A Long-Term Prehistoric Occupation in the Hudson Valley

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The Roscoe Perry House Site: A Long-Term Prehistoric Occupation in the Hudson Valley

Dylan C. Lewis CUNY Hunter College

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The Roscoe Perry House Site: A Long-Term Prehistoric Occupation in the Hudson Valley

Dylan C. F. Lewis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, Hunter College The City University of New York

2018

Thesis Sponsor:

April 23, 2018 Dr. William J Parry Date Signature

April 23, 2018 Dr. Joseph Diamond Date Signature of Second Reader

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Diamond for providing me with a well excavated and informative archaeological collection from the SUNY New Paltz Collection. Without which I would have been unable to conduct research in the Hudson Valley. I would like to thank Dr. William Parry for so generously taking me on as a graduate student. His expertise in lithics has been invaluable. Thank you Glen Kolyer for centering me and helping me sort through the chaos of a large collection. Frank Spada generously gave his time to help sort through the debitage. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife to be for supporting me through the entire process.

Table of Contents

List of Figures List of Tables List of Photographs

1. Introduction______5

a. Background______5

b. Site Setting______7

c. Historical Context______9

2. Environment______12

a. Geology______12

b. Chert______14

c. Clay______17

d. Regional Climate______18

3. Excavation Methods______20

a. Stratigraphy______24

4. Excavation Results______26

a. Projectile Points and Chert Tools______29

b. Grooved Stone Tools______38

c. Debitage______40

d. Ceramics______48

5. Discussion/Conclusion______53

a. Phases______53

b. Gaps in Evidence______54

c. Evidence of Activities Over Time______55

d. Population______57

e. Conclusion______59

6. References______61

Appendix A: Stone Tool Artifacts ______69 Appendix B: Prehistoric Pottery______75

List of Figures Figure 1: 2017 Google Earth aerial of southeast Kingston Source: 2017 Google Maps Figure 2: 2016 Kingston East USGS Topographic Map Figure 3: 1853 Map of Ulster County, New York by P.B. Brink & O.J. Tillson, publishers. Figure 4: USGS Geology bedrock of the greater Kingston area Figure 5: USGS bedrock geology near the Perry Site. Figure 6: Grid of Roscoe Perry House excavation indicating unit provenience.

List of Tables Table 1: Lithic Artifacts from Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) Table 2: Lithic Artifacts from Medium Brown Sand (MBS) Table 3: Lithic Artifacts from Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) Table 4: Percent of Artifact Lithic Source by Stratum Table 5: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Brown Sandy Sod Table 6: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Medium Brown Sand Table 7: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Medium Yellow Brown Sand Table 8: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Dark Sand Table 9: Percent of Flake Category by Stratum Table 10: Percent of Debitage Lithic Category by Stratum Table 11: Percent of Ceramic Type by Stratum Table 12: Prehistoric Pottery Found by Stratum

List of Photographs Photo 1: Excavation of a unit on the border of the Perry and Hendrickson House properties. Photo 2: Charleston Cornered Notched (MYBS) Mount Merino; Otter Creek (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated); Brewerton Cornered Notched (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated); Vosburg (MYBS) Mount Merino; Orient Fishtail (MYBS) Western Onondaga; Brewerton Side Notched (MYBS) Esopus; Brewerton Eared (MBS) Eastern Onondaga; Snook Kill (MYBS) Mount Merino (patinated). Photo 3: Assorted Levanna Points from top left to bottom right Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Mount Merino (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Esopus(BSS), Esopus (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (MBS), Esopus (BSS), Esopus (MBS). Photo 4: Biface (MBS) Indian River, Bare Island (MBS) Eastern Onondaga, Bare Island (MYBS) Eastern Onondaga, Drill (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated), Biface (MBS) Mount Merino, Orient Fishtail (MBS) Western Onondaga, Otter Creek (MBS) Eastern Onondaga, Meadowood (MYBS) Esopus, Fox Creek (MBS) Western Onondaga , Drill (re-purposed) (BSS) Esopus, Drill (re-purposed) (MBS) Esopus.

Photo 5: Scraper (BSS) Eastern Onondaga, Utilized Flake (MBS) Esopus, Scraper (MBS) Eastern Onondaga, Scraper (BSS) Western Onondaga, Scraper (BSS) Mount Merino (patinated), Scraper (MYBS) Esopus, Drill (BSS) Western Onondaga, Knife (MBS) Indian River, Knife (BSS) Mount Marino, Knife (BSS) Eastern Onondaga, Biface (BSS) Esopus, Knife (BSS) Esopus, Knife (MBS) Mount Merino, Knife (MBS) Mount Merino , Knife (MBS) Mount Merino. Photo 6: Smooth Bodied (MBS), Corded (BSS), Corded (MBS), Smooth Bodied (BSS), Unknown (MBS), Wickham Punctate (MYBS), Incised (MBS), Child’s Pot (MYBS).

The Roscoe Perry House Site: A Long-Term Prehistoric Occupation in the Hudson Valley

Introduction

This report analyzes the stored collection of artifacts excavated from the backyard of a historic house overlooking the Rondout Creek and the Hudson River. This is a multicomponent site that spans much of the Holocene. This site contains fifteen archaeological phases ranging from the Early Archaic to the Contact Period. There is a large quantity of prehistoric material, most of which was recovered within a document context. The site has remarkable stratification and preserved the prehistoric contexts well. This material has been in storage at SUNY New

Paltz and has not been analyzed for nearly thirty years. The collection adds to the significance of the Hendrickson Site which was excavated by Dr. Leonard Eisenberg on the adjacent property.

This was the first major prehistoric site recovered within the city boundaries of Kingston, NY.

The surrounding landscape has a rich diversity of available lithic material. Utilizing the lithic tools and the associated debitage this paper will illustrate how people interacted with the surrounding land and distant peoples. These variables will provide insight on population size, activity patterns and changing environmental conditions. Though this site was excavated in conjunction with Dr. Leonard Eisenberg’s methodology, this paper will utilize current analytical techniques for identifying and classifying debitage which will bolster the understanding of how the site was used.

Background

The Roscoe Perry House Archaeological Site was excavated by the New York State

Archaeological Association (NYSAA) Mid-Hudson Chapter, an avocational archaeological organization in the summer of 1985. At the time of the excavation this was the first prehistoric woodland village to be excavated in the City of Kingston. This site was excavated in

5 conjunction with the Hendrickson Site on the adjacent property, which at the time was being excavated by SUNY New Paltz under direction of Dr. Leonard Eisenberg. Both properties are located on the first terrace overlooking the confluence of the Rondout Creek and Hudson River and contained extensive prehistoric material.

The New York State Archaeological Association is comprised of sixteen chapters located throughout the State of New York. They are a professional and public advocacy group who provide laymen with responsible archaeological information, as well as, provide standards for archaeologists across the state. They promote scientific cataloging and the preservation of private archaeological collections, as well as encourage reporting sites to the New York State Museum and the Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. NYSAA makes it possible for people interested in the archaeological heritage of New York State to be responsibly involved.

During the summer of 1985, Art Carver, Tom Turck, Frank Parslow, Jack Vargo, Donna

Vargo, Richard Stewart, David Wanzer, and Alvin Wanzer excavated four 2 meter square units in the yard of the Perry family. They utilized Dr. Leonard Eisenberg’s archaeological grid that was established the previous year on the adjacent Hendrickson property. The Hendrickson site was the location of the 1984, 1985, and 1986 SUNY New Paltz Field Schools and contained twenty-three 2x2 meter square units (Eisenberg 1989) for a total of ninety-two meters of horizontal excavation area. The Perry Site had a total of four units of the same dimensions, with a total of sixteen meters of horizontal exposure. However, because they are on connected adjacent properties, they are actually part of the same prehistoric site. Both the Hendrickson and the Perry sites were first identified by Mr. Thomas Turck and then Frank Parslow of the

NYSAA. The property owner had recovered Native American artifacts while gardening, and had

6 then contacted Mr. Turck. Frank Parslow then brought the Hendrickson site to Dr. Eisenberg’s attention and coordinated the excavation with him.

Though excavated by the Mid-Hudson Chapter of NYSAA, the collection was gifted to the SUNY New Paltz Anthropology Department in order to catalogue and preserve it. Dr.

Eisenberg, and then later Dr. Joseph Diamond, presided over the collection that was kept in an environmentally controlled storage unit on the premises of the university. For thirty-five years it was in storage and no in-depth analysis was completed. Two students completed cursory examinations of the collection as undergraduate projects. Cara Gulley partially tabulated and sorted the materials. Jamie Meinsen (2011) completed a brief survey of some of the lithics and prehistoric pottery and presented a paper on April 6th, 2011 at the annual NYSAA conference that was held in Johnstown, NY.

Site Setting

The Roscoe Perry house is located at the end of Ponckhockie Street nestled on the first terrace, or bluff, overlooking the intersection of the Rondout Creek and the Hudson River. “The

Strand” is a street that runs along the base of the hill at the southern portion of the terrace. The bluff is approximately 15m above the Hudson/ Rondout AMSL and is a semicircular piece of land. The eastern border faces the Hudson River and the southern portion faces the Rondout

Creek. To the west and north of the terrace is the City of Kingston which is 80 miles (130 km), north of New York City. East across the Hudson River sits Rhinebeck and across the Rondout to the south is Port Ewen. The site is located at 41.923435, -73.972559 or 41°55'24.4"N

73°58'21.2"W. The two properties contain the only open yards in the neighborhood making it an optimal location for preserved prehistoric archaeological contexts. During the 19th century, the excavation of the Perry and Hendrickson house basements and foundations provided an extra

7 level of disturbed soil which sealed in both sites below the original A-Horizon soil. The lawns also contained gardens that disturbed the first several centimeters in some small areas. The land below the terrace now contains the industrial remains of the previous two centuries, however it would have been a coarse sandy beach surrounded by wetland during Dutch settlement and during pre-contact times (Diamond 1999; Fried 1975).

Figure 1: 2017 Google Earth aerial of Southeast Kingston where the Rondout and Hudson meet.

Figure 2: 2016 Kingston East Quadrangle USGS Topographic Map.

History

The location of the Perry Site in Kingston, New York, has been occupied by people of

European descent for over 300 years (Grumet 1995). Historic contexts and artifacts overlay, as well as intrude into the lower Native American contexts of each unit. Pre-contact materials have been excavated in four units producing lithic material and debitage. The associated pre-contact lithic and ceramic materials found in the four excavated units will be the focus of this study.

Indigenous peoples have used the area for millennia prior to contact and significantly less information is known about Native American sites of the Hudson Valley; in contrast to the historic occupations. No written records exist from native populations of the Northeast prior to

European contact and those that were written by Europeans are mostly associated with Christian

9 missionary work (Wyss 2003). Beachamp notes, “The Manhattans were at New York island and a little above, the Pachami at Fishkill, the Waoraneaks at Esopus, the Wappingers in the highlands (1901:13)”. Additionally, Beachamp suggests that the Esopus Indians around Kingston were sometimes called Warynawaucks, as there was an inscribed stone at Esopus Landing and a village site near Kingston Point. He also states that there was a village and cemetery at

Ponckhockie (Beachamp 1901:156). One Native American burial was recovered on the

Hendrickson site which can collaborate this claim (Eisenberg 1989).

This extreme bias of historical knowledge is why archaeology plays a vital role in illustrating the pre-contact use of land through the Americas. Through examining the material culture of the people who lived at the intersection of the Rondout Creek and the Hudson River, inferences can be made about past environmental conditions, dietary reconstruction, social class, and landscape interactions.

The upper levels of each unit contained copious amounts of historic material. Prior to

1652, the land in Kingston was occupied by the indigenous population making use of the Hudson

River and its tributaries. Thomas Chambers purchased the land in the Esopus region where a small settlement was established in what is now northeast Kingston. In 1661 the New

Netherlands director titled the city Wildwyck and in 1664, when the English took control of New

Netherlands, it was renamed Kingston (Eisenberg 1989; Diamond 2003).

The Rondout was previously referred to as the Esopus Kill until the redoubt was built along the mouth of the creek along the strand, or beach, in the 1660s. It was renamed the

Rondout (Kammen 1975). The Strand is still there and located at the base of the terrace below where the site is located. This area is also known as Ponckhockie. The site’s surrounding area stayed fairly stable with little cultural modification until the completion of the Delaware and

Hudson Canal system in 1828. Due to this, the intersection of the Rondout and the Hudson became a major shipping hub of goods, such as limestone, mortar, concrete, bluestone, brick, and primarily coal form the Rondout to New York City. The D&H canal terminated at the mouth of the Rondout, at Eddyville, and contained a network of canals heading west ending in Honesdale,

Pennsylvania, the source of the coal that was brought to the Hudson Valley. The terrace where the site is located was not affected directly by the construction of warehouses and marinas, however, thousands of workers constructed residences in Ponckhockie, including the Perry and

Hendrickson houses. Towards the end of the 19th-century the railroad ebbed away at the financial importance of canals and therefore the Rondout and Hudson confluence became abandoned by industry by 1898 (Eisenberg 1989; Fried 1975; Diamond 2013).

Figure 3: 1853 Map of Ulster County, New York by P.B. Brink & O.J. Tillson, publishers. Eddyville can be seen west of the Hudson River. The Perry House and Site can be seen near Kingston Point.

Environment Geology

The Perry Site is located in the Hudson Lowlands which runs the entire length of the eastern portion of New York. This region is surrounded on almost all sides by highlands and mountainous terrain. The Hudson Lowlands follows the course of the Hudson River. Most of the lowlands are glacial deposits except for the three ridges in the south; the Shawangunks,

Schunemunk, and Marlboro Mountains. To the west of the Hudson River are the Wallkill and

Rondout River Valleys. To the east is the Fishkill and Wappinger’s Creek valleys (Fisher,

Isachsen, and Rickard 1970).

The Hudson River begins in the southeastern portion of the Adirondack Mountains and drains into the Atlantic Ocean. The Rondout Creek begins at the northwestern portion of the

Shawangunk mountain, a folded shale and sandstone ridge overlain by a layer of conglomerate bedrock formations, which flows along its base between the Catskill Mountains. The Wallkill

River begins in eastern New Jersey on the south western portion of the Shawangunk Mountain and travels over 70 miles until it drains 6 miles southwest, 10 km, into the Rondout in the old mining town Rosendale, New York (Kidd, Plesch and Vollmer 1993). The first terrace on the

Perry Site was formed 12,000 years ago by the Hudson and Rondout down cutting the land as the retreat of glacial Lake Albany (Tornes 1979). As the water retreated it left behind lacustrine silts and sands that overlaid the natural limestone bedrock that lay beneath (Davis 1969).

Figure 4: USGS bedrock of the greater Kingston area. The light blue bedrock formation is the local limestone that hosts Esopus Chert. The light green hosts the shale that bears Mount Merino/Indian River chert formations. Dark Blue is Onondaga Cherts.

Figure 5: USGS limestone and shale bedrock Near Site Location.

Chert

New York State has a rich diversity of available lithic sources which native peoples exploited. The Roscoe Perry House Site is situated in the midst of several varieties of cherts that derive from different host rocks. The Esopus and Onondaga cherts are located on the west side of the river and derive from limestone bedrock. The Mount Merino and Indian River can be found on the west and east sides of the Hudson River and are derived from shale bedrock. This diversity of readily available high quality lithics was an integral aspect of the prehistoric way of life on the Roscoe Perry House Site ( Holland 2004; Luedtke 1992; Gramley 1980).

The Mount Merino and Indian River Chert formations are silicified from shale and slate bedrock formed from mudstone. These cherts are found along the Hudson River from north of

Albany, at the Pleasantdale quarry site, through Catskill, Hudson, and Rhinebeck, with numerous small quarries on the western side of the river in Kingston and the Town of Esopus (Brumbach

1987; Brumbach and Weinstein 1999). Mount Merino chert ranges from a grey to a black and exhibits grey and black splotches, as well as green banding. At times it can also be deep waxy green to apple green. This was once known as Normanskill chert which was found in shale beds along the Normanskill Creek (Holland and Ashton 1999; Funk 2004) The chemical differences between cherts found in the shale beds along the Normanskill and within Mount Merino are negligible (Brumbach 1987). From the same shale beds the maroon Indian River chert is also prevalent. This chert is not glossy and has a more brittle matrix and resembles the shale host more closely than the Mount Merino chert. Mount Merino shale beds are found within several hundred feet of the site on a higher terrace. Indian River Chert can be found across the river in the opposing shale beds in Duchess County (Brumbach 1987; Fisher et al. 1970).

Esopus Chert and Onondaga Chert formations are among the fifteen or more silica/

Devonian derived lithic materials that were available to prehistoric peoples in the State of New

York.

“These include (low to high) the Lower Devonian Kalkberg, New Scotland, Becraft, Alsen, Port Ewen, Port Jervis, coeval Oriskany and Glenerie, Esopus, and coeval Schoharie and Bois Blanc formations; and the Middle Devonian Onondaga, Union Springs, Skaneateles (Stafford Mbr.) and Moscow (Menteth Mbr.) formations. Abundance in the units varies from rare to extremely common, even locally dominant. Most of the chert-bearing units occur in eastern New York (Otsego to Orange cos.). Across central to western New York, only the Onondaga Fm. features chert of any significance.” [Ver Straeten 2015]

All of these cherts are precipitated from Devonian limestone in the form of chert nodules. Almost all of these cherts range from grey to dark grey depending on location and formation. This makes distinguishing these cherts by color difficult. Depending on impurities, internal stress fractures, and prevalence, these cherts were utilized by most prehistoric peoples in the Hudson Valley. The Onondaga cherts (eastern and western), are the

15 most common through the state and are found within four Formations; Edgecliff, Nedrow,

Moorehouse, and Seneca limestones (Oliver 1956, Pollock 1983), although the Moorhouse

Formation is the most applicable for this study. The further west the formation is the lighter in color the chert becomes. Onondaga chert is also characterized by small fossils that produce pitting and pockets of impurities which can make the material difficult to work (Oliver

1956).

Esopus chert is free of impurities, unlike the Onondaga cherts, and ranges from a light grey grainy limestone to a “buttery” glossy black/grey chert. One nodule could contain high quality chert on one end and limestone on the other forming a gradient of different quality cherts. These formations are found in the limestone above the site and across the Rondout in

Port Ewen (Ver Straeten 2015). Lastly, the Epler or Harmonyvale chert formation is a non- localized chert formation found in the southwestern portion of Orange County (and New

Jersey) and is best known from a limestone outcrop along the Wallkill River. This is a glassy light blue chert often mistaken as chalcedony due to its transparency when flaked very thin

(La Porta 1996).

Jasper is also present in very small quantities in the Perry site collection. Jasper is chemically similar to chert but forms in a different way (Pollock Hamilton, Boisvert 1996).

Jasper is a precipitate that originates from silica rich sediments and volcanic ash. Additional minerals found in the sediment can alter the appearance and color. Iron inclusions form red jasper. Yellow, brown and red jasper are present on the Perry House Site. Jasper is not native to New York and its presences on the site indicates that it was imported from Pennsylvania

(Carr and McLearen 2005; Hatch and Miller 1985; Hatch 1993; Luedtke 1987). Lehigh

County Pennsylvania contains several jasper mines and prehistoric quarry sites (Mercer

1984). This is a likely origin for the jasper found at the Perry site rather than New Hampshire or other parts of New England (Gramley and Cox 1976; Burke 1997; Burke n.d.).

Clay

Clay comes from the local river bed and is the product of the weathering and erosion of silicate containing rocks with a large percentage of alumina including mica. These are recent sedimentary deposits of older worn rocks. There are two types of clay deposits: primary clays and secondary clays.

Primary clays are found at the location where the host rock and weathering occurred.

These clay deposits do not have a large number of organic materials mixed in with them and they are less malleable. These are also less common clay deposits to find as many types of clay are carried by wind and water after they decomposed from the host rock. These weather from granite or basalt and often contain large pieces of the host rock that have yet to decompose. These clays have minerals used as temper such as pyrite, mica, and quartz.

Secondary clays are removed from their parent source and transported a distance by water. These are the more common clays and are finer in texture than primary clays due to sorting, deposition, and re-deposition. Their distribution and transport defines the clay such as glacial clays, aeolian clays, and marine clays.

One of the most probable sources of clay for the inhabitants of the Perry Site are the deep deposits of glacial clay along the western side of the river approximately 1000 feet northeast of the site. This was the location of the Hutton Brickyard, which mined clay from Kingston Point from c. 1850 until the 1940’s (Hutton 2003).

Regional Climate

In the Northeast, temperate deciduous forests with oak had taken hold by 6000 B.C.

(Approx. 8000 B.P.) and by 3000 B.C. (Approx. 5000 B.P.) beech, hickory, and chestnut had been integrated into the Northeast forest (Davis 1969). For the human population of the Hudson

Valley, this region had become a stabilized and resource rich environment where the population could take root and become acclimated to the environment. The site in question is part of this stabilization. Ritchie and Funk note:

“The archeological record is not deceptive in indicating the earliest appearance of man on a hunting-

fishing-collecting level on the southern fringes of the Northeast at a time closely approximating the first

appearance of the temperate deciduous forest, and of well-developed and diversified Archaic cultures over

much of the area by about 3000 B.C., when these forests were enriched by mast foods. [Ritchie and Funk

1973]”

The site is within the continental climatic region. The region has cold winters and warm summers with 26 F and 69 F on average respectively and has 40-60 inches of rain each year. The

Hudson River acts as a heat sink and prevents the temperatures from reaching too extreme in either season. However, the humidity in the area can be very high during the summer season.

The site is located in an eastern broadleaf forest in the Oceanic Province. The Oceanic Province is characterized by a temperate deciduous forest comprised of tall broadleaf trees that grows a dense, continuous canopy in the late spring, summer, and early fall. In the late fall they shed their leaves entirely. Lower layers of small trees and shrubs develop poorly, but are comprised of deciduous permanent shrubs including blueberries and huckleberries, evergreen shrubs, burdock tubers, blackcaps and raspberry bushes (Bailey 1995; Eisenberg 1989; Küchler 1964; Hather

1993).

During the spring, a ground cover of grasses, herbs, and flowers quickly develop, but is greatly reduced after trees reach full foliage and obscure the ground of sunlight. Forest vegetation in this region is divided into three major associations: mixed mesophytic,

Appalachian oak, and pine-oak. The Perry Site is located in the mixed mesophytic vegetation group and contains: American beech, poplar, several basswoods, several maples, buckeye, white oak, red oak, several evergreen, black walnut, locus, eastern hemlock and 20 plus other species of trees. Europeans have since introduced a variety of flora for ornamental and agricultural purposes that have changed the ground cover beneath the broadleaf canopy, including Asian rose bushes, kudzu vines and grapevines. Wetlands are dominated by algae, aquatic plants, cattails, mosses and ferns. The invasive purple loosestrife has recently choked out the predominant cattail

(Bailey 1995; Küchler 1964; Hather 1988, 1991).

The temperate climate that provides the seasonal vegetation allows for a variety of fauna in the region around the Perry Site. The mammals in the area include, but are not limited to, white-tailed deer, black bear, skunk, fox, grey and red squirrel, chipmunk, raccoon, coyote, bat, ground hog, river otter, beaver, porcupine, cottontail rabbit, bobcats, the occasional mountain lion, and opossum. Additionally, people had domesticated dogs which aided in hunting, companionship and occasionally were consumed during a ceremony (Diamond and Amorosi

2000). Both migratory and non-migratory birds are a significant portion of the fauna present in the area. Ducks, geese, turkeys, hawks, bald eagles, crows and a variety of songbirds can be found in and around the site location. Reptiles are also present and include snapping turtle, box turtle, painted turtle, garter snake, black snake, milk snake, and timber rattler, to name a few examples (Bethlehem 2009). Amphibians like salamanders, newts, frogs and toads are also very

19 common in this region, exclusively in the warmer months of the year (Bailey 1995; de

Laubenfels 1975).

The Hudson River and all of its tributaries are home to over 200 different fish species.

Anadromous fish migrate during the spring from the Atlantic Ocean up into the Hudson River to spawn. A huge biomass of Atlantic sturgeon, shortnose sturgeon, striped bass, alewives

(herring), shad, and smelts can be found during the spring run from April to early June. During the summer and winter, catfish, bullheads, eel, sunfish, white and yellow perch, largemouth and smallmouth bass, and rock bass are available in the Hudson and its tributaries. Bivalves such as freshwater mussels are currently available in the waters of the Hudson, and this was also the case prior to European Contact (Bethlehem 2009; Amorosi et al 1996; de Laubenfels 1975; Quinn

1998).

Excavation Methods

A total of four two meter square units were excavated during the field season in the summer of 1985 at the Perry House Site. As previously stated, the site was laid out in a grid which was an extension of Leonard Eisenberg's grid on the adjacent Hendrickson House Site, known as 85.1. A the Perry Site, each unit was laid out from a fixed datum point and the first number indicates the number of meters north or south, up and down, and east or west, right and left. The datum was located at the southwest corner of each of the four units (Eisenberg 1989).

Excavation was completed by stratum and all soil was screened through ¼ inch hardware cloth, which overlaid another screen with 1/8 inch mesh, a necessary archaeological standard (Payne

1972). All archaeological contexts were removed mostly by trowel, dustpan, and the occasional

20 shoveling. The soils in each archaeological context or stratum were removed no more than 2 centimeters at a time across the entire unit.

During the excavation, soils were moved one bucket at a time to the screens. The excavation of each unit was conducted at a slow enough pace to insure that the majority of artifacts were recovered in situ rather than in the screen. Soils were excavated in sections in order to assign accurate depths and provenience to each artifact found in the screen. The artifacts were bagged in the field according to whether they were historic or prehistoric. With each bag type, artifacts were further segregated into bone, pottery, nail, brick, lithics, prehistoric pottery, and debitage bags. The historic material, which is not included in this analysis, was subjected to sampling if there were high quantities of one type. For example one individual brick would suffice if multiple bricks were encountered (Higgs 1975). However, all prehistoric materials were sampled and bagged. All artifacts were washed at the end of the day and eventually handed over to

Leonard Eisenberg to curate according to his numeric cataloging system.

Figure 6: Grid of Roscoe Perry House excavation indicating unit provenience.

There were a total of 19 bags. Artifacts that were found in each contextual layer were bagged separately and the opening depths and the closing depths of the strata were recorded on each bag. To avoid contextual duplication or analytical confusion all bags for all units were numbered in ascending order contiguously. Each “bag” (i.e. 1a, 1b, 1c) represented one stratigraphic layer if the material exceeded the capacity of a single bag.

Bags 1-4 were, in this analysis, referred to as unit one (Eisenberg Grid location 18/R14).

Bags 5-8 are from unit two (Eisenberg Grid location 8/R14). Bags 9-14 comprise all of unit three

(Eisenberg Grid location 8/R10). Bags 15-19 contained the entirety of unit four (Eisenberg Grid location 12/R10).

Photo 1: Excavation of a unit on the border of the Perry and Hendrickson House properties. The Hendrickson House can be seen through the hedge row.

Stratigraphy

The stratigraphy in each of the units was formed through both human and natural taphonomic processes. The geological history of the first terrace, as indicated before, can account for the deep sandy silt layers. Humans from both prehistoric and historic time periods also modified the site by removing foliage, digging hearths, burials, refuse pits, and foundation building trenches and basements. Some of the units contain disturbed contexts or historic intrusions into buried prehistoric contexts. Overall, there were five soil types that were culturally modified by historic people and represented preserved contexts containing prehistoric materials.

BSS (Brown Sandy Sod)

The Brown Sandy Sod stratum is the first layer in all four units. This stratigraphic layer is a mixture of disturbed soils and natural soils that contain both prehistoric and historic material mixed through the layer. Primarily Woodland Period artifacts were mixed with historic pipe stems, coal, glass, and broken flower pots and would indicate that the soils are not entirely disturbed. The nearby historic Perry House construction, built in the mid 19th century is likely the culprit of the mixed soils. The excavators referred to this layer as “fill”, however the soils are from the construction of the Perry house and are not from an external or off-site location. This stratum contained twenty-eight percent of the lithic artifacts, twenty-two percent of the prehistoric pottery, and twenty-three percent of the debitage. The average depth of this stratum is

18.28cm.

DBS (Dark Brown Sand)

The Dark Brown Sand is found within historic pits that cut through the other soils. This soil contains some prehistoric material out of context that has been mixed with a variety of historic material including: pottery, coal, glass, and historic faunal remains.

MBS (Medium Brown Sand)

Medium Brown Sand contains predominantly prehistoric materials with some historical artifacts at or around the interface of Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) and Medium Brown Sand (MBS).

The highest concentration of prehistoric material at the Perry Site is found in this stratigraphic layer. This stratum contains forty-two percent of the lithic artifacts, forty-five percent of the debitage, and sixty percent of the prehistoric pottery. The average depth of the Medium Brown

Sand is 47cm.

MYBS (Medium Yellow Brown Sand)

Medium Yellow Brown Sand is the last stratigraphic containing cultural material. Aside from historic refuse pit intrusions, this layer contains only prehistoric materials and the occasional post hole. This stratum contains thirty percent of the lithic artifacts, nineteen percent of the prehistoric pottery, and thirty-one percent of the total debitage. The average depth of this stratum is 63cm.

YS (Yellow Sand)

The sterile Yellow Sand is the underlying soil stratum where artifacts are not found. In the historic contexts a Yellow Soil layer is seen as an intrusion in the Medium Brown Sand

(MBS) layer and contains glass, coal, and pottery.

Excavation Results

The excavation of the Perry Site yielded a total of 472 lithic tools, 12,505 pieces of debitage, and 536 potsherds. A large quantity of historic artifacts were also recovered, however as previously stated, they will not be reviewed in this study. The two strata that yielded the largest percentages of Native American artifacts were the Medium Brown Sand (MBS) and the

Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS). The Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) contained 28% of the lithic artifacts; the Medium Brown Sand (MBS) contained 42% of the lithic artifacts, and the

Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) 30% of the lithic artifacts.

The majority of the lithic artifacts that were recovered were made from locally acquired chert sources. These sources were green/splotchy grey Mount Merino chert, Maroon Indian

River chert, buttery grey/black Esopus chert, and pitted black Onondaga chert. About 10 percent of the artifacts were composed of “exotic material”, which in this paper is designated as material from outside of the immediate vicinity of the Perry Site. The majority of these artifacts were made from Epler or Harmonyvale chert which originated southwest of the Perry Site up the

Wallkill River at the border of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The remaining exotic lithics were made from brown and yellow jaspers, where some were thermally altered. The jasper originates in eastern Pennsylvania. The remaining lithics were constructed of silicified sandstone/limestone, yellow/dark/white quartzite, and argillite.

Table 1: Lithics from Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) Esopus Mount Indian Western Eastern Harmonyval Brown Grey Yellow Grey Silicified Argillite Quartz Total Merino River Onondaga Onondaga e/ Epler Jasper Quartze Quartzite Quartz Shale Cobble Levanna 3 1 3 3 10

Rossville 1 1

Normanskill 1 1

Projectile Point 5 2 2 2 1 12 Untyped Knife 4 2 1 1 8

Biface 2 7 3 1 13

Utilized Flake 15 24 10 5 9 1 1 1 1 67

Scraper 3 1 1 6 11

Chopper 1 1

Hammerstone 4 4

Drill 1 1 2

Netsinker 1 1 Total 34 37 10 12 25 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 131

Table 2: Lithics From Medium Brown Sand Esopus Mount Indian Western Eastern Harmonyvale/ Brown Red Thermally White Silicified Argillite Quartz Oriskany Total Merino River Onondaga Onondaga Epler Jasper Jasper Altered Jasper Quartzite Sandstone Cobble Levanna 1 1 1 2 1 6

Fox Creek 1 1

Orient Fishtail 1 1

Snook Kill 1 1 2

Bare Island 1 1

Lamoka 1 1

Brewerton 2 2 4 (all) Otter Creek 1 1 1 3

Projectile 6 7 2 6 1 1 23 Point Untyped Knife 1 5 2 1 1 10

Biface 7 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 25

Pestle 1 1

Utilized Flake 26 37 17 5 9 1 2 1 1 99

Strike a Light 1 1

Scraper 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9

Chopper 1 2 3

Hammerstone 3 3

Drill 2 1 3

Graver 1 1 Total 46 69 22 15 24 3 3 2 2 1 1 5 3 1 197

Table 3: Lithics from Medium Yelllow Brown Sand (MYBS) Esopus Mount Indian Western Eastern Harmonyvale/ White Silicified Quartz Total Merino River Onondaga Onondaga Epler Quartzite Sandstone Cobble Meadowood 1 1

Orient Fishtail 1 1

Snook Kill 1 1 2

Bare Island 1 1

Lamoka 2 1 3

Beekman 1 1 Triangle Brewerton (all) 1 1

Vosburg 1 1 2

Otter Creek 1 1

Charleston 1 1 Cornered Projectile Point 4 1 1 6 Untyped Knife 3 5 8

Biface 1 4 6 1 1 1 14

Utilized Flake 5 31 25 4 6 3 74

Scraper 1 7 1 9

Chopper 3 1 4

Hammerstone 8 8

Drill 3 3

Graver 2 2

Abrading 1 1

**Nutting Stone 1 1

Total 19 53 37 7 11 4 1 3 9 144

** Nutting Stone found in the YS stratum at the interface between MYBS and YS.

Table 4: Percent of Artifact Lithic Source by Stratum Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) Esopus chert 26% Mount Merino chert 28.2% Indian River chert 7.6% Eastern Onondaga chert 19% Western Onondaga chert 9.2% Other 10% (Epler/Harmonyvale chert, Quartz, Argillite or Brown Jasper) Medium Brown Sand (MBS) Esopus chert 23.4% Mount Merino chert 35% Indian River chert 11.2% Eastern Onondaga chert 12.2% Western Onondaga chert 8% Other 10% (Epler/Harmonyvale chert, Quartz, Argillite, Oriskany chert, Red Jasper or Brown Jasper) Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) Esopus chert 13.2% Mount Merino chert 36.8% Indian River chert 25.7% Eastern Onondaga chert 7.6% Western Onondaga chert 5 % Other 11.7% (Epler/Harmonyvale chert, Quartz or Argillite)

Projectile Points and Chert Tools

The temporal distribution of the diagnostic artifacts from the four units were evident in the associated points collected in the different strata levels. The artifacts ranged from the Early

Archaic to the Woodland period. The earliest point, of Charleston corner-notched type is indicative of the kind of regional influence that may have been affecting the area. The Charleston corner-notched point has a large area of distribution which stretches from the Ohio Valley to the

Atlantic coast and lower New York (Ritchie 1971).

Archaic: The oldest artifact by far in this collection is the Charleston Cornered-Notched point.

This is an Early Archaic projectile point that is dated between 9,500-8500, years before present.

This was found in the last cultural stratum, MYBS, at 67 centimeters below the datum in Unit 2.

It was fabricated from the local Mount Merino chert.

These point traditions hint to few specific utilitarian needs; however, they are most likely dart points used at the end of an atlatl, a dart thrower. Wetlands were associated with the archaic periods due to draining water bodies along the Hudson Valley, along with the stabilized river systems and tributaries (Funk and Steadman 1994).

Photo 2: Charleston Cornered Notched (MYBS) Mount Merino; Otter Creek (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated); Brewerton Cornered Notched (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated); Vosburg (MYBS) Mount Merino; Orient Fishtail (MYBS) Western Onondaga; Brewerton Side Notched (MYBS) Esopus; Brewerton Eared (MBS) Eastern Onondaga; Snook Kill (MYBS) Mount Merino (patinated).

There are four Otter Creek points in the collection. These are the second oldest points in the Archaic sequence and are found almost exclusively in the northeastern portion of the United

States. They date from c. 5950 to 4950 years before present (Richie 1973). Three were recovered in the lower portion of the MBS and one was found in the MYBS strata which contain the older prehistoric contexts. The four points were fabricated from Esopus chert, Mount Merino chert, and Eastern and Western Onondaga chert. All of these are locally sourced materials.

Like most archaeological sites in the Hudson Valley, particularly those near the river, the

Vosburg Phase is present. The collection contains two Vosburg points found in MYBS, one made from Esopus chert and the other from Mount Merino chert. Vosburg points generally range from c. 4950 to 4450 years before present. Also associated with the Vosburg Phase in the

Hudson Valley (Funk 1976, 1988) are the Brewerton series of points and the Beekman Triangle point. There are five total points from the Brewerton complex; three Brewerton Eared, one

Brewerton Cornered-Notched, and one Brewerton Side-Notched. Four were found in the MBS stratum and one was found in the MYBS. Two Brewerton Eared-Notched/Triangle points are made from Mount Merino chert, and one is made from Esopus chert. The Brewerton Cornered-

Notched Point is made from Western Onondaga chert and the Brewerton Side -Notched is fabricated from Eastern Onondaga chert.

The collection contains four Lamoka/Sylvan Lake points, which can range from c.4450 to

3850 years before present (Ritchie 1971). Of these, one was found in the MBS stratum and three were found in the MYBS stratum. Two were made from Eastern Onondaga chert and two from

Mount Merino chert.

There are also two Bare Island points, which have a similar date range to the

Lamoka/Sylvan Lake Points. One each was found in MBS and MYBS. They were fabricated from Eastern Onondaga chert.

One Normanskill point made from Eastern Onondaga chert was recovered. Given its location it is probably out of context in the BSS, and this is likely a result of the soil displacement from the foundation construction of the Perry House. This point tradition ranges from c.3850 to 3650 years before present (Ritchie 1971, 1980).

Four Snook Kill points were recovered, two each in the MBS and MYBS. Snook Kill points ranges in date from c. 3450 to 3350 years before present (Ritchie 1971). They are constructed, one each, from Esopus chert, Mount Merino chert, Indian River chert, and Western

Onondaga chert. One each was found in MBS and MYBS.

The last two projectile points found from the Archaic (Transitional) were Orient Fishtail points, 3200-2600 before present (Hart and Brumbach 2005). They were recovered from the

MBS and MYBS stratum. One was made from Indian River chert and the other from Western

Onondaga chert.

Photo 3: Assorted Levanna Points from top left to bottom right Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Mount Merino (BSS), Western Onondaga (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (BSS), Esopus(BSS), Esopus (BSS), Eastern Onondaga (MBS), Esopus (BSS), Esopus (MBS).

Woodland: The first of the temporally diagnostic artifacts from the Woodland period that was recovered was a Meadowood blade, that was slightly notched at the base. These generally range from 3300 to 2700 years before present. The blade was found in the MYBS stratum and was crafted from Esopus chert.

One Rossville point, 2600 to 1700 years before present, was recovered in the BSS and was made from Esopus chert. There was one Fox Creek, 2000 to 1100 years before present, was recovered from MBS and was constructed from Western Onondaga chert (Ritchie 1971).

The most numerically preponderant point from the Late Woodland was represented by seventeen Levanna points, 1300 to 600 years before present. These are made with locally acquired cherts, while one is made from Epler/Harmonyvale chert. Ten were found in the BSS and six were found in the MBS stratum. One was found in a DS intrusion.

Untyped Bifaces: Bifaces are classified here as any lithic material that has been flaked on two sides producing a margin. This excludes cores produced from lithic reductions, that do not have use wear. Technically, all chert flake tools that have two worked sides are considered bifaces.

Additionally, assigning function to these bifaces can ignore the use history of each biface and can be tricky without function-specific evidence such as where handles or spear shafts have been attached (Winters 1969; Diamond 2004a). However, due to ethnographic proxies and the archaeological analysis of local lithic artifacts, categorizing these bifaces is possible.

In this collection a great number of fragmentary sections of bifacially worked tools, knives and projectile points were recovered and could not be identified. These are also fragments of Stage 1 bifaces with sinuous margins and simple surface topography which is unlike the more shallow soft percussion flaking and pressure flaking of knives, drills, and projectile points. There are a total of fifty-two untyped bifaces. Thirteen (25%) were found in the BSS, twenty-five

(48%) were found in the MBS and fourteen (27%) were located in the MYBS. Of the fifty-two, ten were constructed from Esopus chert, twenty-three from Mount Merino chert, seven from

Indian River chert, two from Western Onondaga chert, five from Eastern Onondaga Chert, one from Epler or Harmonyvale chert, one from Brown Jasper, one from each yellow and white quartzite, and one was made from Oriskany chert.

Knives: Knives, or blades, are bifacially worked chert or silicified lithic material. Knives differ from projectile points in function as a multi-tool/cutting implement, though projectile points could also be used as cutting edges. Knives are generally longer and broader than projectile points and can be angled with use wear on one or both edges. They have a wavy saw-like margin constructed through a series of alternate flakes from adjacent faces (Winters 1969). Here knives are considered late stage bifaces and differ from early stage bifaces because they exhibit straight, but wavy margins, and complex surface topography. There were eight knives found in the BSS, ten were found in the MBS, and eight were found in the MYBS, totaling in twenty-six knives.

Five were fabricated from Esopus chert, ten from Mount Merino chert, seven from Indian River chert, one from each Western and Eastern Onondaga chert, one from Argillite, and one made from Grey Quartzite.

Projectile Points Untyped: Similar to the untyped bifaces, untyped projectile points are extremely fragmentary, most of which have narrow point tips, midsections, or base fragments.

These, like knives, are late stage bifaces. Unlike knives, projectile points have a non-wavy straight margin which has been subjected to pressure flaking. Forty-one total untyped projectile point fragments were recovered. Twelve (29%) were found in the BSS, twenty three (56%) were found in the MBS, and the MYBS contained six (15%) untyped projectile point fragments.

Fifteen were made from Esopus chert, nine were from Mount Merino chert, five from Western

Onondaga chert, eight from Eastern Onondaga chert, two from Epler or Harmonyvale chert, two from Brown Jasper and one was made from White Quartzite.

Photo 4: Biface (MBS) Indian River, Bare Island (MBS) Eastern Onondaga, Bare Island (MYBS) Eastern Onondaga, Drill (MBS) Mount Merino (patinated), Biface (MBS) Mount Merino, Orient Fishtail (MBS) Western Onondaga, Otter Creek (MBS) Eastern Onondaga, Meadowood (MYBS) Esopus, Fox Creek (MBS) Western Onondaga , Drill (re-purposed) (BSS) Esopus, Drill (re-purposed) (MBS) Esopus.

Utilized Flakes: Flint knapping is the process of removing portions of a lithic core in order to construct lithic tools. These tools could be, or be made from, the individual flakes or they could be the end result of use-wear on a flake. A flake freshly removed from a core could, depending on the material, possess a surgically thin edge that is one molecule thick. These flakes could be used for cutting, butchering and the processing of plant material. This edge-modified flake, or a pattern of use-wear on flake, is how one identifies flake or expedient tools. Two hundred forty utilized flakes were identified. There were sixty-seven (28%) utilized flakes found in the BSS, ninety-nine (41%) in the MBS and seventy-four (31%) found in the MYBS. Forty-six were constructed of Esopus chert, ninety-two of Mount Merino chert, fifty-two of Indian River chert,

36 fourteen of Western Onondaga chert, twenty-four of Eastern Onondaga chert, five of Epler or

Harmonyvale chert, one of brown and two red Jasper, one of thermally altered Jasper, one of

Grey quartzite and two of Argillite.

Drills: Drills are constructed from various chert types and are trapezoidally shaped with a tapered end. Drills can be a good example of a tool that has been reworked for another use. Some drills can be made from broken bifaces like knives or projectile points (Winters 1969). These drills can exhibit tangs or notches from the previous tool prior to being reworked. Drills are used for perforating wood, bone, antler, shell, hides, ceramics, and even soft stone. There were eight drills recovered at the Perry Site. Two were recovered in the BSS stratum, three in the MBS and three in the MYBS. Five were made from Esopus chert; one was from Mount Merino chert and one from Western Onondaga chert.

Scraper: A scraper is a functional term that describes a tool that is used for processing animal and plant material by repeatedly pushing and pulling a sharp implement across a surface. These are usually fabricated from chert flakes, unifaces, or re-worked bifaces. Scrapers can be hand held or hafted. A utilized flake is categorically different from a scraper due to the lack of bifacial or unifacial working along with use wear (Winters 1969). There were ten scrapers found in each of the BSS, MBS and MYBS strata. Six were made from Esopus chert, ten from Mount Merino chert, three from Western Onondaga chert, eight from Eastern Onondaga chert, one from Brown

Jasper, one was thermally altered Jasper, and one was composed of Argillite.

Graver: These are simple unifacial stone tools that are used for perforating or engraving. These are simple flaked tools often on an early flake (Winters 1969). They are unifacially modified to have spokes or spurs which are the working edges. One was recovered in the MBS and two were recovered in the MYBS. One graver was made from Esopus chert and two from silicified sandstone.

Grooved and Ground Stone Tools

Ground stone tools are created in similar ways to flaked stone tools through flaking and chipping stones to acquire an approximate form. They are then ground against a surface harder than the stone being worked until formed into the desired shape. These are tools made from large chunks

38 of basalt, sandstone, or quartzite. Ground stone tools also get their name from the activity they are used for. Activities like grinding, sanding, abrading, mashing, or crushing results in a polished stone product (Winters 1969; Moerman1998). Ground stone artifacts are very common through archaeological sites due to their common place in the household for processing food, fibers for cordage, and plant material.

Net Sinker: Usually made from naturally smoothed river stones, net sinkers are additionally ground in the two notches to prevent cordage from being weakened or cut by the rough edges.

These are used to weigh down fishing or throwing nets ( Diamond 2004b) . One net sinker was found in the BSS stratum.

Nutting Stone: These are hammer stones, or manos (handstones), that are used to bash, process, or separate plant materials and shells from around a nut (like a black walnut or a hickory nut).

These are used in conjunction with anvils, stationary stones that are used as a platform to place items to be processed. Repeatedly smashing a hammer stone on the hard black walnut pericarp

(fibrous exterior) and endocarp (hard shell) to extract the walnut cotyledon (fruit portion) will result in a distinctive concave circular groove on the stones (Winters 1969; Moerman 1998). One nutting stone was found in YS at the interface beneath the MYBS stratum.

Abrader: Abraders are grinding and smoothing stones that are used to sharpen and shape other tools. Both coarse and fine sand stones are used as the base material for the tool (Winters 1969).

One abrading stone was recovered in the MYBS stratum and was made from a fine-grained sandstone.

Pestle: Pestles are the hand held moving part of a mill. Absent from this collection was a mortar or stationary grinding platform. Pestles are both ground in order to shape the tool and ground by milling processing (Winters 1969; Moerman1998). One of these manos, or grindstone, was found in MBS stratum.

Debitage

A mass analysis will size and weigh debitage in bulk. The size of the flake does not provide sufficient information for diagnostic or analytical purposes and neither does weight. This methodology only allows for the assumption that there was a large quantity of flakes or a small quantity. Separating each flake into functional categories, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, provides exponentially more information on what people were utilizing lithic material for and where people were fine tuning artifacts.

A total of 12,505 pieces of debitage were collected. The debitage, prior to this study, were placed in bags according to unit, strata and depth. However, in order to gather data from the sheer number of debitage flakes they would have to be analyzed according to material, blocky, shatter, primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. These categories help us understand the types of lithic reduction being performed on the site (Andrefsky 2005). They also help infer details of lithic resource acquisition from the surrounding quarries and trade from quarries outside of the region (Brumach 1987). Also found within the collection are blocky debitage, shatter, and cores.

When comparing the units it becomes clear that tertiary flakes make up the majority of the debitage. This may imply that the site itself was not an area which the original shapers would

40 return to, but a secondary stop in possible resource and food procurement. The lack of a significant amount of primary flakes is indicative of non-permanence. The indigenous group at the site were possibly bringing already flaked tools and cores into the site area and shaped based on the current need of the moment. Typically the completion of flaked stone tools does not occur in one place. The reduction process is completed at different “junctures”(Percora 2001).

Transport of the materials is key in a mobile culture. While the units in question do not provide conclusive evidence on the behavioral patterns of peoples associated with the site, the debitage infers this patterned behavior. Examples of transported lithic tools that have not been fully fashioned can be found in Binford’s (1979) observance of the Nunamiut practice of reducing cores to a transportable state but not to the point where the material could not be shaped into different tools, and in Ozburn’s (1987) identification of reduction “junctures” at the

Buttonhole/Quarry site in New Mexico. While not these examples are not regionally localized to the site, it does point to an area used for later reductions possibly inferring a semi-permanent camp used as a “base” for incursions into the surrounding areas for resource collection.

In addition to utilizing debitage analysis methodology proposed by Andrefsky, the flakes were analyzed with a modification of Dr. Joseph Diamond’s methodology. This is methodology used specifically in the Hudson Valley. The addition of shatter and blocky as a units of analysis provide diagnostic information on the nature of the flake from production. Shatter is produced in any stage of decoration, these flakes are without shape, thin, have no bulb of percussion, have no striking platform and tend to be thin. These crumble around impurities and cortical material.

Blocky’ are formed in early stages and are a square primary flake with no, to few, flake scars on them. Presents of large quantities of blocky, shatter, primary and secondary flakes could indicate a quarry site or a primary decoration location (Andrefsky 2005; Diamond 2017).

Table 5: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Brown Sandy Sod

Chert Primary Secondary Tertiary Shatter Blocky Core SUM

Esopus 1 10 1033 270 37 1 1352

Mt Merino 1 5 348 18 8 380

Indian River 1 117 35 4 157

Western 7 241 1 15 264 Onondaga

Eastern 6 398 40 58 1 503 Onondaga Oriskany 19 19

Harmonyvale/ 52 2 54 Epler

Brown Jasper 1 13 14

Yellow Jasper 2 2

Therm Alt Jasper 8 1 9

Dark Quartzite 2 2

Yellow Quartzite 1 1 2

White Quartzite 5 5

Quartz Craytal 0

Argillite 24 24

Purple Argilitte 0

SUM 2 31 2263 364 125 2 2787

Table 6: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Medium Brown Sand

Chert Primary Secondary Tertiary Shatter Blocky Core SUM Esopus 15 2093 896 105 3109

Mt Merino 17 741 31 27 2 818

Indian River 1 5 308 67 3 1 385

Western 392 1 19 1 413 Onondaga Eastern 6 626 12 98 742 Onondaga Oriskany 10 10

Harmonyvale/ 89 89 Epler Brown Jasper 22 22

Yellow Jasper 1 1

Therm Alt Jasper 22 22

Dark Quartzite 3 3

Yellow Quartzite 1 3 1 5

White Quartzite 4 4

Quartz Craytal 9 2 11

Argillite 6 26 32

Purple Argilitte 1 1

SUM 2 49 4350 1007 255 4 5667

Table 7: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Medium Yellow Brown Sand

Chert Primary Secondary Tertiary Shatter Blocky Core SUM Esopus 3 31 1114 607 80 5 1840

Mt Merino 7 628 83 46 764

Indian River 14 394 194 14 2 618

Western 3 223 13 18 257 Onondaga Eastern 1 284 21 100 1 407 Onondaga Oriskany 17 17

Harmonyvale/ 37 37 Epler Brown Jasper 7 7

Yellow Jasper 0

Therm Alt Jasper 3 3

Dark Quartzite 1 1

Yellow Quartzite 13 2 15

White Quartzite 2 1 3

Quartz Craytal 0

Argillite 9 15 24

Purple Argilitte 0

SUM 3 56 2732 933 261 8 3993

Table 8: Count of Lithic Type and Debitage Function in Dark Sand

Chert Primary Secondary Tertiary Shatter Blocky Core SUM

Esopus 18 1 1 20

Mt Merino 15 9 4 28

Indian River 5 5

Western 7 7 Onondaga

Eastern 7 3 3 13 Onondaga Oriskany 0

Harmonyvale/ 0 Epler

Brown Jasper 0

Yellow Jasper 2 2

Therm Alt Jasper 0

Dark Quartzite 0

Yellow Quartzite 0

White Quartzite 0

Quartz Craytal 0

Argillite 0

Purple Argilitte 0

SUM 0 0 49 18 8 0 75

The unit of measurement for the debitage has two components. The flakes were originally excavated per strata layer and therefore must be analyzed accordingly. Additionally, within the strata this paper further segregated the debitage into lithic source and functional reduction. A vast majority of the flakes recovered are tertiary. Primary flakes are produced from removing material from host rock, bedrock, cobbles and field chert. These rocks have been found in their natural state and have not been modified by humans. Primary flakes have no flake scars that

45 would be indicative of later phases in lithic reduction. Cortex, host rock, and an unworked surface occupies half of the flake. Secondary flakes have some cortex however exhibit flake scars from initial reduction. Tertiary the type of and shape of this flake provides evidence that final reduction activities were being performed when the flakes were produced (Andrefsky 2005;

Funk 2004). Blocky chert fragments are rectangular or cube like in shape, often being primary or secondary flakes that have broken along cortex or lines of impurities in the lithic material.

Shatter, similarly, is without a clear shape, often missing the classic flake curvature and bulb of percussion (Diamond 2017). Unlike blocky chert, shatter is more common with secondary decoration. Cores themselves could be utilized as a tool. They could be used for chopping, scraping or cutting. Generally, cores are the end result of a large primary, secondary flake or made from a cobble. Cores are conical or ovoid in shape and have bilaterally and multifaceted flake scars marking the surface. From the core large and small flakes can be extracted to produce more complex tools or simple cutting edges.

Table 9: Percent of Flake Category by Stratum Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) Tertiary 81.2% Shatter 13.1% Blocky 5% Other 0.7% Primary, Secondary or Core Medium Brown Sand (MBS) Tertiary 76% Shatter 18% Blocky 5% Other 1% Primary, Secondary or Core Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) Tertiary 68.4% Shatter 23.4% Blocky 7% Other 1.2% Primary, Secondary or Core

BSS: This stratum contained a total of 2787 flakes with the majority of flakes being tertiary, from either Esopus or Mount Merino Chert. The second largest flake category is shatter which contained 364 flakes most of which were Esopus and Indian River. Very few primary secondary, blocky or shatter were recovered from this layer.

MBS: This stratum shares a similar trend to the BSS. This stratum has the highest percentage of debitage out of the three natural stratum. There are a total of 5667 flakes in this layer. 4350 of these flakes are tertiary, 1007 are shatter, and 255 are blockies. Esopus, Mount Merino and

Eastern Onondaga are the three largest chert categories.

MYBS: This is the oldest of the three stratum and has a total of 3993 flakes. Of these flakes 2732 were tertiary, 933 were shatter, and 261 were blocky. The most abundant three chert types were

Esopus, Mount Merino and Indian River.

DS: A historic inclusion layer, this context contains 75 flakes of debitage. There were 49 tertiary, 18 shatter and 8 blocky found. The three largest chert groups were Mount Merino,

Esopus and Eastern Onondaga.

Table 10: Percent of Debitage Lithic Category by Stratum

Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) Esopus Chert 49% Mount Merino 14% Indian River 7% Eastern Onondaga 18% Western Onondaga 9.5% Other 2.5% (Epler/Harmonyvale, Quartz, Argillite, Oriskany, Yellow Jasper, Thermally altered Jasper or Brown Jasper) Medium Brown Sand (MBS) Esopus Chert 55% Mount Merino 14.4% Indian River 7% Eastern Onondaga 13.1% Western Onondaga 7.3% Other 3.2% (Epler/Harmonyvale, Quartz, Argillite, Oriskany, Yellow Jasper, Thermally altered Jasper or Brown Jasper) Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) Esopus Chert 46.1% Mount Merino 19.1% Indian River 16% Eastern Onondaga 10.2% Western Onondaga 6.4 % Other 2.2% (Epler/Harmonyvale, Quartz, Argillite, Oriskany, Yellow Jasper, Thermally altered Jasper or Brown Jasper)

Ceramics

In the north east of the United States, prior to the introduction of ceramics, Native

Americans would have utilized local deposits of talc/or steatite, commonly known as soapstone due to the minerals slick greasy texture. The rock is a metamorphic rock containing a varying ratio of magnesia and silica which provides a soft carvable stone with a strong crystalline structure. Rock outcrops containing steatite are uncommon in the northeast and would have had to been lugged long distances to be used (Richie 1973). The stone would have been carefully carved into varying irregularly shaped vessels, depending on available material, and lugs would have been added to aid in transport. These were somewhat unwieldy and valuable due to their

48 material. One sherd of steatite was recovered was recovered in the MYBS stratum. These vessels were a relatively short lived and found only in Transitional period (3600-2600 B.P.). For the majority of the Preceramic Archaic era vessels were constructed from plant fibers such as bark or reeds. Cooking would have been done by heating rocks. The resulting product from heating and dropping into water would be jagged and reddened. This fire cracked rock (FCR) is present in abundance on all Archaic sites. Dr. Eisenberg collected and recorded FCR on the

Hendrickson Site, however the excavators on the Perry Site mentioned the FCR but did not accurately record the material. It was present within each unit.

The first pottery that was found in the Americas was from South America between 4,950 and 4,450 years before present and made its way to North America by 4,450 B.P. and around

2,950 B.P. in the Hudson Valley (Richie 1969; Kammen 2001). Ceramics are made from clay deposits with both organic and inorganic material that is fired, or dried, until hardened. The hydrous aluminum silicate, partly what gives clay its color, are malleable when moist but become hard and durable when heated between 600-1000 degrees Celsius. People crafted these ceramics by hand by modelling and coiling clay. Prehistoric peoples learned to shape, cut and style the ceramics in a variety of manners. The styles of complete ceramics recovered from archaeological sites can be dates and affiliated with cultural groups (Levine 1999). In the northeast, ceramics appear at the end of the transitional and the beginning of the Early

Woodland. These pots would have been simple and bag like in their constructions utilizing coarse quartzite or steatite as temper. This collection contains very small fragments of a variety of Woodland pottery. Many of which are not able to be categorized aside from textured decorations or non-textured decoration. There are five hundred thirty six fragments of prehistoric pottery scattered throughout the contextual strata of each unit.

Photo 6: Smooth Bodied (MBS), Corded (BSS), Corded (MBS), Smooth Bodied (BSS), Unknown (MBS), Wickham Punctate (MYBS), Incised (MBS), Child’s Pot Incised (MYBS).

Table 11: Percent of Ceramic Type by Stratum Brown Sandy Sod (BSS) 22.9% of Ceramics Corded 36.6% Smooth Bodied 21.1% Unknown 27.6% Less than 15% is Incised, Jacks Reef Corded, Cord-Wrapped Stick Medium Brown Sand (MBS) 57.8% of Ceramics Corded 29.2% Smooth Bodied 26% Unknown 29.9% Less than 15% is Incised or Jacks Reef Corded Medium Yellow Brown Sand (MYBS) 19.1% of Ceramics Corded 35.9% Smooth Bodied 23.3% Unknown 17.5% Jacks Reef Corded 12.6% Less than 11% Incised, Leaf Wrapped, Wickham Punctate, Steatite, Bowman’s Brook Incised, Owasco Corded

Table 12: Prehistoric Pottery Found by Stratum

BSS MBS MYBS YS Total

Incised 9 18 5 32

Bowman's 1 1 Brook Incised

Wickham 1 1 2 Punctate

Owasco Corded 1 1

Cord Wrapped 1 1 Stick

Corded 45 91 37 173

Jacks Reef 8 28 14 50 Corded Leaf Wrapped 1 1

Smooth Bodied 26 81 24 131

Unknown 34 93 18 145

Steatite 1 1

Total 123 311 103 1 538

Bowman’s Brook Incised (2950 - 3350 B.P.): These vessels have shallow, broad, incised lines.

They can frequently exhibit, right angled lines, zig zags, herringbones on the smoothed exterior of the vessel. They are usually shaped like a paper wasp nest with straight or marginal in-sloping of the rim (Kraft 1975). The sherds from this vessel are red-yellow or orange. One pot sherd was recovered in the deeper MYBS stratum at 62cm.

Corded/Cord wrapped: There are one hundred and seventy three (32.2%) sections of cord wrapped pottery found within the four units. These are portions of the body or the rim that cannot be identified or categorized in a specific type set of pottery but have clear indentations from woven cordage on the fragments.

Incised: Seen later in the woodland period (Richie 1952) thirty two (6%) incised pottery fragments were located. Nine found within the BSS, eighteen from the MBS, and five from within the MYBS.

Jack's Reef Corded (1350-1150 B.P.): The entire body of this ceramic is wrapped in a network of cordage (Rieth 2013). Approximately ⅓ of a complete ceramic vessel was recovered from the site. Eight fragments were found in BSS, twenty-eight were recovered in MBS and fourteen were recovered in MYBS (a total of 9.3%).

Leaf Wrapped Corded: One (0.2%) of the many decorative patterns found on aboriginal ceramics is a leaf wrapped stick. One leaf wrapped fragment was recovered from the MYBS stratum.

Owasco Corded Collar (1700-550 B.P.): This is a cord-maleated vessel with smooth neck and a low collar with a cord impressed design with multiple horizontal/vertical banding, or oblique cord impressed lines. Occasionally punctuates can occur under low castellations. Shallow cord impressions can transect the lower edge of a collar. Vessel bodies are globular or elongated and always networked with cord marks (Hart 2011; Hart and Brumbach 2003; Schulenberg 2002).

One sherd (0.2%) was recovered deep in the MYBS stratum at 73 cm.

Smooth Bodied Ceramics: These are ceramic fragments with no One-hundred-thirty-one (24.3%) fragments of smooth bodied ceramics were found. Twenty-four from BSS eighty-one from the

MBS and twenty-six from MYBS.

Steatite: (3600-2600 B.P.) Used infrequently prior to the introduction Vinette I ceramics, steatite, or soapstone, is an easily shaped mineral that was utilized to craft large vessels. These vessels are affiliated with the Orient, Susquehanna Broad and Frost Island archaeological cultures (Levine,

Sassaman, and Nassaney 1999). One (0.2%) small fragment was recovered from the MYBS.

Unknown: An unfortunate effect of taphonomic processes is that aboriginal ceramics are highly susceptible to destructive forces and easily decompose in the archaeological record.

Additionally, ceramics are often similar in appearance to the surrounding soils and can be mistaken as such. This can lead to the ceramics being damaged during excavation. There were one hundred forty five (27%) unknown pottery fragments in the collection. Thirty-four found in

BSS, ninety-three in MBS and eighteen in MYBS.

Wickham Punctate (1350-1050 B.P.): Two fragments (0.4%) of this pottery found, one each, in the MYBS and the YS. Wickham Punctate is a cord wrapped ceramic with a three dot pattern in the pattern of a face or effigy (Richie and MacNeish 1949).

Discussion/Conclusions

Phases Present

The occupation on this site is expansive and ranges (9,500 B.P. - Contact). Projectile points offer the best means for dating the site and recording the various phases. There is continual but likely not a constant occupation of the site; however, there are projectile points from each period and phase within each period. There are points from the Early, Middle and late Archaic; Transitional

53 and Early, Middle and Late Woodland. Within the collection there are a handful of small flaked glass debitage fragments that would indicate occupation at contact as well. This indicates the significance of this sites location over a long period of time (Grument 2009).

The phases present on the site are: Early Archaic Phase I (9450-8950 B.P.), Vergennes

Phase (5950-4950 B.P.), Vosburg Phase (4950-4450 B.P.), Sylvan Lake/Lamoka Phase (4450-

3850 B.P.), River Phase (3850-3650B.P.), Snook Kill Phase (3650-3450 B.P.), Orient Phase

(3050-2700 B.P.), Meadowood (2950-2450 B.P.), Rossville (2550-2150 B.P.), Fox Creek (1600-

1450 B.P.), and Levana (850-650 B.P.).

Gaps in Evidence

No C-14 samples were taken on the Perry Site so more specific dating could not be achieved, neither were flotations samples taken. Additionally, the fragments of ceramics do not offer enough of a surface to acquire a sample for residue analysis. Overall the contexts were preserved in their original state.

The older artifacts were found in the MYBS stratum and the most recent were found within the upper portion of the MBS and the BSS. There is some movement of artifacts through these layers of the soil due to bioturbation and varying hydrology of the sandy terrace over time.

Additionally, there would have been millennia of tree growth and removal by the indigenous people. Tree roots and earthworms are some of the taphonomic forces that could alter the location of artifacts by several centimeters. The only disturbances, and not all units exhibited these disturbances, were historic refuse pits that had intruded into prehistoric contexts, as well as a large amount of soil movement near the Perry House as a result of a foundation construction in the mid-19th century.

Bone was recovered and saved within the respective contexts. These were present in both historic and prehistoric proveniences. The large sieve size may have allowed for a loss of some material. Additionally, the soils in the Hudson Valley do not foster good preservation for bone.

However, this is not a zooarchaeological study and the osteological material is being analyzed separately. Post holes were noted but not measured or sampled by the excavators. Fire cracked rock was also noted in each unit but not recorded. Unfortunately, the excavators’ bias in these regards provides gaps in site information.

Evidence for Activities Over Time

Defining the use of a site is key to any archaeological site study. However, in the prehistoric setting of New York State, understanding the functional uses of any site in a Hunter-

Gatherer setting can be difficult due to the mobile nature of much the Archaic period of the region. Discussion of functional use should start with the two following principles in mind: “(1) distinguishing between different kinds of residential sites, including different seasonal residences; and (2) identifying special purpose or activity sites in distinction to residential sites.

(Curtin, Nelson, and Schreyer 2008:44)

The lithic evidence points to a permanent large settlement in the later contexts and a large seasonal camp used as a possible extraction point or for hunting, lithic acquisition, fishing and trade in earlier contexts. Correlating this information with the possible gender related activities may lend credence to this notion. Presence of both lithic material and pottery hints to a larger group size with a multitude of activities being performed on the site. The artefactual evidence that was found shows a consistent return to the site through the temporal spaces by the occupants of the Hudson valley. No culture is static—dynamic change through the different populations of

55 this site would have involved a multi layered and complex history. This history may have changed with the inclusion of new trading, resource prevalence, and climate (Richie and Funk

1973).

The nature of the site is clear in the activity of resource collection. This large residence may have been associated with different functional uses. Funk (1993) notes that depending on the resource available in a particular setting many intergrades could exist within a site. The

Archaic sites of New York and most of the Northeast rarely appear to have been a year round camp. Sites were probably occupied for a few months at a time. As seasonality played a major role in resource acquisition in the life of the Archaic population so did access to water for

Woodland populations (Moeller 1992). Though not analyzed in this paper a multitude of faunal remains were recovered including: white tail deer, various turtles, sturgeon, turkey and waterfowl.

The pottery associated with the post Archaic setting shows a prevalent return and permanent settlement of the site. The region provides a resource rich environment and a convenient placement for access to lithic quarries and food. From the Early Archaic to the Late

Woodland the area around the Perry Site would have been rich with wetlands and river flora and fauna. The proximity to abundant local cherts and access to a network of waterways places the site in the prime location for trade, commerce, and movement of people and resources.

During the Transitional and Woodland periods this site would have offered people who would have been seasonally utilizing the rich resources of the site to be able to occupy the area for longer periods of time. Manos, pestles, scrapers and grinding stones recovered from the later contexts as well as abundant aboriginal ceramics and post holes indicate that entire family groups were present at one time (Stewart 1977). This would indicate that the site was not a small

56 hunting camp with a primarily male occupancy.

This is true even in the earlier Archaic Periods of occupation. A nutting stone and some pestles were recovered very far into the lower MYBS into the YS stratum. Plant processing tools along with a multitude of other tools (drills, scrapers, gravers etc.) in the lower contexts suggest that this site has been occupied by entire family groups as well. This location would have acted as a base camp in Archaic occupations to nearby quarry sites, fishing locations, and plant extraction points.

Population

Of the three stratum layers MBS contains the highest concentration of prehistoric material. This is an indicator of the increase in social complexity, population and localized activity from the earlier MYBS stratum. The debitage and lithic source material show that the people residing at the Perry House Site were primarily focused on a localized economy.

Almost all of the lithics found on site are made from local lithic sources. Most contain tertiary decortication flakes. This is not a specialized work camp for lithic acquisition, rather a place in which many people finalized tools like projectile points and knives, or retouched tools like scrapers and drills. Within each stratum 90% of all lithic tools were made from locally acquired chert sources. 10% of the tools were of foreign material, such as Epler/ Harmonyvale or

Jasper. However, only 1% of the debitage was of foreign material. This suggests that the foreign lithics were arriving as reduced cores or already made tools and were occasionally “touched up” as needed. As time progressed the value of Indian River Chert decreased by 10-15% and both the

Onondaga Cherts increased in usage by 10-15%, which is mirrored with the debitage found on site and the lithic tools found on site. There is a 13% increase in Esopus Chert artifacts in the

BSS from the MYBS. This indicates a growth in value on these cherts types. There could be a variety of reasons for this including preference of the slightly closer Esopus and the higher crystalline Esopus. Indian River is found across the Hudson (about a mile away) and is more similar to shale, rather than the buttery glassy Esopus, in its crystalline structure. Mount Merino makes up 14-19% of the debitage in all stratum and between 29-35% of the tools depending on the stratum but is slightly more common in the older MYBS stratum.

There is also a disparage between the percentage of lithic artifacts found on site and the quantity of debitage per lithic type. The majority of lithic tools are made from Esopus and Mount

Merino cherts; however, the percentage of debitage does not match that of the artifacts recovered. This is likely due to the majority of these artifacts being transported, used, traded and lost off the site. Lithics would have been acquired at the local quarry transported to the Perry Site for final reductions and tool manufacturing, then traded for other items such as

Epler/Harmonyvale or Jasper. This could explain why there are 10% more foreign artifacts than foreign debitage. Additionally, around 50% of the debitage was Esopus Chert through the three stratum (MYBS 46% MBS 55% BSS 49%) but only 13-26% of the tools were made from

Esopus. There is a notable 13% increase in Esopus Chert tools in the later BSS stratum from previous stratum.

Ceramic vessels and the cultures that were affiliated with them are another means of establishing the identity of the people who resided at the Perry House Site. Steatite (ca 3600-

2600 B.P.) which is a mineral not found in the vicinity of the site had to have been traded in from a distance. Like the Jaspers found the soapstone vessels would have been traded from

Pennsylvania from the Delaware people along the Delaware River and the Susquehanna River to

58 the Wallkill River and Rondout Creek. Wickham Punctate (1350-1050 B.P.) and Jack's Reef

Corded (1350-1150 B.P.) are also affiliated with the Delaware people.

Bowmans Brook Incised (2950 - 3350 B.P.) is more affiliated with coastal or marine cultures in

New York which is close to the Perry Site. Owasco Corded Collar (1700-550 B.P.) is seen with both the early Iroquois and Algonquian cultures around the Perry Site and is strongly affiliated with maize, and squash agriculture. Though the Iroquois were not present as far south as the

Perry Site, this connection from up the Hudson River further reinforces that this site was well connected through a multitude of trade routes. In addition to a variety of datable ceramics a small fragment of children’s pot was recovered. This curved rim fragment has a smooth body with rough jagged incised decorations similar to that of a child's drawing. Though only known to be from the Woodland Period in general, the presence of children on the Perry Site would indicate the importance of this location as a nucleation point for entire family groups and Woodland villages.

Conclusion

Of the four units that were excavated on the Roscoe Perry House Site, 472 lithic tools,

12,505 pieces of debitage, and 536 potsherds were recovered from deeply stratified and preserved contexts. The prehistoric material found paints the picture of a very large multicomponent multiphase site that has been occupied consistently for about 9,000 years. This site in its earlier occupations would have been a well-connected seasonal base camp where people would have had easy access to a variety of lithics, marine resources and plant material.

The diversity of high quality lithics and local fisheries could have provided earlier occupants with tradable goods in which to build up a social network over the millennia. As the population

59 grew, the people became more socially constricted, and the cultures became stratified an increase in trade, agriculture and sedentation occurred (Funk 1976; Hart, Thompson and Brumbach

2003). This is marked by the increase in traded ceramics (or methods of making ceramics) and steatite that originated from surrounding cultural groups. The increase in the volume of lithics found on the site also hints to longer occupations by more people.

This analysis focused specifically on lithic material sources, what stratum they were found in, and the amount of tools made from these lithics. The Hendrickson Site next door collaborates with the conclusions derived in this paper. However, the methodology regarding the lithics differed. A mass analysis of the 41,739 flakes and sorting them and the artifacts according to chert color and size was the extent of the lithic analysis. This paper placed an emphasis on the lithic source and the proximity to the site in order to illustrate how the site was being used and if over time there was change. Minor changes in lithic sources did occur between the Archaic and

Woodland Periods. Though, local cherts remained a dominate factor on the Perry Site, how they were used changed. There wasn't a marked increase in exotic cherts, rather a change in preference of local cherts. There was an increase use of Esopus chert, Western Onondaga,

Eastern Onondaga and a decreased emphasis on the Indian River Chert.

In the future, an increased emphasis on the chert in the region, as in locating and mapping distances and GPS coordinates of outcrops, and comparing them to other local collection can provide insight on the role of the Perry House Site played in the local economy.

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Appendix A: Stone Tool Artifacts Unit Bag Depth cm Stratum Function Artifact # Material Weight g Comments Length mm Base width mm Top Width mm Thickness mm 1 1A 19 BSS Levanna 7 Eastern Onondaga 1.5 18.16 22.53 5.85 5.18 1 1A 12 BSS Levanna 26 Esopus 1.5 18.14 20.2 4.04 4.94 1 1A 10 BSS Levanna 10 Western Onondaga 2.8 Missing Tip and base 15.88 24.25 na 5.67 1 1A 29 BSS Biface 18 Mount Merino 6.4 missing half 43.2 1 1A 8 BSS Knife 21 Mount Merino 3.4 Broken Blade Tip 22.09 20.01 7.84 7.56 1 1A 10 BSS Utilized Flake 24 Mount Merino 17.6 Secondary decortication 55.99 30.1 10.03 12.96 1 1A 8 BSS Utilized Flake 14 Indian River 27 1 1A 3 BSS Utilized Flake 8 Mount Merino 8.7 Tertiary Flake 33.98 38.31 22.53 7.42 1 1A 16 BSS Utilized Flake 4 western Onondaga 7.4 Secondary Flake 38.3 18 5.83 8.97 1 1A 17 BSS Utilized Flake 13 Mount Merino 7.5 Secondary Flake 44.38 25.67 6.08 1 1A 8 BSS Core 3 Esopus 36.7 Some cortex, Primary Flake 43 53.86 37.32 16.49 1 1A 13 BSS Utilized Flake 6 Eastern Onondaga 4 Tertiary Flake 27.79 22.38 13.08 6.02 1 1A 23 BSS Utilized Flake 5 Eastern Onondaga 10.7 Secondary Flake 34.29 25.54 12.54 1 1A 17 BSS Biface 17 Mount Merino 4.7 Broken Tip 31.02 21.68 4.98 6.1 1 1A 22 BSS Utilized Flake 11 Mount Merino 9.9 Secondary Flake with Bifacial48.51 Blade Refining22.08 5.08 8.64 1 1A 17 BSS Utilized Flake 9 Indian River 9.6 Secondary Flake 28.09 30.71 7.97 1 1A 8 BSS Utilized Flake 12 Esopus 2.5 Tertiary Flake 25.2 23.24 4.34 1 1A 29 BSS Knife 20 Esopus 3.3 Blade or Projectile Point 23.83 23.95 4.01 5.86 1 1A 3 BSS Projectile Point 25 Mount Merino 3.6 Brewerton Eard? 33.79 18.13 4.85 5.54 1 1A 18 BSS Projectile Point 16 Mount Merino 1.7 Broken not known 21.63 12.99 6.66 1 1A 3 BSS Utilized Flake 19 Mount Merino 8.9 Tertiary Flake 44.6 30.28 12.84 7.13/2.47 1 1A 30 BSS Scraper 23 Mount Merino 3.2 18.1 21.85 10.28 5.37 1 1A 21 BSS Utilized Flake 15 Mount Merino 4.1 Secondary Flake 30.37 19.84 12.68 4.47 1 1A 21 BSS Utilized Flake 927 Western Onondaga 6.1 Tertiary Flake 42.15 1 1A 17 BSS Utilized Flake 2 Indian River 3.6 Tertiary Flake 24.27 32.75 4.21 4.48 1 2A 37 MBS Projectile Point 53 Brown Jasper 4.4 Levanna Point 24.32 24.3 6.34 7.36 1 2A 37 MBS Projectile Point 47 Eastern Onondaga 2.1 Levanna Point 7.68 31.74 7.66 1 2A 39 MBS Biface 48 Esopus 11.2 Broken 35.92 1 2A 43 MBS Scraper 52 Argillite 57 Bifacially worked sandstone78.06 23.15 43.33 14.31 1 2A 41 MBS Levanna 57 Esopus 4.6 Broken projectile point 15.84 36.64 6.75 1 2A 37 MBS Knife 55 Mount Merino 12.5 Broken Knife 35.5 40.64 2.89 9.11 1 2A 42 MBS Scraper 58 Western Onondaga 2.7 21.57 5.28 1 2A 34 MBS Otter Creek 54 Western Onondaga 3.1 Broken Biface 27.31 16.49 4.29 7.14 1 2A 39 MBS Brewerton 43 Eastern Onondaga 1.1 Projectile point tip 18.01 15.07 3.44 3.75 1 2A 39 MBS Utilized Flake 49 Mount Merino 3.7 Long broken chunk and 3 33.31utilized sides secondary flake 7.89 1 2A 39 MBS Biface 44 Esopus 2.7 Quarter of a broken Biface21.35 8.12 1 2A 38 MBS Utilized Flake 51 Mount Merino 20.1 Core Reduction early phase/42.08 Secodary Flake 15.69 1 2A 39 MBS Snook Kill 42 Indian River 3 Broken projectile point 20.83 6.38 1 2A 34 MBS Projectile Point 56 Esopus 1.9 Broken tip and base 19.24 6.63 1 2A 42 MBS Strike a light 45 Esopus 2.7 More heavily bifacially Unifacial26.94 19.72 2.04 5.56 1 2A 39 MBS Utilized flake 49 Mount Merino 3.7 Unifacially Unifacial 15.62 33.14 10.96 7.75 1 2A 38 MBS Scraper 46 Thermally Altered Jasper 3.1 Bifacially worked/ Conical23.06 shape core/reduced14.338 and completely1.04 used because9.94 of rare material, Thermally altered 1 2A 42 MBS Scraper 58 Western Onondaga 2.8 Unifacially worked flake 21.92 14.9 20.65 5.06/2.25 1 2B 48 MBS Pestle 102 Silicified Sandstone 272.1 pitted and worn 113 37.47 1 2B 45 MBS Green Point/Orient Fishtail101 Indian River 6.7 Broken tip 31 14.98 22.54 7.37 1 2B 42 MBS Utilized FLake 96 Eastern Onondaga 5.7 Utilized on one side 35.27 7.45 1 2B 47 MBS Utilized Flake 108 Indian River 5 bifacially worked 29.83 9.66 1 2B 47 MBS Utilized Flake 97 Esopus 6.9 Utilized on two sides 31.81 12.97 1 2B 42 MBS Fox Creek 105 Western Onondaga 5.5 35.95 17.98 2.72 6.22 1 2B 46 MBS Biface 100 Esopus 10.8 35.33 39.66 9.32 9.79 1 2B 51 MBS Utilized Flake 98 Mount Merino 4.6 Biface Thinning flake 36.91 4.75 1 2B 51 MBS Otter Creek 106 Mount Merino 14.7 55 31.82 3.6 8 1 2B 48 MBS Knife 103 Argillite 13.7 Broken knife 44.5 38.13 5.77 11.7 1 2B 48 MBS Brewerton Eared 107 Mount Merino 4.3 33.06 21.6 3.47 6.07 1 2B 51 MBS Biface 111 Mount Merino 8.8 28.71 23.23 25.46 9.59 1 2B 51 MBS Scraper 99 Mount Merino 3 worked flake with use wear26.53 Biface thinning flake9.32 25.12 4.88 1 2B 46 MBS Biface 109 Mount Merino 20.5 broken irregular biface 48.45 7.91 1 2B 48 MBS Biface 95 Esopus 31.6 Irregular broken biface 38.16 43.18 12.75 1 2B 49 MBS Utilized flake 110 Indian River 8.6 core/ multiple bulb flake 31.47 24.76 8.88 1 2B 44 MBS Biface 104 Mount Merino 14.1 Possible broken biface 30.74 18.46 11.89 1 2C 58 MBS Scraper 1000 Eastern Onondaga 7.7 30.01 1 2C 58 MBS Projectile Point 189 Eastern Onondaga 1.2 Base only 1 2C 54.5 MBS Knife 183 Mount Merino 53.5 Broken Base 11.47 18.55 1 2C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 175 Thermally Altered Jasper 3.8 Tertiary 29.66 1 2C 53 MBS Utilized Flake 177 Western Onondaga 3.8 Tertiary 31.08 1 2C 52 MBS Utilized Flake 181 Esopus 10.6 Tertiary 32.2 1 2C 55 MBS Chopper 180 Mount Merino 92.1 Blockey 69.52 23.21 1 2C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 187 Indian River 17.7 Blockey 50.64 1 2C 50 MBS Projectile Point 182 Mount Merino 4.4 Base, Reworked to be a scrapper 1 2C 54 MBS Knife 184 Indian River 34.6 hafted, oblong, 54.6 34.57 33.7 8.12 1 2C 52 MBS Utilized Flake 179 Red Jasper 8.1 Tertiary 1 2C 59 MBS Utilized Flake 174 Eastern Onondaga 4.4 Tertiary 21.05 1 2C 55 MBS Biface 190 Mount Merino 11.5 top half 10.29 10.67 1 2C 56 MBS Projectile Point 176 Western Onondaga 2.2 Broken tip and part of base 1 2C 53 MBS Projectile Point 185 Mount Merino 8 Broken Tip 39.48 14.37 7.11 1 3A 60 MYBS Hammerstone 216 Quartz Cobble 945.4 pitting and use wear all around the cobble 1 3A 62 MYBS Utilized flake 226 Esopus 7.8 use wear on one side/ Biface33.54 thinning flake29.32 4.52 1 3A 65 MYBS Hammerstone 219 Quartz Cobble 237.7 pitting and use wear all around70.05 the cobble 44 1 3A 60 MYBS Graver 218 Silicified Sandstone 110.5 ground to an edge on one104.29 side 23 69

1 3A 57 MYBS Projectile point 227 Esopus 6.5 front of the point in worked36.18 as a scaper or 11.55knife 26.05 6.75 1 3A 57 MYBS Utilized Flake 225 Mount Merino 12.5 34.62 36.35 62.53 5.15 1 3A 59 MYBS Biface 233 Mount Merino 10.3 rectangular knife or scaper36.17 25.04 21.8 10.55 1 3A 65 MYBS Biface 230 Indian River 10.2 Flake Worked Bifacially 46.87 20.8 23.09 8.37 1 3A 58 MYBS Biface 223 Mount Merino 4.1 tip 35.79 23.69 4.12 4.45 1 3A 64 MYBS Utilized Flake 228 Mount Merino 15.1 Blocky 43.447 1 3A 54 MYBS Utilized Flake 224 Indian River 8.3 use wear on three sides/ Biface28.78 thinning flake25 50.22 7.27 1 3A 62 MYBS Utilized Flake 222 Eastern Onondaga 8 35.49 20.49 11.41 7.12 1 3A 58 MYBS Knife 221 Indian River 11.7 Bifacially worked broken in41.23 two places 33.48 7.17 6.95 1 3A 62 MYBS Chopper 220 Indian River 109.8 63.71 32.23 68.58 21.14 1 3A 59 MYBS Lamoka 231 Eastern Onondaga 3.1 Broken Tip 10.22 5.76 1 3A 59 MYBS Utilized Flake 928 Eastern Onondaga 3.7 Secondary 1 3A 59 MYBS Utilized FLake 929 Eastern Onondaga 1.6 Tertiary 1 3A 62 MYBS Utilized Flake 229 Mount Merino 26.5 Unifacial 70.96 10 1 3B 76 MYBS Scraper 257 Mount Merino 3.4 27.24 16.94 13 6.27 1 3B 72 MYBS Utilized flake 262 Mount Merino 1.8 feathering on one side, nibbling19.82 on another 4.5 4 3B 78 MYBS Orient Fishtail 260 Western Onondaga 6 44.63 16.68 7.42 6.07 1 3B 66 MYBS Utilized Flake 261 Mount Merino 11.4 38.02 9.33 1 3B 72 MYBS Utilized Flake 258 Indian River 14.7 used on one side/biface thining52.96 flake 6.41 1 3B 74 MYBS Utilized Flake 259 Eppler/Harmoneyville 3.4 Bulb Present, core reduction31.07 flake 4.68 1 3B 68 MYBS Utilized flake 263 Mount Merino 36.9 blocky flake with use wear on one side 74.51 13.85 1 3C 81 MYBS Utilized Flake 278 Mount Merino 16.3 Bifacially worked 38 6.59 1 3C 90 MYBS Drill 280 Esopus 1.2 Broken Drill 19.24 16.23 6.04 5.24 1 3C 81 MYBS Utilized Flake 277 Mount Merino 7.8 Uniface 40.78 10.37 1 3C 81 MYBS Graver 279 Silicified Sandstone 121.9 rounded and rough on one68.81 side 25.96 1 3C 81 MYBS Utilized Flake 277 Mount Merino 7.8 Unifacially worked 40.32 1 3C 79 MYBS Utilized Flake 281 Esopus 5.7 Broken 1 3C 59 MYBS Bare Island 231 Eastern Onondaga 3.1 10.95 5.51 1 3C 70 MYBS Utilized Flake 1001 Indian River 4.3 1 3C 70 MYBS Utilized Flake 930 Western Onondaga 1.5 1 3C 70 MYBS Projectile Point 931 Western Onondaga 0.2 Just the Tip 1 3C 78 MYBS Projectile Point 282 Esopus 1 Bare Island 1 4A 102 YS Nutting Stone 284 Quartz Cobble 723 Pitted in the center on each side 2 5A 10 BSS Knife 286 Esopus 11.9 Broken in half, tip present42.06 31.71 3.57 7.16 2 5A 11 BSS Hammerstone 285 Quartz Coble 248.7 Central pit from nutting, other79.53 side is heavily66.8 pitted from hammer use 37.59 2 5A 20 BSS Utilized Flake 292 Esopus 5.8 Squar, utilized on 3 0f 4 sides27.88 27.43 6.44 2 5A 38 BSS Knife 288 Mount Merino 5.8 Knife center tip and base 29.24missing 25.78 12.23 9.65 2 5A 30 BSS Knife 293 Eastern Onondaga 6.1 Made from poor quality chert,31.85 missing the 27.87base, cortex as 7.65the tip 6.71 2 5A 22 BSS Utilized Flake 291 Mount Merino 12.4 43.5 32.39 11.58 9.55 2 5A 31 BSS Knife 294 Esopus 12.2 Knife tip 41.95 28.67 5.27 12.66 2 5A 26 BSS Levanna 290 Eastern Onondaga 1.2 18.22 19.59 1.26 5.22 2 5A 36 BSS Knife 289 Esopus 10.2 33.53 32.37 6.32 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 931 Esopus 13.3 42 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 932 Mount Merino 5.2 39.51 5.1 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 933 Gray Quartzite 12.7 41.42 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 934 Esopus 6.5 39.3 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 935 Mount Merino 8.1 40 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 936 Mount Merino 3.9 Heat Treated 42.41 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 937 Esopus 7.8 52.5 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 938 Eastern Onondaga 13.3 40.445 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 939 Esopus 10.2 36.26 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 940 Eastern Onondaga 10.9 One still has cortex, the other27.77 is much thicker 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 941 Eastern Onondaga 2.7 24 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 942 Esopus 3.8 41 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 943 Esopus 2.7 33 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 944 Esopus 3.8 28.79 2 5A 36 BSS Utilized Flake 945 Mount Merino 2.7 18 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 946 Mount Merino 4.7 37.23 2 6 36 MBS Projectile Point 947 Esopus 1.4 tippy tip 1.4 18.38 5.05 2 6 36 MBS Biface 948 Esopus 13.4 slightly worked utilized flake44.54 10.99 2 6 36 MBS Biface 949 Eppler/Harmoneyville 26.8 Biface Blocky used flake 50.12 15.67 2 6 36 MBS Biface 950 Mount Merino 12 Two platforms in eather end37.1 8.94 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 951 Mount Merino 5.1 blocky 23.43 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 952 Mount Merino 13.2 44.38 8.18 2 6 36 MBS Biface 953 Esopus 3 28.09 4.98 2 6 36 MBS Biface 954 Indian River 5.5 Scraper 34.19 7.94 2 6 36 MBS Biface 955 Mount Merino 2.7 Base 27.6 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 956 Eastern Onondaga 5.7 Quartz shine all over it 29.9 10.37 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 957 Indian River 21.9 41.48 10 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 958 Mount Merino 5.3 37.94 2.73 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 959 Mount Merino 10.9 46.35 2 6 36 MBS Utilized Flake 960 Mount Merino 4.9 27.64 2 6 50 MBS Levanna 325 Eastern Onondaga 6.8 broken tang 33.85 30.23 3.42 7.26 2 6 48 MBS Drill 324 Mount Merino 4.5 44.36 10.54 2.97 6.03 2 6 57 MBS Biface 316 Brown Jasper 3.4 Missing base 39.14 28.47 2.93 4.11 2 6 49 MBS Brewerton Eared Notched323 Mount Merino 4.4 tip missing 31.82 19.71 4.12 6.35 2 6 49 MBS Utilized Flake 961 Esopus 119.9 blocky 29 2 6 49 MBS Utilized Flake 962 Indian River 26.6 blocky 38.62 2 6 49 MBS Utilized Flake 963 Mount Merino 58.4 blocky quartz shine 56.03 2 6 49 MBS Utilized Flake 964 Esopus 25.1 blocky 37.07

2 6 49 MBS Utilized Flake 965 Mount Merino 25.7 blocky 54.41 2 6 50 MBS Knife 322 Mount Merino 27.6 Heat Treated 55.18 30.52 6.58 17.08 2 6 59 MBS Graver 317 Esopus 5.7 34.85 7.79 2 6 51 MBS Scraper 327 Brown Jasper 3.2 27.14 19.75 22.4 4.42 2 6 53 MBS Knife 318 Indian River 20.9 60.57 7.02 2 6 56 MBS Utilized Flake 326 Esopus 17.9 46.75 13 2 6 56 MBS Utilized Flake 967 Indian River 2.6 37.38 2 6 56 MBS Scraper 968 Mount Merino 6.1 29.21 2 6 56 MBS Utilized Flake 969 Esopus 1.5 25.4 2 6 57 MBS Projectile Point 314 Western Onondaga 0.8 2 6 51 MBS Biface 321 Oriskany 2.5 18.43 7.83 2 6 56 MBS Knife 319 Mount Merino 30 58.97 38.69 7.06 13.12 2 6 54 MBS Utilized Flake 315 Mount Merino 29 46.23 8.17 2 6 70 MYBS Chopper 363 Mount Merino 83 67.41 55.69 19.74 2 6 63 MYBS Utilized Core 358 Indian River 47.5 Biface with cortical 42.28 54.28 19.43 12.41 2 6 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 360 Mount Merino 18.4 56.97 2 6 67 MYBS Hammerstone 365 Quartz Cobble 310.6 92.27 2 6 67 MYBS Biface 364 White Quartzite 14.5 Midsection of a biface 20.47 44.68 12.53 2 6 54 MYBS Hammerstone 367 Quartz Cobble 399.9 83.47 2 6 49 MYBS Brewerton Eared Notched366 Esopus 5.4 39.56 15.3 4.39 6.29 2 6 66 MYBS Projectile Point 362 Esopus 10.1 43.78 17.95 3.74 10.554 2 6 67 MYBS Charleston Cornered Notched357 Mount Merino 6.6 Base 29.92 43.33 4.46 2 6 58 MYBS Otter Creek 359 Esopus 13.8 missing tang and tip 49.18 28.86 8.25 2 6 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 970 Mount Merino 4.1 27.23 2 6 49 MYBS Biface 361 Indian River 7.2 Midsection 18.83 34.58 8.66 2 8B 87 MYBS Utilized Flake 391 Mount Merino 28.7 Quartzite with cortex, Side55.34 scraper 2 8B 68 MYBS Biface 388 Esopus 3.6 Tip 24.24 24.62 2.79 4.95 2 8B 72 MYBS Scraper 386 Mount Merino 1.5 13.18 18.6 3.75 2 8B 79 MYBS Utilized Flake 389 Indian River 29.5 75.67 10.49 2 8B 73 MYBS Meadowood 392 Esopus 13 missing tip 63.25 19.33 23.89 5.87 2 8B 83 MYBS Vosburg 393 Mount Merino 8.3 Missing tang 46.78 4.45 5.45 2 8B 87 MYBS Scraper 394 Eastern Onondaga 6.7 28.09 12.01 26.16 7.85 2 8B 69 MYBS Biface 923 Indian River 27.8 Missing Base 40.53 12.59 10.7 2 8B 78 MYBS Abrading Stone 387 Silicified Sandstone 160.3 104.71 31.15 24.88 3 9A 5 BSS Projectile Point 410 Esopus 13.3 Missing Tang 43.35 3.03 10.43 3 9A 8 BSS Utilized Flake 413 Argillite 8.8 39.6 3 9A 5 BSS Utilized Flake 407 Indian River 16 Used on either of the long ends59.8 20.6 10.37 3 9A 3 BSS Scraper 404 Esopus 6.8 Missing Half 24.08 7.75 3 9A 4 BSS Projectile Point 405 Esopus 4.2 Both tangs missing 34.59 4.01 5.42 3 9A 5 BSS Scraper 411 Eastern Onondaga 4.5 25.19 13.97 24.41 7.05 3 9A 5 BSS Drill 408 Esopus 2.5 missing base 27.71 8.35 3 9A 5 BSS Biface 409 Mount Merino 2.3 Projectile point base 26.06 5.9 3 9A 7 BSS Levanna 403 Eastern Onondaga 3.4 broken tip, preform 28.91 4.98 3 9A 2 BSS Scraper 412 Eastern Onondaga 1.7 Missing both tangs 24.13 2 4.05 3 9A 5 BSS Scraper 406 Western Onondaga 3.6 20.5 8.6 19.81 6.81 3 9B 8 BSS Utilized Flake 424 Esopus 5 Scraper 30.94 8.42 28.15 6.72 3 9B 13 BSS Scraper 423 Esopus 7 Some patina on it, Base/ 27.43side missing 27.52 10.39 3 9B 15 BSS Knife 422 Grey Quartzite 17.3 53.35 25.42 7.73 12.8 3 9B 11 BSS Utilized Flake 971 Esopus 6.3 22 3 9B 11 BSS Utilized Flake 972 Indian River 3.3 28.1 3 9B 11 BSS Utilized Flake 973 Indian River 1.6 23 3 9B 11 BSS Utilized Flake 974 Mount Merino 2.2 25.22 3 9B 9 BSS Netsinker 421 Argillite 41.9 57.41 43.44 29.53 10.03 3 9C 17 BSS Projectile Point 446 Eastern Onondaga 2.9 Tip, Missing Base 23.8 2.67 8.28 3 9C 18 BSS Scraper 445 Eastern Onondaga 15.7 42.23 15.16 25.25 13.06 3 9C 20 BSS Scraper 444 Eastern Onondaga 3.4 cortex visible 28.48 6.72 16.11 6.7 3 9C 20 BSS chopper 442 Silicified Shale 60.9 48.85 51.07 14.87 3 9C 20 BSS Projectile Point 975 Western Onondaga 0.8 missing base 18.42 3 9C 20 BSS Utilized Flake 976 Esopus 1.3 24.15 3 9C 20 BSS Utilized Flake 977 Esopus 1.1 24.51 3 9C 20 BSS Projectile point 441 Esopus 2.2 missing base and tip 2.3 3 9C 28 BSS Biface 443 Eastern Onondaga 5.4 broken base, 1/3 cortex 36.16 6.7 8.99 3 9D 20 BSS Biface 488 Yellow Quartz 133.8 62.36 3 9D BSS Biface 978 Eastern Onondaga 2.2 24.75 3 9D 40 BSS Scraper 487 Eastern Onondaga 5.1 25.41 9.26 19.24 7.93 3 9E 28 BSS utilized flake 504 Eppler/Harmoneyville 3.4 Broken in half 23.8 3 9E 33 BSS Hammerstone 509 Quartz Cobble 52.2 43.16 3 9E 25 BSS utilized flake 506 Eastern Onondaga 6.1 thermally altered, some cortex21.02 remaining/ broken in half 3 9E 25 BSS utilized flake 979 Esopus 3.3 22.1 3 9E 25 BSS utilized flake 980 Indian River 2 24.88 3 9E 35 BSS Biface 507 Eastern Onondaga 14.8 re-worked projectile point 39.65or knife 7.29 3 9E 31 BSS utilized flake 501 Mount Merino 10 thick patina on it 53.06 4.37 3 9E 35 BSS projectile point 510 Eppler/Harmoneyville 4.8 angled, reworked and hafted30.43 16.6 4.05 11.7 3 9E 25 BSS Biface 508 Esopus 7.9 broken on two sides 3 9E 35 BSS Levanna 502 Western Onondaga 2.1 21.27 22.53 2.95 6.18 3 9E 34 BSS Biface 505 Mount Merino 3 thermally altered 30.49 4.91 3 9E 34 BSS Hammerstone 981 Quartz Cobble 1 Fragment 3 9E 34 BSS FCR 982 Quartz cobble 10.6 3 11B 38 MYBS Beekman Triangle 461 Eastern Onondaga 2.9 tip missing 30.06 5.46 3 11B 50 MYBS Utilized flake 462 Mount Merino 38.7 Very large flake re-worked as38.6 a tool 77.52

3 11B 22 MYBS Utilized Flake 458 Mount Merino 17.6 Blocky 35.71 3 11B 32 MYBS Utilized Flake 464 Indian River 13.3 48.76 3 11B 52 MYBS Utilized Flake 466 Esopus 5.8 33.17 3 11B 33 MYBS Utilized Flake 460 Mount Merino 2.7 31.05 2.77 3 11B 30 MYBS Utilized Flake 457 Indian River 5.5 34.83 3 11B 35 MYBS Drill 463 Esopus 14.5 31.08 22.02 3.12 7.13 3 11B 57 MYBS Utilized Flake 465 Mount Merino 11.2 42.03 3 11B 57 MYBS Utilized Flake 983 Indian River 5.5 36.7 3 11B 57 MYBS Biface 984 Eastern Onondaga 3.4 Broken in many places 3 11B 57 MYBS Utilized Flake 985 Eastern Onondaga 4.2 29.45 3 11B 30 MYBS Utilized Flake 459 Western Onondaga 7.2 32.75 3 12A 38 MBS knife 551 Western Onondaga 4 tip 21.56 25.26 4.65 8.07 3 12A MBS Levanna 986 Eppler/Harmoneyville 1.7 13.87 22.14 4 5.54 3 12A MBS Scraper 987 Esopus 7.9 24.63 30.33 12.93 9.15 3 12A 34 MBS Projectile Point 552 Esopus 1.7 20.86 18.07 3.27 5.06 3 12A 39 MBS Utilized Flake 553 Mount Merino 6.4 47.18 4.5 3 12B 49 MBS hammerstone 588 Quartz Cobble 201.5 81.35 3 12B 42 MBS Snook Kill 583 Western Onondaga 6.6 base piece missing 37.86 12.31 4.81 7.39 3 12B 51 MBS Lamoka 579 Eastern Onondaga 2.6 Broken in Half 28.67 10.97 3.16 6.97 3 12B 52 MBS Biface 584 Mount Merino 5.3 Thermally Altered 34.46 22.64 3.06 6.08 3 12B 44 MBS Clear Quartz Crystal 593 Clear Quartz 14.5 Geofact 38.32 3 12B 58 MBS Otter Creek 580 Eastern Onondaga 5.1 39.2 20.76 4.53 5.58 3 12B 44 MBS Utilized Flake 585 Mount Merino 23.8 Bifacially worked core with48.94 a patina 3 12B 40 MBS Levanna 590 Eastern Onondaga 3.1 Broken Base 30.99 24.43 1.84 4.14 3 12B 45 MBS Biface 591 Western Onondaga 10.2 Broken in half 46.38 24.13 9.41 12.17 3 12B 50 MBS Chopper 589 Argillite 48.8 69.06 43.8 15.66 13.64 3 12B 45 MBS Utilized Flake 988 Mount Merino 3.1 31.27 3 12B 45 MBS Utilized Flake 989 Mount Merino 4.8 31.93 3 12B 50 MBS Utilized Flake 586 Mount Merino 45.9 66.14 3 12B 38 MBS Utilized Flake 582 Mount Merino 9.7 39.2 3 12B 45 MBS Utilized Flake 592 Argillite 15.2 58.12 3 12B 43 MBS Projectile Point 581 Mount Merino 1.3 tip 3 13A 65 MYBS Knife 660 Indian RIver 18.8 broken tip, platform present64.06 10.84 7.9 3 13A 50 MYBS Lamoka 655 Mount Merino 3.8 pre-form 35.44 14.47 3.52 3.63 3 13A 51 MYBS Utilized Flake 657 Eppler/Harmoneyville 3.6 34.54 3 13A 58 MYBS Snook Kill 649 Esopus 4.1 base only 18.36 17.8 3 13A 62 MYBS Utilized Flake 648 Western Onondaga 12.7 48.38 3 13A 56 MYBS knife 652 Mount Merino 9.3 base missing, thick patina46.67 7.67 5.97 3 13A 46 MYBS Utilized Flake 659 Esopus 2.2 21.75 3 13A 52 MYBS Utilized Flake 653 Eastern Onondaga 4.1 31.22 3 13A 53 MYBS Projectile Point 661 Esopus 1.3 base missing 21.09 4.68 3 13A 53 MYBS Knife 650 Mount Merino 43.7 74.96 32.95 6.07 13.01 3 13A 53 MYBS Utilized Flake 990 Indian River 48.5 56.77 3 13A 53 MYBS Utilized Flake 991 Indian River 20.7 42.06 3 13A 53 MYBS Utilized Flake 992 Mount Merino 2.3 27.92 3 13A 45 MYBS Utilized Flake 647 Indian River 13.2 49.55 3 13A 43 MYBS Lamoka 656 Mount Merino 8.7 patina 51.84 17.24 3.15 6.01 3 13A 50 MYBS Scraper 658 Mount Merino 8.7 33.43 23.32 26.02 6.63 3 13A 48 MYBS Utilized Flake 651 Mount Merino 1.7 3.17 3 13A 60 MYBS Vosburg 654 Esopus 5.1 39.48 19.03 3 4.93 3 13B 89 MYBS Projectile Point 677 Eppler/Harmoneyville 0.9 cortex still present 23.61 3 13B 72 MYBS Knife 681 Indian River 12.8 Tip 34.28 37.41 11.8 8.23 3 13B 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 678 Mount Merino 5.1 32.31 3 13B 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 993 Indian River 48.8 62.63 3 13B 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 994 Indian River 3.6 28.11 3 13B 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 995 Eppler/Harmoneyville 1.4 21.84 3 13B 65 MYBS Utilized Flake 996 Western Onondaga 2 27.57 3 13B 80 MYBS Utilized Core 679 Esopus 119.2 Chopper 69.08 3 13B 76 MYBS Biface 688 Indian River 20 Broken 23.41 46.77 3 13B 73 MYBS Utilized Flake 675 Mount Merino 7.3 31.92 3 13B 61 MYBS Knife 680 Indian River 14.5 Missing tip and base 46.3 26.91 17.55 8.67 3 13B 62 MYBS Biface 676 Indian River 11.9 End scrapper 35.32 3 13C 62 MYBS Utilized Flake 997 Eastern Onondaga 5.6 36.87 3 62 MYBS Utilized Flake 998 Mount Merino 3.8 29.21 3 14 73 DBS Levanna 687 Esopus 4.2 32.47 23.91 3.15 6.67 4 15A 4 BSS Rossville 689 Esopus 3.2 Broken in Half 33.24 5.01 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 999 Mount Merino 4.1 30.51 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1002 Mount Merino 2 23.73 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1003 Mount Merino 0.7 21.02 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1004 Mount Merino 1.8 32.42 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1005 Eastern Onondaga 0.7 19.29 . 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1006 Eastern Onondaga 1.5 15.81 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1007 Eastern Onondaga 0.4 13.35 4 15A 4 BSS Utilized Flake 1008 Western Onondaga 2.6 25.62 4 15A 5 BSS Scraper 691 Eastern Onondaga 2 21.37 17.25 3.97 4 15A 7 BSS Biface 690 Mount Merino 8.7 Broken in Half 41.08 9.16 4 15B 17 BSS Levanna 695 Esopus 2.1 22.15 24.82 5.28 5.33 4 15B 12 BSS Utilized Flake 698 Indian River 32.5 42.72 4 15B 12 BSS Utilized Flake 697 Indian River 8.1 35.15 4 15B 12 BSS Utilized Flake 696 Esopus 3 25.7

4 15B 10 BSS Hammerstone 699 Quartz Cobble 50.2 46.99 4 15C 26 BSS Utilized Flake 706 Indian River 30.9 77.6 4 15C 27 BSS Projectile Point 722 Western Onondaga 2.4 Base 4 15C 28 BSS Biface 718 Esopus 4.2 Broken in half and missing29.58 part of base 4 15C 28 BSS Levanna 707 Esopus 3.5 missing tang 26.77 6.47 6.69 4 15C 20 BSS Scraper 712 Esopus 2.7 29.86 14.62 16.5 4.09 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 709 Mount Merino 7.1 Bifacially worked 24.38 4 15C 26 BSS Projectile Point 720 Esopus 0.9 missing base 19.91 3,20 4.39 4 15C 25 BSS Projectile Point 711 Esopus 0.4 missing base 18.27 3.34 4.38 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1009 Mount Merino 0.6 16.35 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1010 Mount Merino 1.8 27.57 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1011 Mount Merino 3.2 31.03 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1012 Mount Merino 1.2 16.85 4 15C 25 BSS Normanskill 1013 Eastern Onondaga 1.5 15.16 3.89 4 15C 25 BSS Projectile Point 1014 Eastern Onondaga 1.4 Missing Base 5.2 3.39 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1015 Western Onondaga 0.6 20.5 4 15C 25 BSS Utilized Flake 1016 Brown Jasper 3 23.17 4 15C 25 BSS FCR 1017 Cobble 2.5 4 15C 20 BSS Utilized Flake 714 Western Onondaga 7.8 4 15C 19 BSS Utilized Flake 717 Mount Merino 8.1 Secondary flake 48.27 4 15C 32 BSS Utilized Flake 721 Mount Merino 37.6 Chopper 46.36 33.13 32.81 16.73 4 15C 19 BSS Biface 710 Mount Merino 8.3 broken in half 36.35 4 15C 19 BSS Drill 708 Western Onondaga 2.6 jacks reef or brewerton cornered18.69 notch 22.18 5.63 4 15C 29 BSS Levanna 716 Western Onondaga 2 very small missing tip possibly19.32 Beekman Very21.64 western chert 4.53 4 15C 31 BSS Biface 719 Mount Merino 11 only base, missing tip 34.63 32.28 6.71 4 15C 25 BSS Levanna 713 Mount Merino 5.6 tip missing 24.75 34.44 5.86 4 16A 36 MBS Projectile Point 746 Mount Merino 2.8 Thermally Altered, missing24.16 base and tip 20.14 12.52 6.19 4 16A 47 MBS Projectile Point 735 Mount Merino 3.1 Missing Base 30.07 22.1 2.12 6.59 4 16A 35 MBS Knife 745 Esopus 9.7 Missing Base 30.3 37.76 15.56 8.85 4 16A 38 MBS Projectile Point 740 Mount Merino 2.4 Missing Base 20.3 21.41 3.89 5.27 4 16A 47 MBS Levanna 738 Mount Merino 1.9 Missing Tip 12.23 27.22 4 16A 40 MBS Drill 747 Esopus 2.2 Missing Base 22.99 17.31 6.1 7.59 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1018 Esopus 2.2 32.61 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1019 Esopus 1.4 27.91 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1020 Esopus 2.9 22.63 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1021 Esopus 4 30.21 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1022 Esopus 3.7 38.09 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1023 Mount Merino 2 27.11 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1024 Mount Merino 6.1 45.86 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1025 Mount Merino 3.1 29.65 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1026 Eastern Onondaga 2.5 32.29 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1027 Western Onondaga 1 23.82 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1028 Western Onondaga 2.4 24.92 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1029 Eppler/Harmoneyville 0.8 24.55 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1030 Indian River 1.6 23.39 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1031 Indian River 8.9 48.74 4 16A 37 MBS Utilized Flake 1032 Indian River 1.7 28.88 4 16A 42 MBS Projectile Point 737 White Quartzite 0.9 Only tip 3.97 5.21 4 16A 36 MBS Utilized Flake 739 Mount Merino 6.5 47.35 5.91 4 16A 36 MBS Utilized Flake 736 Indian River 25.3 Chopper 41.33 15.59 4 16A 41 MBS Utilized Flake 743 Red Jasper 4.5 Scrapper 31.85 4 16A 38 MBS Biface 733 Eastern Onondaga 7.9 25.52 27.7 10.72 4 16A 39 MBS Projectile Point 734 Eastern Onondaga 3.3 Broken In Half 43.41 8.74 4 16A 38 MBS Biface 742 Esopus 6.3 Missing tip and tang, Levanna22.9 46.35 0.85 4 16A 34 MBS Drill 744 Esopus 1.1 From Levanna 23.5 19.32 2.8 3.95 4 16A 37 MBS Projectile point 741 Esopus 1.7 Jacks reef, missing tang and point 4.63 4 16B 50 MBS Projectile Point 827 Esopus 5.1 tip 32.43 26.83 4.62 6.05 4 16B 51 MBS Knife 826 Mount Merino 11.8 missing tip and base 37.03 40.24 8.2 4 16B 50 MBS Projectile Point 824 Mount Merino 2.7 24.96 23.46 4.6 5.78 4 16B 46 MBS Hammerstone 822 Quartz Cobble 38.8 46.59 4 16B 48 MBS Levanna 825 Western Onondaga 2.5 25.97 23.9 3.58 5.49 4 16B 54 MBS Brewerton Side Notched888 Eastern Onondaga 2.9 29.13 17.58 2.77 6.18 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1033 Esopus 1.4 26.91 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1034 Esopus 5.13 29.51 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1035 Esopus 4.3 31.08 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1036 Esopus 2.3 24.28 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1037 Esopus 0.3 13.81 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1038 Esopus 1.2 26.83 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1039 Esopus 1.1 25.13 4 16B 54 MBS Projectile point 1040 Esopus 0.7 tip 4.7 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1041 Eastern Onondaga 6.1 30.44 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1042 Eastern Onondaga 1.6 28.08 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1043 Eastern Onondaga 1.7 25.32 4 16B 54 MBS Projectile Point 1044 Eastern Onondaga 1.1 tip 5.1 4 16B 54 MBS Projectile Point 1045 Eastern Onondaga 2.7 tip 12.2 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1046 Mount Merino 2.8 23.75 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1047 Mount Merino 1.4 22.42 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1048 Mount Merino 2.3 31.31 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1049 Mount Merino 0.6 17.85 4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1050 Indian River 4.3 30.7

4 16B 54 MBS Utilized Flake 1051 Indian River 5 44.41 4 16C 53 MBS Bare Island 883 Eastern Onondaga 6 tip missing 42.82 9.99 9.07 6.33 4 16C 48 MBS Hammerstone 884 Quartz Cobble 203.2 70.51 4 16C 57 MBS Utilized Flake 876 Indian River 5.3 47.7 4 16C 56 MBS Biface 878 Mount Merino 5.5 broken 33.79 5.95 4 16C 56 MBS Biface 879 Mount Merino 37.77 broken 67.52 13.17 4 16C 52 MBS Biface 886 Mount Merino 18.6 44.71 37.07 6.85 9.53 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 875 Indian River 17.8 52.26 4 16C 65 MBS Utilized Flake 1052 Eastern Onondaga 4.8 32.48 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1053 Eastern Onondaga 4.3 33.02 4 16C 55 MBS Projectile Point 1054 Eastern Onondaga 1.9 Tip 2.41 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1055 Indian River 2.3 35.61 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1056 Indian River 1 29.94 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1057 Esopus 5.7 24.69 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1058 Esopus 1.9 30.16 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1059 Esopus 31.2 66.16 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1060 Esopus 11.5 53.1 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1061 Esopus 1.9 23.82 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1062 Esopus 1 20.93 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1063 Esopus 4 36.21 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1064 Esopus 2 28.26 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1065 Mount Merino 5.8 34.77 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1066 Western Onondaga 2.3 28.13 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1067 Mount Merino 5.7 38.61 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1068 Western Onondaga 1.3 24.98 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1069 Mount Merino 0.6 23 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1070 Mount Merino 1.8 27.42 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1071 Mount Merino 7.1 23.06 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1072 Mount Merino 1.5 33.71 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1073 Mount Merino 1.4 28.36 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1074 Mount Merino 4.9 31.36 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 1075 Mount Merino 4.2 26.03 4 16C 60 MBS Utilized Flake 881 Mount Merino 17.9 worked and utilized on one 58.1end 4 16C 58 MBS Chopper 880 Argillite 63.1 67.14 64.19 13.66 4 16C 55 MBS Utilized Flake 882 Indian River 8.7 47.71 4 16C 53 MBS Biface 874 Mount Merino 10.2 broken in half, tan patina covering25.82 all of it 13.98 47.52 8.94 4 16C 57 MBS Biface 887 Mount Merino 7.8 broken in half 39.53 8.36 4 18A 62 MYBS Knife 912 Indian River 92.3 perfect handhold groves 97.06 40.26 18.3 20.51 4 18A 63 MYBS Biface 907 Mount Merino 5.3 broken base and tip 4 18A 60 MYBS Utilized Flake 905 Mount Merino 9.1 40.13 18A 58 MYBS Hammerstone 904 Quartz Cobble 668.9 99.53 4 18A 64 MYBS Utilized Flake 898 Indian River 32.2 large flake 65.38 54.7 4 18A 60 MYBS Biface 914 Mount Merino 27.6 missing base 4 18A 66 MYBS Scraper 908 Mount Merino 37.1 covered in patina 49.23 4 18A 64 MYBS Biface 913 Western Onondaga 9.7 broken 4 18A 62 MYBS Chopper 906 Mount Merino 90.9 105.65 15.42 10.97 4 18A 64 MYBS Utilized Flake 909 Mount Merino 24.7 90.36 19.29 4.07 7.64 4 18A 64 MYBS Chopper 910 Mount Merino 107.9 97.46 54.57 27.09 16.07 4 18A 63 MYBS Hammerstone 903 Quartz Cobble 174 71 4 18A 64 MYBS Scraper 897 Esopus 22.3 52.92 29.91 12.64 4 18A 60 MYBS Utilized Flake 905 Mount Merino 9.2 35.36 4 18A 63 MYBS Scraper 899 Mount Merino 4.9 34.27 5.7 4 18A 58 MYBS Snook Kill 911 Mount Merino 5.9 38 15.12 3.12 6.32 4 18A 58 MYBS Hammerstone 1076 Quartz Cobble 0.5 Fragment 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1077 Mount Merino 1.6 26.96 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1078 Mount Merino 3.1 24.62 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1079 Mount Merino 1.5 21.81 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1080 Mount Merino 3.1 36.03 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1081 Mount Merino 2.5 34.53 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1082 Mount Merino 6 56.66 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1083 Indian River 7.1 36.86 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1084 Indian River 15.6 53.33 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1085 Indian River 23.6 66.82 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1086 Indian River 21.3 54.85 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1087 Indian River 16.2 35.86 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1088 Indian River 11.9 67.6 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1089 Indian River 4 45.18 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1090 Indian River 4 18A 58 MYBS Utilized Flake 1091 Indian River 4 18A 62 MYBS Scraper 901 Mount Merino 6.6 32.41 17.33 17.1 8.39 4 18A 68 MYBS Utilized Flake 902 Indian River 29 60.56 4 18B 66 MYBS Hammerstone 918 Quartz Cobble 1051 4 18B 69 MYBS Utilized Flake 919 Mount Merino 18.7 78.73 4.44 4 18B 70 MYBS Scraper 917 Mount Merino 63.7 61.68 47.42 16.94 20.09 4 18B 81 MYBS Drill 922 Esopus 4.6 missing tang 32.77 5.3 8.74 4 18B 64 MYBS Knife 900 Mount Merino 21.9 76.98 26.77 11.57 9.02 4 18B 68 MYBS Utilized Flake 921 Indian River 41.1 60.69 4 18B 70 MYBS Biface 920 Indian River 72.7 62.07

Appendix B: Prehistoric Pottery Unit Strata Depth Pottery Type Artifact Number 16C MBS 57 Smooth Body 893 18B MYBS 70 Smooth Body 924 16B MBS 48 Smooth Body 868 16B MBS 48 Smooth Body 869 16B MBS 48 Smooth Body 870 16B MBS 48 Smooth Body 871 16C MBS 57 Smooth Body 894 18B MYBS 59 corded 916 16C MBS 53 Smooth Body 890 16C MBS 53 Smooth Body 892 16C MBS 53 Smooth Body 891 16B MBS 48 Smooth Body 872 1A BSS 30 Smooth Body 27 1A BSS 20 Incised 28 1A BSS 15 Corded 29 1A BSS 30 Unknown 30 1A BSS 27 corded 31 2A MBS 42 Corded 59 2A MBS 34 Incised 60 2A MBS 36 Unknown 61 2A MBS 42 Smooth Body 62 2A MBS 38 Smooth Body 63 2A MBS 36 Corded 64 2A MBS 42 Smooth Body 65 2A MBS 42 Incised 66 2A MBS 39 Corded 67 2A MBS 42 Corded 68 2A MBS 40 Corded 69 2A MBS 40 Unknown 70 2A MBS 37 Unknown 71 2A MBS 41 Unknown 72 2A MBS 37 Corded 73 2A MBS 37 Smooth Body 74 2A MBS 42 Corded 75 2A MBS 42 Smooth Body 76 2A MBS 42 Corded 77 2A MBS 78 Corded 78 2A MBS 37 Incised 79 2A MBS 45 Unknown 80 2A MBS 45 Unknown 81 2A MBS 38 Unknown 82 2A MBS 38 Unknown 83 2A MBS 38 Unknown 84 2A MBS 42 Smooth Body 85 2A MBS 42 Smooth Body 86 2A MBS 37 Smooth Body 88 2A MBS 37 Unknown 89 2B MBS 48 Unknown 113 2B MBS 51 Corded 114 2B MBS 51 Corded 115 2B MBS 44 Unknown 116 2B MBS 42 Unknown 117 2B MBS 51 Corded 118 2B MBS 48 Unknown 119 2B MBS 42 Corded 120 2B MBS 42 Incised 121 2B MBS 45 Unknown 122 2B MBS 46 Corded 123 2B MBS 51 Unknown 124 2B MBS 42 Smooth Body 125 2B MBS 42 Unknown 126 2B MBS 51 Corded 128 2B MBS 42 Unknown 129 2B MBS 46 Jacks Reef Corded 130 2B MBS 42 Unknown 131 2B MBS 42 Unknown 132 2B MBS 42 Unknown 133 2B MBS 48 Smooth Body 134 2B MBS 48 Smooth Body 135 2B MBS 43 Jacks Reef Corded 136 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 137 2B MBS 50 Unknown 138 2B MBS 42 Corded 139 2B MBS 48 Smooth Body 140 2B MBS 51 Unknown 141 2B MBS 42 Unknown 142 2B MBS 43 Unknown 143 2B MBS 43 Unknown 144 2B MBS 41 Corded 145 75

2B MBS 42 Corded 146 2B MBS 43 Corded 147 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 148 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 149 2B MBS 42 Smooth Body 150 2B MBS 50 Unknown 151 2B MBS 42 Smooth Body 152 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 153 2B MBS 49 Unknown 154 2B MBS 51 Corded 155 2B MBS 42 Smooth Body 156 2B MBS 48 Unknown 157 2B MBS 48 Smooth Body 158 2B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 159 2B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 160 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 161 rim 2B MBS 46 Unknown 162 2B MBS 46 Unknown 163 2B MBS 46 Smooth Body 164 2B MBS 49 Incised 165 2B MBS 51 Unknown 166 2B MBS 51 Smooth Body 167 2C MBS 53 Corded 191 2C MBS 54 Unknown 192 2C MBS 54 Unknown 193 2C MBS 54 Unknown 194 2C MBS 52 Unknown 195 2C MBS 52 Unknown 196 2C MBS 52 Unknown 197 2C MBS 57 Smooth Body 198 2C MBS 52 Corded 199 2C MBS 55 Smooth Body 200 Rim 2C MBS 50 Corded 201 2C MBS 53 Smooth Body 202 2C MBS 55 Smooth Body 203 2C MBS 53 Unknown 204 2C MBS 48 Smooth Body 205 2C MBS 53 Unknown 206 2C MBS 52 Unknown 207 2C MBS 52 Unknown 208 2C MBS 57 Corded 209 2C MBS 57 Corded 210 2C MBS 51 Corded 211 2C MBS 52 Corded 212 2C MBS 53 Smooth Body 213 3A MYBS 58 Smooth Body 234 3A MYBS 58 Smooth Body 235 3A MYBS 58 Smooth Body 236 3A MYBS 62 Smooth Body 237 3A MYBS 64 Smooth Body 238 3A MYBS 64 Smooth Body 239 3A MYBS 66 Corded 240 3A MYBS 66 Corded 241 3A MYBS 62 Smooth Body 242 3A MYBS 56 Corded 243 243-245 3A MYBS 60 Corded 244 3A MYBS 56 Corded 245 243-245 3A MYBS 55 Unknown 246 3A MYBS 55 Unknown 248 3A MYBS 62 Unknown 249 3A MYBS 62 Unknown 250 3A MYBS 58 Corded 251 3A MYBS 58 corded 252 3A MYBS 58 corded 253 3A MYBS 58 corded 254 3A MYBS 58 corded 255 3A MYBS 58 corded 256 3B MYBS 75 Unknown 264 3B MYBS 65 Smooth Body 265 3B MYBS 71 Incised 266 Child's Pot 3B MYBS 68 Corded 267 3B MYBS 65 Smooth Body 268 3B MYBS 76 Corded 269 3B MYBS 74 Corded 270 3B MYBS 74 Corded 271 3B MYBS 67 Smooth Body 272 3B MYBS 72 Incised 273 3B MYBS 72 Jacks Reef Corded 274 3B MYBS 73 Owasco Corded Collar 274 3B MYBS 69 Leaf Corded 275 Leaf Wraped

3B MYBS 62 Bowmans Brook Insiced 276 1400-1600 Late woodland Child's Pot 3C MYBS 80 Corded 283 5A BSS 9 Incised 287 5B BSS 45 Smooth Body 295 Leaf 5B BSS 45 Smooth Body 296 5B BSS 48 Smooth Body 297 5B BSS 48 Smooth Body 298 5B BSS 35 Incised 299 5B BSS 35 Corded 300 5B BSS 38 Corded 301 5B BSS 18 Corded 302 5B BSS 20 Unknown 303 Possible Corded 5B BSS 35 Corded 304 5B BSS 35 Corded 305 5B BSS 39 Smooth Body 307 5B BSS 38 Smooth Body 308 9E BSS 35 Smooth Body 313 9E BSS 35 Smooth Body 314 9E BSS 35 Jacks Reef Corded 328 6A MBS 51 Corded 329 6A MBS 43 Smooth Body 330 6A MBS 47 Corded 331 6A MBS 53 Smooth Body 332 6A MBS 43 Smooth Body 333 6A MBS 42 Smooth Body 334 6A MBS 53 Corded 335 6A MBS 53 Unknown 336 pitted 6A MBS 62 Corded 337 Rim 6A MBS 62 Corded 338 6A MBS 48 Jacks Reef Corded 339 6A MBS 58 Jacks Reef Corded 340 6A MBS 57 Jacks Reef Corded 341 6A MBS 57 Smooth Body 342 6A MBS 55 Unknown 343 6A MBS 62 Corded 344 6A MBS 50 Corded 345 6A MBS 50 Corded 346 6A MBS 46 Smooth Body 347 6A MBS 46 Unknown 348 6A MBS 46 Smooth Body 349 6A MBS 54 Corded 350 rim 6A MBS 54 Corded 351 6A MBS 58 Corded 352 6A MBS 58 Smooth Body 353 8A MYBS 54 Unknown 368 8A MYBS 54 Unknown 369 8A MYBS 65 Corded 370 8A MYBS 55 Smooth Body 371 8A MYBS 59 Smooth Body 372 8A MYBS 59 Smooth Body 373 8A MYBS 64 Corded 374 8A MYBS 53 Corded 375 8A MYBS 60 Unknown 376 8A MYBS 54 Corded 377 8A MYBS 49 Unknown 378 8A MYBS 55 Jacks Reef Corded 379 8A MYBS 56 Corded 380 8A MYBS 63 Smooth Body 381 8A MYBS 63 Smooth Body 382 8A MYBS 55 Unknown 383 8B MYBS 82 Unknown 395 8B MYBS 71 Unknown 396 8B MYBS 80 Jacks Reef Corded 397 8B MYBS 75 Steatite 400 8C YS 85 Wickham Punctate 402 9A BSS 4 Unknown 414 Rim 9A BSS 10 Incised 415 9A BSS 8 Smooth Body 416 9A BSS 4 Corded 417 9A BSS 8 Corded 418 9A BSS 7 Smooth Body 419 9A BSS 5 Corded 420 Blaze It 9B BSS 10 Smooth Body 425 9B BSS 10 Jacks Reef Corded 426 9B BSS 11 Corded 427 Thick Cords 9B BSS 18 Unknown 428 9B BSS 14 Jacks Reef Corded 429 9B BSS 8 Incised 430 9B BSS 8 Incised 431 9B BSS 20 Incised 432

9B BSS 20 Incised 433 9B BSS 13 Smooth Body 434 9B BSS 12 Unknown 435 9B BSS 12 Unknown 436 9B BSS 12 Unknown 437 9B BSS 13 Smooth Body 438 9B BSS 18 Jacks Reef Corded 439 9C BSS 20 Corded 447 9C BSS 20 Corded 448 9C BSS 21 Corded 449 9C BSS 20 Jacks Reef Corded 450 9C BSS 20 Corded 451 11A MYBS 22 Unknown 453 11A MYBS 22 Smooth Body 454 11A MYBS 25 Corded 455 11A MYBS 19 Corded 456 11B MYBS 46 Smooth Body 467 11B MYBS 47 Jacks Reef Corded 468 1400-1600 Late Woodland 11B MYBS 49 Incised 469 11B MYBS 49 Jacks Reef Corded 470 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 471 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 40 Jacks Reef Corded 472 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 35 Corded 473 11B MYBS 35 Corded 474 11B MYBS 35 Corded 475 11B MYBS 40 Unknown 476 Rim 11B MYBS 37 Corded 477 11B MYBS 37 Corded 478 11B MYBS 30 Corded 479 11B MYBS 50 Jacks Reef Corded 480 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 50 Jacks Reef Corded 481 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 55 Jacks Reef Corded 482 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 29 Jacks Reef Corded 483 Pot 8/R10 11B MYBS 30 Smooth Body 484 11B MYBS 30 Corded 485 11B MYBS 23 Unknown 486 9D BSS 33 Unknown 489 9D BSS 33 Unknown 490 9D BSS 33 Unknown 491 9D BSS 32 Unknown 492 9D BSS 32 Unknown 493 9D BSS 30 Corded 494 9D BSS 30 Jacks Reef Corded 495 9D BSS 30 Unknown 496 9D BSS 30 Unknown 497 9D BSS 30 Unknown 498 9E BSS 36 Corded 515 9E BSS 33 Corded 516 9E BSS 33 Corded 517 9E BSS 33 Corded 518 9E BSS 33 Corded 519 9E BSS 30 Jacks Reef Corded 520 9E BSS 30 Jacks Reef Corded 521 9E BSS 29 Unknown 522 9E BSS 29 Unknown 523 9E BSS 29 Unknown 524 9E BSS 29 Unknown 525 9E BSS 31 Smooth Body 526 Rim 9E BSS 31 Smooth Body 527 Rim 9E BSS 35 Incised 528 9E BSS 35 Corded 529 9E BSS 31 Cord Wrapped Stick 530 9E BSS 35 Unknown 531 9E BSS 35 Smooth Body 531 9E BSS 35 Unknown 532 9E BSS 35 Smooth Body 532 9E BSS 35 Unknown 533 9E BSS 35 Corded 533 9E BSS 35 Unknown 534 9E BSS 35 Smooth Body 534 9E BSS 35 Unknown 535 9E BSS 35 Corded 535 9E BSS 35 Unknown 536 9E BSS 35 Unknown 538 9E BSS 33 Corded 539 9E BSS 33 Corded 540 9E BSS 30 Corded 541 9E BSS 35 Corded 542 9E BSS 35 Corded 543 9E BSS 26 Unknown 544

6 MBS 50 Corded 545 9E BSS 26 Unknown 545 6 MBS 50 Corded 546 9E BSS 26 Unknown 546 9E BSS 26 Unknown 547 12A MBS 39 Corded 555 12A MBS 40 Smooth Body 556 12A MBS 39 Jacks Reef Corded 557 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 37 Unknown 558 12A MBS 37 Unknown 559 12A MBS 38 Jacks Reef Corded 560 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 561 Pot 8/R11 12A MBS 38 Jacks Reef Corded 562 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 38 Jacks Reef Corded 563 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 40 Corded 564 12A MBS 37 Unknown 565 12A MBS 37 Unknown 566 12A MBS 37 Jacks Reef Corded 567 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 37 Jacks Reef Corded 568 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 39 Corded 569 12A MBS 39 Corded 570 12A MBS 38 Smooth Body 572 12A MBS 38 Smooth Body 573 12A MBS 38 Jacks Reef Corded 574 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 38 Jacks Reef Corded 575 Pot 8/R10 12A MBS 36 Corded 576 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 594 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 45 Corded 595 12B MBS 45 Corded 596 12B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 598 12B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 599 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 603 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 604 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 605 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 606 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 607 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 608 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 609 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 47 Unknown 610 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 611 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 612 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 45 Unknown 613 12B MBS 45 Unknown 614 12B MBS 45 Unknown 615 12B MBS 47 Unknown 617 12B MBS 47 Unknown 619 12B MBS 44 Jacks Reef Corded 620 Pot 8/R10 12B MBS 39 Corded 621 12B MBS 39 Corded 622 12B MBS 38 Smooth Body 623 12B MBS 38 Smooth Body 624 12B MBS 51 Smooth Body 625 12B MBS 51 Smooth Body 626 12B MBS 51 Smooth Body 627 12B MBS 51 Smooth Body 628 12B MBS 51 Smooth Body 629 12B MBS 44 Corded 630 12B MBS 44 Corded 631 12B MBS 44 Corded 632 12B MBS 44 Corded 633 12B MBS 44 Corded 634 12B MBS 45 Smooth Body 635 12B MBS 45 Smooth Body 636 12B MBS 45 Smooth Body 637 12B MBS 48 Smooth Body 638 12B MBS 56 Smooth Body 639 12B MBS 35 Corded 640 12B MBS 44 Corded 641 12B MBS 44 Corded 642 12B MBS 44 Corded 643 13A MYBS 70 Corded 662 13A MYBS 70 Corded 663 13A MYBS 66 Unknown 664 13A MYBS 66 Unknown 665 13A MYBS 66 Unknown 666 13A MYBS 48 Smooth Body 667 13A MYBS 48 Smooth Body 668 13A MYBS 60 Wickham Punctate 669 13A MYBS 46 Incised 670 13A MYBS 46 Incised 671

13A MYBS 85 Jacks Reef Corded 672 Pot 8/R10 13A MYBS 85 Jacks Reef Corded 673 Pot 8/R10 13A MYBS 85 Jacks Reef Corded 673 Pot 8/R10 13B MYBS 94 Corded 682 13B MYBS 94 Corded 683 13B MYBS 73 Smooth Body 684 13B MYBS 62 Corded 685 13B MYBS 62 Corded 686 15A BSS 5 Corded 692 15A BSS 5 Corded 693 15B BSS 14 Smooth Body 700 15B BSS 1 Corded 701 15B BSS 9 Corded 702 15B BSS 12 Corded 703 15B BSS 13 Smooth Body 704 15B BSS 12 Smooth Body 705 15C BSS 23 Smooth Body 723 15C BSS 30 Corded 724 15C BSS 30 Corded 725 15C BSS 30 Corded 726 15C BSS 23 Corded 727 15C BSS 30 Smooth Body 728 15C BSS 30 Smooth Body 729 15C BSS 20 Corded 730 15C BSS 20 Corded 731 15C BSS 19 Smooth Body 732 16A MBS 41 Unknown 749 16A MBS 41 Unknown 750 16A MBS 41 Unknown 751 16A MBS 41 Unknown 752 16A MBS 41 Unknown 753 16A MBS 41 Unknown 754 16A MBS 36 Smooth Body 755 16A MBS 36 Smooth Body 756 16A MBS 36 Smooth Body 757 16A MBS 48 Incised 758 16A MBS 48 Incised 759 16A MBS 48 Incised 760 16A MBS 48 Incised 761 16A MBS 48 Incised 762 16A MBS 48 Incised 763 16A MBS 48 Incised 764 16A MBS 42 Corded 765 16A MBS 42 Corded 766 16A MBS 42 Incised 767 16A MBS 42 Incised 768 16A MBS 43 Corded 769 16A MBS 43 Corded 770 16A MBS 48 Unknown 771 16A MBS 42 Corded 772 16A MBS 42 Corded 773 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 774 16A MBS 44 Unknown 775 16A MBS 41 Unknown 776 16A MBS 41 Unknown 777 16A MBS 41 Unknown 778 16A MBS 41 Unknown 779 16A MBS 40 Smooth Body 780 16A MBS 47 Corded 781 16A MBS 47 Corded 782 16A MBS 47 Corded 783 16A MBS 47 Corded 784 16A MBS 47 Corded 785 16A MBS 40 Corded 786 16A MBS 40 Corded 787 16A MBS 40 Corded 788 16A MBS 40 Corded 789 16A MBS 40 Corded 790 16A MBS 40 Corded 791 16A MBS 40 Corded 792 16A MBS 40 Corded 793 16A MBS 40 Corded 794 16A MBS 36 Unknown 795 16A MBS 36 Unknown 796 16A MBS 36 Unknown 797 16A MBS 41 Smooth Body 798 16A MBS 41 Smooth Body 799 16A MBS 41 Smooth Body 800 16A MBS 35 Corded 801 16A MBS 38 Unknown 803

16A MBS 38 Unknown 804 16A MBS 38 Unknown 805 16A MBS 38 Unknown 806 16A MBS 38 Smooth Body 807 16A MBS 40 Corded 808 16A MBS 40 Corded 809 16A MBS 41 Incised 810 16A MBS 41 Incised 811 16A MBS 41 Incised 812 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 813 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 814 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 816 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 817 16A MBS 42 Smooth Body 818 16B MBS 51 Unknown 828 16B MBS 51 Unknown 829 16B MBS 51 Unknown 830 16B MBS 44 Corded 831 16B MBS 44 Corded 832 16B MBS 44 Corded 833 16B MBS 44 Corded 834 16B MBS 45 Unknown 835 16B MBS 45 Unknown 836 16B MBS 45 Unknown 837 16B MBS 45 Unknown 838 16B MBS 45 Unknown 839 16B MBS 45 Jacks Reef Corded 840 Middle Woodland 16B MBS 45 Unknown 840 16B MBS 49 Corded 841 16B MBS 49 Corded 842 16B MBS 51 Unknown 843 16B MBS 51 Unknown 844 16B MBS 47 Smooth Body 845 16B MBS 47 Smooth Body 846 16B MBS 47 Smooth Body 847 16B MBS 47 Smooth Body 848 16B MBS 47 Smooth Body 849 16B MBS 43 Corded 850 16B MBS 43 Corded 851 16B MBS 43 Corded 852 16B MBS 43 Corded 853 16B MBS 43 Corded 854 16B MBS 50 Unknown 855 16B MBS 50 Unknown 856 16B MBS 50 Unknown 857 16B MBS 50 Unknown 858 16B MBS 50 Incised 859 16B MBS 50 Unknown 860 16B MBS 50 corded 861 16B MBS 50 corded 862 16B MBS 50 corded 863 16B MBS 44 Smooth Body 864 16B MBS 44 Smooth Body 865 16B MBS 51 Smooth Body 866 16B MBS 51 Smooth Body 867 18B MYBS 70 Smooth Body 925 18B MYBS 70 Smooth Body 926