doeinaoss par oft cy sy iintcnao G"he O19 -ya0 idge t,0 ofoirshp.but weCan'tcoarcil Ionel hu cae. fled since October 19860 1 henh" he said. "Any thap hast is fioed to were Made from the Pessta Tit. UN hadalledo 3 nra. -lartsir ta take goods to aty. Gulf area. One Country, the sional oeeomrs.o- uding where it the wold Thce Is United Arab Emiral e, o. ollOg. to ase ies COm. noing uoidcrrnd about u costsed for the majority of paoic uaterinmg tiae links in shipping di io South Ahlla. these cos & "trlctn twlc., the "racist aod Colonialit t. "We bse¢ penthbly the big. 2241dtSouthAftca lIathav- ime of South Africa* and far fos' in.cpctJ .lni lt of lank- in =lled at ilt ti ied Alo profitiog from opratltsun ciisthwarilnediftahechr. rwtallia.. i the Ouch re. whicb 'Cniianc' as iain tlhe trIte ,ciss ., to SoAth' .ic . acirtincaof(hcoarpl a dl slthat's wtero ao't IO. ho -1i. Io added that Woeid-Wi, goy istm., On --cItr ile Ito-fOimo. tegreae0d delirerles a(tr No- la Ilo III" the HanskonS lion h lbs mootionng group wr t wi sod Danith 6rms wIce Goosneomnt introdo d sae Me Alien sai, -Wee err honsd by their .9tsnmens tices. including a ban on itli prided ansouc winh any to, iie oonning Shilpment. impact of cold coins, iron and letims . -O0 tan it be to- II also accused World.-Wide sioi.a volunLory band 0i nvestComplete Or togorrtet?" of rePcaicely Ignoitng its cc- megi ld loans and a Policy of guying ite World;Wlde qucnttio naa ttintoihedrv. discouelatg loans= to S-%ih goup eon inc worid' Coding ntes. Afc. The Sunday Standard 2/4/4,9 HK company accused of sanctions busting SHIPPING magnate. Sir Yue-kong Pao's Worlduide Shipping Group is alleged to bn folstrating n.ine. national oil sanctions agaonst South Africa and the IlIongtong Gorernwent can do nothing about t. According to a shipping renoeorcn bureau to HO. land. the Shipping group has become the leading tanker company carrying oil 10 Soot Africa. The burena reported that the group made 19 Seerit deltveries to South Africa between Ociober 1986 Snd the end of last it also alleged the group hail Gven incomplete or incorrect tsfolaclcn on shipptoc drutnottns to avoid the embargo. The Sunday Staondrd Could not obUair a comment front the group's chairman. Dr I elmut Sohmeni. who was uverieas. ot eir Syottstal avatiable Tlttogh the United "n ,itctehr t..ctr 0 Mr afaael Hui no more no ss an oil embargo in 1SM Hongkong had not adopted the policy Completely. m Rael Hl Sl.ym. deputy secretar for Lconomc Srtires. said lut rnltht the Hongkong Government would Suck to the announcement made t on sanciuons uo 1906. The Exaicuve Council decided at th. time that tongkong shold follow the sanCtions adopted by the totted tat Iand L ,in t itimnutoty -The Hongkong Gaien. meoc I ts own autonomy in imposing sane. tno-. W.,U follOW the glalnet set down then so less, 00 moe. laid Mr Hut. The Government has discourage Imporla of Iran and steel from South Allie os weas on tourm. hank loans 0n0 Investment In South Afnca. Honekong also banned Imports of Kruggerand gold co . "AS far an I can recall. 0Q w nt 0 n the list of banged product&'* said Mr A shipping expert pointed Out that most .esues to the Worldolde Shippi nt t wer cest. tered in lbea and were not tinto the jlSaulcon Of the Govenment. The flag of a sIpe i equal to the nationalty of a Mersoo. Ltberta a a flag o0 coonnveene for moor shtpegc compaeues. utr eg t aOdvantages and fcwr controls ..If the Wior.lwide flen C.. ... r 0r British flags, then It might h a dLferent Sory." said the expert wo declned to be named. The Unoted Nasons tred to impose entvers Co.n nton against South Airca a 1966 but fouled as SanerMo counin.es, loltolog girsim and the Unted States. voted aganot te mouo.. After heated debate. members &Ved to lincted sancuons and Hongkons come under preossure to c? the Line. * After caref l dles uo . ro decided Honconr would impose ualted sanims. But Honghoneg's most Important Import from South 'Inc. coal. wo ISotng iom the banned List. A coalition f concerned groups has been urging te Govrnment to ban coal imtpor rom South Atca but without success. The Shlppan Resoeb cunau In Amsterdem 10: concered group set up to motitur cotpliace tto --ncto-o agaust S.ut Alr- THE OIL DAILY. MONDAY. APRIL 3. 1989 Hong Kong-Based Shipper Key South African Source Of Crude Oil, Bureau Says THE HAGUE - The Hang Kongbased World-Wide Shipping Group has become the leading shipper of oi 10 South Africa and is breaking embargoes imposed by oil. producing countries. a Dutch monitoring group said. "World-Wide Shipping Group is currently the maor oil shipper to South Africa." the Shipping Re, sarch Bureas. a non-government body that tontlorn Pretona's oil imports. said to a report. The sthpping company is part of Sir Yue-Kong Pao's business empir World-Wide had given incom. plete or incorrect iniormation on the oil's destination to avoid embargoes againsL South Africa by oil.yroducing countries. it added. The trom made at least 19 secret oil deliveries to South Afnra be. tween October IM86 and the en of 1988, the Bureau said. "Of the 19 voyages identified since Otober 1906 tI ren made from the Persian Gulf area. One country, the United Arab Ems. rates,. accounted for the malonty of these rases. Thirteen tankers sailed to South Africa aier haring called at the United Arab Emi. rates. "By shipping oil to South Africa. World-Wide... has deliberately violated the oil embargo polctes of oil exporting countries from where its tankers sailed to South Africa." The report said World-Wide in. creased deliveries after Norve. giat and Dantsn firms were ban. nea bytheir governments from contnuing shipment. The group saod Vorld-Wide had repeatedly ignored its requests to comment on the deliveries

S% Report (SA), 89 1110 Coal sanctions may become more extensive THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU which monitors the effectiveness of the oil embargo against SA has switched its attention to SA coal exports and has added a coal monitor to its operations. The monitor records that despite embargoes and sanctions, SA increased the monetary value of its coal exports in 1988 to R2 700-million from R2 300-million and that the SA coal industry as a whole increased its earnings from R4 800- million to R5 700-million. Exports, however, are still below the 1986 figure of R3 200-million. The bureau's coal monitor suggests that a start has been made with an investigation of how further coal sanctions can be applied to SA by north-western European countries without detriment to their own requirements. This implies that the industry's ability to circumvent coal sanctions may become more limited in the future. SoWhuan (SA), S 12 08 (abr) S.African coal' SOUTH AFRICA is planning to export coal via Israel as part of its sanctions- busting strategy, according to the Shipping Research Bureau. The Aisterdam- based monitoring group said in a new publication Coal Monitor that South Africa is currently negotiating to set up coal storage facilities at the Israeli ports of Ashdod and Eilat. From there, the coal could be transhipped to countries which have banned South African coal imports. Coal Monitor said the scheme is apparently the brainchild of Israeli Trade Minister, Ariel Sharon, but is opposed by other Israeli ministers. Israel's National Coal Supply Corporation bought about two million tons of the 42.6m exported by South Africa last year. L'Afrique du Sud en Direct 29/11i/89 En diPit des emtiargos et 9nCt/O1S, rAfdqu- du Sud a augirent de plus do 17% Ia Va1e-r do ses eiportadons do charbon on 1988, md-e si celtes-d demeurent toufouts en deca duniveau atanten 1986. La Shipping Research Bureau d'Amnsnerdam, spdcsiisd Sdans ta swveiilanca du boycott pd-ofoier a crW .Mne nouvelle drsion sur to chartton, afin do lenforcar 12con intemadonale poyr te boycott du charbon sud-africsin. Business Inlernationli South Africa Alert October 1989 Dutch Group to Monitor Coal Embargoes The Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) of the Netherlands, which monitors the international oil embargo on South Africa, has been expanded to include a coal section. An SP, executive, Natzscha Verharen, announced the change as she was giving evidence last month to the UN's public hearings in Geneva on actvites of Warnsnational corporations in South Africa. She said the coal section had-beem set-up-in.March,-wilt the aim of contibuting to "the achievement of an international boycott of coal originating from South Arica." Its fn'st acdvities were the monitoring of shipping movements from South Aftica to western Europe and Identifying the companies involved in the production, tmde, shipping and use of coal. After gold. Verhaaren claimed, coal was South Aflica's second export product in value terms. For the economy, it was even more important than diamonds. In 1987, the export of coal accounted for 8% of South Afrcaa export income. The South African economy would be hard hit by a cessation of coal exports, and is therefo o vulnerable to a coal boycott. So far, Verhaairt said, only a few counries had adopted explicit coal sanctions-- France. Ireland. the Scandinavian counties, some Commonwealth counries and the US. Their boycotts had stopped the growth of South African coal exports, she claimed. As a resault. mining companies had halted investments in coal mine, and plans to inc ease the capacity of the Richard's Bay terminal had been postponed. She said that presendy, more than 80% of the exports of South African coal was shipped to two regions-Euope and the Far East. These coal-imporing regions were able to do without South African coal The US and, in the medium to long term Australia. were capable of satisfying the need of 43 millon tons of exports.

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C7A PMSS SakT MV-3 O SMIGAIDE'S ROLIcy OF 016 TRA WI SO119! AF219. The Singapore Govarnment is unequivocally opproed to apartheld and the racist policiee of the South African Gcvernment. I has consistently su;pcrtad Unitad Nations General Assembly (UNGA) risolutions condemning the repressive policies and practicss of the Pratoria regime. 2In compliance with UNGA resolutions calling for the complets cessation of the supply of petroleum and-petroleum products to South Africa, and with the Commonwealth Accord on Southern Africa calling for an oil embargo against South Africa, the Singapore Government is banning the carriage'of oil to South Africa by Singapore-flagged ships with effect from 15 SeptemLber 1989.- -- osmp ,OAnJ QWV1a- IY VnsO *ingapore Government will include "end-user" .clauses. and other conditions in their charter agreements tg *-..,ea mp1Lana's Wi- 4 . wMZrgo. slngapors- rsgistarad ships violating this ban are liable to have thair registrations cancelled. An administrative ban on the export of oil and petroleum r~ucts to South Africa will also com into effect On 15 Saptember 1989. The Trade Development Board has issued a circular (copy attached) informing companies trading in petroleum and petroleum products in Singapore of this ad=inistrative ban. 3 All imprtz from South Africa are already bmnned uncar the Prohibition of Tzorts (Sc!th Afric;) Order, 1965. The Singapore Governent firmly dLscourages contactz of any kind, including political, eonomic, military, cultural and sports, with South Africa. It is ready to ccoperats in any collectivo international effort that will effectively prevent oil trads wit! South Africa and isolate the Pretoria regime. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 15 sept-AmTer 1989

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ANNUAL REPORT 1990 Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel. + 31 20 62.51.300/62.66.073/ 62.00.066 Telefax + 31 20 62.20.130 Telex 10236 sanam nl ANNUAL REPORT SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU 1990 CONTENTS Introduction ...... 1 Background information ...... 2 Financial support ...... 4 The oil embargo against South Africa ...... 5 Coal Section ...... 7 Activities in 1990 ...... 8 Impact ...... 13 Present activities ...... 16 Annex 1 List of Publications ...... 19 Annex 2 UN Resolution on the Oil Embargo against South Africa ...... 21 Annex 3 Clippings Shipping Research Bureau 1990 .... 22

- 1 - INTRODUCTION The year 1990 has brought profound changes to the political constitution of South Africa. President de Klerk's announcements on February 1, 1990 were welcomed by the international community as positive steps in the long way still to go to fully eradicate the apartheid system and to establish a truly democratic society for all South Africans. In the wake of the reform plans sanctions were widely discussed by Governments and at intergovernmental gatherings. With the exception of the European Community, which decided to lift its ban on new investments in South Africa in December 1990, no intergovernmental organisation found the time right yet to lift the sanctions imposed against South Africa. It was mostly found that sanctions were imperative for a peaceful dismantling of the apartheid system. Therefore, the major sanctions, like the oil embargo, must remain in place until the process of change is irreversible. The Shipping Research Bureau feels that as a unique non-governmental research institute that monitors the oil embargo, it can make a useful contribution towards the implementation of an effective oil embargo and subsequently the maintenance of pressure on the South African government to continue with its policy of reform. Also the Coal Section of the Bureau, established in March 1989, feels that through its research activities it can make a useful contribution. On the following pages an account will be given of the activities of the Shipping Research Bureau throughout 1990. On page 16 an overview will be presented of the planned activities for 1991.

- 2 - BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Shipping Research Bureau was founded in 1980 by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid) both based in the Netherlands, in Amsterdam and Utrecht respectively. The organisations are two long-standing Dutch anti-apartheid organisations which have for many years now been actively engaged in activities against involvement by Western companies in oil supplies to South Africa. From 1973 onwards Kairos has continuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the major oil company SHELL. Since 1977, the Holland Committee has joined in this campaign. The Bureau was established because it became clear that a monitoring unit was an essential condition to develop an effective oil embargo. This was the main result of the 'International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa', organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos in co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, held in March 1980 in Amsterdam. The Oil Section of the Bureau focusses on in-depth research and publication of reports on the means whereby the oil embargo against South Africa is circumvented. Other objectives are to conduct research on legislative and other measures with regard to the oil embargo and to inform Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations on this particular matter, with the intent that these bodies are able to make effective and optimum use of the research results.

- 3 - Between 1980 and 1990 the Shipping Research Bureau published six main reports, presenting detailed information on oil deliveries to South Africa, on companies involved in this trade and on countries or regions from where the tankers sailed from. These reports cover the period from 1979 until early 1990. Furthermore, the Shipping Research Bureau has released several special surveys on particular companies and other items related to the oil embargo. Since 1985, the Bureau has published a quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa. This newsletter provides a regular flow of information on the oil embargo issue to the media, to Governments and non-governmental organisations as well as to individuals. In March 1989 the Shipping Research Bureau started its Coal Section. This separate unit of the Bureau was established to monitor the trade of South African coal, partly in response of a growing need amongst anti- apartheid organisations to have access to reliable data on South Africa's coal exports, partly in anticipation of a broader international support of existing sanctions against South African coal. Since its existence the coal section has contributed to several reports. In a special section of the SRB Newsletter, the Coal Monitor, a continuing update is given on South Africa's coal exports. - 4 - FINANCIAL SUPPORT The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several Governments, organisations in the field of international development and co-operation, and by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. Among the funding organisations are the Governments of Sweden, Norway and Canada, the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions, the Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation (NOVIB), the Heinrich B611 Foundation (Germany), the World Council of Churches and the United Nations.

- 5 - THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without doubt South Africa's Achilles' heel as regards its dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the South African economy, its military force and police apparatus. South Africa has to import at least 75 per cent of its needs for liquid fuel, about 14 million tonnes of crude oil a year, from overseas by means of large oil tankers. The remaining 20-25 per cent is covered by production of two SASOL plants converting indigenous coal into liquid fuels. South Africa has spent large sums of money on oil exploration, mainly offshore, without striking economically viable oil finds. A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council, has not been implemented, because of opposition by two Permanent Members, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. However, there does exist a voluntary international oil embargo supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly as was shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was discussed as a separate issue. The resolution of December 19, 1990 (A/45/176 F) on the oil embargo was adopted with a large majority by 125 to 2 votes, with 19 abstentions. The United States of America and the United Kingdom persevered in voting against. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oil-exporting countries, including member states of the OPEC and OAPEC. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of

- 6 - restrictive measures against South Africa by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo is widely supported by many international organisations such as the Non-Aligned States, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States, the World Council of Churches (WCC), the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office (ILO), international trade union bodies such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), Western seafarers' and dockers' unions represented by the group Maritime Unions against Apartheid, the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU), the European Parliament, the International Parliamentarians Union (IPU), the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), and the Socialist International.

- 7 - COAL SECTION WHY COAL SANCTIONS? As part of trade sanctions an international ban on imports of coal will have a severe impact on South Africa's economy. After gold, coal is South Africa's second largest earner of foreign exchange. In 1990 South Africa exported 49 million tonnes at a value of about three billion Rands. South African liberation movements, trade unions and anti-apartheid organisations such as the ANC, PAC, COSATU, NUM, UDF and church bodies have repeatedly called for an embargo on coal imports from South Africa. Coal sanctions have been supported by several international organisations, among them the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the World Confederation of Labour, the World Federation of Trade Unions, the European Trade Union Confederation, the International Transport Federation, the Miners International Federation and a majority of the European Parliament. However, on the governmental level adoption of coal sanctions has been limited. Since 1986 only the USA, Denmark and the other Nordic countries, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have banned South African coal imports. Partial bans have been introduced in France and Ireland, where national utilities stopped their imports from South Africa, while Japan unofficially decided to freeze its imports at the level of 1987. Since 1986/1987 the main importers of South African coal have been Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Israel, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan.

- 8 - ACTIVITIES IN 1990 PUBLICATIONS IN 1990 Main report: Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa In September 1990 the Shipping Research Bureau released its sixth main report: Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa. This 100-page report contains the Bureau's research findings covering the period from 1987 until early 1990. It gives a full list of tankers and companies identified by the Bureau to have been involved in the secretive oil trade to South Africa. The report also mentions the areas from where the tankers sailed from to South Africa. A special section on shipments of refined oil products is included. The report was simultaneously released in Amsterdam, Brussels, London and Oslo on September 11, 1990. The media coverage was extensive. (a sample of clippings page can be found on page 22 ff). The previous five reports were released in 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986 and 1988 respectively, covering the years 1979 until 1987. Shipping Research Bureau Newsletter In 1990 four issues of the Shipping Research Bureau Newsletter were released. The Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa provides a regular flow of information on the issue of the oil embargo. It contains recent research findings of the Shipping Research Bureau and information on South Africa's oil situation from other sources.

- 9 - Also, information is given on activities by Governments and international bodies and on campaigns by anti-apartheid organisations throughout the world. Coal Monitor In October 1989 the SRB's Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa was enriched by a separate entrance covering all relevant information on South African coal. As part of SRB's information distributed free of charge this entrance has become known as the Coal Monitor, published quarterly like the previous issues of the SRB Newsletter. The Coal Monitor is a compilation of reports on all available information on South Africa's coal industry which are relevant to the international movement in support of economic sanctions against South Africa. Besides the own research findings by the SRB coal section, the Coal Monitor also consists of reports published by the international coal industry and shipping press, and by South African coal industry sources. As fresh as it is, the Coal Monitor has already proven to be an often-quoted source on South Africa's coal industry, not in the least by the South African press itself. The quarterly Newsletter, published since 1985, is sent directly to some 2,200 subscribers all over the world. Another 800 copies are distributed through antiapartheid organisations and other interested organisations in various countries. It is distributed free of charge. It is the Bureau's experience that the Newsletter is closely read by the media, representatives of companies and Governments and by non-governmental groups active on the issue of economic sanctions against South Africa.

- 10 - OTHER ACTIVITIES Throughout 1990 the Shipping Research Bureau contributed to meetings in which the oil embargo and coal sanctions against South Africa were discussed. Also, the Bureau assisted organisations, researchers and journalists with regard to oil and coal sanctions. Workshop The Shipping Research Bureau contributed to the International Workshop on Sanctions organised by the European anti-apartheid organisations. The meeting was held in Oslo (Norway) from March 8-11, 1990. The Coal Section prepared a paper for this meeting. Oil Section: Assistance to organisations The Bureau assisted organisations in research and publicity matters concerning the oil embargo requested and unrequested. As in the previous years the Bureau, for instance assisted the United Nations' Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. The Shipping Research Bureau provided the Intergovernmental Group with its own research findings and requested the Group to take up cases with the Governments concerned. Oil Section: Areas of special attention Energy policy South Africa The Bureau also followed closely the developments with regard to South Africa's energy policy, like, for instance, the continuing examination of possible offshore oil sources by South Africa's parastatal oil search company Soekor and the progress of the Mossel Bay fuel-from-gas project, planned to be completed by 1992.

- 11 - Attention was also given to policies of oil companies within South Africa, the South African energy legislation and the volume and use of the country's strategic stockpile of oil. Recent developments, like the contacts between certain oil-producing African countries and South Africa, through which South Africa reportedly wants to secure part of its oil imports, have the concern of the Bureau. Refined oil products In 1990 the Bureau also monitored the increasing volume of refined oil products shipped to South Africa in 1989-1990, particularly from Europe. While refined oil products are included in the oil embargo against South Africa, a number of countries have excluded these products from their adopted legal measures. The shipping nation Norway, for example, bans Norwegian companies from transporting crude oil but still allows them to deliver refined oil to South Africa. The United Nations' oil embargo resolution, adopted by nearly all the Member States at the General Assembly on December 16, 1990, clearly includes a ban on the supply and shipping of refined oil products to South Africa: "The General Assembly ... [r~equests all States ... to adopt effective measures and/or legislation to broaden the scope of the oil embargo in order to ensure the complete cessation of the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa, whether directly or indirectly ..." Energy policy Namibia Another area of interest was the energy policy of newly independent Namibia. When still occupied the country was fully dependent on

- 12 - South Africa for its oil imports. The Bureau has watched closely the country's efforts to become less dependent on these imports. COAL SECTION: RESEARCH Due to limited prospects of broader coal sanctions during 1990 and because of limited financial means the Shipping Research Bureau's Coal Section consisted of only one part-time researcher. Besides the over-all monitoring work on statistics, exporters, transporters, traders, importers and consumers of South African coal, other research, therefore, had to be restricted to special issues of relevance, concentrated mainly on the European importers. In addition, two separate research projects were undertaken at the request of other organisations for their internal use. One project was a study on the general impact of coal sanctions and evasion of existing measures, which was asked for by an experts committee of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). This committee was established by the ILO to monitor its anti-apartheid programme. The other project was a report on the actual coal imports and existing policy measures by the European Community member states. This study was done at the request of the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA). MEDIA The Bureau assisted a great number of researchers and journalists requesting detailed information on the oil embargo and on the South African coal trade. The Bureau was interviewed frequently by the press and by the radio and television.

- 13 - IMPACT Partly as a result of the Bureau's monitoring activities and owing to more publicity, pressure by anti-apartheid organisations and parliamentary actions, several Governments and intergovernmental organisations introduced stricter measures over the past few years in order to stop companies supplying oil to South Africa. The year 1990 saw the following developments. COUNTRIES Norway Already in 1989 the Norwegian Government was pressurised by representatives of Trade Unions and anti-apartheid organisations to extend the existing ban on the transport of crude oil to South Africa with a ban on the transport of refined oil products as well. Throughout 1990 these acitivities continued. Since July 1987, by law, Norwegian ships have been prohibited to transport crude oil to South Africa. Apparently, an increasing number of Norwegian ships is filling the existing gap in the 1987 ban, which does not include a prohibition on the transport of oil products. In the wake of the presentation of the Bureau's main report in Oslo in September 1990, the Norwegian press gave extensive coverage of the Norwegian involvement in the transport of oil products to South Africa. Subsequently, the Norwegian Parliament was urged to take steps which would lead to the tightening of the existing Norwegian ban (see for a sample of clippings page 25).

- 14 - The Netherlands As a major part of the tankers shipping oil products to South Africa loaded their cargo at terminals in the Amsterdam harbour, the City Council of Amsterdam was questioned by Dutch anti-apartheid organisations on this involvement and urged to undertake steps which would lead to the cessation of this involvement (see for a sample of clippings on page 26). INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS The United Nations The Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa presented its fourth yearly report to the General Assembly in November 1990. The report was composed of two parts. One part, which had already been released in July 1990, contains a draft model law on the oil embargo. The purpose of the law is to provide UN Member States with a standarised legal instrument through which an effective oil embargo can be enforced. The other part of the Intergovernmental Group's yearly report contains an extensive list of port calls by tankers to South Africa and an evaluation of the responses of the Governments to the inquiries by the Intergovernmental Group on alleged violations of the UN oil embargo. Furthermore, the report provides recommendations with regard to a further tightening of the oil embargo. Ambassador Anthony B. Nyakyi of Tanzania succeeded Ambassador Tom Vraalsen of Norway as the new chairman of the Intergovernmental Group. - 15 - On 19 December 1990 the UN General Assembly voted on the issue of the oil embargo. (resolution A/45/176F). The resolution was adopted by an overwhelming majority of 125 votes against two, and nineteen abstentions. The United Kingdom and the United States of America persevered in voting against (for the full text of the resolution see page 21). Commonwealth The Commonwealth Committee of Foreign Ministers on Southern Africa decided at its meeting in Abuja (Nigeria) from May 15-17 1990 that sanctions should not be lifted yet. The Foreign Ministers agreed that "sanctions must be maintained until Pretoria is at the negotiating table and change is clear and irreversible." European Community At the EC summit in Rome in December 1990 the Prime Ministers of the twelve Member States decided to lift the EC ban on new investments in South Africa. The limited EC oil embargo remained intact. PUBLICITY IN SOUTH AFRICA The South African press took the publication of the Bureau's report: Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa in September 1990, as a convenient opportunity to find out whether if the South African censorship legislation regarding energy matters could be tampered with at all. Public debate on the price of fuel, the size and employment of the strategic oil reserves, the wisdom of various alternative energy projects, and the consequences in general of the oil embargo are seriously hampered by laws making it illegal for anyone to disclose or publish detailed information on matters related to oil in South Africa. The South African Weekly Mail was one of the papers using the Bureau's report to present "The facts about our oil that you're not allowed to know" (see clipping on page 23).

- 16 - PRESENT ACTIVITIES The political process of reform is continuing in South Africa, which will hopefully lead to the total dismantling of the apartheid system and the creation of a free, democratic and non-racial South Africa for all. The activities of the Shipping Research Bureau must be seen in the light of these developments. At present the Bureau feels it is imperative to keep up economic and financial pressure on the South African government as has repeatedly been urged by Mr Nelson Mandela since his release in February 1990. The ANC stance on sanctions is clear, as it was put at the organisation's first National Consultative Conference in South Africa in December 1990. It was decided at the conference that sanctions including the oil embargo should remain. It is this combined pressure from within and outside the country which is urgently needed to keep up the process of change and reforms. As the only non- governmental organisation with an ongoing programme of research and publication of comprehensive data on oil supplies to South Africa and on coal exports from South Africa, the Bureau will continue to focus on the monitoring of these issues. Oil Section In 1991 the Oil Section of the Bureau has planned the following research programme: 1. A comprehensive report on oil deliveries to South Africa in 1989. The report has been published in Newsletter No. 22, first quarter 1991.

- 17 - 2. An update of the involvement of the major oil transporter to South Africa, the Hong Kong-based shipping company World-Wide Shipping. The update will cover the period 1986 until early 1991. The update will be published in Newsletter No. 23, second quarter 1991. 3. An update of the involvement of the Londonbased Greek shipping companies in oil transports to South Africa until mid-1991. The update will be published in Newsletter No. 24, third quarter 1991. 4. An update of the oil-exporting countries from where tankers sailed to South Africa to deliver oil until the end of 1991. This update will be published in Newsletter No. 25, fourth quarter 1991. The four issues of the quarterly Newsletter to be released in 1991 will give a continuing update on the issue of the oil embargo. The Bureau will continue to contribute to the work of the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. It will provide information requested and unrequested. Also, the Bureau will continue to assist other organisations, researchers and the media on the issue of the oil embargo. It will attend and contribute to meetings and conferences dealing with oil sanctions against South Africa. Coal Section Due to the actual situation of change inside South Africa, the call for economic sanctions, in particular for sanctions on coal, might become less imperative. Therefore, SRB's Coal Section has planned activities only on a short term basis.

- 18 Part of present activities is a special study on the role of the port of Rotterdam as the main trans-shipment centre for South African coal into Europe, in particular to Germany, the UK and France. The Coal Section will continue to publish its Coal Monitor, at least during 1991, a year which might become decisive in the campaign for sanctions against South Africa.

Annex I - 19 LIST OF MAIN PUBLICATIONS OF THE SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU December 1990 4 Oil Tankers to South Africa 1980-1981 [2nd SRB main report], Amsterdam, June ISBN 90 70331 05 5 [currently out of print] + Secret Oil Deliveries to South Africa 1981-1982 [3rd SRB main report], Amsterdam, June 1984; ISBN 90 70331 15 2 * South Africa's Lifeline. Violations of the Oil Embargo 1983-1984 [4th SRB main report, covering the period January 1983 - first months of 1985; special section on shipments from Rotterdam 1979-1985], Amsterdam, September 1986; ISBN 90 70331 13 6 * Oil to South Africa. Apartheid's Friends and Partners [5th SRB main report, covering the period January 1985 - first half of 1987; special section on the countries from which tankers sailed to South Africa 1979-87; maps, illustrations], Amsterdam, September 1988; ISBN 90 70331 19 5 * Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa [6th SRB main report, covering the period January 1987 - early 1990; special section on shipments of refined petroleum products; maps, illustrations], Amsterdam, September 1990; ISBN 90 70331 24 1 + Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa [quarterly; includes the Coal Monitor], ISSN 0169-3956; for subscriptions and back issues: The Circulation Manager, P.O. Box 11898, 1001 6W Amsterdam, the Netherlands * Oil and Tanker Interests that Facilitate the Exploitation of Namibia's Natural Resources [survey), Amsterdam, April/August 1984 + The Oil Embargo against South Africa: West European involvement and possible actions, United Nations Centre against Apartheid, Information Note No. 57/84, New York, November 1984 [paper, prepared for the founding conference of the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), Copenhagen, 2-3 November 1984] * Oil Shipments to South Africa by the Tankers Thorsaga, Thorshavet and Thorsholm [survey on the role of the Norwegian shipping company A/S Thor Dahl, 1981-1984), Amsterdam/Oslo, December 1984 * John Deuss - Transworld Oil. Zuid-Afrika's belangrijkste olieleverancier [John Deuss - TWO. South Africa's main oil supplier; survey in Dutch with an English summary], Amsterdam, January 1985 * Oil Shipments to South Africa on Mersk Tankers: The Role of A.P. Miller of Denmark [survey, based on research conducted jointly with the Danish Seamen's Union, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, June 1985 + Oil Shipments to South Africa by Tankers Owned and Managed by Sig. ergesen d.y. and Co. of Norway (1979-1985) [survey], Amsterdam/Oslo, August 1985 + West European Companies Breaking the Oil Embargo against South Africa. Possibilities for a West European Response [paper for International Conference 'Apartheid and Southern Africa: the West European Response', 12-14 September 1985 at Amsterdam; French version available), Amsterdam, September 1985 [currently out of print) - 20 - + Companies Breaking the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for the International Conference on Oil Supplies to South Africa by seafarers' and dockers' unions in London, 30-31 October 1985, sponsored by the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid], Amsterdam/London, October 1985 * Shell, Marubeni, Rich. Crude Oil Deliveries to South Africa from Brunei (Jan. 1979 - Oct. 1986) [survey], Amsterdam, January 1987 + Oil Embargo against South Africa. How to close the loopholes in current West European measures [paper, prepared for the European Seminar on Support to SADCC and Action against Apartheid, organised by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) at Strasbourg, 13-15 May 1987), Amsterdam/Strasbourg, May 1987 4 The Commonwealth and the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper], Amsterdarn, September 1987 * The Oil Embargo against South Africa: Effects and Loopholes [paper, prepared for the conference 'Sanctions and South Africa', organised by the African Studies & Research Program of the Graduate School of Howard University, Washington, DC, 30-31 October 1987), Amsterdam, October 1987 (also incorporated in: Robert E. Edgar (ed.), Sanctioning Apartheid, Africa World Press, Trenton N.J., 1990, pp. 165-180; ISBN 0-86543-162-0 & 0-86543-163-9) * The European Community and the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper], Amsterdam, November 1987; 2nd revised and updated edition [prepared for the Consultative Meeting of Anti Apartheid movements from the EC Countries, Bonn, 13-14 February 1988), Amsterdam/Bonn, February 1988 * Closing the Loopholes in the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for the International Conference 'The World United Against Apartheid for a Democratic South Africa', organised by the African National Congress of South Africa in Arusha, 1-4 December 19873, Amsterdam/Arusha, December 1987 + Kudu: South African Development of Namibia's Gas Deposits to Circumvent the Oil Embargo? [paper, prepared for the Seminar on the International Responsibility for Namibia's Independence, organised by the United Nations Council for Namibia, Istanbul, 21-25 March 1988), Amsterdam/Istanbul, March 1988 * Legislation, Monitoring, Enforcement: Tightening the Oil Embargo against South Africa [paper, prepared for AWEPAA Twin Conference on 'Southern Africa's Future - Europe's Role', organised by the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid in Lusaka/Harare, 23-30 March 1988), Amsterdam/Lusaka, March 1988 * Oil: South Africa's Lifeline [paper, prepared for the International Conference on Anti-Apartheid, organised by the Nigerian National Committee against Apartheid (NACAP), Lagos, Nigeria, 7-9 November 1988, and the International Conference of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation (AAPSO), New Delhi, India, 24-28 November 1988), Amsterdam/Lagos resp. New Delhi, November 1988 * Marimpex. A German Oil Supplier to South Africa [survey), updated edition, Amsterdam, February 1989 (translated into German as 'Marimpex liefert ol. Umgehung des olembargos gegen SUdafrika', epd-Entwicklungspolitik Materialien IV/86; ISSN 0177-5510; P.O. Box 170361, Frankfurt/Main, FRG) * World-Wide Shipping Group. A Hong Kong Oil Supplier Comes to South Africa's Rescue [survey), .Amsterdam, April 1989

Annex 2 Oil Embargo against South Africa (A/45/L.31) Adopted on 19 December 1990 at the United Nations' General Assembly forty-fifth session The General Assembly: Having considered the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, as well as its interim report, which was adopted unanimously on 12June 1990, Recalli its resolution 44/244 of 17 September 1990, which r 2r. the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa, which was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly at its sixteenth special session, Recalling also its resolutions on the oil embargo against South XFicinparticular resolution 44/27 H of22 November 1989, Recognizing the importance of the oil embargo and other existing measures imposed by the international community on the ap eid r6gime towards the elimination of artheid througW-iigotttions, as well as the importance of maintaining these measures until there is clear evidence of profound and irreversible changes, bearing in mind the objectives of the Declaration. Notin that, while oil-exporting States have committed themLan oil embargo against South Africa, very few major shipping States have done so, Concerned that the oil embargo against South Africa is still &E iolated and that South Africa, because of loopholes in the embargo, such as lack of effective legislation, has been able to acquire oil and petroleum products, Convinced that an effective oil embargo against South Africa wou-cntribute to the efforts of the international community to bring about a negotiated settlement and the establishment of a united, non-racial and democratic South Africa, 1. Takes note of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Mon-ito-rthe Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa and endorses its recommendations; 2. Commends the proposed model law for the effective enfdrcement a the oil embargo against South Africa annexed to the annual report of the Intergovernmental Group to States for their attention, including consideration of the adoption of the general principles of the draft within the context and framework of their own legal practices; 3..r the.Security Council to take action under approprate provisions of the Charter of the United Nations to ensure an effective embargo on the supply of oil and pet. roleum products to South Africa in order to effect a speedy and peaceful eradication of apartheid; 4. R all States, pen mw-g--uch decisions, to adopt effective measures and/or legislation to broaden the scope of the oil embargo in order to ensure the complete cessation of the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa, whether directly or indirectly, and in particular: (a) To apply strictly the 'end users' clause and other conditions concerning restriction on destination to ensure compliance with the embargo; (b) To compel the companies originally selling or purchasing oil or petroleum products, as appropiate to each nation, to desist from selling, reselling rr otherwise transferring oil and petroleum products to So.th Africa, whether directly or indirectly; (c) To establish strict control over the supply of oil and petroleum products to South Africa by intermediaries, oil companies and traders by placing responsibility for the fulfilment of the contract on the first buyer or seller of oil and petroleum products who would, therefore, be liable for the actions of these parties; (d) To prevent access by South Africa to other sources of energy, including the supply of raw materials, technical know-how, financial assistance and transport; (e) To prohibit all assistance to rtheid South Africa, including the provision of finance, technology, equipment or personnel for the prospecting, development or production of hydrocarbon resources, the construction or operation of all oil- from-coal or oil-from-gas plants or the development and operation of plants producing fuel substitutes and additives such as ethanol and methanol; (f) To prevent South African corporations from maintaining or expanding their holdings in oil companies or properties outside South Africa; (g) To terminate the transport of oil and petroleum products to South Africa by ships flying their flags or by ships that are ultimately owned, managed or chartered by their nationals or by companies within their jurisdiction; (h) To develop a system for registration of ships, registered or owned by their nationals, that have unloaded oil or petroleum products in South Africa in contravention of embargoes imposed, and to discourage such ships from calling at South African ports; (i) To impose penal sanctions against companies and individuas that have been involved in violating the oil embargo, and to publicize cases of successful prosecutions in conformity with their national laws; (j) To gather, exchange and disseminate information regarding violations of the oil embargo, including ways and means to prevent violations, and to take concerted measures against violators; (k) To discourage ships capable of carrying oil or petroleum products in their national registries or owned or managed by companies or individuals within their jurisdiction from engaging in activities that give rise to violation of the oil embargo against South Africa, taking into account legislative and other measures already adopted; 5. Authorizes the Intergovernmental Group to take action to promote pulic awareness of the oil embargo against South Africa, including, when necessary, sending missions and participating in relevant conferences and meetings; 6. Requests the Intergovernmental Group to submit to the Gene embly at its forty-fifth session a report on the implementation of the present resolution; 7. Requ all States to extend their co-operation to the Intergovernmental Group in the implementation of the present resolution, including submission of proposals for strengthening the mechanism to monitor the supply and shipment of oil and petroleum products to South Africa; 8. Requ the Secretary-General to provide the Intergovernmental Group with all necessary assistance for the implementation of the present resolution. Against (2): The United Kingdom; The United States of America Abstained (19): Bdgium; Botswana; Bulgaria; Canada; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel;Japan; Lesotho; Liechtt.nstein; Luxembourg; Malawi; The Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Swaziland. - 21 -

Annex 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE OTHER OIL EMBARGO The extent of the mobilisation in support of the UN embargo on Iraqi and Kuwaiti oil was contrasted with the enforcement of the longer standing international oil embargo against South Africa, at a recent press conference to launch the latest report on the South African oil trades by the Amsterdambased Shipping Research Bureau. Fuel for Apartheid - Oil Supplies to South Africa provides an insight into the secret oil trades since 1987. The Bureau identified 66 tankers which apparently discharged oil to South Africa in 1987 and 1988. Their combined carrying capacity, 15.8m. dwt, is equivalent to approximately 60% of South Africa's crude oil import needs over this two year period. Almost all of this oil was shipped from the Middle East * with 30 vessels delivering cargoes from the UAE alone. Nine vessels were from Oatar, eight each from Oman and Egypt. and a further seven each from Iran and Saudi Arabia. A similar trade pattern was identified by the Bureau in the data arising from its provisional research for 1989/90 - 28 deliveries in all by vessels totalling 6.3m. dwt (and accounting for up to 36% of South Africa's crude oil import requirements) of which twelve were sourced from the UAE, seven from Egypt and three from Oman. In terms of shipowner involvement, the most significant change since 1987 is the withdrawal of Norwegian companies, following the introduction of domestic legislation prohibiting the transport of crude oil to South Atrica in July 1987. The Bureau observed that shipping companies based in Greece. the UK and Hong Kong have filled the gap. Of the 66 crude oil deliveries monitored by the Bureau in 1987/88,27 were accounted for by ships in the World-Wide fleet, followed by Lemos with a further eight deliveries, Bergesen six (all before the 1987 legislation). Uvanos six, the Hadjipateras group four and Seaadand Shipping Management four. According to the Bureau's research, the crude trades continued to be dominated by tankers in the Hong Kong based World-Wide Shipping Groupwith 12 deliveries identified while London-based Greeks accounted for an additional ten shipments. Norwegian companies (notably Leif Hoegh), however, have been linked by the Bureau with the shipment to South Africa of refined oil products (which is not included under the Norwegian law of 1987). 'Since mid-1989, a relatively large number of vessels have been identified as suppliersof refined oil products to South Africa' and included among these are a number of combined carrier shipments from Amsterdam. The report supports an extension of the Norwegian ban to refined products and also a further tightening of the embargo through legislation in other countries where shipping companies and/or oil trades are based. The Bureau notes that the crude oil shipped to South Africa is sourced from a limited number of countries - all of which have endorsed the embargo - and that if they 'were to observe and enforce their embargo policies, and penalise companies which violate them, the flow of oil to South Africa could be signficantiy curtailed.' Indeed, the enforcement of.the embargo against Iraq and Kuwait could have knock-on effects for the monitoring of oil movements to South Africa. Inevitably, the release of Nelson Mandela. the unbanning of the Africa,, National Congress, and its subsequent talks with the De Klerk government have created some speculation over the duration of trade sanctions against South Africa. The Bureau backs the view of the ANC that sanctions must not be relaxed until an end to apartheid in South Africa and its replacement by a nonracial democracy is irreversible. 2 Lloyd's Shipping Economist, October 1990 Pretoria 'lost THE international oil embargo against South Africa has reportedly cost Pretoria more than $25bn (£13.4bn) since 1979, Michael Holman writes. But shipping companies based in Hong Kong in particular were helping to undermine it, according to a report released. by the Amsterdam-based Ship ping Research Bureau. The 100-page study calculates that between 1979 and 1990 *South Africa has had to spend at least $25bn to overcome the direct and indirect effects of the oil embargo". Mr Mike Terry, secretary of the London-based Anti-Apartheid Movement, called for tougher implementation of the oil sanctions: "We are now seeing in the Gulf that it is physically possible." $25bn on oil' Oil embargo costs to Souut Aftica ($bn) 6 S 4 3 The Financial Times (UK) 13 September 199( THE TELEGRAPH, Ocwba 1990 Tankers flout oil sanctions ANTI-apartheid campaigners have called for tougher oil embargo restrictions against South Africa after. evidence of widescale flouting of the UN sanctions by tanker operators. The Shipping Research Bureau repor identified 66 tankers it alleged could have broken the UN ban on deliveries of dl to South Africa. The ships were capable of supplying some 60 per cent of the country's oil needs since 1987, it stae&d It named theHong Kong based World-Wide Shipping as the chief culprit - being responsible for 27 of the 66 apparent deliveies. Severa London-based Greek companies were a named as prominent dealer in the scret trade. The report said shipping companies were going to great lengths to attempt to conceal the deliveries, using such tactics as confidential charter parties, reporting false des- inations and using forged documents. It produced several examples of forge certificates of discharge According to the report, Greek, UK an Hong Kong based compan have been quick to fill the gap crated by the withdrawal, of Norwegian tankers from the South African trade following a ban announced by the Oslo government in 1987. 'Based on the number of oil deliveries identified and the volume of oil transported to South Africa, the World-Wide Shipping group, has now become the major oil transporter to South Africa,' the .,rport sid. It called for oil embargo legislation in such countries as the UK, Hong Kong, Liberia and Greece and called on oil producing nations like the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Iran to pen ie companies which violated their embargo policies. - 22 -

- 23 - ~1I11&It tTey WEEKLY IL, November 2 ID November 81990 don't tell us about oi __(butthe holefuel oil frma the Soviet Union in 1983) Bulkldmg :V Sa NorWO. MesUgaUgadmonwrld knows) AndeskiLeHoegit =11- ..mOfis for Fli u wOU'RE not supod to know how South Africa gets its lItkt lrnluis UNoil, how much ipysohwmuch is stockpiled. Minister bEat~ma ep. SuhwsEuroM U of Mieral!ad Energy Afir Dawie de Villiers fears the information wil1 be used by our "enemies". hVWO- Ymoteif~ it But the sanctions lobbyists know it all already - and they publish an 61= Ntpes tdtek redl duints *anuat 100page document on the subject. It detaits ttte ships that travel spsnlbwfrd~ to South Africa. where they come front and how touch oit they bring: It foraduplig teroltells where and how much oil is stockpiled in uttderground csverns. 1t exptains out9aifnglegplm. how loopholes in the legislation or some of the most sanctions-conscious eon- waesipdfo tries allow oil products to come to South Aftica. the US dsiethe Coqxtth..in Der Vililers this week came staler renewed pressure to revent all, ibis week A-AWtmcthchasuhe The Weekly Mal has dose just that so at least we will know as much an our orsufined .etia tw voer totier551 Full stems PAGE 3 be" m s o South T is is beha sid dtth law ieto raly 49 EONTOAsdefffsoL ~ tW undlerground oil supply locaioans: KendaV)gie (tr to live conveed end woustotdhng lI80lims krnes); Ferrobanik (am , conversed osain houing 10 to 12-esillimn barrels); W ,,A.1...The facts about our oil thiat hla0-linres By Nfar;~ no XJ~ am mai W *tuedm. i egldieD the Wproo spliro betesunisr h um a mil oaer I I uuw~in 0h o*hSjuu there in an rosin fwerhaacseyd ____aawllaariob inemdicekfeceirpelpSm l P00 Th sW Ol - bA f legantkherdlveso=ft th fer eiwees fafrte Wet at d dAnht Cega rI orl s miismShSuhtc the whorato rnel.hn es'udmd auglosltitlaskin.feedi 61pp~~g~.kindhinda- A~~~ks ~ ~spple urg with Wldals -kapq bill ind idt~eldi *Y eKn' wveug N~o - m re enone emt.______12ofStheddivuin feWQod'bing anthed ' g~ i O sibWy 2 mi~f ittin Nerwegia . trnqniruwevhui be OW e lrshe ast andF mye2. ala tdeveFrp~elapd' H~owve. Do isj tue w mwmhneamodemsmlpat 29dmid. U dad=inubrihy. 111:211 ftiaah . , 1,p eteo~ ~ do ~D hVII- hAn Ausa shipping eompany. 11ecatyhowver, the lfmtm We at not allowed to I yue theas don, dihae Saaland Shipping Managemae lohbegnoeawnews. lhspM~f~nealstSA holerofBasurnsthistaa 7b. Sb;= Resaearch Dues.. ChOwuiausle) d ,- arpers aindl n inedoamsPosNNW gt Affift Dawie de Villins he- moa.apa lagofatalieg dma however deall f u of whhlfoieerr 1991. siifigures. wass - Ii hesulytem sayur u pies~b. - 5 lanersahavieaaatakAfi- Mloatofthese dusaimdoSan thelbbsisrpdmFwxWe My' ~ a Saionlob- PLasleyBod=forba Unitem13. JdhasEites(12 of the 2). in histebthisye aurd opony by. ml lolbe seoucy. datllad thbr-hlst 8takr wheb deiered Pala (7) and O . lb. kalinc about the w.ash thAe'oi ioeu. the ntos lobby kows aoua , toSwe dmb of dneml aitde oil to South A&= ti IA ca910me Sta KWn dtle EtnlMckie 5fl=Wtt wn 54 all this -tready. lb.o Duthpels a t eltsres and how thity toold be dine, Sameship apperqdy Faran Giasre = 3lita todbtssewood t-.gu~swsesttthefi-ahero doosgstea hep h 231699 mrn lAkfw n the However, the =pen palms out the ar l wscfeil coateqasm. Clb. South Afis she Shipin R. high pricol. 2M467 we Paeficle hous mad Norwegian shipping companes muwe ds Bumoain aoi.as stnhDurean. has pubtishedi it insaD Villiers remined tiglipped, dle 15489wta~ma ew ante Still playhig anlerrmie bcas bn sue50 to 58S-Oilsa kires.) 100-pag report on oil supplies to lmsgshepantedmbetsokin ktrntestheindia~mofa Ccpmtsodeaiddestnoer hSrreslmudoday Seek Afic.aonebua sudwifte the fsi."haeso doube that as srd. suimsad in 1987. of shipping vutm iutgsf -iou- ts. Stat urems330000 barrela l. asypoeoansloed tonwSa .I iltai infer' eumpansies based in Hang, Kong. It listsgam Nerwegian group In- day.

- 24 - ECDTVGMIE Deux compagnies suisses violent un embargo petrolier Marc Rich fournit Pretoria Deux compagnies suisses gnlaesP ,oalp.lled pr a" sont accusees de violer sys syn b- e en SW. ae:Mt Rh AU. & t~matiquement 'embargo Zoug. ot AMEP. Goke et Monaco. En 974-8,Mte Rich eurltt affreth 7 arde I'NU sur le p~trole livrd evm e t &e. Rich A IAfrique du Sud. et .le prenle eporeteurpde te m r lrs lrque chi Sud! pear 7D rans son dernier rapport. le -Ship- 88. Deputis 1988. pounilt le bureau ping Re Bureau- ISRBI. une hollandala. AMEP applrat comme le organsailon non gouvernementale be- propritaire daou mean 15 cargts dist en H ne. dnombre 15 ivrahains clhargEs en Afrique du Sud. . de pdtrole & Pretoria par des Sulses en AMEP uratlt lIved depuls Ill8 pour 1987 et 1988. et dji ol vealsons entre 3.4 millions de tomeas de petrae k Pre1989 et mar 1990. Pour It SRB. -es toria, et Mare Rich pour I I milions de coinpagnles sore aujourdhnui te pr4 tonns depuia 1979. sell 9% du besoin micr foumisura do rAfrique total de-l'Alrique du SudI Ces socIAte d Sud. L'une des a ddmeritt touteit. senent pIClrtialeas de Ia marchanvraiaon. dise mats Imeis bateace bahter, pavilion Ibdrtnrs. greg ou chypriote. Wa eage La SRD mine I'entiolte quit-et rEgypte (dam L. eas dAEP Le SRB. crd en l979. eat inaned par Ic bite perouqu I desination des le goouvernemeits suddol. om 1gien ports ud-afrlna L eaMpert de SRD et anadien. le Conacil reouniftque des allhime que ca compagnioe mettent en EgUem ct det Nations Unles. Son but: place des prcdI complexes pour recter c publer de manlere exhaus- brouller lea platn et c pm Mtre ac gle Ie violations de 'embargo our le p4- ada de violer rembargo. trole centre rArque du Sud. vote en (979 par I'ONU pour faIre presslon sur La maaon Marc Rich kc r0gime d'aporield. Dam son demler no d6moo pas rapport. publie Ic I septembre. cebo- u- bblgde e mu e recherche maritime. qul bEnefl- let da t- ht p ltus rande dl dtal. etc de sourcas dit ter des comp- nlGa n Mare Rich. I 200g. refuse de regnts marl8lmes. -8e c det2ll de 66 rnapublcation du rapport do SRB: liveasna de p ul en 87-88 ci 28 I- * , Nemo d/mmlt n- jgeoLnm vralto en 89 90: tonnage du bteau. m allrmaions. cemmene 1U. Orepesifon. proprIUtaire. date. Iteu du de- naehor. one re ta e do groope. part et degnaionm, gout yat. Marc Rich est dans it amnec polio. La Suisse. ler foumisseur icr depula 17 ars et nonw navon aocone r action It donner. Nous e vouSelon ct rapport. -les deux compa- Ions pa de put lt Sure of ellelt.. Marc Rich nenvirage aucune porenulte Judiclaire contre le SRB. Ladmtstrateur de AMEP*Danour. Is Sutae genevolse d'A*EP. Ftu Zimmerman. alise quc I bureau genevols n-a quasumeni plus d'actloli depules qoe .OPEP a qultt . AMEP est gerde depuls Monaco et Panama. -Je suls trba dftu per le contenu de ce rapport. 11 o falt cue de Ia spiculatIon. SeIon se adminltrateu. AMEPN n'a JamaesI, lint ue goutte de pitroele A rAfrique du Sud. Cc rapport et one pure provocation destinte A faire Parler e empelignies p tollres. l est regretgable que des gena Ilorent do pItrle i Preiorta en violation de rembargo. mala qu'on oe le mette pe our notre deal. Zlmnernmam ne slt pas encore a! lea prop lres d'AMEP prtent ple: eSt ms ne tenalt qub ooL je Ic ferahl.. bene no pout ren Ia Sume. qu n'appllque ps Me Sanctlons de rONU Ceontre Pretorla. dispose pourtant d'n grope de survellance: .Noos e oulos pa3 que (a Susse serve It un contoumement des eanctlons appllqueis par dautres pays. expilque George Zubler. chef de section A 1011ce f4d6al des aalres Eonol.ques extrireures (OFAIEI. Nou somme been i Or conaclenta de tel ca. nous sevns que des malsona aulses sent tre Impliqud dana le commerce avee iAfrique du Sud. Mats tang quun traiee ne touche pm noire terotoire. nous, oe pouvora pm Intervener concr lemen. En 'oceurrence. dans le as du pdtml. cc sent les paya d'o( II eat export qo deeralent Intervenir-. L'OFAEE refuse de prtelser quelles meismos aulses commereent plus parIttcuIbi.-mont an Preerea II exclut igalement que Ie soutlen de Ia Sulsse i remergo oeotre lirak slnlfte on changement d'attlgu.de de Beine par rapport asu mactions Contre rAfrique do Sud. (BRRIJeanPhlitppe CEPPI) Un document irrefutable L B tdseem Rich nest pas be - rf ffi ce g ver emen od cha r de procu'mile Sur sies relations d'aftfres h efrdu ele APretoria. de sir atre raaver rhfrique do Sod. Mali t exte un er par Ma nhgoceints itnrgatonsux en document qul prouve de manrte itro f- pdtroe. La rapport mentlonne on contable m relatlione: II asln de requte ra ligW on I979 entre SIW et l coamcatleintlelle prceirtte le 27 join (984 pasle Mlnod. & ZOog. p trdvoyan la Iiparle proeuror g nrat sd-afrcaten wasters de .5 mllions de tonna de Parleet de son pays. biut par an It rlque du Sud. LeSFF Cette enqote vielit & rpere sin affirnait alone am prcureur que Minoll questiona de 'optsitlon parlemenlalr ftalt properletf de Marc Rich. oeusant le Strategic Fuel Fund (SFM). IBRRIJ.P. C.) Tribune de Geneve (Switz.) 12 Oct. 1990 BUSINESS BRIEFS OIL EMBARGO The financial mst of the iniemagion. al oil embargo against South Africa since its incepton in 1979 was over $25 billion or S2.3 billion annually, in addition to the S29 billion spent on crude oil alone, reports -Fuel for. Apartheid," a just- published study released by the Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau. However. 66 tankers (bised mostly in Hong Kong. Greece. s.id Britain) apparently made oil deliveres in the capacity of 15.8 million ton, or 60 percent of the country's crude oil needs, to South African poets c-ig 1987 and I98. in violation of the LN embaro. The vast majority of the "sskers sailed from the Middle East. especially the United Arab Emirates. Qatar. Saudi Arabia. and Egypt. South Africa depends on imported oil for 75 petr.n of its fuel requirements and the remaining 20-25 percent comes from SYROMu fuel production. in which coal is moverted to liquid fuel in a costly and aenirom enialy disatmus proces developed in te 1970s go protect South Africa from oil boycoit. rle embaro is being lloued-It is so open. Some tmker are operaing a shuttle service between the Persian Gulf and South Aftra." Husuene Mackay of the Research Burea was quoted as say. ing in the Joanil of Comsee. The Gulf crisis is unlikcly to affect South Africa' access to all. If anything. (he recent rise in die price of oil has made Sasol's synthetic fuel production cost effective at ao $27 a barel-for th first time since the oil crash in 1973. Africa Anuirsis recently reported thii Saiol plants. ahme output is cquivalent go0 million tais annually, have been reducing costs be introducing moe eti. clent processes. which could end up bringing the 'nce of a banel down to S23. In addium, evn if the $2 per barre premium on oil imports is abolhed in the near future. this will not affect Sasol. as oil prices ae expected to remain ai die turen high levels or even floe higher oser le next few months. AFRICA REPORT * . .vo,,e 1vie99q

- 25 Nr. 211 Onsdag 12. september 1990 - Argailig 21 Kr.10,00 Ulovl*g frakt ti*1 Sor-Afrika UnNffln -Norske redere bryter andre lands boikottlover IGAR BEXRE P, = Its= ::M i- Inficiparim den g . _.t -H.gla I-- - for RI, pill taken. Det winerfivocrente If. N_ & h. land 575M Shipping Ronalirch Bureau I beewl. I Cape Tom Anuterdwo b I & IEri -Y nim"tcler d. im"'r 01, w - vokunde am md w.&e Inner hir "I" In.& mt., .. gir fit Sor-AtrIM wrt I A bryte bild, orvensk. uned "fife"M cobwochiliter data og so*tisk boikoftdtist. AmNoroberedere kov. Sern dii -Hgh I. broporten diwe fk. ta.- Gor gikk rn dwak I.ne. P-ret 0 rederier woofi 1. .1 svenk.nordc bry, I." H.Igh & Co fifive niffinen I Lykil fit Sr.Af. onorsh boikoulr roved 'If., Ella d. Dagli. gikk .like fkia WIN Moen lare f. Od.. S-t. I ..f.fte, filinfie. Me. H.,gh C- T- died lare.sel. i h-' Uie . W. rendr. red. er I Soviet. Fralfilapher ble -d fall A b" aid. WW. forfalket ng billn. - tW S.r-Afrika boikoft died ane dekket-NcIOM, redi. .R.wk Am~ I Javv iA- ver e "it KLASSEKAMPEK n Wn. u...... M= SIDE 10 Fra 10 1" unert -Afrika I W Ri"in- 0 6. mmfdk..k, hm Rwhw& B" for A fmkw it.= S-Alrik. Ul Smi., W lived-deriet M h* fil=b, OM == =.er' :4k, 711IS filiffl. T_. = Vd Itebblar ble bmkL even Alon, Side Neh on lak wavubionent. fitLAf."k. de.ft MW conbord I -"It := *= 111916 = 8 i Za*g. P. cloollodulklue lit S-Airik.kLJ Met Avolk, fill K-, bevelmdettlerdentake. Net I.. I CW T- hP"Veh'" Akk ddppw Arvid Hurven It I Awf= MdW- .I.. = . ::=Z=ke:t71 aaaacuile " Mr. kolk M _ *g va. Ikk Merl- dital. K. do Im"'. - dik. fit !W Afrika. Ener A b. :V of)L ddLk, tit D40"envit w.darmes"41 I- P....d.6 77 ol e i Norske redere utny'ter boikottItIvens smutthull og frakter raffinerILo te rjepr il k rtil rig I stor skallitj "arvosr! .H.e eF 57.5' 00 tonn beitsin i Fwr-Afrika. I%= M. F. -h-I A" Ird- I.- -d 57AW rown bIne lbrat. =Gh d' d'k 'r WRA" k. aed, b,..i.. i w.QWWvMm. SHIA bry-ikkvL.ffH.g1-*d ... .". bod'valmn. tieft, LW Mvvach I an& ad d. pa"le dulde ,In 0. lardlo.j.H12117. lik. kk-t weraMv. Mr heidilb--gelven pilparte d. I. bk man. 11 r.- det I Inve.. DI., 1.1k F. 11 10 Ho"h St Co. Uk-I "vh A C.. = .' Ib.T W *Ik' . 'g= '.d:.= lnv . Mier det I rwpc alle fill I Sverige, Dw4rmk oll Sw*t. Ont det HIM er redona .w- it, a S-wk. 0. C. 191111han. I nainverte, ofie"' W. W d. I d. em titt I= "I"I, dim lovb udikee nvA.8 -.is. SAIOL wide me *in I"= 110,11liker. am. d- twifibli... edvart SaWdi- .f& H..S-Id 1. Shipping RL. r= baydek.h. -h IW-. man, redere Mr drua Doinfilk 99 overtook -H.egh F.Wd. w for .k-Wq 25.001) ;.hitkiwater Boikott-brudd bor fil retten I. !=Jreg-=Z1f= nij -redlen Norske rederes deltakelse i brudd pi olle- Smile uw Wk.11. , gair-Afri. " '"' do 7t DIiiiand soTS ice, Denier b. I went., Ife M 07t aert= Abduildineyiest 0 . bor ife:fl .71edr r Av so oiwm V L= b"=' ==.l be, libgv' di. him hvad.. Mate, I W. find. ban A. d, -1'-Zr We.klvlle wididert What. je r I. loves? Guam Hann fm Felfr i. M ddt.,det.Ilig.Afrikb. jpv. Wt IV -Drarborp.F =, montraw R.M011- r lint. kriflkk d. I- K.. S..dw. d.w.' In ... I~ ble VdUft 1 1987 vd, har via Lo' dn, 11.11 1.1. r a Ila fif fF,.. Al.. Mona er atoolle d. d. d. In .;dt. bolk N' cla. ae r 11 Amor t ter ra *1 Sor

- 26 Amsterdam vaak bron olieprodukten Z-Afrika Van onze redactie economie Gebloke AMSTERDAM - Net oilie-emn- van du bargo tegen Zuid-Afrika wordt de aliep nog immer met voeten getre- Zuidafril den en dle haven van Amster- Zes sche dam speolt dlaarin een steeds produkt prominentore mol. Moer dlan doe steenko heift van doe oioleveranties Frankuijk aan Zuid-Afrika is uit doe hoofdstad afkomstig. De oliep dam na Dat blct dit het zesde-ondoizoek voerd. z van het Shipping Research Bureau als benzi (SRB). getitold 'Fuel for Apartheid' -ten valle dlat gistoren openbaar werd gemaakt. SRI. gevestigd in Amsterdam. houdit al jaon doe olieloveranties aan hot Zuidafrikaanso apart- Gel heidsregime in do gaten. Tussen juni 1989 en april1990 wer- nen den door do SRI 18 loveranties go-. e noteord. Vanuit Amsterdam '* mee trokkon or tien tankers met in totaal 600 000 ton olioprodukten. Die prodlulton hadden eon waarde van 250 milloen gulden. Ook na do tijd die hot onderzoek behelst, vonden do leveranties aan Zuid-Afrika gewoon dloorgang. Volgens eon woordvoerster van hot SRI strookt do botrokkenheid van Amsterdim met do handel met Zuid-Afrika niot met hot anti-apart. heidlsboloid dat do gomeente zegt to voeren. ,Het is op zijn minst merkwaardig dat doe gemeonto toestaat dat do haofdstad eon cruciale rol speelt bij doe overslag van olioprodukton naar Zuid-Afrika", aldus do woordvoerster. Trouw, 12 September 1990 n is dat or tevens sprake is ibole handelsroutes: nadat rodukten zijn gelost, wordt caanse steenkool geladon. ~pen die in Amsterdam olieen laaiden. vervoerdlen al torug naar Nederland. .Bolgid on Hongkong. rodukton die vanuit Amsterar Zuid-Afrika warden veruin bewerkte olieprodukton me en gasolie. Doze produk~n niet onder do Nederland- loste tankers ien steenkool op terugweg Mogelijke ontdui king leboycot onderzOcht 4Poef 00 Pt etorena 46MSTERDAM, 12 sept. - Dc .gemeente Amsterdam onderzoekt *f.,ianuit haar haven oli ~roduk. *A ima Zuid-Afrika wagn ver#.word die alrkamatig ziju uit Ian.4on die formedl en ,volledige plioboycot togen dat land handhaEo woordvoerder van de gorpeente zei vanochtend:- We befLdjken de zaak. we hebbon begre.Ven.dat ladingen olieprodukton op ,iW yan eigenaar verwisselenmaar .*".Sobourt heel yank. Het verachepon-van bonzine en diesel, -dezarsat hot omj- vanuit AmstertivCalt miet onder do Naderlandse boatregels" liet Shipping Research Bureau (3.)publicoorde gistoren en rapport over en internationsall * onderzoek near naleving van hot Bfiiembargo tegen Zuid-Afrika. Daaruit blijkt dat tussen juni 1989 en april 1990 tien tankers in totaal 600.000 ton alieprodukten vanuit do hoafdstad naar ZuidAfrika. hebben vervoerd. De wear. de'van do ladin ou ton minste 250 miljoen guldzn hebben bedragon. Nadien-zijn nog drie tankers via Amsterdam near ZuidA frika gevaren. Nederland handhaaft sinds 1985 cen beperkt olie-embargo tegen Zuid-Afrika. Export en transport-van ruwe alie naar dat land is verboden, maar aliepra- dukten vallen niot iidor. do sanc-* tieregeis. - Volgons do gemeot~sidam zijn or &I enige tijd contac-* ten..met: do Werkgrop Ylairasover--e bevindingen-K van "4ae .SR3. Ainsteande vrijdag ofvolgene wek dinadag zal bet~tp ptinbet college Nmn; Bqrg.emeester on Wethouders aa'ndc orde komen Bert Holvast. gemeenterai1sld voor Groen Links in Amsterdam, notinde hoet rapport",vim bot _SRB *gisteren ontittisterenad'!. .En iomeente die zich is' 'aniapart-heidsstad afficheert- mag volgens 'Holvast miet 'nachteioos . hot ..haofd in do SChoot leggeLN2Volgens Kees do Pater, jedeoker van hot SRLB, moot do gemeento Amsterdam onderzaeken -of via do junidische weg stappen-.Mgelijk zijn ala blijkt dat do haven wordt gebruikt am olieprodukten ,wit to wassen" die uit andere landen niet near Zuid-Afrika magen warden versoheopt. NRC Handeisbiad 12 september 1990

- 27 - BUSINESS DAY 20/11/90 CLAIMS OF SA CRUDE SALES PUZZLE WORLD MARKET EUROPEAN oil traders are ncon. vinced about recent clams that SA has begun to sell crude 6l from its strategic stockpile. "We have certainly beard hints about crude sales from SA, but no doubt, we bayeut beard about any significant tramactions" said Gunner Icdqvest a ade oil trader In the London office of Fearnoll Ltd. Traders say any significant sales of crude by IA would soon become apparent in the market. in spite of the notorious secrecy which shrouda the countrrs dealings wth the interniosl oil ommanit. Speculation about SA oil sales started earlier this year. son sfter iheSA goverumendsad it waseuaIning the merits of reducing its controt, through the' operatios of the National Energy Council of the SA oil Industry. The speculation Intensified a few weeks ago with the visit of Presldent F W de Klerk to Washingtos, when be made an off-the-cuff offer, during a meetg with US legslaatos, to sell part of SA's crude stockpile a partof an effort to al the oil markets after the Iraqi Invasion of KuwtL Analysts in Europe say a decision by the SA authorities to sell part of its crude stockpil presumably to ase the county floreigs =chag burden, would depend upe.s two Firstly. It would dearly depend upon the sie of the stockpile. which is known to only a few top govern. ment officials and businesmen in volved in the oil industry and seeondly. It would depend upon their view of market, and futuretreodL Estimates of the stockpile's sine range widely, roughly from @0-million to l65- mfll~en barrel. At the bottom end of this range Is the Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Boau (SRB), dedicated to monring the ways in which SA of" the International oi lmbargoImpoedn It. uf pu SA's total refioig capacit at 4335 to 468500 hursta a day r an It ca be asmmed that this being futy id. in view of Placs hro an explol of at least e This amounts to an easet crude dl requirement, at fa capacity. of shout 1s-millios to 1?l-million berrel Uf thes figures are corret the co0Wrys aftgcstockpile as estimated by the SRt. would be sffilcient only to feed the refineries for 128 to I3 dys. at ful capacity. This compares with total stocks of wafter 475-million barrels, or 97 dajW of for- well and ward consumption cureutizy held by Jens an Organisation of Economic co-opera- office of tlion ad Development (OECD) men- waen b cuntries, a estimated by the em Paris-based Iational Energy l t,7, is Agency (tEA), anOEM Affiliate, at rltv the beginning of October IM. tespot Clearly it would be unwise forSA current to reduce Its stock level substantial- Any lyrom the levels estimated by the ii But then am many people who be- 6;Fti Heve that SA's crude oil stocks are th substantially higher than 60-million bewrni. Nearer the top end of the range of estimates is the New York i. based Petroleum Intelligence W ~ lm Is l th mm eu. the mu. The problem is that the ORB est-H mat is obably the only one which. i bcked up with research detailing the locatoand probble s ie of the estnumerous Individual crude oil prices caches which dot A's landscae o e from Cape Town to Durban to the theirsal drstrial heartland on the lghvid. AU Most of the higher estimates are substantiated by anecdotal evidenc which is often based on third- orf fourtkhland Informadtio.th e A lsming that the stockpile Is et., larger, possibly even as much as 155- al rinmlion brris, which would be suf- m ftlenat to nable SA's refneria to rum at full capacity for about a r stockpile then there may be smet merit rc- [ tb d cttn ay trade They sy Ibis is where the secnd beof m Le t the m t. $XP/b cemesin. "It wouldn't make sense to start this mu selling crude on the International pMie market at the current (Brent blend) a price of about $34 a barrel (at Fri- sitarae. day's cloee If SA Is forced to buy it heck three months later at $0 a barDebate between the t4inister of Mineral and Enerqy Affairs and Mir. Roger Uulley,, Danocratic Party. war is the Persian df was truly brokee out." sad Giles olttrader in the Lendon Mare Rick & Co Lid, at the adt Ikely senrio say onathat the country Is sellig t small quantlle of ot on marketiolakeadvantapof ege-scale sale wowl spset at baaneof th make at in which oil Prices aret being by an overreding-coocern Spossibility of war in the Gulf sad no by m underrelty of Wk,or demand say it Is worth meing that St. at present. Is over* with numerouse lare oil moored off the European In wait for higher oil specd to eamue uonan of wr I theGui th e i the cude win try to the *better, ,gh 4t-cale sales would t a welcome s"Wee of - - d pl from Sit we d "prei at an ~thenai. If0 to lftkwhee ft must be thea large I of the wasuliltup(theallembaribposed In is, the savrg ed spot pice of ns l ranged $27.51/b (in MN) and of Marc Rick ayses top of sbeaadded the political that &A would have paid. adt of trarewpotlt and *After all, I have already told the hon member in my statement that the 1987 decision was not based merely on economic considerations. The 1987 decision was taken in the light of strategic and economic considerations. I pointed out that an oil embargo against South Africa still exists. I have here a newsletter from one of the orgamisations that go out of their way to monitor oil supplies to South Africa. in order to intensify the oil embargo. tit is called "Oil Embargo against South Africa Newsletter of October 1989". This newsletter offers a compilation of reports on the international oil embargo against South Africa. The newsletter is published quarterly by the Shipping Research Bureau. based in Amsterdam. On the front page, of course, they quote the hon member for Constantia. Again he is using different figures. They quote him in connection with Moesgas. According to the newsletter, he said that the project's viability was based on an estimate of the cost of crude rising to $60 a barrel, whereas the current crude price was expected to remain around $20 until the end of the century. I can only hope that they misquoted him. Mr R R HULLEY: I have never spoken to them. The MINISTER I accept the word of the hon member that he has never spoken to them. *This confirms, however, that we must proceed with cautin when we discuss figures of this nature. EXTENDED PUBLIC COMMmrEE-CHAMBER OF PARLIAMENT TUESDAY. 8 MAY 1990

- 28 - South Africa Watchdog 0 COALS TO ClINA. The Dutch-based Shipping Research Bureau, which monitors oil and coal utde links with South Mica, alleged in November that China is buying coal from Pretoria. Accrding to the bureau, the first of ten shipments was unloaded in the Southern Chinese province of Guangdog in June. African Business January 1990 SA coal exports grow WHI TALY AMD SPAIN have announced that they planned to reduce their imports of SA coal, Portugal, Malta, Turkey, Taiwan. Israel and Hong Kong have in.. creased their demands, according to the Coal Monitor section of the Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against SA. Marc Rich Lentrepr s Elal r&umaine Mintraliportexpor a condu un ontral d'achal de 600000 onnes do diabon sud-ancan, pas cdedmort avec le regime d'apathid. mais avec MUec Rich 6 Zug et Shefl Coalmationial Londre II nest pas Ir~s dak pourquo ia Rournarve pr6f6re in chadbon sud-akicain au chaton sovidtique. meillotr mardih. Marc Fkh pernet aussi rAfdque du Sud do contourner rembargo intumnational sur Ia p6ro,ernbargoquicommericecoulerdierau rgime sud-aki: enrmon 25 mards do dollars depuis 1979. jSouce: ShMV Resea-c BSrA NeWletie n" 191 (Switz.) Non & 1'Apartheid October 1990 Suhmcn (or), 9 0 07(sir) E.Europe expands SA coal deals South Afica Inn and Stane Corpotion Iscor has in the irst half ofI90 impotted same 200,000 tons ocoal frour the US and . t according the the Sn ontrst it trade in the -othor direction, the e=prt ofcoel frn the US to South Africa isnot Magid.L P bis coal was add by tt epre Wegokhabway oau wn dsy The Shi pi eesah Buremusays a Polish vesse4 the Thaliasailed with apz a ly 30,000 tocs odal from arri in InR aBay up Xw in Apl, a reement was reached inthe g ;has byPu1snd' of 600,000 tCA of ait from ca. Recent reports indicate thatWeglokos has concluded a tre-eoar cntra o. 240,00 tonp ofcoking In other des involving Estni Erope , Remanla, the statw com Way itor6000 ts o Soth Arica coal. The took p through M Rich and Londonas Shell Co Interna. tionel. It is not clear why Romalsis buying coal Nm.tSouth Afic when Soviet co l in available in large quatitie and at ='B 90175 lo rcs asteShippi.Re * The West German Stims Kohle Enrle International and the East German state goal Wading AHB vaettre toinportal frual louth fis . InJuneth.jintvpturocomdudadits t dea withan EaaIuterum cmpny => shpmet of'skom ma o/'lsouth. bcnhard .o9. China, after thngn Its pollq In 498%, has used a tdn ouse in 9on Ifong to import Sot~rcan coL via , C tbfl ngf Resarch Bureau eas 46zcant reports Indicate that a seconid ,mpany has became involved. Total Hut hison is mid to. have supplied two vessels ofSouthAficanmol to i =via South Kone. Germany urges end to sanctions Novnme 23 1990 Germany's minister for eomse ca, J= Warnke hs =Ve itigonea e an for Afrtee noic u AnZZa'-t1= 1tin would remwe an .obstale in the way of a polisa solution, he told a Hanu& Sedd Bff ug aneting on Tuesday in The foundation is close to the Chri tian Socialist Union, the 3averian Apart serter of thenduing CDI).Nah e: y~r~ed~ ' ar*Nachr Germany had already reaumesd aid for housingor the black community in (Swit South Africa he *-a. Decein He urged the African Natioal Congea to review its etanoe on the embargo issue and commit itselft "a free and scial market econoay order', acirding to the news aganm IPL "In the first five months of 1In Germny nearly doubled Its .eal Imports. Comp ared with Li1 milion tone In 199 0 FRG ha takes Sirn tom this year, and most of the growth was in South African cos% according to the Amsterdam-based oaMni tor. South African coal registered an increase of 113% to i.4mi tons in the first five months of this year. heid icht z. ber Kohleimporte aus Sfldafrika gestiegen In den ersten drel Quartalen 1990 sind die Elnfuhren von Kohle aus Sadaffka in die Schweiz massiv angestiegen. nut 273 951 Tonnen (gagenbar 188 855 Tonnen von Januar bis Sepembe 1989). Insgesamt ist der :en Steinkohle-Import in die Schweiz auch gestlegen., um einen Drittel. Der Anteil der Importe aus 1990 SOdafrika hat sich jedoch Oberdurdhchnttlich erh~ht auf 84,3% (Januar bis September 1989: 774%). Gemiss ner Meldung des -Coal Monitor-, No. 5/1990, sind die Kohleneinfultn im Hafen von Rotterdiam Im oeatn Halbjahr 1990 gegenmber dee Voahrespenode um 26,5% angestegen, wozu die Imports aus Sridafrika wesentich beigetragen haben. Sldafrikanische Kohle, die kaum in die Niederlande importiert wird, wird von Rotterdam aus in die BRD, nach Grossbritannien, Belgien. Frankre ch, Luxemburg und in die Schweiz geliefert.

SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU ANNI AL 1991 Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone: +31 20 6251300 or +31 20 6266073 Fax: +31 20 6220130 Telex: 10236 sanam nl REPORT

The oil embargo remains one of the most important means of exerting pressure on the authorities in South Africa to compel them to remove the obstacles to genuine negotiations leading ultimately to the adoption of a new constitution for a united, free, non-racial and democratic South Africa". [Mr. Anthony B. Nyakyi (Tanzania), Chairman of the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, New York, 13 September 1991] INTRODUCTION The year 1991 has not brought clear evidence of irreversible change towards a non-racial democracy in South Africa. Despite the repeal of the major laws enforcing apartheid and the start of a negotiation process, the monopoly of political and economic power of the white minority has remained intact. 'Inkathagate', the revelations about secret government funding of the Inkatha movement, has raised serious doubts on president De Klerk's commitment to peaceful change. The process of erosion of sanctions, which had started to enfold since the beginning of 1990, has continued none the less. During 1991 there has been much speculation - triggered by a series of new trade agreements with South Africa - on an early lifting of the oil embargo by some African oil-producing countries and even by some oil-exporting countries in the Gulf. In reality, however, there were only two states that officially lifted their oil embargo policies: the USA and Israel. The position taken in 1991 by the South African liberation movements, churches and trade unions as well as the UN Special Committee against Apartheid makes the eventual lifting the oil embargo dependent upon one clear condition: the adoption of a new constitution for a democratic South Africa.

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) was founded in 1980 by two long-standing anti-apartheid organisations in the Netherlands, the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group KAIROS (Christians against Apartheid). From 1973 onwards KAIROS has continuously been campaigning on the oil embargo issue, in particular against the involvement of the major oil company Shell in South Africa. Since 1977 the Holland Committee has joined in this campaign. The foundation of SRB was a direct result of a UN-sponsored conference called the 'International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa', held in March 1980 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At that time it was obvious South Africa would become extremely vulnerable to an oil embargo because the apartheid state had lost its main supplier, the Sjah government of Iran, after the Iranian Revolution. The new Iranian government joined the existing oil embargo imposed by nearly all oil-producing countries. To make the then existing oil embargo more effective, the Amsterdam Seminar recommended that, in order to monitor the flow of oil to South Africa, the establishment of a special research unit was crucial. The seminar was organised by the Holland Commitee and KAIROS in close cooperation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. In its monitoring work the main focus of the Bureau's Oil Section is in-depth research on the ways in which South Africa tries to obtain its oil imports, and on the means whereby the oil embargo is violated by the suppliers. The Bureau aims at regular publications on these violations by its main research reports, by special surveys on shipping companies and oil traders, and by its own quarterly periodical, the 'Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa'. Additional objectives are research into and publications on various legislative and other policy measures by UN Member States, international governmental organisations, trade unions and other parties concerned. It is the Bureau's firm conviction that the oil embargo can only be effective if the necessary information is available, if adopted policies are duly implemented and if legislation and contract clauses are enforced. Between 1980 and 1990 the Shipping Research Bureau has published six main reports in which detailed information was presented on oil deliveries by tankers identified, on companies involved in this secretive trade and on the countries or regions from where the tankers sailed to South Africa. These reports cover the period from January 1979 to early 1990. Since 1985 SRB has issued its quarterly 'Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa'. This Newsletter provides a regular flow of information on the embargo to the media, Governments, international governmental bodies, non- governmental organisations and concerned individuals. As a broad dissemination of this information is seen as a crucial activity, the Newsletter is distributed free of charge. In March 1989 SRB started its Coal Section. An additional monitoring unit, on destinations of South African coal exports, became necessary as several countries, notably the USA, Denmark, France and Japan had imposed sanctions on imports of South African coal. Moreover, introduction of coal sanctions by other countries was regarded as a real possibility at the time. At the request of several international organisations the Coal Section has prepared research reports. In a special section of SRB's Newsletter, called 'Coal Monitor', an update of information is given on South Africa's coal industry, on exporting companies and importing countries. The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from various international and national sources. In 1991 the funding organisations have been the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, national governments of Sweden and Norway, the International Solidarity Committee of the Norwegian Labour Movement (AIS), the World Council of Churches, the

Dutch Organisation for International Development Cooperation (Novib) and several church bodies in Denmark (Danchurchaid), Canada (ICFID), Belgium (Broederlijk Delen), Germany (EMW/OMW) and in the Netherlands (CZD, AMA and CWD). THE OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Oil is without doubt South Africa's most vulnerable point of dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, yet it is vital for the country's mining industry, its transport sector and military and police forces. South Africa has to import about 70 per cent of its liquid fuel needs. Crude oil imports are estimated at 14-15 million tons a year. This volume is entering the country by means of large crude oil tankers, nearly all of them sailing from the Middle East. The balance of about 30 per cent is covered by synthetic production of oil from coal by the two giant SASOL plants. In addition, a new synthetic production facility, MOSSGAS, converting gas offshore Mosselbay into liquid fuels, is scheduled to come on stream in 1993. Mossgas might reduce South Africa's dependency on oil imports with another 7-8 per cent. South Africa's strategy to become more self-sufficient in oil production has turned out to be an enormous financial burden on its economy. The costs of Sasol ans Mossgas are estimated at US$10 billion and US$4.5 billion respectively. Moreover, the state-owned company SOEKOR has spent more than R1 billion on oil exploration since 1965 without striking viable oil finds. Another detrimental effect of the oil embargo is the large amount of 'dead capital' locked up in South Africa's strategic stockpile estimated to cover about six months of crude oil consumption.

A mandatory oil embargo has not been imposed by the UN Security Council because of opposition by two Permanent Members: the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The existing voluntary oil embargo, however, is supported by an overwhelming majority in the UN General Assembly. The latest oil embargo resolution, of 13 December 1991, was adopted by 127 Member States. Three countries (USA, UK and Swaziland) voted against, whereas 28 Member States abstained. In particular, the oil embargo is endorsed by all main oil-exporting countries, including member states of OPEC and OAPEC. At a national level a number of countries have introduced their own legislation or have included restrictive clauses in their oil export contracts. An oil embargo has also been included in a package of restrictive measures against South Africa imposed by the European Community and by the Commonwealth. Moreover, the call for an oil embargo has the broad support of many international organisations such as the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Council of Churches and the Lutheran World Federation. The oil embargo has been endorsed by international trade union bodies such as the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office (ILO), the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) and the Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU). In addition, the oil embargo has been adopted by some international political bodies such as the European Parliament, the Association of West European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA), the International Parliamentarians Union (IPU) and the Socialist International.

ACTIVITIES IN 1991 Research Since SRB's main activity is the ongoing research work on monitoring the oil embargo against South Africa, the research activities in 1991 focused mainly on obtaining more updated information oil supplies to South Africa by checking tanker movements and by identifying the companies involved and the countries or regions from where tankers sailed to South Africa. Over the years it has become a regular activity to present all identified data on tankers, on companies and on countries from where oil deliveries originated, in a main SRB report issued once every two years. The latest, sixth, main report Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa' was issued in September 1990. In view of the changing situation in South Africa, the Bureau has adapted its publications policy in 1991 by issuing research reports on a more regular basis now in the form of special sections in SRB's Newsletter. Publications of research findings In 1991 two research reports have been published by the Oil Section. An updated report on crude oil shipments to South Africa in 1989 entitled 'SRB Research Findings 1989' was issued in SRB's Newsletter No. 22, first quarter 1991. A special report on the involvement of the Hong Kong-based shipping company World-Wide Shipping was published in Newsletter No. 23, second quarter 1991, under the title 'World-Wide Shipping: The major oil transporter to South Africa - Update' While the main report on 1987-1989, released in September 1990, contained only some preliminary findings on 1989, the Bureau presented a full list of vessels found to have delivered crude oil in 1989 in its report published in Newsletter No. 22. The findings confirmed the prominent position of the

Middle East, in particular the United Arab Emirates, as a source of oil for South Africa, and of the shipping company World-Wide Shipping as the major transported involved. The second report, released in Newsletter No. 23, focused on the latter company. It presented an update of all shipments by World-Wide tankers identified in the period April 1979 - March 1991. It listed 66 oil deliveries by World-Wide tankers and exposed this company as the major transporter since Norwegian shipping companies had been prohibited by law in 1987 to continue crude oil transports to South Africa. In the most recent period, World-Wide Shipping was found to be responsible for about half of all deliveries identified. The Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa SRB's Newsletter provides a regular flow of information on the oil embargo issue. The Newsletter contains SRB's most recent research findings and all relevant information from other sources on South Africa's oil industry, on actions by Governments, international organisations and on campaign activities by anti- apartheid groups. Coal Monitor Since October 1989 SRB's Newsletter contains a separate section, called Coal Monitor, covering information on South Africa's coal industry, on destinations of exports and on companies involved. It is a compilation of SRB's findings and other reports presented to assist all organisations supporting economic sanctions against South Africa.

Support activities During 1991 the Shipping Research Bureau has contributed to a number of international meetings in which sanctions on oil imports and coal exports by South Africa were discussed. Moreover, as an integral part of SRB's work in supplying information, the Bureau assisted a variety of organisations, research institutes, the international press, television and radio journalists, politicians and anti-apartheid organisations throughout the world. In support of the international campaign against Shell, a spokesperson for the Bureau addressed the company's Annual Shareholders Meeting on 16 May in London to question Shell's role in support of South Africa's oil industry. Since Shell has stressed for years that it does not sell oil to South Africa, SRB asked for the company's support to the UN Monitoring Group responsible for enforcing the oil embargo. Shell's Chairman, Mr. Sir Peter Holmes, refused however to cooperate. Instead he commented that Shell's subsidiary in South Africa had no option but to observe the laws of the country, which in effect meant Shell ensured the company's role in undermining the embargo. The Bureau's director participated in special UN Hearings on the oil embargo on 15 August in New York organised by the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. The hearings focused on ways of rendering the oil embargo more effective, on securing more cooperation by governments, and on the appropriate timing and conditions for lifting the embargo. Here SRB emphasised that the success of the oil embargo should be measured not by South Africa's lack of access to oil imports but rather by the extent of the cost placed on the country's economy to counter the embargo. SRB stressed the fact that South Africa had spent at least 25 to 30 billion US dollars over the past 12 years to overcome the embargo.

To discuss the prospects of sanctions the Liaison Group of national antiapartheid movements in EC countries held a meeting in Amsterdam on 27-29 September, where SRB presented an overview of the actual status of sanctions on oil imports and coal exports by South Africa. On coal sanctions a special information paper was prepared under the title 'European Sanctions against South African Coal, Actual situation'. In Geneva on the UN Centre against Apartheid organised consultations of anti- apartheid movements and non-governmental organisations on 4-5 November to discuss the future role of solidarity groups in support of the democratisation process in South Africa, and, in particular, to assess the conditions for the lifting of sanctions. For this meeting SRB prepared an information paper entitled 'The Oil Embargo against South Africa and Sanctions on South African Coal'. IMPACT In support of efforts to make the oil embargo more effective by closing existing loopholes and by persuading national governments to enforce legislation and contract clauses, the Shipping Research Bureau has continued to assist the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, which was established pursuant to a UN General Assembly resolution of 1986. As in previous years the UN Monitoring Group has relied heavily on data supplied by SRB for its investigations of possible cases of embargo violations and for seeking cooperation of Governments in implementing embargo policies. In its 1991 report the UN Monitoring Group listed 77 new cases on which investigations had started in 1991. The group sent queries to 22 UN Member States. Above these 77 cases, 230 older cases are still under investigation, among them many involving false discharge certificates.

As to the timing of lifting the oil embargo the UN Monitoring Group's position is that the embargo should be maintained until the adoption of a new constitution in South Africa. This policy is in line with the phased plan on the lifting of sanctions followed by the OAU, ANC and PAC. The ANC President, Mr. Nelson Mandela, again underlined the position of the ANC in an interview by Allister Sparks published in December 1991 when he said: "The only sanctions that would remain [after the establishment of an interim government] are the arms embargo and the oil embargo. They would only be lifted when a new constitution is adopted. " During 1991 two UN Member States did lift their oil embargo policies: the USA and Israel. This move, however, did not alter the fact that still every load of crude oil reaching South Africa does so in contravention of existing oil embargoes, since neither the USA nor Israel are relevant as exporters of crude oil to South Africa. In South Africa, president Mr. F.W. de Klerk announced on 29 April 1991 that the volume of the strategic stockpile would be reduced to raise funds for economic recovery and job creation programmes. Addressing the South African Parliament he conceded that the stockpile was a direct result of the oil embargo: "Sanctions and threats of sanctions have obliged South Africa to invest a portion of its savings in strategic reserves, including oil. Obviously this is a very unproductive form of investment that has contributed to the unfavourable course of economic growth and job creation ". Inside the country, government policies to counter the embargo by seeking more self-sufficiency have been questioned in 1991 more openly than before. In particular, the Mossgas project to convert offshore gas into liquid fuels was heavily criticised by the Democratic Party and in the media as another 'white elephant of apartheid economics'. Because of sanctions, i.e., the difficulties of getting access to technologies from overseas, Mossgas has turned out to be an

11 extremely costly state venture. When the government decided to go ahead with Mossgas in 1987, the costs were estimated at R5.5 billion, but now it is likely that final costs will be above R12 billion by 1993, the first year of full production. A striking example of more open criticism by the liberal media was the start of a series of leading articles by the monthly magazine 'The Executive'. In August this magazine published a cover story under the title 'Confidential - How South Africa Gets Its Oil'. The article revealed that apartheid economics has added R80 billion to the country's fuel bill (see Annex II). In its November issue, 'The Executive' focused on SASOL's artificial profitability and concluded that SASOL's profits were the mere result of subsidies by the state. FUTURE ACTIVITIES Since the start of the negotiation process, expressed by the CODESA meetings in December 1991, there has been much speculation on an early lifting of economic sanctions, including the oil embargo against South Africa. However, the position of the South African liberation movements ANC and PAC, the UN General Assembly and the OAU clearly shows that the oil embargo should be maintained until the adoption of a new South African constitution. The implication for SRB's future activities is that the Bureau will continue its monitoring work until the UN General Assembly has lifted the oil embargo. Research undertaken in 1991 has resulted in a new report on the oil embargo during the period 1989-1991. This was published in a special section of SRB's Newsletter in the first quarter 1992. For the first time since the introduction of the oil embargo against South Africa the report was released in the press within the country itself, on 24 January 1992, the day of the opening session of the South African Parliament. SRB's ongoing research programme during 1992 will, as much as possible, be concentrated on the most recent period, i.e. the years

12 1991 and 1992. As in the years before, the Bureau will continue to assist the UN Monitoring Group in its investigations on oil embargo violations, and in its preparations for the 1992 report to the UN General Assembly. Publication of SRB's Newsletter will continue during 1992 on the normal quarterly basis. Since the prospects for continued embargo policies regarding South African coal seem to be rather limited, the Bureau's Coal Section will reduce its research efforts. Depending on changes in the field of coal sanctions, the Coal Section will, until further notice, continue to keep record of main developments in the South African coal trade in order to issue the Coal Monitor as a special part in the SRB Newsletter. 13 ANNEX I UNITED A NATIONS "' General Assembly Distr. AMPTED AS FOLLC*MS W: 127 LDTZV NO: 3 A46/..3. 3 December 1991 ABSTAIN : 28 ORIGINAL: ENGLISR orty-auth session Agenda item 37 POLICIES OF APARTsEID OF Tz .GOVERN4ENT OF SOUT AFRICA Algeria. Cuba. Indonesia. Kuwait. New Zealand, WicaracnA. gieeria. Norway. Vkraine and United Republic of Tanzaniat draft resolution Oil embarco against South Africa The General Assembly, Wavine c-onsidered the report of the !nterqovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. 1/ gecali its resolutions on the oil 'embargo against South Africa, in particular resolution 45/176 F of 19 December 1990, ReoBni in the importance of the oll embargo as a major contribution to the pressure eerted on South Africa towards the eradication of apartheid through negotiations, as well as the importance of maintaining pressure until there is clear evidence of profound and irreversible changes, bearing in mind the objectives of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa. 21 such as the adoption of a non-racial and democratic constitution for a free South Africa, Noting that the most effective way to enforce the oil embargo against South Africa remains the adoption by the Security Council of a mandatory embargo under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, Concer that the oil embargo against South Africa is still being violated and that South Africa. because of loopholes in the embargo, such as lack of effective legislation, has been able to acquire oil and petroleum products, Convince that an effective oil embargo against South Africa would contribute to the efforts of the international community to bring about a negotiated settlement and the establishment of a ,mited, non-racial and democratic South Africa. 1. TZk2S_.r.1 of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, I/ and endorses its reconendationsJ 2. Reqsts all States to adopt, if they have not already done so, and otherwise to maintain and enforce effective measures prohibiting the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa, whether directly or indirectly, and in particular: (a) To apply strictly the "and users" clause and other conditions concerning restriction on destination to ensure compliance with the embargo; (b) To compel the companies originally selling or purchasing oil or petroleum products, as appropriate to each nation, to desist from selling, reselling or otherwise transferring oil and petroleum products to South Africa. whether directly or indirectly; (c) To establish strict control over the supply of oil and petroleum products to South Africa by intermediaries, oil companies and traders by placing responsibilities for the fulfilment of the contract on the first buyer or seller of oil and petroleum products who would, therefore. be liable for the actions of these partiest (d) To prevent South African companies from acquiring holdings in oil companies outside South Africa: (e) To prohibit all assistance to South Africa in the oil sector. Including finance, technology. equipment or personnel; (f) To prohibit the transport of oil and petroleum products to South Africa by ships flying their flags, or by ships that are utlimately owned, managed or chartered by their nationals or by companies within their jurisdiction;

14 () To develop a Ysytem for registration of zhipz, registered in their States or owned by their nationals, that have violated the oil embargo, and to discourage such shps from calling at South African ports: (h) To impose penal action against companies and individuals that have been involved in violating the oil embargo, and to publicize eases of successfu prosecutions in conoriaLty with their national laws:; (j) To gather, exchange and disseminate information regarding violations of the oil embargo, Including ways and means to prevent such violatioos, and to take concerted measures against violators: () To discourage ships within their jurisdiction from engaging in activities tiat give rise to violation of the.oil embargo against South Africa. takin into account legislative and other measures already adopted: 3. c n.a' to Member States for their consideration the draft model law nnaxed to the report of the Intergovernmental Group ./ and recommends that thoy strive for an effective oil embargo by adopting the general principle of the model law v in the framework of their own legal practicess 4. Auuhorizes the Intergovernmental Group to take action to promote public awareness of the oil embargo against South Africa. including, when necessary, sending missions and participating in relevant conferences and meetings; 5. aRees t the Intergovernmental Group to subhmit to the General Assembly at its forty-seventh session a report on the implication of the present reosolution: a. g all States to extend their cooperation to the Intergovernmental Group with all necessary assistance for the implementation of the present resolution. / Ofeeial Records of th e General lssemblv VortY-s{f-' Session, Suoole,.enr Io. 44 (A/46/44). I/ Resolution S-16/1, essex. 2/ Ofc' p1 Recordsi of ".e General Assemobly, Tor-f"' Sessicn Supplenett Fo- 43 (A/45/43). SER. NO: 68 ITEM: 37 SYMBOL: A/46/L- 1 DRAFT RESOLUTION GENERAL ASSEMBLY FORTY-SIXTH PLENARY MEETING: 72 RECORDED VOTE ADOPTED RESOLUTION 46/79 E SUBJECT: OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA ANGOLA ANTIGUA-BARBUDA ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHAMAS BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BHUTAN BOLIVIA BOTSWANA BRAZIL BRUNEI DAR-SAIAM BULGARIA BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CAPE VERDE CENTRAL AFR REP CHAD CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA COMOROS CONGO COSTA RICA COTE D'IVOIRE CUBA CYPRUS CZECHOSLOVAKIA DPR OF KOREA DENHAK DJIBOUTI DOMINICA DOMINICAN REP ECUADOR EGYPT EL SALVADOR EQUAT GUINEA ESTONIA ETHIOPIA FIJI FINLAND FRANCE GABON GAMBIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GRENADA GUATEMALA GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU GUYANA HAITI HONDURAS HUNGARY ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN (ISLAMIC R) IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KE'NYA KUWAIT. LAO PDR LATVIA LEBANON LESOTNO Y LIBERIA Y LIBYAN AJ A LIECHTENSTEIN A LITHUANIA A LUXEMBOURG MADAGASCAR A MALAWI Y MALAYSIA Y MALDIVES YMALI y MALTA Y MARSHALL ISLANDS Y. MAURITANIA Y MAURITIUS Y MEXICO Y MICRONESIA (FS) y MONGOLIA y MOROCCO Y MOZAMBIQUE Y MYANMAR Y NAMIBIA Y NEPAL A NETHERLANDS Y NEW ZEALAND y NICARAGUA Y NIGER Y NIGERIA Y NORWAY Y OMAN y PAKISTAN PANAMA* Y PAPUA N GUINEA y PARAGUAY Y PERU Y PHILIPPINES A pOLAND A PORTUGAL y QATAR y REP OF KOREA A ROMANIA y RWANDA DATE: 13 DEC 91 TIME: 11:27 AM VOTE: 4 YES: 127 NO: 3 ABSTAIN: 28 .Y ST KITTS-NEVIS Y SAINT LUCIA Y ST VINCENT-GREN Y SAMOA Y S TOME PRINCIPE Y SAUDI ARABIA y SENEGAL Y SEYCHELLES Y SIERRA LEONE Y SINGAPORE Y SOLOMON ISLANDS Y SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA A SPAIN Y SRI LANYA SUDAN Y SURINAME N SWAZILAND Y SWEDEN y SYRIAN AR Y THAILAND Y TOGO y TRINIDAD-TOBAGO Y TUNISIA Y TURKEY Y UGANDA y UKRAINE Y USSR y UA EMIRATES N UNITED KINGDOM Y UR TANZANTA N UNITED STATES Y URUGUAY VANUATU y VENEZUELA Y VIET NAM y YEMEN y YUGOSLAVIA ZAIRE Y ZAMBIA y ZIMBABWE

ANNEX II [IIT 01 1~ -j A. -' AI-B

For more than a decade the Shipping Research Bureau in Amsterdam has traced the secret supply lines which have sustained South Africa in defiance of the oil embargo. The research bureau, set up by antiapartheid organsations, has based its work on an intensive analysis of the movements of the world's tanker fleet. It accesses specialised shipping industry publications and computerised data bases. This information is checked with governments and the companies which own and charter the tankers. The bureau has traced 441 oil deliveries since 1979. This is a sizeable proportion of total deliveries - it estimates that it tracks up to 50% of annual shipments. Of the 441 deliveries, 309 came from the Middle East - 287 from Arabian Gulf states and 20 from the Red Sea area (Egypt, South Yemen and Saudi Arabia). This amounts to 42% of South Africa's crude needs over this period, says the bureau. Oil companies in the United Arab Emirates have been the major suppliers, providing 90 deliveries since 1979; Saudi Arabia 79, Oman 60, Iran 38. and Qatar 21. Egypt is a recent supplier and has shipped 17 cargoes to South-Africa since 1988. Seventy-three tankers have left ports in Singapore and Brunei in the Far East and 41 have departed from Europe (mainly the oil trans-shipment port of Rotterdam) before sailing to South Africa. Early Shipping Research Bureau reports show most tankers sailed for South Africa from the Gulf (Saudi Arabia and Oman), with a smaller number departing from Brunei (formerly a British colony which did not embargo oil sales to South Africa until 1986). The latest report shows that most tankers sailing to South Africa departed from the United Arab Emirates. Of course deals are not done directly between South Africa and oilexporting countries. The contracts are signed with middlemen who are prepared to state that the oil will not be supplied to South Africa and to falsify documents if fiecessary. Tankers sailing for South Africa often visit several ports in the Gulf to help disguise the port of loading. Captains who supply their destination never state South Africa as their next port of call. Favourite fake destinations are Singapore and Europe. In the early years trans-shipment of crude, either at sea or at a trans-shipment port with storage facilities, was a common way of moving oil to South Africa. Trans- shipment raises the cost of the oil by only 5%, yet is an effective embargo breaker. Trans-shipment ports at Rotterdam, Singapore and the Antilles were used by the sanctions busters. But trans-shipment does not feature to as great an extent in the bureau's more recent reports - suggesting oil is shipped directly to South Africa. Some of the tankers which have COVER How South Africa bcat the oil boy cott. Wc detail seems stipply lines from the Arabtan Gulf Mo high.ffying middlenten to South African harbours. ,e 2,5so take look at the largest otf stockpile per cOltta in the world. But was the Secrecy to protect the otf lifeline. or to hide the billtoos apahtd added to our fuel btil? By KEVIN DAVIE. EDITORIAL Ufting the lid. J1 flit! 0 Executive INS10ER REA0iNGAUGUST1991 offloaded at the offshore mooring buoy at Durban have also gone to great lengths to disguise their identity. say the researchers. Ships' names have been hidden and codes used such as B49 while in radio contact with Durban harbour. Combined carriers have been popular in this trade. These tankers can carry crude and bulk loads such as coal and iron ore, but not at the same time. So oil can be offloaded secretly at Durban and coal loaded later at Saldanha Bay or Richards Bay. If asked why the ship visited South Africa, the owners can say they were loading coal. " The bureau has tracked a number of cases where combined carriers have carried iron ore to Japan and returned to South Africa with Middle East oil without reporting the oil leg of the trip. An early trend in South African oil deliveries was to use tankers which were nearing the end of their useful lives. Of 57 ships which offloaded at South African ports in 1981 and 1982, 13 were scrapped, six were laid-up, and 16 had been sold or had their names changed. Almost none were owned by oil companies. Usually tankers were chartered, with the contract demanding a secrecy clause. Norwegian tanker operators were the biggest players in this market until mid- 1987 when the Norwegian governent banned the transport of oil by Norwegian tankers to South Africa. Hong Kong-based World-Wide Shipping has moved to fill the gap the bureau says it has shifted 46 cargoes to South Africa, 41 since since October 1986. The bureau's latest report has an air of despondency about it: -All the above mentioned countries have repeatedly endorsed the oil embargo against South Africa. The goverments have been informed of rcscarc- findings of the Shipping Research lu:eau. and have been asked to invc:5c:atc these possible cases. "The governments conC.::nCd. therefore, have been aware th: rading with specific oil and sh.:png companies could mean that : least part of the oil involved could I.d Up in South Africa." LINES OF SUPPLY y'ETROSTRATEGIES April 22, 1991 :I t 401 :4 0] N M M, E1%EDARCCO Has NITC tanker breakdown exposed breach of Arab oil embarxo on South Africa? A strange "coincidence" may have exposed a new breach of a long-flouted oil embargo: that' Imposed by Arab countries on South Africa. Last week, the National Iranian Tanker Co. (NITC) spot chartered the 232,260 dwt Albi out of Saldanha Bay (South Africa) to ship a 220,000 dwt cargo of Iranian crude to Rotterdam. Shipping sources tell PETROSTRATEGIES that the AIN will reload Iranian crude offloaded at Saldanha Bay from an NITC tanker that had suffered mechanical problems while rounding the Cape en route for Europe. But what was the Alki doing in ballast off South Africa? According to Lloyd's, the Alki left the al-Fateh terminal In Dubal on April 2, after loading crude supposedly bound for Italy. The voyage GulfItaly via the Cape would normally take 30-35 days. Yet only two weeks later (exactly the time required for a Gulf- South Africa trip), the Alki was empty and available for charter just off Saldanha Bay, the site of one of South Africa's strategic oil storage centers. The Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau (that monitors breaches of the international oil embargo on South Africa) informs PETROSTRATEGIES that the Alki, managed by Austrian Seaarland Shipping Management, made at least 9 apparent deliveries of crude to South Africa in 1988-89 and that the United Arab Emirates has been by far South Africa's major source of apparent crude deliveries over recent years (90 cases noted between 1979 and 1990; 40 since 1987). Other shipping sources say that the AIk is one of the "specialist" tankers used for shuttling crude between the Gulf (the UAE and Iran in particular) and South Africa. Finally, it Is interesting to note that recent reports in the South Africa press indicate Pretoria may have profited from the crude price spike during the Gulf crisis to sell off part of Its high-cost strategic oil reserve, and has been restocking over recent months at lower oil prices. TE.STAR, Johannesburg, 29 January 1991 Armscor also deals extensively with the UAE - Dutch group mty AJua - bsas The AlegaUs About arms deals And has b"n ho-ed'i a uat AmWith the UAE O dt with a epse bar of arms d.a with the Gat Casl. L ad nhe ladepeeden storday tht Ae, such as Iraq adset Saudi Arbs,' I N - Souh Adtk i a T0Iold Armscor as also sid substantial itreport. In ave Ars deais with a Mid. Suipplies Of IU SAM artllory 2hels to Its artiche, Iadepeadet says d1ie Eas ern cavtry *part frot Iran, Iraq. The Indepeadeat says these I"'gq has 0 of the South Arlessooerdlag sO enidoacs obaalaod by shells a be Atsod to Iraq's "super- made Gli-i anI ers ies the osally reliable sAtnaparst- sid IA- snd art capable of drilverag parted lis Cardrea laditatrles of watblog body, Shipping Research poison Las heads over 8 range ot a t, I . Bureau. Otb45s.inIt also quOatas press'port a The atchl-based argsasstlon. Tho Shipping Research Bureau s.ysog South Africa b layted t which snmally mooltr South Airs- aLSO reporu tat e UAE siged A Ua to embark ao joint production ea's oll Imports, cilm Ar e tor Is econtrct as long a .o. 1a00 undr' of the otsivilk helicopter because it Involved is the sal of the fearsome taking to b y from Arricitr fie dost o have sutffciest luds of its C4 tSS nsar haowtten t the Uited Rau le. The Raklm was sp- alas. Arab milrata (Ae , ii ,ays be- Itaeouly Iatly developed for the te Source of the reorl is a gad. t $eeea 10 sod 70 of these howitzers UAE by Atslcr and the US- Uased l1g by t he Oem-based World Corn wer sold to tho UAE just a week international Signal sad Contol Car. MilItary and Nuclesr alter Iraq Invaded Xswut. parades owati by James Guart. wia wgth South Africa A spokesman for Ut. dlnister of The. 06 howiuter could have beca Definie.e Daa Itoobs, said yesterday -asseliabtC' by ladastrIMa Cardoen. IQ diLtioa, the Shipping Rtesearch that the smt claim had appeared controlled by Chilean arm dealer Sures also clalms that most alibefore to JLa O's Defece Wnkly. At Cirls Cardona, says the bureau. lm taenkers heading for South Arithat time Armsecr said it was al Mr Cardoea assembles gan Sad oA port# come Irom the UAF. Other pa ist-inosamoat =o ars sa les ad markets them, sod other SOuth Ain. major suppliers from the dlsd4o t did sat letad depatig from this cat steapens, as Chilesta products. His East are giva S Saudl Arabia. policy now. has dealt extensively with Ar . oar Oman, le'A Qa4U sod Egpt. "lmda .aprfo191123 INTANTO UNA PETROLIERA ITALIANA... Secondo 1o Shipping Reaserch BuSara fRB)I on organi. rio do Costa, ministro aociano del ommerrio. net genraio smo anti-apsrtheid di Amsterdam, ia pentroliere ilean Aspra corso., non fascia dubbi: Iuaio osiacolo da 4m!ovoro 1 fapavrebbe violato t'embargo dell Nazioni Unite salle consegne Poulo data da Pretoria ai ribelli dell'ONITAl. Le Zaire siarebbe di greggo at Sudalrica. La nave vreibbe fatto scale a Cilia del concladendo con i Sudatrica tin accordo per le riabilitatione Capo net seiembro '88. ma i.toitie I stats tesa pubblice della rae/inerna di Sozir. presso Kinshasa. c lacquito di In. soltanto alla fine dell'anno scorso da Les Lock, on uificiale genii quanitth di materiale lerrovioino: in cambie. darebbepe. portuala. in ut'inerislt ilasciata at South African Shipping trolio. News and Fishing Industry Review. Les Lock ho anche detto It govemo di Maurizia he firnato an accordo con ire com. che a mcne ira le pii apac peiroliere del mondo hanno con. pagnie petrolifere per to sioccaggio delle propric scone di, tinualto a riformire di perrolio it Suda/ rica. La Commissionaria greggo in tetritorio sudafricano. Il bollettino Atrique Enegies Generale Itaiiana, propri earia dells nave. 00 hn e olo for. di Parigi, ehe ha rmsa pubblico quests accordo. si chieda se.tn i ir. spiegeotiont: it governs itlano. inventr, ha assicurato to praic, non 51 tratti di vire e proprie impnaoioai di greggoa SRB di aver. empre osoercsao scrupolosamente teinberga in Sodarilca ad opera del governo dl Maurizio. Cib induce a petrolifero nel confronti del Ssdotrics. Se ione Iata., i trt pensare cat l'embargo petrolifero centro it Sudaric 51a vi. terebbe della prima violstione dell'embargo latta da sno pc. vesdo i soi otitmi gtonti forse gil stona passata. In case; troliera itsliona. controrio. non ii capisce come on stato alricano possa deci. Duronfe it 1989 - dice ancora it SRB - 39 petroltere dere di ammassare le proprie scone regeliche in an patse' avrebbero eflettuaio consegne di greggio a! governo di Preto. ee, per gli eei dell'embargo. doebrbe bb.-er aelote da ona ria. per on total, di 8.8 mdioni di tonnellate. Dawt4 d. Vi. tremenda penuria. Pretoria. inheee. ha addirifiuao deisa diliers, ministro sudafricano delta Miiere ed Energia, he perk vendere /e proprie risere ai paem vicini ehe sono ira I pi, invitaso a prendere con cautela Io cilre forite dal SRB, anche oSuinai propognotori della sansioni centr it nemico rarista. le'si t guardato dal coeeggerle: i doi relalivi all'approsvvigio. In queso< quadro generate. diventa qosote impossibie impe.; namenio del gregg o send clossilicati aegreo di stato. dire a petroliere, come lAspra, di cominare indisfurbate it: La venit i Che. neglt ullii mes, l morse dell'embargo s' loro trraflico. Sin in Italia ehe altrove. le naooe circoostnze allentata. Le 0Z0o00 africae. alamate di vluta astern, seno non Inducone af/atto t autorita ad infierir cont eFit pti ch disposie a vendere peirolioaa Pretora, prime Ira mite ivavviene all'emborgo. ' I , Gabon, Congo e Angola. L'inconro di de Villiers con Deside. Fmnqols Mister, SUNDAY TRIBUNE the beals Involving the esporeof SA oil and expert23/6/91 L e I v been dicsed. IT'S OIL SYSTEMS The bureau's latest newehletter on the Oil EraGO WITH THE SANCTIONS--.-- bars . Against South Africa BUBBLE ABOUT TO BURST listB Angola as the fint oil .... explrtlng country vtited John Sherrocks by an SA delegation. It John_ 8herok_ malintalns that Angola. which produced $20000 WITH the sanctions bubble barpls a day In January just a pinprick away ftrm thisyear. has the largest bursting, the South Africa rerrnltnng reserves on the Government and many of contlienL ito ottially hstile roun- it January an SA.deleterparts on the continent t it;T - -are negoiiantlg oil dels. gutlds e Congo. which According to Nether. relies on otl fte 0 percent l~nd-basd Shppin Re- of Its income. leard-buted Shippnge Re- South Africa's oil exsearch Bore stare the plrtepratit.Sbeginni~ng of the year Seat filtration parastatUol. So b g e s br. took part In the deleAfrlcan officials have held gatlon. The company is betalks on trade in black gold tieved to be Interested In with eepresentilves of a prospecting alt reservesa number of African coun- outstide SA. tries Including Angola. Folowing at official Congo.Gabon.Cameroon*andTogo. visitPJanuarythisyear No fnal agreements to SA by a delegation from - ol-ricO Gabon. Minister of have yet been concluded Energy and Mineral Atwith these countries, ar- fairs Dawle de Vlliers vicording to the Dutch or- sited Gabon the neat ganislaon month. While the concentraUon On both occasions areas Is on imports, a number a of oil co-ooeration were diresued. according to the magazine. whlch maintains that Gabon is looking to benefit from SA's oil expertue. Gaboo prdocded 300000 b/d in the first month of sass. Oil aerouts for about go percent of that country's export earnings. Besides Gabon. Mr De Villiers reportedly also visited Cameroon. Sao Tome. Principe. and the Congo in February. The first delegation from Togo to visit SA arrived in the first half of March I0t. Also. SA and Zaire are negotiating I deal for the rehabilitatlo of the Solir refinery near Kishasa. In return Zaire will deilever oil to SA," claims the arti. cle. As a result of "severe problems" some African countries arc experiencng as a result of the Gulf War. several Airican countries are looking to SA for oil supplies. "Engen. the energy arm of SA's mining company Gencor, doubled its exports to Africa and the In- ilian Ocean islands in the first three months of las. The company also stated that it had paid 'fruitful visits' to seven African countries." notes the re. port. Mauritius Is apparently planning to buy crude oil from SA, which will be refined at Madagascar. SA Is also reported to be negotiating a deal with the Comoros Islands which will Involve the selling of oil by Total and Shell. "According to oil esecutives operating In the area, SA is grabbing an excellent opportunity to sell off her enormous oil stocks she has been forced to hoard during the sanctions years. concludes the re- Citizen, 18 May 1991 Dutch utility considers SA coal purchase AMSTERDA. -'rle OtnIh ¢iOtr.,t1.d SE P ctiatdtnrin htuht.o South Afirisin M51 .a. .,-d in. tton 5gainst tho SOtllty n. ale litd. It., D nnv. paper Ptnolo flit~lad rF- vttd oni, l.ta fith one ould oti s , dc.t¢. d ot.. , o tait.iy in' hargon South A(rc- coal b! clatniita piattl, int ,he Nhli4d. a Spoke-at.i ,,i Ilt t ultt Outteitsay tSmen'aett ei LtO-i't.Pilulod.K bcdrticn told the ncwp.lper Eatopesn Comtt-nlty risncItaI -a.t1 South Aitr. ca. ine of which %vit lited Inst month, in:uded b-n, on iOnrtt of gold coin, tnd ron at tinti but not coSal Bt Sme o aaat"e. ticlteIna~ od btti tae ba Snat1 Aftn coal mnthiS .C- a tom he priaotvl .tu~oe Shpptlr Rcathrst Bureau Oased in Amoer m nhow tla i !t( mliis tons at coal exorted bt .,,tl htttt l .ti. U. t- atse 2, m sion t-ac -a h n, LC Businesses SEP 1110 no S,.tti Air.ca.t,.t. t',, 'i t atl1 b--.nat' do. ittlo~tti Isnt)is . :1'.n --lI Million an". if., 'nonry I d- - .eo. 1 ,;. :,1 , . v ,, . Tbtcn vp Inoti "I 1",: 1t.',lit..' istlos~ii iti,th Cit im sa'on Vti aitt Firot efwh+n ttttl llg tivi ica ,v . ,,t .l,it~ ~ South Alti-A te-l 6c-ta-y. .na el S,,utn AltO.,it 'dii, rat tot. tcras i i nu iata .hit"ii I aiitt,'.l bi 76.3 r ct a n t'JR to 4 .4 C.%l Iiii ..t tI - S.pt Iaic

THE INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY 13 OCTOBER 1991 Bank that backed Third World codntries helped bust sanctions, writes Nick Fielding BCCI broke S Africa oil embargo THE BANK of Coedit ind Commeics lateinutouaibich before in closure this year bad built its eputation on standing op for the countries of the Third World, ws closely insolod in' tranporing oil to South Africa in the la of n embargo by the Organization of Peiroleum Exporing Countre. one of in principal shane. holdni, in the late Seveati aso piayed a big pan in the "MoudergAte" isandal, the nam given tOn aiimapt by BOSS. South Africa's intre genuo agency. to buy -neerW newspapen tO South Africa ind other couniriea to promote the govemut's views on apariteid. The sanctions beaing ma be (laced to November 1981. wben Atioch Oil, a BCCIowned nompany. sad a cango of hnet of at Karaci. 'repoitely for Singapore. The oil n load' be on to the 69.t00-oonoe iank. er Cherry Prk obich was then divered in South Africa orcording to the Amsterdambased reas-ch ngaamsmoon Shi1sriR-..nawf u.a odsData, the hipping egister, shows a gap ius records for the Cherry Pook from 3 October in Karachi,. unif ll showed up agaoin Troo- Friulds of BCCr's founder borrowed to ship o to S Abrica. Secrty was a dozen nasty ships male i Sri Lanka o 28 February 1982. Far moro exteionly involved in sancitoes basag, says the bureau. were the numerous shipping companies owned by the hroee Gokal brothr,. Abbas. Murma and Mutfa. The Gokal were loug-staudmg fpafers and friends of BCC1 Goadr Agha Ham Abed In 1976 theyrued to buyNew York's Chelea National Bank on behalf of BCCI. but wero turned down. The Bank of Englnd's see. don 41 inquiry into BCCL which led to the Arab honk's closure so July, has a chapter on the Gokul's Gulf Shipping Group which shows that te compana' it controlled ood BCCI moe than $750m. The socunry for loans they roined from BCCI co.suied primarily of a don rioting ships. Typical of the tmdes involing Gulf group companis wat. shipment which went loom Saudi Arabia io South Africa in Oetober 1981 on hen om tanker Nors Colon, a Noiwe- gian tanker flying a Bhamau fla According so informaion from the bureau, the tanker wos operated by Tradina, a Gokalowned company registered in Switzerland. where Abbas Gekal hs a home. The Gobal shipping empir i' aw- in tatters. Two days be' ho BCCI was dosed down on 5 July, Gulf tnternational Holdings SA. the mar holding company based in Lutrmbourg applied for "conunued man aguonno" - effectively adnmitraio. BCCI's lis with South Af. rica were mom direct through in nonu..tO wish Thesaurus Continental Secuntes Coirpo- ration. Thesaurus is a bolding Ympany of Union Bank of Soianrlsnd and its board comprism senior lIDS pononel. to 1976. UBS sold the Banque do Commerce is Placemenu in Geneva to BCCI. retaining a 15 per cent " shroboldig which was held by Thesanuis. Theuurat abo be' came a major BCCI barcholder, according to bak doiuments. Among the revnlatiooswhich sprong from rhe Muldrgate tsnal of 1978 - in whoA South Arica's information mininter Dr Conada Mulder and his -sota Dr Eachl Rhoodi wee accused of using waet goernmnot funds to buy the Johannesburg.auea Citnas newspaper - it euigod that or than RLT. (J2.5. at currout eaugbuge rates) bad bees sout from Switerland in late 1976 and early L977 to a company Cailed Thor Coesmteio on in Pretoria to help with the purchasrn The origin of the fonds wo traced to Thesaros in Zurich. Ar the tim, UBS rebused to onmmen on the story. bus lbe bank wa known for ins confrs with South Afra. The 'Emnau Communsona, sot ' up to invsigate Muldnrgaie. also reported that in 194 n anttempt wa. made in buy newspapers in Amenca. Morn than SJom wa setn in Michigan publisher John Mcoff to finance the puchases, That money too camne from South Afra via Thesanms. S Africa sale as sanctions go TiHE" Sii Africuit giineint h "'fi t l~rld Ilist It ,IS ¢UnUUg loin il or ilbuld of H1 nid ithilii'leiege good lcwue of i . ' -iirii d i nrtiiciii icii al posilw. n',eedl wil le ehanelled iiiiiiin c'iiioin.e reforms, l'iai ... bliotec Ilfrend do t'lcoviviiild 77, E l i... Ifn p a g..V..IIii.I budget will lt the .r-it in ,;ult U15 iuJ. iun ($288 illihon, originally niruluerkei fur rlceiiitig the Iru"nulei a" ,V de KMeri also ,Ie -luth Aflicn parhanent lhit tile governtioeit w¢iodd make l ul a iiitii 1t2 hil ii ($60G h,) frii the sale of its fIu kpiles if oiwheh hilf would be 'lil.ililc tor siucl.d ceniii g and I -t budgetlry pesures . IIh,; ....ou..tt.cmelt followed the PC:N diiti'coaiiio ein s, scCnaioiis .ui nfe -t. before tile Cuuouiii111uuty actoilly lifted all "ot iliii S.uluctlliuiu had hneii liiiunvnul agallt ho'iih Africa. e irts if coal. steel and *Ill,- detsioU to run down -' k l,- al - iuhcin.' that the liilu Afrucant giiernenuet blicis the II ited Nations hlll lie hfiwg n ntIOlut.los SIti Ari-1's h iliiiotr of r de in hdiiory. Kent Durlr. Ih~ sotd ~t I~t, WhIt tile g'ucuoiirulllt 'egai ell iig of its ikilJc i str.tegic guods in (148. Morec tha. halt of the ii.iiy iiivai' hi hIli Nir ii l BUSINESS-DAY 29 April 1991 Stephanie Cooke Sunilphcs Procureioent Fud (NSID ) since the government began stkulug 25 year ago had already been LceLed, Lie told parliaiient lIe said the entire stockpile is slated to be pliled out by 1993. htr Durr refused to reveal the value of the stockpile However, "inance h.-te Mr du Plesos said that i1:11)9.4 1iho (S97 mullun) fra the LiNSl[ wa cer iaoked for inriiroveceis In black urban land, housing and ediet.oi itl. yei r s budgeL It it widely issuimed that the R0950 eii1oe ($200 nillioe(, which eeprtvcew oor 1.1 per cent of the total government budget, will conie from proceeds froui cii stoekpile cub. Suth Aria s oi procurement ugency, Ile roigvFuel Itiiid (11", is bhelivel n hate -taken dcaluIuge of its ioekle duriig the Cull waur by seinig 6.10 ilmui barrels of heavy crude oil when pet_ top'd th" $.10 oer barrei mark Tic od. reputedly of Iranian origin, was sold in Europe last Decemier Iast month lithe SFF" is said to hve replenished its reserves with lighter crums at about $20 a lar' rel. iiakilg uS I 0i barrel profit Ilawver a SuiUil Altinas gii-. erimneto f'.aj a.ye tiit Lite SIT moll be seling ,if its reserves slowly until it rcuchco about On the move: workers at Kongw three months' worth of supply. The Slippmg Research Bureau i Amisterdam, which has closely monitored oil trade with South Africa. stimats the stockpile at Six month's supply, or 54.5 to 68.4 million barrels. Oher sources have put It as high an two years' supply. South African sources say that the stockpile lnos 1oved up sod down depending o market ctidiioI. lit iiforIoation about It ia= bee kept under tight Wnlmi. Tile only clues about its moveniets have cUlie froit itirket s....ers or goerniioirit sUlsltics. With the easing of anctiois, ne coalmlne, South Africa South Africa no longer ias to pay u high a premium to buy oil. At the height of the embargo in the Eighties the governneent paid Preniums estiiated at between 33 and S10 a barrel to iiddlemen who arranged Clecuituus delivery routes to evade saic' tions. Tie prentium is now repuorted to bae shrunk to less that $0.i barrel. Me Do Plenum., a liberal who opipsed Mtr de Klerk for leaderoiif of the National Party, has long argued for releasing the eiiornous wealth in tie bockpilies and shifting it toward socioecinumnuc deveeloluneiii Renwick on argne embargo TilE Brith Inibassador, Sir Robin tlinue until there was agreement on a ecntick, wAS Incorrectly quoted on fully democratic constitution, Ile said Frldy an saying Britain would apply Dritain continued (a apply the Oil emJite olh mbttgo until a democratle cOn- targo but "ometlmeS wondered who itlution for SA was a greed. Renvlck In else did". The error Is regretted. fact sold tire arms embtrgo would con. BUSINESS DAY 7/11/91 SASOL THREATENS ACTION AFTER MAGAZINE REPORT LESLEY LAMBERT SASO[. said yesterday it would take The Executive magazine to the Modia Council over an article which alleged it benefited from substantial government subsidies. The article, which appeared yesterday in the November issue of The Executive. 'aid Sasi provided up to 55%T of SA's total consumption of 1? 000 megalitres a year Using information supplied byin Amsterdam bureau and confirmed by local-ons. try snurces. the magazine also slid Sasol bernfited. at taxpayers' expense. from a RIhn package of protection mresures Snsol Ml) Paul Kruger said in a statemnt the artirle wns "distorted and ms. leading. Sasoul's reputation and financial standing are attacked in order to discredit Sasni not only with its customers but also with the public at large. The article is so malicious in It content that It is being referred to the SA Media Council.' The oil and chemical giant - whose activities have been guarded by strict security legislation during the sanctions years - claimed the author of the article, Executive editor Kevin Dayle, had "ignored the factual information in his possession and substituted unfounded allegations". In another development. the Automobile Association called for a "full-scale public investigation into Sasol and the oil industry" in order to determine the extent to which it benefited from the "artificial pricing mechanism imposed on fue". Sasoi denied The Executive's allegation that it received more than RIbn from taxpayers, saying the "Industrial protection" It received as a member of the syntuel Industry was 'moderate". "Compared with other local Industries, It is very moderate, averaging 10.3% since the listing of Sanol in 1979. In 190/91 it was ,R216m - equal to 4,2c/litre or 7,4%." Lasol said the protection formula din not guarantee a 10% return on Investment as The Executive had alleged. "Sasol has no guaranteed return on Investment The S2. (a barrel) reference price gives no guarantee whatsoever with respect to return un investment," it said. Sasol also argued that the In-Bond Landed Cost BLC) used as a basis for SA fuel prices was "a realistic market price as demonstrated by the international com. parison of free-of-tax pump prices". EG IMtPORTEERT STEEDS MEER ZUIDAFRIKAANSE STEENKOOL - LO- " The European, 10 May 1991

BUSINESS DAY 11/9/91 ANGOLAN OIL DEAL 'IN THE PIPELINE' a=1 SEU1SZY LONDoN - SA Is repoetd to be etgolat:l a e-e 0 a"gremeit allowing It to %e Angoasu erode oil so the Intemsa itnl Ineat, says the I.Ado-based trade magim Petroleum Argue. Petroleum Argus says ths Is the first tm * ine the itrdctlmt of tMe 1I UN oil affnre that A hal "openly been olfesd access to foreign crude supples ard petonle hard cirrency eacoinp of the aot maVt. H ewer Cenrl Ewae7 Fund chairnsa Danis Vonter yesterday denied that SA had enutered into may agreement with Ango-l regardli the sale or purchase of Angolan aode oil BP A chairman Tony Deaem fsid be could not cemmeot o the Angolan deal. A Shel A spokesman said be was nt allowed to coent 0n any matlent rolat. Ig to the supply of o1L: The Argot. qtlng -trade snores:, says reresntatlvs of the Strategic Feel Fon sad te Angls: ll ministry beaded by Petroleum Vice-Mnter Dosarderts Costs had drated an agreement. Under the pact. I say Angola weold set aside a portilo okl t0OO/bpd oilu to guarantee payment fr1 I=a a ports of foedstufs and mining equipment from SA. A polaman for Petroleum Argue said ye arday SA would aft be shipping the crude to Its folsnede beeame they .era set suited to handling the type of crude creUdnil wsa Angolo's sole piedOc ear"ing Curecy with whickto obtain SA tondsmtfubmlaln eqep t sod tech. slgal eperuisk. He believed If the amt deal sueceeded. others cosi follow. Meawtle tMe latet newsleter of the Dutch slhpping Reselsch Bure. which mooltoes the od emurgo on SA. has r& a clde wth Nigeria Ib al Thin, too. ea strongly denied by the F% Verner, who said dLscsons were not in propms - or bing eowmptted with regard to the supply of Nigerian crude to LA. The bosal sald Nigeria was Ifeen tla exploit the &A market so n to la accem toSA goods The hbuoes said SA ws alse interested in a hog gts field in Moamblqoe. with plan to pipe gs Via MapOt to the Wit' wataereacd This report ea alio denied by Vener. HEEGPPH,!F~sI9~j *1 Non h i'Apartheid, December 1991 (Suisse) Marc Rich Marc Rich. domicili6 dans Ie paradis fiscal de Zoug, et connu pour son r6le dans I'exportation de petrols vers I'Afrique du Sud, fait de nouveau parler de lui. I parait qu'il soit al6 on visite secrete on Finlande en septembre (sur un avion prive de la sociale Olivetti), invite par I'entreprise finnoise Neste Qy. II a ete montre dans [a presse quo plusieurs cargos de p6trole vendus par Neste aient finalement abouti en Afrique du Sud, apparemment via Marc Rich, enfreignant ainsi I'embargo international Sur l petrol*. La raison du secret qui a aorlurs la visite probable de M. Rich en Finlande est quo le FBI avail demand6 a la police innoise d'arr~ter 0t d'extrader celui-ci, s'il devait poser pied sur sol finlandais. II 0st on ffet recherche par les autorrtes nord-americaines pour evasion fiscale 0t d'autres crimes aux Elats-Unis. [Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against SouthAfrica, nu 25,4- trim estre 1991[ Star Weekly, 7 August. 1991 SA 'fixing oil deals all over Africa' By John Sherroeks .WITH the sanctions bobble just a pinprick away from bursting, the South African Government is negotiating oil deals with many officially hostile nations in Africa. According to the Neuierlands-based Shipping Research Bureau. since the beging 0t the year South African officials have held oil trade talks with representatives of a number of Alrican countries Including Angola. Congo. Gabon. Cameroon and Tongo. The bureau's latest newsletter on Ihe Oil Embrago Against South Africa lists Angola as the first old-export. Ig country visited by a SA delegation it maintains that Angola. which produced 520010 barreis a day in January. has the largest remaining reserves on the contmenL In January an SA delegation visited Congo, which relies on oil for 80percent of its income. South Africa's exploration parustatal. Soehor. took part in the delegation. Following an official visit to SA in January this year by a delegation from oil-rich Gahon. the then Minister of Energy and Mineral Affairs Dawie de Villiers visited that Country. Besides Cabon. Dr de Villiers repotly also visited Cameroon. San ome and Principo. and the Congo in February, the magazine said. The first delegation from Togo to visit SA arrived in the first hall of March 1991. "Also SA and Zaire are negotiating a deal for the rehabilitation of the Sozir refinery near Kinshasha. In return. Zaire will deliver oil to SA.; claims the article. Several African countries are said to be looking to SA for oil supplies. Egen the energl arm of mining Company Gencor. doubled its exports to Africa and the Indian Ocean is. lands in the first three months of 199t." Political Correspondent David Brieer reports that South Africa's Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs George Bartlett said he hoped it would not be long before internation. at oil embargoes against South Africa were lifted. Meanwhile. he declined to comment on the Dutch report. EMBARGO the campaign against apartheid'soil link. Correspondencwe- to 071rr-70.4702 End Loakni'ra Stronk Afica tFaa 071-7085/Si bO Camosiwen Road Londo SS. 0EN PRESS RELEASE>>PRESS RELEASEB>>PRESS RELEASE>-riPRESS PtELEASE-cuPRESS QUESTIONS ON SOUTH AFRICA DOMINATE SHELL ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING South Afrca pe agan was the major issue considered at me Annuil General Meeting of Shell Transport & Trading wit 4 spokespersons questioing company policy on South Afnca oaring a speal 25 minute section before other questions were bought. One shaveholder renarked how _l uampany have had to fter the enite order of the meetng n try and copa mwh pass Steniece ucatiu-oparthid shareholders. A spokespeson trout te Anterianm-bassed Shippng Relsesch Bureau was given assurana by Chairman Sit Peter Homes that no Shel oil company sells wi to South Africa ut ,rifocemen of the od embargo should be taken up mih those Companies an counthes whichr ae ,nvolved. He refused however to agree to co-operate wih the United Nations Oil MorilOing GrOUy r responsible for enfoing the ofi embargo. Instead he Commented that Shell Sout Ainca has no opon i %i obserss apatheid laws wrhch ensure ds role in undermining the embargo. Iltalehti, 30 September (Finland) IFBI:n etsim, Mark Rich j rjesteli vietihan Nest COy:n Oalarissa Perslanlahdelia IankhrriO laivuama lylasti path I vonna 1984 Eiela.-Alrihka ei hill ten vailiriden lalkeen 1a kauppasariua rikkoon. .h... s...... f~tarkArh.. ' i,,, i, t,5.1,+ I + y ~ IS 1 5i .-...... p ,o h hoi3t aiiuwaii .batt *it.., h0 f0 Si, S i+ i i o tO-, Ii? aSOmiutti. --mv ar ma, Iotia Sur knih s Mark Rich ota Suomen poliisl vain vilkko slln n c sts Rovan e ella FBI:n - ,,h .. i., "an~P~im~mpl~m J AltkO.. i.*n'iiO' Ircii u,,i, aht.. ,o. - .. --i. u ii.m N; hi~+, th.,.t5000 ..,. it= -iia-a ,, ltmth ta,. w M~l rt~hmmo ll=.el Krm.-iv,,' .t.l *i1 SO ILS .w....l..ia it i uvry"t t.: iki..,t full. tl tl ll, bral .15 ou lud. id0as t kia lola A kI-u hsita. iui ...imP World-Wide flouting apartheid sanctions WORLD-WIDE SHIPPING main supplier of oil to South Africa has becti accused of flouting the in breach of the international United Nations embargo on oil embargo. In the first three months supplie to South Africa. of this year, it alleges, World-Widc supplied nearly half of the counA new report by the Dutch-based try' oil needs. Shipping Reasarch Bureau says World-Wide vcsscls have met one- Many of the 61 World-Wide quarter of South Africa's oil import garkers delvcring to South Africa needs sine 1986. since 1986 have used such ploys as The organisation says World- reporting false destinadons in an Wide has taken over from Notwe- attempt to keep the shipments seCgian shipping companies as the re, the report clims.

L . . SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU ANNUAL REPORT 1992 Shipping Research Bureau P.O. Box 11898 1001 GW Amsterdam The Netherlands Telephone: Telefax: Telex: + 31 20 6251300/6266073 + 31 20 6220130 10236 sanam nl

ANNUAL REPORT 1992 CONTENTS Introduction ...... 1 Background Shipping Research Bureau ...... 2 Financial Assistance ...... 4 Why an oil embargo against South Africa ...... 5 Activities in 1992 ...... 8 Impact ...... 12 Future Activities ...... 14 Annex 1 Voting record UN oil embargo resolutions 1979-1992 ...... 15 Annex 2 UN resolution on the oil embargo against South Africa 1992 ...... 16 Annex 3 Press clippings ...... 17

INTRODUCTION The year 1992 started hopefully and ended hopefully for South Africa. However, the past year did not fulfil all the promises it seemed to hold out in the beginning. Codesa II (Convention for a Democratic South Africa) started in March and hopes ran high that soon an agreement would be reached between the South African government and the opposition. The breakdown of Codesa II together with the subsequent Boipatong massacre threw the country back into a severe crisis. It became clear that a multi-party interim government would not be formed in that year. By the end of 1992 the various parties in South Africa came to an agreement once again and it was decided that the negotiations would once again continue. In the wake of the more or less hopeful developments in the beginning of 1992, some organisations and States decided to lift their oil sanctions, including Denmark and Singapore in March and the European Community in April. Soon hereafter the Codesa talks stalled and no further country or intergovernmental organisation decided to lift its oil embargo against South Africa. Also for the Shipping Research Bureau 1992 was a year of uncertainty. On the one hand there was the expectation that the conditions for the lifting of the oil embargo would soon be met. On the other hand, however, it became quite clear that the embargo still had an important role to play in the reform process, certainly after June 1992 when the negotiations had come to a standstill. The oil embargo must still be seen as an important means to keep external pressure on the South African government to continue with the policy of reform, which will eventually lead to a non-racial and democratic society for all South Africans.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION SHIPPING RESEARCH BUREAU When the Bureau was founded in 1980, no one could have predicted that in 1992 its activities would still be so necessary and valid. Despite the positive changes in South Africa it is still widely believed by the international community that the time for the lifting of all sanctions, including the oil embargo, against South Africa has not come yet. The first countries to impose oil sanctions against South Africa were the Arabian oil-exporting countries. They agreed upon a ban on the export of their oil to South Africa in 1973. In the seventies a majority of the Member States of the United Nations General Assembly voted in favour of an oil embargo against South Africa. A resolution has been endorsed by the General Assembly nearly every year since 1975. In the years to follow a large number of States, Governmental and Non-Governmental organisations adopted policies in support of the oil embargo against South Africa. In 1980 two long-standing anti-apartheid organisations in the Netherlands, the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos (Christians against Apartheid) established the Shipping Research Bureau, as a monitoring unit specifically founded to conduct research on the circumventions of the oil embargo. The research findings of the Bureau were found to be an essential condition for an effective oil embargo. This was the main result of an 'International Seminar on an Oil Embargo against South Africa', held in Amsterdam in 1980. The seminar was organised by the Holland Committee on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos in co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. The conference was organised at a time when the oil embargo was widely discussed as an effective means to force the South African government to abandon its policy of apartheid. South Africa is extremely vulnerable to an oil embargo. The country has no oil deposits of its own. Until 1979 Iran, the only major oil-exporting country that had not adopted an oil embargo, was South Africa's main supplier of oil. After the fall of the Shah, the new Iranian Government joined the international oil embargo, which had already been adopted. So, as South Africa's main source of oil dried up, the country had to find other ways to secure its oil imports. The Shipping Research Bureau was founded specifically to gather all information with regard to South Africa's oil procurement system. As a special monitoring bureau it would keep a close eye on all aspects regarding the circumvention of the oil embargo in order to make the oil embargo more effective. Since its foundation the Bureau has published a large number of reports on the circumventions of the oil embargo. The Bureau also focusses on research on legislative and other measures with regard to the oil embargo. It informs Governments, Intergovernmental and Non-Governmental Organisations on the oil embargo issue, so that these bodies are able to make effective and optimum use of the Bureau's research results. Between 1980 and 1992 the Shipping Research Bureau published six main reports, presenting detailed information on oil deliveries to South Africa, on companies involved in this particular trade and on the countries and regions from which the tankers sailed. These reports cover the period from 1979 until early 1990. In March 1992 the Bureau published an update on the oil deliveries covering the period from January 1989 to July 1991. In addition to these reports the Bureau has over the years released several special surveys on particular companies, countries and other items related to the issue of the oil embargo. Since 1985, the Bureau has been publishing its quarterly Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa. In this Newsletter matters regarding the oil embargo are covered. It provides a regular flow of information to the media, to Governments and Non-Governmental organisations as well as to individuals. In March 1989 the Shipping Research Bureau started its Coal Section. This separate unit of the Bureau was established to monitor the trade in South African coal, partly in response of a growing need amongst anti-apartheid organisations to have access to reliable data on South Africa's coal exports, partly in anticipation of a broader international support of existing sanctions against South African coal. At the request of several international organisations the Coal Section prepared research reports. Between 1989 and 1992 the Newsletter of the Shipping Research Bureau included the 'Coal Monitor'. In this part of the Newsletter an update of information was given on South Africa's coal industry, on exporting companies and countries importing South African coal.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE The Bureau's activities have been made possible by financial support from several Governments, organisations in the field of international development and co- operation, and by donations of church bodies in the Netherlands and abroad. Our funding partners in 1992 were the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, the Government of Norway, the Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation (Novib), the International Solidarity Committee of the Norwegian Labour Movement (AIS), the World Council of Churches, the Lutheran World Federation, and several church bodies in Belgium (Entraide et Fraternit6), Canada, Interchurch Fund for International Development (ICFID), Denmark, Danchurchaid, Germany, Department for Ecumenical Mission and Service of the Protestant Association for World Mission (EMW/OMW) and in the Netherlands, Advisory Board for Missionary Activities (AMA), Commission on Interchurch Aid of the Netherlands Reformed Church (CWD), Mission and Worldservice of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (CZD).

WHY AN OIL EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA Without doubt oil has always been South Africa's Achilles' heel as regards its dependence on the international community. Oil is the only strategic raw material not found in exploitable quantities, either on- or offshore. Yet, it is vital for the South African economy. The country's mining industry and transport sector could not have functioned without oil. But also actions by South Africa's military force and police apparatus during the apartheid era would not have been possible if they had not been provided with oil. Figures on energy matters in South Africa are still a closely kept state secret. But it has been estimated that South Africa has to import at least seventy per cent of its needs for liquid fuel. The crude oil imports over the past years have been estimated at at least fourteen to fifteen million tonnes a year or some 300,000 barrels a day. This means that every month about five large crude carriers discharge their cargo in South Africa. Nearly all the oil is imported from the Middle East. Most of the oil is offloaded at the Single Point Mooring Buoy about five kilometres off Durban on South Africa's east coast. The remaining thirty per cent of its liquid fuel requirements is covered by the production of synthetic fuel at the two Sasol plants in Transvaal. Two huge installations convert indigenous coal into petrol, diesel and jet fuel. The production of the Sasol plants has been estimated at 70,000 b/d. In addition to Sasol's synfuel production, there is a gas-to-fuel conversion installation at Mossel Bay (Cape Province) on South Africa's south coast. At this installation the offshore gas is converted into various kinds of liquid fuels like petrol, diesel and paraffine. The Mossgas project was completed by the end of 1992. It is expected that in the course of 1993 it will be in full production. Mossgas could reduce the country's dependence on imported oil by another seven to eight per cent. Its production is estimated at 25,000 b/d. South Africa's strategy to become more self-sufficient in its own oil production has turned out to be an enormous financial burden on the economy. The costs of Sasol and Mossgas are estimated at US$ 10 billion and US$ 4.4 billion respectively. Moreover, the state oil exploration company Soekor has spent more than US$ 300 million on its oil search activities during the last twenty-five years, without striking any viable oil sources. Another detrimental effect of the oil embargo has been the large amount of 'dead capital' locked up in South Africa's strategic stockpile of oil. The size of this stockpile has been estimated at fifty to sixty tonnes of oil, enough to cover about six months of oil consumption. In the course of 1992 part of these reserves were sold to domestic refineries and to Madagascar.

A mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, imposed by the United Nations Security Council has never been implemented, because of the opposition of some of its permanent members. The voluntary international embargo, however, is supported by an overwhelming majority of the United Nations Member States. This was clearly shown on all occasions when the oil embargo was voted on as a separate resolution in the United Nations General Assembly (Annex 1). The most recent resolution on the oil embargo was adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 1992. In total 11 Member States voted in favour, 44 countries abstained, with the United States of America as the only Member State to vote against the resolution. It was remarkable that after years of voting against the resolution, the United Kingdom abstained from voting for the first time. The number of abstentions has grown since 1990 (Annex 2 will give the full text and voting record of the resolution). In the course of 1992 several countries and organisations decided to lift their oil embargo. The 1986 ComprehensiveAnti-Apartheid-Act of the USA, which included an oil ban, had already bit the dust in 1991. Anti-apartheid measures taken individually by various States in the USA still remain in place, though. Denmark was the first European Community country to lift its oil ban in March 1992. The ban, which had been in force since 1986, was an extensive one. Not only did it cover the export of crude oil and of petroleum products refined in Denmark, it also included a prohibition on the transport of oil and petroleum products on Danish-owned vessels. It must be noted that the decision by Denmark to lift its oil embargo preceded the joint decision by the European Community and was taken by the Danish minority Government against the will of a majority of Parliament. The following month, in April 1992, the Member States of the European Community made a joint decision at its Luxembourg summit to lift its limited oil ban. Since March 1992 Singapore's ban on the export of oil and transport on Singapore-registered tankers is no longer in force. However, it must be emphasised that none of the major oilexporting countries have lifted their declared oil embargo policies. Their oil embargoes remained fully in place. Also, an important shipping nation like Norway decided to postpone the lifting of its ban on the export of Norwegian oil and the transporting of oil by Norwegian and non-Norwegian shipping companies to South Africa. Although sanctions against South Africa are gradually being lifted, those oil embargo measures which have affected the supply of oil to South Africa most, remained in place in 1992. The oil embargo is presently still part of the sanctions advocated by many international organisations such as the Commonwealth, the Non-Aligned States, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States, the World

7 Council of Churches (WCC). Within South Africa the ANC and organisations like the South African Council of Churches and trade unions still support the oil embargo. The oil embargo has been endorsed by international trade union bodies such as the Workers' Group of the International Labour Office (ILO), the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) and the Organisation of African Trade Unity Union (OATUU). In addition, the oil embargo has been adopted by such international political bodies as the European Parliament, the International Parlementarian Union (IPU) and the Socialist International.

ACTIVITIES IN 1992 RESEARCH In line with the goal of the Shipping Research Bureau to conduct research in order to be able to monitor the oil embargo against South Africa as effectively as possible, its research activities in 1992 focused on obtaining more updated information on the circumventions of the embargo. The Bureau continued to investigate tanker movements and to identify the countries and regions from where the tankers sailed to South Africa. Also, research focused on identifying the identities of companies involved in various kinds of embargo violations. Since its foundation the Bureau has issued a main report every two years. In these reports the findings on tankers, oil, shipping and engineering companies and on countries involved in the breaking of the oil embargo are presented. The last main report, 'Fuel for Apartheid. Oil Supplies to South Africa', was published in September 1990. No main report was issued by the Bureau in 1992. In view of the changing situation in South Africa, the Shipping Research Bureau decided to publish its research findings more often but not as an extensive main report. Since 1990 research findings of the Bureau have been published in the Bureau's quarterly Newsletter on a regular basis. Owing to the political developments in South Africa, the research activities of the Coal Section were winded down in 1992. Relevant information on coal imports from South Africa were continued to be published in the special section of the Newsletter: the Coal Monitor Publication of research findings in 1992 On January 24, 1992, the Bureau's research findings covering the period from 1 January 1989 until 1 July 1991 were made public. They were released on the day of the opening session of the South African parliament. For the first time since the introduction of the oil embargo, the findings of the Shipping Research Bureau were published within the country itself. The report received extensive press coverage within and outside South Africa, from Saudi Arabia to Norway. Newspapers in South Africa which publish such reports are liable to prosecution under the Petroleum Products Act. This Act makes it illegal for anyone to disclose information on oil-related matters. Anyone who infringes it faces a fine of up to R7,000 and a possible jail sentence of up to seven years. The Act, adopted in 1977 and tightened up several times since, is still in force today. It is part of the country's system of official secrecy and draconian legislation prompted by South Africa's vulnerability to oil sanctions.

The updated findings for 1989-1991 were published in a special section of Newsletter No. 26, ist quarter 1992, entitled 'The oil embargo 1989-1991. Secrecy still rules'. The findings covered the period from 1 January 1989 to 1 July 1991. In the report some preliminary findings for the second half of 1991 were added. A number of deliveries of refined products were also included in this publication. In total the Bureau was able to identify 138 vessels of 50,000 tonnes deadweight and more which supplied South Africa with crude oil or petroleum products in the period from January 1989 until late 1991. Of this total, 122 vessels delivered an estimated volume of 28.2 million tonnes of crude oil, while 16 vessels delivered various types of refined products. Over fifty-one per cent (14.4 million tonnes) of the total volume of crude oil which was delivered to South Africa was carried by sixty tankers controlled by one shipping company, the World-Wide Shipping Group of Hong Kong. The Shipping Research Bureau was able to indentify a number of companies which were involved in the secret oil deliveries. The identified companies were: African Middle East, Marc Rich and Marimpex. Nearly all the tankers carrying crude oil, 119 of the 122, sailed from the Middle East. The findings confirm the prominent role of the United Arab Emirates as observed in recent years. In total 63 tankers sailed from the United Arab Emirates. A revised version of the 1989-1991 update was published as a separate report by the Shipping Research Bureau in March 1992. PUBLICITY The Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa It is important that the information concerning the oil embargo is disseminated on a regular basis. The quarterly Newsletter provides this regular flow of information not only on research findings but also on South Africa's oil industry and on Governments, intergovernmental and international organisations and on anti-apartheid groups with regard to their activities on the issue of the oil embargo. The 1992 volume of the Newsletter consisted of four issues. The Newsletter is distributed to over 2,000 subscribers all over the world. Its circulation is about 3,500. The Newsletter is distributed free of charge. In 1992 three issues of the Coal Monitor were included in the Newsletter. The Coal Monitor has appeared since 1989. Between 1989 and 1992 twelve issues of the Coal Monitor were published. In the Coal Monitors information was provided on South Africa's coal industry, on destinations of exports and on companies involved. It is the Bureau's experience that the Newsletter on the Oil Embargo against South Africa and the Coal Monitor are closely read by the media, representatives of companies and Governments and by Non-Governmental groups interested in and active as regards the issue of economic sanctions against South Africa. ACTIVITIES OF THE COAL SECTION In the course of 1992 the Coal Section of the Shipping Research Bureau assisted the Dutch media with regard to the transport of South African coal to Rotterdam. On the issue of the changing policy towards the Danish imports of South African coal, the Coal Section supported the Danish antiapartheid movement and provided information to the Danish media. During 1992 contacts with South African and other mineworkers' unions were maintained. A visit was paid to the Coal Buying Agency of Dutch coal-fired utilities (GKE). Owing to the developments within South Africa it was decided that the Coal Section would wind down its activities in the course of 1992. As a consequence of this decision the Coal Monitor will for the time being no longer appear in the quarterly Newsletter of the Bureau. Its last appearance was in the third quarter issue of the Shipping Research Bureau Newsletter of 1992 (No. 28). EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES The Shipping Research Bureau has contributed to several meetings at which oil and coal sanctions against South Africa were discussed. In January 1992 a staff member took part in a workshop during the conference 'Changing South Africa, Challenge for Europe'. The conference was held in the World Trade Centre, Rotterdam, January 22-24, 1992. On the occasion of a conference on investment codes organised by the South African Council of Churches (SACC), the chairperson of the Board visited South Africa in FebruaryMarch 1992, in his capacity as chairperson. On November 30 and December 1, 1992, the Shipping Research Bureau participated in a consultative meeting organised by the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid in Geneva. The Bureau presented a paper. In the final resolution adopted by the participants, they agreed 'to campaign for the strict adherence to the oil embargo.' In this meeting, which was held at the offices of the United Nations, a number of European Non-Governmental Organisations and anti-apartheid Movements took part.

During 1992 the Shipping Research Bureau continued to assist organisations, researchers and journalists, on request but also unrequested, on matters related to oil and coal sanctions. As in the previous years the Bureau assisted the United Nations Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa. The Monitoring Group has always relied heavily on data supplied by the Shipping Research Bureau for its investigations into possible violations of the oil embargo and for seeking cooperation of Governments in implementing embargo policies. In the course of 1992 the Bureau was approached for expert advice on other oil embargoes on several occasions, such as the oil embargo imposec by the Organization of American States (OAS) against Haiti, and the oil embargo against SerbiaMontenegro. Although the issues are not related to the Bureau's core work on South Africa, it is nevertheless useful to observe how the oil embargo is applied as a peaceful pressure instrument in other situations as well. Gradual changes with regard to international sanctions and developments within South Africa itself were reflected in 1992 in some new activities. The Bureau rendered assistance to the organisers of an exhibition on the history of the Dutch antiapartheid movement, to be held in Amsterdam and Cape Town in 1993. Information and other help was provided to students from various Dutch universities preparing study tours to South Africa. Contacts with research institutions, documentation centres and journalists within South Africa were extended during 1992.

IMPACT Owing to the political changes in South Africa the Bureau has adapted its work. A strengthening of the oil embargo does not seem feasible at the moment. What seems important, however, is that the oil embargo is not lifted prematurely. The oil embargo must be seen as a peaceful weapon to maintain pressure on the South African government to continue with the process of reform within the country and not to obstruct this process. The decision of the Danish Government to lift its oil sanctions against South Africa, even ahead of its EC partners, was not supported by the Danish Parliament. However, the Parliament was not able to stop the Government's decision. The Government brought on themselves the criticism of the ANC. Mr. Nelson Mandela commented that it was premature that the lifting of sanctions should only take place once an interim government had been installed. The Shipping Research Bureau assisted the Danish anti-apartheid movement and parliamentarians in their efforts to block the premature lifting of oil sanctions, and appealed to the Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs to adhere to the intentions of the oil embargo as laid down by the United Nations and other international bodies. Also the decision of the EC to lift its limited oil embargo in April 1992 was widely seen as a premature decision. The Shipping Research Bureau provided assistance to European antiapartheid groups, Members of Parliament and the United Nations while the EC decision was being debated. The European Parliament itself condemned it. In the United Nations, Ambassador Nyakyi of Tanzania, chairman of the Intergovernmental Oil Monitoring Group, criticised the decision strongly. The EC embargo was of a limited nature. Its major impact was a symbolic one. The decision to lift the embargo was a symbolic gesture as well. Referring to the EC decision, the South African minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs said in parliament that: "... the decision of the EEC can only be regarded as symbolic, since most of its member countries are not oil producers themselves. It therefore does not have any practical effect on the oil boycott still applied in terms of the United Nations embargo against South Africa. " [Hansard (South Africa) 17 May 1992] The impact of the oil embargo is still strongly felt in South Africa. At the time of the March referendum in South Africa, when the white South Africans were asked to say yes or no to the reform process, the pro-government newspaper Beeld warned its readers in an editorial that voting against the reform plans of the government would mean a further enforcement of the oil embargo: "a No vote means an oil boycott", the editorial stated.

At the end of 1992 the more important embargoes, such as the transport and export ban on crude oil to South Africa adopted by Norway, and the ban on the export of oil to South Africa adopted by the major oil-producing States were still in place. Also the oil embargo resolution as adopted by the UN General Assembly is still fully in place. The UN mandate for the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa was renewed for another year on 18 December 1992. The Intergovernmental Group is an important body, which sees to it that the oil embargo is complied with by the UN Member States. The Shipping Research Bureau provides the Intergovernmental Group with all relevant information. At the Consultative Meeting between the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid and Non-Governmental Organisations and Anti-Apartheid Organisations held in Geneva at the end of 1992, the participants agreed in their final resolution 'to campaign for the strict adherence to the oil embargo'. Within South Africa a sharp discussion has arisen on the billions of Rands the South African government has spent in the past to counter the oil embargo. Much attention is given to the Sasol and Mossgas installations that produce synthetic fuel in South Africa. Reports by the Shipping Research Bureau, for instance on developments regarding Mossgas, have played a part in this debate. The Shipping Research Bureau was frequently quoted by the South African press and in international trade publications. The so-called white elephants Sasol and Mossgas are not only a financial but also a psychological burden for South Africa. Furthermore, the government is facing strong criticism on the ways the fuel price is constructed. Also, even more strongly the secrecy rules in South Africa are challenged by the national press. In 1992, the Bureau was involved in a debate with the South African Media Council after the Newsletter of the Shipping Research Bureau had reviewed a series of articles from the South African press. In these articles the secrecy in which the official protection is shrouded was challenged (Newsletters Nos. 26 and 27). On other occasions, South African newspapers challenged the secrecy laws by reporting on tankers delivering oil to the country. These publications were partly based on the findings of the Shipping Research Bureau. In August 1992, for instance, the South African Sunday Times, published material which was based on recent findings by the Shipping Research Bureau. The article named two, not earlier identified, London- based Greek shipping companies (Coulouthros and Papachristidis), which were directly involved in oil deliveries to South Africa.

ACTIVITIES FOR 1993 Judging from the current developments in the reform process, some significant steps forward can be expected in 1993 which will bring the end of the oil embargo closer. In a resolution of February 1993, the ANC indicated that the oil embargo can be lifted once the new democratic government is in place. During 1992, Board and Staff of the Shipping Research Bureau discussed the future course of the Bureau in view of the bearing that the developments have on its work. The options discussed were either to transform the Bureau into an institution with a different task, or to stop its activities when the oil embargo is eventually lifted. After extensive discussions, it was decided that as long as the embargo is still in force, the Bureau will continue with its monitoring, research and publicity activities. The Bureau will continue to update its files on oil embargo violations in the period 1991-1993. With the hopeful expectation that the Bureau will be able to close its doors in the not too distant future, preparations for a final publication covering the issue of the oil embargo in extenso are underway. The Bureau will continue to publish its research findings and all matters concerning the issue of the oil embargo, mainly through its quarterly Newsletter. It will also continue to assist bodies like the United Nations Intergovernmental Group and other organisations, the media and individuals interested in receiving information on oil sanctions.

United Nations oil embargo resolutions 1979-1992 Not indicated are those States which by their absence in some cases accounted for small variations in the numbers of recorded votes. date of adoption 1979 (24January) 1979 (12 December) 1980 (16 December) 1981 (17 December) 1982 (9 December) 1983 (5 December) date of adoption 1987 (20 November) 1988 (5 December) 1989 (22 November) 1990 (19 December) 1991 (13 December) in favour against abstained 105 6 16 against: Belgium, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA. abst.: Australia. Austria, Bolivit. Botswana. Canada, El Salvador. Greece, Guatamala. Italy. Japan, Lesotho, New Zealand, Nicaragua. Portugal. Spain, Swaziland. 124 7 13 against Belgium. Canala. France. FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA. abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Greece, Guatemala, Italy,Japan, Lesotho. Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal. Spain, Swaziland. 123 7 13 against: Belgium, Canada. France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA. abit.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Greece, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. 126 7 12 against: Belgium, Canada, France, FRG, Luxembourg, UK, USA. abst. Australia, Austria, Botswana, Chile, Greece, Guatamala, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, New Zealand, Portugal, Swaziland. 125 6 13 against. Belgium, France, FRG, Luxcmbourg. UK. USA. abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Canada, Greece, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Lesotho, New Zealand, Portugal, Swaziland. 130 6 14 against. Belgium, France, FRG. abst.: Australia, Austria, Botswana, Canada. Greece, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, New Zealand. Norway, Portugal, Swaziland. In 1984 and 1985 no separate oil embargo resolutions were adopted by the General Assembly. 1986 (10 November) 136 5 15 against: France, FRG, Israel, UK, USA. abst : Belgium, Botswana. Canada, Greece, Ivory Coast, Italy. Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Liberia, Malawi, The Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. in favour against abstained 138 4 12 against: France, FRG, UK, USA. abst.: Belgium, Canada, Greece, Israel. Ivory Coast, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, The Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. 138 2 14 against: UK, USA. abst.: Belgium. Botswana, Canada, France, FRG, Greece, Israel, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, The Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. 139 2 14 against: UK, USA. abst.: Belgium. Botswana, Canada, France, FRG, Greece, Israel, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, The Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. 125 2 19 against: UK, USA. abst.. Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel. Japan, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Swaziland. 127 3 28 against: UK, USA, Swaziland. abst.: Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canada. Czechoslovakia, Finland, France. Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel. Italy.japan, Latvia, Lesotho. Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain. 111 1 44 against: USA abst.: Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria. Canada, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary. Iceland. Ireland, Israel, Italy.Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Samoa, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Swaziland, Turkey, United Kingdom. 1992 (18 December)

Resolution on the Oil Embargo against South Africa as adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 18L0ecember 1992 The General Assembly, Having considered the report ofthe Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, Recalling its resolutions on the oil embargo against South Africa. in particlar resolution 46/79 of 13 December 1991, Recognizing the importance of the oil embargo as a major contribution to the pressure exerted on South Africa towards the eradication of apartheid through negotiations, as well as the importance of maintaining pressure until there is a clear evidence of profound and irreversible changes, bearing in mind the objections of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa, such as the adoption of a non-racial and democratic constitution for a free South Africa, Noting that the most effective oil embargo against South Africa remains the adoption by the Security Council of a mandatory embargo, Noting with appreciation the draft model law for the effective nforcement of the oil embargo against South Africa, contained in annex I of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to the General Assembly at its forty-fifth session, and welcoming its consideration by Member States, Concerned that the oil embargo against South Africa is still being violated and that South Africa, because of loopholes in the embargo, such as lack of effective legislation, has been able to acquire oil and petroleum products, Convinced that an effective oil embargo against South Africa would contribute to the efforts of the international community to bring about a negotiated settlement and the establishment of a united, non-racial and democratic South Africa, 1. Takes note of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, and endorses its recommendations; 2. Requests all States to adopt, if they have not already done so, and otherwise to maintain and enforce effective measures prohibiting the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa, whether directly or indirectly, and in particular: (a) To apply strictly the 'end users' clause and other conditions concerning restriction on destination to ensure compliance with the embargo; (b) To compel the companies originally selling of purchasing oil or petroleum products, as appropiate to each nation, to desist from selling, reselling or otherwise transferring oil and petroleum products to South Africa, whether directly 6r indirectly; (c) To establish strict control over the supply of oil and petroleum products to South Africa by intermediaries, oil companies and traders by placing responsibilities for the fulfilment of the contract on the first buyer or seller ofoil and petroleum products who would, therefore, be liable for the actions of these parties; (d) To prevent South African companies from acquiring holdings in oil companies outside South Africa; (e) To prohibit all assistance to South Africa in the oil sector, including finance, technology, equipment or personnel; (I) To prohibit the transport ofoil and petroleum products to South Africa by ships flying their flags, or by ships that are ultimately owned, managed or chartered by their national or by companies within their jurisdiction; (g) To develop a system for registration of ships, registered in theirStates or owned by their nationals, that have violated the oil embargo, and to discourage such ships from calling at South African ports; (h) To impose penal sanctions against companies and individuals that have been involved in violating the oil embargo, and to publisize cases of successful prosecutions in conformity with their national laws; (i) To gather, exchange and disseminate information regarding violations of the oil embargo, including ways and means to prevent such violations, and to take. concerted measures against violators; () To discourage ships within their jurisdiction from engaging in activities that give rise to violation of the oil embargo against South Africa, taking into account legislative and other measures already adopted, 3. Authorizes the Intergovetnmental Group to take action to promote public awareness of the oil embargo against South Africa, including, when necessary, sending missions and participating in relevant conferences and meetings; 4. Requests the Intergovernmental Group to submit to the General Assembly at its forty-eight session a report on the implementation of the present resolution; 5. Requests all States to extend their cooperation to the Intergovernmental Group with all necessary assistance for the implementation of the present resolution. Against (1): The United States of America Abstained (44): Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Moldava, Romania, Russian Federation, Samoa, Slovenia, Spain, Swaziland, Turkey, United Kingdom.

'U f4"41ms weekly Mad Reporter BRITAIN mets ti be at the heart of the boycott-busting shipments of oil to South Africa. And the oil is coming from Arab countries supposedly committed to the embargo. Since 1989 a few shipping groups based in Hong Kong and Londonbased Greek shipping groups have dominated crude oil shipping to &uth Africa, in defiance of the United Nations embargo. This is revealed in thejust-published report of the Amsterdam-hased Shipping Research Bureau for the period .January 1989 tojuly 1991.with some preliminary findings for the second half of 1991. - low successful has the veil of secrecy drawn over oil imports been? The bureau estimates it has accounted in 1989 for 84 percent of the 14-million tons of crude it guesses South Africa imports each year, 61 percent in 1990 and 72 percent in the ust half of 1991. The Hong Kong-4bsed World-Wide Shipping Group tops the list of ship- ments to outh Africa. with 60 deliveries identified. The volume of oil shipped by Worldwide during the period was 14.4million tons- nite than half the total ofroil imports identied. Greek shipping companies, their commercial operatiovs often based in the UK, were involved in 48 otthe 121 crude oil deliveries (10,7-million tons or 37 percent of the total volume.) The UK is clearly at the centre, because it bulds.overeignty over Hong Kong. "In one way or another the UK The Weekly Mail is linked to 112 of the 121 deliveries. thu accounting for no lem than 93 percent ofthe total volume identiried." The oil came mitstly direct from the Middle Fast: 118 of the 121 tankerwhich delivered a total of 27,9-millkm torts of crude oil to South Africa. In recent years the United Arab Emirates played a prominent role with 63 tankers sailing from that Arx'p country, accounting for more than half the volume identified. Twenty-outre tankers ,miling fivm Egypt accounted for almost17 pes-enL (SA) 24 January 1992 THE GUARDIAN Saturday January 25 1992 United Kingdom link in 93 per cent of South African oil imports David Palllster TIlE long Kong company World-Wide Shipping, owned by the family of the late Sir i. K. Pao - a close friend of the Thatcher family - has emerged as the main supplier of oil to South Africa despite the continuing United Nations embargo. The latest evidence front the Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau shows that World-Wide has taken over as the main shipper from Norwegian companies, who were banned from exporting crude oil to South Africa in 1987. The bureau has Identified 60 deliveries of over 15 million tons - 51 per cent of total identified supplies to South Africa - from World. Vide between January 1989 and December 1991. The second largest suppli- ers are Greek companies based in London, with the bulk of the oil coming from the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, both countries that formally uphold the embargo. In one way or another the United Kingdom is linked to 112 of the 121 oil deliveries, accounting for 93 per cent of th- total volume identified. , South Africa still guards details of its oil imports as state secrets, requiring companies to falsify documents for the international shipping press, the exporting countries, and the UN intergovernmental oil embargo monitoring group. The Weekly Mail In Johannesburg yesterday published an account of the bureau's findings, leaving the newspaper open to prosecution under the Petroleum Products Act. The maximum penalty is seven years in prison.

British ships defy SA oil ban SIX shipping companies based in London accunted for nearly half of recent erode oil shipments to South Africa, in defiance of a European Community embargo, a report claims. Nearly all the reat came from one shipping company, World. Wide Shipping. based in Hong Kong. A spokeswoman for the Foreign Office said she was unable to comment on the report but discussions were taking place with EC member states on when the oil embargo could be lifted. The British government is a signatory to the EC agreement. but it is thought unlikely that the infringement will incur any penalty. Figures in the report, from the reputable Shipping Research Bureau in Amsterdam, show that between January 1989 and the end of last year, 137 large carriers delivered crude oil or petroleum products to South Africa. These ships were able to deliver about 25 million tons of crude to the country. nearly three quarters of its intimated needs for the period. Six Greek shipping compa. nies baused in London account- BY NICK FIELDING ed for 48 of the total of 121 deliveries. A further 60 deliveries were carred by tankers controlled by World-Wide Ship. ping of Hong Kong. The Aurom Bonalis, a ship owned by one of the Londonbased Greek companies, Embirica Shipping/Andros Maritime, made H deliveries. Other ships which cared oil to South Africa are based in. Greece. Panama and Cyprus. Including the deliveries from Hong Kang, British ships are linked to 112 of the 121 erode deliveries. One large crude delivery was directly supplied by Texaco, which owns part of the South African Caltex refinery. Others were supplied by Marc Rich and Mampex. Almost all the crude shipments delivered - U8 out of 2M - 6rigiated in the Middle East. particularly the United Arab Emirates. Siny-three tanker sailed from that country; 21 from Egypt and others from Iran and Oman. One ship came from Yemen. Until mid-1990. Norwegian- In the three years to last December, tankers supplied three quarters of South Africa's needs controlled vessels were promi- coal or iron. and call signs. False destinaneat in shipping refined oil pro- All tankers delivering oil 10 Lons are entered in bills of ladducts to South Africa. After a South Africa are still ordered to ig and misleading reports on Norwegian government ban, take rigorous precautions ship movements issued to the their role bas been taken over against being identified. Their international shipping press. by Murti Shipping & Trading. a names and ports of registration Confidentiality clauses in charTurkish company, are covered or pained out dur- ter agreemes are meant to enThe ships usualy return to ing port calls. C e names are sure that no information on the Europe carrying South African used in radio communications sellers is disclosed. The Independent on Sunday (UK) 26 January 1992 Embiricos Shipping, nose Meanwhile, with its role nAftlJ Atros Maritinic. dotal- being made virtually obsolete nocd the. trade with 22 by the support given to Presideliveries. According to Sd, dent FW de Klerk's political Andros' 237,000-dwi Aurora reforms, SRB is now considering Borealis (now renamed Crete) turning its attention to environ-ranks first among a number of" mental shipping. Amsterdam: A fresh ships engaged in a veritable The alterarive is to wind up report by the Shipping "shuttle" trade to South Africa," completely, but the AmsterResearch Bureau having alone delivered oil as dam-based group hopes it will (SRB), which keeps a many as I I times since 1989. be able to tum its attention to close watch on trade Other Greek crude trans- different operations. with South Africa, porters to South Africa in the "There are some plans to go shows the United period include Ceres Hellenic on in support of South Africa. Nations embargo on with nine deliveries, the but it's still uncertain. People oil supplies has failed Kulukundis Group with seven are likely to, put their energies to prevent tanker deliverics, the Hadjipateras to other purposes, such as trading to the besieged Group with five deliveries, monitoring ships in support of nation. Pegasus Ocean Services with environmenlal groups," says Between January four deliveries and CM Lemos sRtu's Jaap Rodenburg. 1989 and late 1991 with two deliveries. some 138 ships of Another company featured in 50.000 dwt carried SRB's list is the Austrian By lan Lewis crude oil or petroleum company Seaurland Shipping products to South Management GmbH. This Afries. companyhasmadeeighttrips In one way or during the period, all. of them another, the UK has involving one tanker. -the links to 113 of the 122 232.000-dwt .4/ki. deliveries of crude oil Other crude transporters in - or no less than 93 per the period include the German cent of the total volume company Marimpex With four identified. deliveries to South Africa and The international oil KEPTTRADING:' World-Wide Ship- UK-based P&O. the Italian embargo against South ping's Dr Helmut Sohmen apparently company A- Ship Management Africa is still in place, allowed his company's vessels to and the Cyprus-based Fredbut it is up to individual continue trading to South Africa. riksei Group with one delivery cotlntries to enforce the - each. embargo on a voluntary basis. 'rite oil company African According to SRB, more than Midile Eatit was tste lst- kown SI per cent of the total volume owner of six cargoes delivered identified eas carried by one from Egypt. One cargo of crude single company - orld- oil was found to be directly singe copmoany -World- supplied by the major US oil Wide Shipping of Hong Kong. company Texaco. which owns This comtpany has been pro-h~uhAra~le extensively involved ever since portl the South Afrtan Cahes Norwegian shipping companies relittry. - formerly the main suppliers - were banned by law from shipping crude oil to South Africa in 1987. Next came a number of C ick/UK companies, which accounted for 49 of the 122 deliveries - or 39 per cent of' TradeWinds (Norway) 20 March 1992 the oil.

Nee-stem beteken olie-boikot * SA sal dan weer moet skarrel SUID-AFRIKA sal weer soos in die ou dae die w~reld rond moet skarrel om olie ten duurste in te hande te kry as die nee-stem in die referendum sou seivier en die Konserwatiewe Party aan die bewind kom. Dit is die mening van mnr. Rob Lee, die voormalige ekonoom en nou senior portefeuljebesturder van die Eksekuteurgkamer. As Suid-Afrika in sulke omstandighede wel so gelukkig sou wees om iewers olie te bekom, sal dit in alle waarskynlikheid net teen 'n bale ho# premie bokant die normale internasionale olieprys gekoop kan word. Dit hou op sy beurt ernstige nadele vir die binnelandse petrolprys in. Kortom, sake sal aan die oliefront 'n kwaai negatiewe uitwerking op alle petrolverbruikers in Suid- Afrika hC Volgens mnr. Lee is 'n olie-boikot teen Suid-Afrika steeds van krag ingevolge 'n besluit van die Verenigde Nasies, maar vanwed die gunstige politieke ontwikkelinge van die laaste tyd word dit nie meer toegepas nie en is dit dus nog net van akademiese belang. Suid-Afrika ondervind tans geen probleme om olie in te voer nie en hybetaal ook nie meer 'n premie daarop nie. Volgens hom sal 'n nee-stem egter nie net probleme met die verkryging van olie veroorsaak me, maar die hele ekonomie 'n ernstige slag toedien. Een van die, grootste bydraers tot stygende inflase in enige land, is 'n styging in die brandstofprys. Ofskoon daar in die jongste tydbaie gissinge was dat'die Regering moontlik met die komende Begroting die brandstofheffing met 15c per liter kan verhoog om sy inkomstetekort aan te vul, het did spekulasie nie eens die moontlikheid van 'n meerderheid nee-stem in berekening gebring nie. 'n Mens wil die hoop uitspreek dat indien die huidige Regering sou besluit om wel sy brandstofbelasting te verhoog, hy dit nie voor op die vroegste in Oktaber vanjaar sal doen nie. Teen daardie tyd behoort die uitwerking van verlede jaar se verhoogde brandstofbelasting en die instelling van BTW op die VPI-inflasiekoers vervaag het en sal die ekonomie waarskynlik reeds 'n matige opswaaiase betree het. 'n Verhoging van 8c per liter in die brandstotheffling op 1 Oktober vanjaar, sal in die huidige fiskale jaar sowat R250 miljoen vir die staatskas oplewer. Beeld (SA) 5 March 1992

OIL SANCTIONS Time to lift secrecy too? The anneuncement this week that the EC will lift its oil embargo against SA is of more importance politically and diplomatically than economically. It's a rebuff to the ANC's demand that sanctions continue, but it is hardly likely that the move will have any impact on the availability or price of petrol, considering that oil has been in heavy oversupply on world markets for some years. Though reporting on the source and price of SA's oil supplies is still restricted locally under the Petroleum Products Act, it is generally believed that the country has been receiving as much oil as it needs - and at prevailing international prices. It is possible, however, that gaining access to the full range of available shipping services might reduce transport costs modestly. The rapid crumbling of oil sanctions reinforces the case for the repeal of the onerous legislation preventing the full reporting of energy matters locally. Ironically, while South Africans were kept in the dark on where their oil came from, important information on the local oil market was widely published overseas. Foreign reports have repeatcdly listed the source of SA oil imports. their amounts, the methods of evading sanctions, the scope of local synthetic-fuel production and total demand. Nothing would enhance public confidence more in government's administration of energy markets than granting the full freedom to report on the subject without fear of breaking the law. U SA exports oil to Madagascar SOUTH AFRICA has reduced its oil Imports by drawing down its strategic oil stockpile and has also made its first export shipment of crude oil - to Madagascar. The Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau (SRB) reports in its latest newsletter that crude oil imports in recent months appear to corroborate official Department of Customs and Excise figures which show a decrease in "unclassified imports" by SA. It is generally assumed that oil accounts for the bulk pf these imports. In October 1991 this figure was R628,6-milion, but -figures over the next four months remained below R400-million. The SRB findings indicate By IAN ROBINSON that the country has been importing about half of its estimated crude oil import needs. Identified tanker calls declined from about four a month in October to about two in February and March this year. Brokered Provisional figures for the monthly volumes imported have dropped from more than 900 000 tons in October to about 550 000 tons in February!March 1992. In February the Genevabased commodities I irm Addax brokered the sale to Madagascar of 61 000 tons of oil every 40 days from SA, the SRB newsletter says. Financial Mail (SA) 10 April 1992 Sunday Times (SA) 21 June 1992 SOUTH AFRICA - Mossgas Comes Onstream The Mossgas plant has begun producing gasoline and gas oil and is expected to reach its nominal capacity of close to 30,000 b/d in the middle of next year. Mossgas will also produce jet fuel. Mossgas, which has been called a "white elephant" by a member of the South African democratic opposition in parliament, converts offshore natural gas into refined products, thereby enabling the country to partially offset its lack of crude oil resources (the other means of doing so is coal liquefaction, a process developed by Sasol). However, the extra cost incurred in this way ii starting to be viewed as too high, especially in the more favorable international context in which South Africa moves. According to information gathered by the Amsterdam-based Shipping Research Bureau, oil companies agreed to buy Mossgas' products and market it under their own brand in return for a government subsidy whose amount is a closely-guarded secret, but which is estimated at 30 million rands. When the compensation paid to these companies for purchases of Sasol products is added in, the final total was R 100 million (around $30 million at the commercial exchange rate) in 1992. The South African press has raised an outcry about this amount of money being paid out to local companies to 'do nothing". Arab Oil & Gas (France) 1 December 1992