1. Pau1 Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development: from the Dawn of History to the Present, Trans

NOTES

1 INTRODUCTION

1. Pau1 Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development: from the Dawn of History to the Present, trans. Christopher Braider (Chicago, 1988). 2. E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe, Vol. I, (London, 1971), p. 49. 3. Lewis Mumford, The Ciry in History (London, 1961). 4. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1992 (Oxford, 1993), p. 17. 5. Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: a Study of Environmental Perception, Attitude and Values, 2nd edn., (New York, 1990) and Space and Place; the Perception of Experience (London, 1977). 6. Paul Bairoch, 'Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustria1 Societies: The findings of two decades of research', Journal of European Economic History, 18, pp. 239-90. 7. Lucy Toulmin Smith (ed.), Leland's Itinerary in England and Wales (London, 1964) Vol. 2, p. 34-7. 8. C. L. Kingsford (ed.), A Survry of London, reprintedfrom the text of 1603, 2 vols, (Oxford, 1908). 9. W. H. Richardson (ed.), The Annals of Ipswich; the lawes customes and govemment of the same collected out ofye Records and writing of that town by Nathaniell Bacon serving as recorder and town clerk in that town Anno Domini 1654 (lpswich, 1884). 10. There is an interesting survey of the 'vision' of the early writers in Peter Clark, 'Visions of the urban community, antiquarians and the

204 Notes

English city before 1800' in Derek Fraser and Anthony Sutcliffe (eds), Tbe Pursuit of Urban History (London, 1983), pp. 105-14. 11. John Throsby, History of Leicester (Ipswich, 1791), pp. 108-9. 12. James Thompson, History of Leicester (Leicester, 1849), pp. 278-80. 13. E.g. William McDonald, History ofthe Burgh ofDumfties 3rd edn. 1906 (Dumfries, 1867). 14. Walter Thornbury, OU and New London; a narrative of its History, its People and its Places illustrated with numerous engravings from the most authentie sources The City, Ancient and Modern, 6 volumes, (London, 1883).

1 PLACE, SPACE AND TIME - THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

1. Raymond Gillespie, Colonial Ulster: the Settlement of East Ulster 1600- 1641, Studies in Irish History (Cork, 1985), p. 173. 2. J. V. Beckett, Coal and Tobacco: the Lowthers and the Economic Develop ment of West Cumberland 1660-1760 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 182 ff. 3. R. G. Hillier and J. Hanson, Tbe Social Logic of Space (Cambridge, 1984). 4. E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe, Vol. I (London, 1971), p. 39. 5. Brian Lacey, Siege City: the Story of Derry and Londonderry (Belfast, 1990), p. 88. 6. M. W. Barley (ed.), European Towns: Tbeir Archaeology and Early History (London, 1977), p. 495. 7. R. Butlin (ed.) Tbe Development ofthe frish Town (London, 1977), p. 72. 8. Hilary L. Turner Town Difences in England and Wales: an Architectural and Documentary Study 900-1500 (London, 1971), pp. 15-16; Alfred Harvey, The Castles and Walled Towns of England (London, 1911), p. 191. 9. Keith Kissack, Monmouth: the Making of a County Town (London, 1978), p. 22. 10. D. M. Palliser, Tudor York (Oxford, 1979), pp. 25-6. 11. Peter Clark, The English Alehouse (London, 1983), pp. 16-20. 12. R. J. Hunter, 'Ulster plantation towns 1609-1641' in David Hark ness and Mary O'Dowd (eds), The Town in freland (Belfast, 1981), p.60. 13. W. G. Hoskins, Essays in Leicestershire History (Liverpool, 1950), p. 108. 14. Michael MacCarthy-Morrough, Chapter 6, in Cieran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natives and Newcomers: Essays on the Making of frish Colonial Society (Dublin, 1986), pp. 182-9.

205 Notes

15. lan Hodder, The Domestication cif Europe (Oxford, 1990), p. 31. 16. Keith Kissack, Monmouth: the Making cif a Coun9J Town (London, 1978), p. 48. 17. Mary O'Dowd, Power, Politics and Land: Early Modern Sligo 1568- 1688 (Belfast, 1991), p. 160. 18. Eurwyn Willan, '''Let use be preferred to uniforrnity" Domestic architecture' in Gwynfor Williams (ed.), Class, Communi9J and Culture in T udor Wales (Cardiff, 1989). 19. M. P. Smith (ed.), Cities in Transformation: Class, Capital and the State (Sage, 1984), pt v.

2 SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IN THE TOWN 1. Matthew Griffiths, "'Very wealthy by merchandise"? Urban for tunes' in]. Gwynfor Jones (ed.), Class, Communi9J and Culture in Tudor Wales (Cardiff, 1989), p. 197. 2. John Walter and Roger Schofield, 'Famine, disease and crisis mortality in early modern society' in John Walter and Roger Schofield (eds), Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modem Socie9J (Cambridge, 1989). 3. D. M. Palliser, Tudor rork (Oxford, 1979), pp. 15-20. 4. Anthony Streehan 'lrish towns in aperiod of change 1558-1625' Chapter 4, in Cieran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natwes and Newcomers: Essays on the making cif lrish Colonial Socie9J (Dublin, 1986), pp. 100-1. 5. Mary O'Dowd, Power, Politics and Land: Early Modern Sligo 1568- 1688 (Belfast, 1991), p. 162. 6. Henry Thorpe, Liclifield: A Study cif its Growth and Function (Collections for a History of Staffordshire edited by Staffs Rec Soc for 1950 and 1951 (1954)), p. 184. 7. Matthew Griffiths, "'Very wealthy by merchandise"? Urban for tun es' in]. Gwynfor J ones (ed.), Class, Communi9J and Culiure in T udor Wales (Cardiff, 1989), p. 216. 8. David Harris Sacks, Trade, Socie9J and Politics: Bristol c.150o--1640 (New York, 1985), p. 220. 9. Quoted in W. Nolan (ed.), The Shaping cif Ireland: the Geographical Perspective (Cork, 1986), p. 75. 10. J. P. Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich (Chichester, 1988), p. 109. 11. F. Kevin Shurer, 'Variations in household structure in late 17th century: Towards a regional analysis', Chapter 12 in Kevin Schurer and Tom Arkell (eds), Surveying the People (Local Population Studies, Oxford, 1992).

206 Notes

12. Percy Russell, Dartmouth (London, 1950), p. 82. 13. David Underdown, Fire From Heaven: 7he Life of an English Toum in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992), chapter 3. 14. A. L. Beier, 'Poverty and progress in early modern England' in A. L. Beier, David Cannadine andJanus M. Rosenheim (eds), 7he First Modern Socie!y: Essays in Honor of Laurence Stone (Cambridge, 1989), p. 203.

3 TOWNS AND REUGIOUS CHANGE

1. C. L. Kingsford, (ed.) A SUTVey ofLondon, reprintedfrom the text of 1603, 2 vols (Oxford, 1908), Vol 2, p. 197. 2. James D. Marwick, Earf;y Glasgow: A History ofthe Ci!y ofGlasgowfrom ehe Earliest Ttmes to the rear 1611 (Glasgow, 1911), p. 62. This comes from the Diocesan registers Protocols no 498n503 504 3. R. S. Ferguson & W. Nanson (eds), Some Municipal &cords ofthe Ci!y of Carlisle viz ehe Elizabethan Constitutions, Orders, Provisions, Articles and Rules from the Dormont Book and the Rules and Orders of ehe Eight Trading Guilds, Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaeo logical Society, (Carlisie 1887), pp. 26-7. 4. A. D. Dyer, 7he Ci!y of Worcester in ehe Sixteenth Century (Leicester, 1973), p. 187. 5. J. H. Thomas, Toum Government in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 22-3. 6. Graham Mayhew, Tudor Rye (Chichester, 1987). 7. Percy Russell, Dartmouth (London, 1950), p. 92. 8. D. M. Palliser, Tudor rork (Oxford, 1979), p. 211. 9. M. Claire Cross, 7he Free Grammar School of Leicester, (Department of English Local History Occasional Papers, ed. H. P. R. Finberg (Leicester, 1953), p. 10. 10. J. P. Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich (Chichester, 1988), p. 115. 11. Keith Kissack, Monmouth: 7he Making of a Coun!y Town (London, 1978), pp. 34-7. 12. See 'The reformation in the Cities: Cork, Limerick and Galway 1534-1603' in John Bradley (ed.), Settlement and Socie!y in Medieval Ireland: Studies presented to F. X. Martin (Kilkenny, 1988), pp. 445-9. 13. Allan White, 'The Impact of the reformation on a Burgh Com munity: the case of Aberdeen' in 7he Earf;y Modern Town in Scotland (London, 1987), pp. 85-6. 14. White, 7he Earf;y Modern Town in Scotland, pp. 90-1. 15. White, 7he Earf;y Modern Town in Scotland, pp. 87, 94-5.

207 Notes

16. Louise B. Taylor, Aberdeen Council Letters, Vol. 1 (1552-1633) (London, 1942), p. xlii. 17. Annie I. Dunlop (ed.), The Royal Burgh if Ayr (London, 1953), pp. 106-7. 18. Sir J ames D. Marwick, Ear/y Glasgow; A History if the Ci!} if Glasgow from the Earliest Times to the Year 1611 (Glasgow, 1911), pp. 194-5. 19. Pound, Tudor and Stuart NOTWich, p. 135. 20. Michael MacCarthy-Morrough, The Munster Plantation: English Migration to Southem lreland 1583-1641 (Oxford, 1986), p. 151. 21. David Underdown, Fire From Heaven: the Lift if an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992). 22. Dyer, The Ci!} if Worcester in the Sixteenth Century, p. 236. 23. Pound, Tudor and Stuart NOTWich, p. 88. 24. P. Clark, 'The Ramoth-Gilead of the Good' Urban change and political radicalism at Gloucester 1540-1640' in P. Clark, A. G. R. Smith and N. Tyacke (eds), The English Commonwealth 1547-1640: Esso;ys in Politics and Socie!} presented to Joel Hursifield (Leicester, 1979). 25. Geraint H. Jenkins, Protestant Dissenters in Wales 1639-1689 (Cardiff 1992), pp. 10--13, 3l. 26. J enkins, Protestant Dissenters in Wales 1639-1689, pp. 36, 41. 27. Russell, Dartmouth, pp. 94-5. 28. Peter Jackson, 'Non-conformity in Devon' in Kevin Schurer and Tom Arkell (eds), Surveying the People (Oxford, 1992), chapter 7.

4 URBAN WEALTH, TOWNSMEN'S WEALTH

l. A. D. Dyer, 7he Ci!} if Worcester in the Sixteenth Century (Leicester, 1973), p. 157. 2. See generally Peter Borsay, 7he English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Socie!} in the Provincial town 1660-1770, Oxford Studies in History, ed. Keith Thomas, (Oxford, 1989). 3. David Underdown, Fire From Heaven: the Lift cf an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992), p. 4. 4. Phyllis Hembry, 7he English Spa 1560-1815 A Social History (London, 1990), pp. 27, 53. 5. David Harris Sacks, Trade, Socie!} and Politics in Bristol c.1500-1640 (New York, 1985), p. 7l. 6. John Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich (Chichester, 1988), p. 100. 7. J. F. Hadwin, 'From dissonance to harmony on the late medie val town', Economic History Review 2nd ser. XXXIX 3 (1986), pp. 423-6.

208 Notes

8. N. R. Goose, 'In search of the urban variable' Economic History Review 2nd ser. XXXIX 3 (1986), pp. 165-85. 9. Ralph Davis, The Trade and Shipping if Hull 1500-1700 (East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1964), p. 4. 10. David Rollison, 7he Local Origins if Modem Sociery: Gloucestershire 1500-1800 (London, 1992), pp. 25-30. 11. W. B. Stephens, Seventeenth Century Exeter: A Study if Industrial and Commercial Development 1625-1688 (Exeter, 1958), p. 32. 12. Glanmor Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Counry History Vol. IV, (1974), p. 156. 13. Matthew Griffiths, 'Very wealthy by merchandise'? Urban fortunes in J. Gwynfor Jones (ed.) Class, Communiry and Culture in Tudor Wales (Cardiff, 1989), p. 217. 14. Raymond Gillespie, Chapter 7, and Anthony Streehan, Chapter 4, in Cieran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natives and Newcomers: Essays on the Making iflrish Colonial Sociery (Dublin, 1986), p. 111. See also R. A Butlin (ed.), 7he Development if the lrish Town (London, 1977), p. 70. 15. Arnvid, LilIehammer, 'The Scottish and Norwegian timber trades in the Stavanger area in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries' in T. C. Smout (ed.), Scotland and Europe 1200-1800 (Edinburgh, 1986), chapter 6. 16. W. B. Stephens, 'Eng1ish wine imports c.1603-1640' in Todd Gray, Margery Rowe and Audrey Erskine (eds), Tudor and Stuart Devon: the Common Estate and Govemment, Essays Presented to ]oyce Touings (Exeter, 1992), pp. 134-5. 17. Patrick McGrath, 7he Merchant Venturers if Bristol: A History if the Sociery if Merchant Venturers if the Ciry if Bristolftom its Origins to the Present Day (Bristo1, 1975), p. 33. 18. Raymond Gillespie, 7he Transformation if the lrish Economy 1550- 1700, Studies in Irish Economic and Social History, Vol. 6, (1991). 19. Mary O'Dowd, Power, Politics and Land: Early Modem Sligo 1568- 1688 (Belfast, 1991), pp. 151-2, 160. 20. L. M. Cul1en, Anglo-lrish Trade 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1968), pp. 14-5. 21. T. C. Smout, Scottish Trade on the Eve if Union, (Edinburgh, 1963). 22. D. McNiven, 'Merchants and traders in early seventeenth century Aberdeen' in J. Stevenson (ed.), From Lairds to Louns. Country and Burgh Lift in Aberdeen (Aberdeen, 1986). 23. Al1an White, 'The impact of the Reformation on a Burgh com munity: The ca se of Aberdeen' in Michael Lynch (ed.) The early Modem Town in Scotland (London, 1987), p. 81ff.

209 Notes

5 CONTROLUNG TOWNS; TOWN SELF-GovERNMENT

1. Roger Howell jr, 'Resistance to change: the po1itical e1ites of provincial towns during the English Revolution' in A. L. Beier, David Cannadine and Janus M. Rosenheim (eds) 1he First Mod ern Society: Essays in Honour oJ Laurence Stone (Cambridge, 1989), p. 433ff. 2. D. M. Palliser, Tudor York (Oxford, 1979) p. 46. 3. Raymond Gillespie, Colonial Ulster: the Settlement oJ East Ulster 1600- 1641, Studies in Irish History, (Cork, 1985), p. 186. 4. John Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich (Oxford, 1988), p. 93. 5. Keith Kissack, Monmouth: the Making oJ a County Toum (London, 1978), p. 12. 6. Mary Vershuur 'Merchants and craftsmen in 16th c Perth' in Michael Lynch (ed.), 1he Earry Modem Toum in Scotland (London, 1987), p. 45. 7. David Harris Sacks, Trade, Society and Politics in Bristol c.1500-1640 (New York, 1985), p. 18. 8. Alfred Neobald Palmer, History oJ Toum oJ Wrexham (Wrexham, 1893), chapter 3. 9. VCHGloucester, Vol. VI, pp. 142-165. 10. Palliser, Tudor York, pp. 62-4. 11. J. H. Thomas, Town Government in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1933), pp. 24-5. 12. Heather Swanson, 'Artisans in the urban economy: the documen tary evidence from Y ork' in Penelope J. Corfield, and Derek Keene (eds), Work in Towns 850-1850 (Leicester, 1990), pp. 42-3. 13. N. S. B. Gras, 1he London Com Market; J. Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich; J ean Vannes, Bristol at the Time oJ the Spanish Armada (Local History Pamphlets no. 69. 1988), p. 12. 14. Annie I. Dunlop (ed.), 1he Royal Burgh oJ 4J'r (London, 1953), pp. 268-9. 15. A. D. Dyer, 1he City oJ Worcester in the Sixteenth Century (Leicester, 1973), p. 167. 16. Kissack, Monmouth: the Making oJ a County Town, p. 30. 17. Robert J. Naismith, 1he Story oJ Scotland's Towns (Edinburgh, 1989), pp. 73, 87. 18. J. W. Horrocks (ed.), 1he Assembry Book oJ Southampton Vol. 1 (Southampton, 1917), p. xxii. 19. Thomas, Town Govemment in the Sixteenth Century, p. 26.

210 Notes

6 THE CAPITALS

1. Raymond Gillespie, 'Describing Dublin: Francis Place's Visit, 1698-9' in Adele M. Dalsimer (ed.), Visualizing Ireland: National Identity and the Pictorial Tradition (London, 1993). 2. Vanessa Harding, 'The population ofLondon 1550-1700, a review ofpublished evidence', LondonJoumaI15(2) (1990). 3. Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Soeiety and Fami!J Lift in London 166fJ-1730, (London, 1989), p. 240. 4. Peter Somerville-Large, Dublin (London, 1979), p. 89-90. 5. Colm Lennon, The Lords of Dublin in the Age of Riformation (Dublin Press, 1989), p. 61. 6. John A. Inglis, Sir Adam Otterbum of Redhall, King's Advoeate 1524-38 (Glasgow, 1935), pp. 1, 8-9. 7. Michael Lynch, Edinburgh and ehe Riformation (Edinburgh, 1981). 8. Richard M. Wunderli, 'Evasion ofthe office ofalderman in London 1523-1672' LondonJoumaI15(1) (1990), p. 3ff. 9. Helen Dingwall, Late 17th-Century Edinburgh: A Demographie Study, (Edinburgh, 1994), p. 105. 10. lan W. Archer, The Pursuit of Stability: Soeial Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1990); Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Struetures of Lift in Sixteenth Century London (Cambridge, 1987). 11. Howard Clarke (ed.), Medieval Dublin: the Living City (Dublin, 1990), pp. 190--6. 12. Dingwall, Laie 17th-Century Edinburgh, p. 91. 13. For much of this I am indebted to Raymond Gillespie who has sent me a copy of his as yet unpublished paper on Dublin; cf. also Lennon, The Lords of Dublin in the Age of Riformation. 14. Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation, pp. 9-10. 15. Susan Brigden, London and the Riformation (Oxford, 1!;l89) provides a fascinating and detailed study of a complex story. 16. J. T. Gilbert, A History ofthe City of Dublin (Dublin, 1859), pp. 57-9. 17. Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class, pp. 32-3, 85-6. 18. For a fuH discussion of this see Robert Brenner, Merehants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Politieal Conflict and London's Overseas Traders 155fJ-1653 (Cambridge, 1994). 19. Earle, The Making ofthe English Middle Class, pp. 18-19. 20. Michael J. Power, 'The East London working community in the 17th century' in Penelope J. Corfield, Derek Keene (eds), Work in Towns 85fJ-1850 (Leicester, 1990), p. 105. 21. Penelope J. Corfield and Derek Keene (eds) , Work in Towns 85fJ- 1850, (Leicester, 1990) p. 7.

211 Notes

22. Philip Banbury, Shipbuilders qf the 7hames and Medway (Newton Abbot, 1971), pp. 33-4. 23. H. A Gilligan, A History qf the Port qf Dublin (Dub1in, 1988), pp. 10-13,246. The Duzel Galley was built in the 1690s and went trading to the Mediterranean. 24. R. Butlin (ed.), 7he Development qf the frish Town (London, 1977), p.95. 25. E. Gillespie (ed.), 7he Liberties qf Dublin (Dublin, 1974), p. 30. 26. L. M. Cul1en, Anglo-frish Trade 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1968), p. 12. 27. Mary O'Dowd, Power, Polities and Land: Early Modern Sligo 1568- 1688 (Belfast, 1991), p. 160. 28. D. Stevenson, 7he Seottish Revolution 1637-1644 (Newton Abbot, 1973). 29. Dingwall, Late 17th-Century Edinburgh, pp. 100-1, 154, 162, 165, 180. 30. Dingwall, Late 17th-Century Edinburgh, pp. 144, 203-5.

7 THE PLACE OF TIlE TOWN IN TIlE KINGDOM

1. C. L. Kingsford, (ed.), A Survey qfLondon, reprintedfrom the text qf 1603, 2 vo1s (Oxford, 1908), Vol. 2, p. 197. 2. Raymond Gillespsie, Colonial Ulster: the Settlement qf East Ulster 1600-1641, Studies in lrish History, (Cork, 1985), p. 167. 3. lan Sou1sby, 7he Towns qf Medieval Wales, A Study qf their History, Arehaeology and Early Topography, (Philimore, 1983), p. 1. 4. Sir James D. Marwick, Early Glasgow: A History qfthe City qfGlasgow from the Earliest Times to the rear 1611 (G1asgow, 1911), p. 36. 5. Marion M. Stewart "'A sober and Peeceab1e Deportment": The court and council books of Dumfries 1561-1661' in Alison Gard ner-Medwin andJanet Had1ey Williams (eds), A Day Estivall: Essays in the Musie Poetry and History qf Scotland and England in Honour qfHelen Menme Stir (Aberdeen, 1990), p. 152. 6. Kingsford, (ed.), A Survey qf London, p. 199. 7. Craig Muldrew, 'Credit and the courts: Debt litigation in a seven teenth-cenury urban community', Eeonomic History Review, 2nd sero XLVI 1 (1993) pp. 23-38. 8. David Harris Sacks, Trade, Soeiety and Polities in Bristol e.1500-1640, (New York, 1985) pp. 182-4. 9. Percy Russell, Dartmouth (London, 1950), p. 57; Todd Gray, 'Fishing the commercial world of Early Stuart Dartmouth' in Todd Gray, Margery Rowe and Audrey Erskine (eds), Tudor and Stuart Devon: 7he

212 Notes

Common Estate and Government, Essays presented to Joyce Youings (Exeter, 1992), p. 177. 10. John Davidson and Alexander Gray, 1he Scottish Staple at Veere (London, 1909); Matthijs P. Rooseboom, 1he Scottish Staple in the Netherlands An account qf the Trade Relations between Scotland and the Low Countries from 1292 till 1676 with a Calendar qf Illustrative Documents (The Hague, 1910). 11. Pub1ic Record Office, State Papers Elizabeth 12/270/27. 12. A. D. Dyer, 1he Ciry qf Worcester in the Sixteenth Century (Leicester, 1973), p. 209. 13. Jean Vannes, Bristol at the Time qfthe Spanish Armada (Loca1 History Pamphlets no 69, Bristo1 1988), pp. 21-2; Lindsay Boynton, 1he Elizabethan Militia (London, 1967), pp. 58-9. 14. J. W. Horrocks (ed.), 1he Assemb!Ji Book qf Southampton Vol. 1, 1602-1608, (Southampton, 1917), p. xv. 15. Mark Charles Fissel, 1he Bishops' Wars: Charles 1's Campaigns against Scotland 1638-1640, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History (Cambridge, 1994), p. 186n38. 16. Boynton, 1he Elizabethan Militia, p. 54. 17. David Harris Sacks, 'Celebrating authority in Bristo1 1475-1640' in Susan Zimmerman and Rona1d F. E. Weissman (eds), Urban Lift in the Renaissance (N ewark, 1989), pp. 209-10 18. Patrick McGrath, Bristol and Civil War (Loca1 History Pamphlets no. 50, Bristol), pp. 7-8 19. Robert J. Naismith, 1he Story qf Scotland's Towns (Edinburgh, 1989), pp. 68-9. 20. Roger Howell jr 'Resistance to change: The po1itica1 e1ites of provincial towns during the English Revolution' in A. L. Beier, David Cannadine andJanus M. Rosenheim (eds), 1he First Modern Sociery: Essays in Honor qf Laurence Stone (Cambridge 1989), p. 433fT. 21. Henry Thorpe, Liclifield: A Study qf its Growth and Function, Collections for a History of StafTordshire edited by StafTs Rec Soc for 1950 and 1951, (1954), p. 181. 22. Brian Lacey, Siege Ciry: 1he Story qf Derry and Londonderry (Belfast, 1990), p. 119. 23. Malcolm and Edith Lodwick, Story qf Carmarthen revised and rewrit ten by Joyce Lodwick and Victor Lodwick (Carmarthen, 1972), pp. 52-3. 24. Anthony Streehan, 'Irish towns in aperiod of change 1558-1625' Chapter 4 in Cieran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natives and Newcomers: Essays on the Making qf Irish Colonial Sociery (Dublin, 1986), p. 108.

213 Notes

25. Paul Courtney 'Feudal hierarchies and urban origins in SE Wales' in Peter Addyman and Steve Roskans (eds) Vol. I, Urbanism: Medieual Europe (London, 1992), pp. 215-18. 26. R.]. Hunter 'Ulster plantation towns 1609-1641' in David Hark ness and Mary O'Dowd (eds), The Town in Ireland (Belfast, 1981). 27. C. H. Josten 'Elias Ashmole and the 1685 Litchfield election: An unpublished episode' Staff Rec Soc Collections (1952), pp. 215-27. 28. Michael Lynch 'The Crown and the Burghs' in Michael Lynch, (ed.), The Early Modern Town in Scotland (London, 1987), p. 62.

8 THE TOWN IN 11'8 REGION

1. See John Bradley (ed.), Settlement and Society in Medievallreland: Studies presented to F. X. Martin (Kilkenny, 1988), p. 246. 2. V. Beckett, Coal and Tobacco: the Lowthers and the &onomic Development qf West Cumherland 1660-1760 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 104--5. 3. Raymond Gillespie, 'Lords and Commons in 17th century Mayo' in Raymond Gillespie and Gerard Moran, 'A Various Country': Essays in Mayo History 1500-1900 (Cork, 1987), pp. 44-53. 4. Brian Lacey, Siege City: the Story qf Derry and Londonderry (Belfast, 1990), p. 115-16, 149. 5. Matthew Griffiths, "'Very wealthy by merchandise"? Urban for tunes' in]. Gwynfor Jones (ed.), Class, Community and Culture in T udor Wales (Cardiff, 1989), p. 215. 6. W. Nolan (ed.), The Shaping qf Ireland: the Geographical Perspective (1986), p. 75. 7. Michael Lynch (ed.), The Early Modem Town in Scotland (London 1987), p. 21. 8. Marion M. Stewart '''A sober and Peeceable Deportment": The court and council books of Dumfries 1561-1661' in Alison Gard ner-Medwin andJanet Hadley Williams (eds), A Day Estivall: Essays in the Music, Poetry and History qf Scotland and England in Honour qfHelen Menme Stir (Aberdeen, 1990), pp. 146-7. 9. Annie 1. Dunlop (ed.), The Royal Burgh qf Ayr (London, 1953), p. 26. 10. Ian Soulsby, The Towns qf Medieval Wales, a Study rif their History, Archaeolog)l and early T opography, (philimore, 1983), p. 172. 11. Mary Verschuur 'Merchants and craftsmen in sixteenth century Perth' and Michael Lynch 'The Crown and the Burghs', AlIan White 'The Impact of the Reformation on a Burgh Community: The case of Aberdeen' in Michael Lynch (ed.) The Early Modem Town in Scotland (London, 1987), p. 83.

214 Notes

12. D. F. Harrison, 'Bridges and economic development 1300-1800' Economic History Review second series XLV 2 (1992), pp. 240-6. 13. Michael MacCarthy-Morrough, Chapter 6, in Cieran Brady and Raymond Gillespie (eds), Natives and Newcomers: Essays on the Making qf lrish Colonial Sociery (Dub1in, 1986), p. 175. 14. Patrick McGrath, The Merchant Venturers qf Bristol: A History qf the Sociery qf Merchant Venturers qf the Ciry qf Bristol from its Origins to the Present Dqy (Bristol, 1975), p. 28. 15. W. G. Hoskins, Industry, Trade and People in Exeter 1688-1800 with Special Riference to the Serge Industry (Manchester, 1935), p. 25. 16. Quoted in J. E. Lloyd (ed.), History qf Carmarthenshire vol. 2 (London Carmarthenshire Society, 1939), p 13. 17. Percy Russell, Dartmouth (London, 1950), p. 60. 18. Henry Thorpe, Liclifield: A Study qfits Growth and Function, Collections for a History of Staffordshire, edited by Staffs Rec Soc for 1950 and 1951 (Birmingham, 1954), p. 187. 19. Raymond Gillespie, 'The small towns of Ulster 1600-1700; Ulster Folklffe vol. 36 (Belfast, 1990), pp. 28-9. 20. Keith Kissack, Monmouth: the Making qf a Counry Town (London, 1978), p. 13. 21. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion (Oxford, 1985), pp. 55-6. 22. For a detailed study see Kevin Schurer and Tom Arkell (eds), Survf!Ying the People Local Population Studies (Oxford, 1992), pp. 67-77. 23. John Pound, T udor and Stuart Norwich (Chichester, 1988), p. 55. 24. R. Butlin (ed.), 7he Development qf the lrish Town (London, 1977), pp. 70-1. 25. David Harris Sacks, Trade, Sociery and Politics in Bristol c.1500-1640 (New York, 1985), p. 46. 26. W. B. Stephens, Seventeenth Century Exeter (Exeter, 1958), pp. 40-5, 51-3, 85-8.

9 TOWNS AND URBANISATION

1. Robert Brady, A Treatise qf English Burghs or Bouroughs (London, 1711), pp. 3, 163, 166. 2. Lewis Mumford, 7he Culture qfCities (New York, 1938), p. 428. 3. see H. B. Clarke and Anngret Simms (eds), 7he Comparative History qf Urban Origins in non-Roman Europe. Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia 9t1t-13th Century (Oxford, 1985), pp. 97, 417. 4. Peter Clark and Paul Slack, English Towns in Transition 1500-1700 (London, 1976), p. 5.

215 Notes

5. Helen Dingwall, Late 17th-Century Edinburgh: A Demographie Study (Edinburgh, 1994), p. 10. 6. Graham in Journal rif Histomal Geograp~ 5 (1979), pp. 111-25. 7. H. B. Clarke and Anngret Simms, The Comparative History rif Urban Origins in non-Roman Europe (Oxford, 1985), p. 420. 8. Raymond Gillespie and Gerard Moran (eds) , ~ Various Country': Essays in Mayo History 1500-1900 (Cork, 1987), p. II ff. 9. Allan White, 'The impact of the Reformation on a burgh com munity: The case of Aberdeen' in Michael Lynch (ed.), The Ear!J Modern Town in Seotland (London, 1987), p. 84. 10. Matthew Griffiths, "'Very wealthy by merchandise"? Urban for tunes' in J. Gwynfor J ones (ed.), Class, Communiry and Culture in T udor Wales (Cardiff, 1989), p. 201. 11. Paul Hohenberg and Lynn Hollen Lees, Making rif Urban Europe 1000-1950 (Cambridge, Mass, 1985). 12. H. J. Dyos, 'Agenda for urban historians' in H. J. Dyos (ed.), The Study rif Urban History (London, 1968). 13. David Cannadine 'Urban history in the United Kingdom: The Dyos phenomenon and after' in David Cannadine and David Reeder (eds), Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History by H. J. Dyos (Cambridge, 1982). 14. G. Sjoberg, The Pre-Industrial City Past and Present (New York, 1960). 15. William Sanders, Henry Wright, Robert McCAdams (eds) , On the Evolution rif Complex Societies: Essays in Honor rif Harry Hoyer (Malibu, 1984). 16. A. Losch, The Economies rif Loeation (Yale, 1954). 17. E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe Vol. I (London, 1971), p. 23. 18. Jan de Vries, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (Harvard, 1984), chapter 6. 19. A. D. van der Woud, Akira Hayami,Jan de Vries (eds), Urbanization in History: A Process rif Dynamie Interaetions (Oxford, 1990), p. 1. 20. E. A. Wrigley, 'Brake or accelerator? Urban Growth and Popula tion Growth beforre the Industrial Revolution' in A. D. van der Woud, Akira Hayami, Jan de Vries (eds), Urbanization in History: a Process oJ dynamic Interaetions (Oxford, 1990), pp. 10 1-13. 21. David Palliser, 'Urban decay revisited' inJ. A. F. Thomson, Towns and Townspeople in the Fijteenth Century (Stroud, 1988), pp. 17-18. 22. Derek Keene, 'Continuity and development in urban trades: Prob lems of concepts and the evidence' in Penelope J. Corfield and Derek Keene (eds), Work in Towns 850-1850 (Leicester, 1990), pp. 1-3.

216 Notes

23. E. A Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, Population History of England 1541-1871 (London, 1981), p. 161. 24. Sheila Cooper, 'Household form and composition in Kings Lynn: A reconstruction based on the poll taxes of 1689-1701' Chapter 10, in Kevin Schurer and Tom Arkell (eds) , Surveying the People Local Population Studies, (Oxford, 1992). 25. M. W. Flinn et al., Scottish Population History: from ehe 17th century (Cambridge, 1977). 26. Mary O'Dowd, Power, Politics and Land: Early Modem Sligo 1568- 1688 (Belfast, 1991), p. 63. 27. K. H. Connell, 'Population trends in seventeenth century Ireland', Economic and Social Review vol. 2 (1975), pp. 149--65. 28. L. A Clarkson, 'Irish population revisited 1687-1821' in J. M. Goldstein and L. A Clarkson (eds) , Irish Population, Economy and Sociery: Essays in Honour ofthe late K H. Connell (Oxford, 1981), p. 13. 29. Clark and Slack, English Towns in Transition 1500-1700, p. 8. 30. O'Dowd, Power, Politics and Land: Early Modern Sligo 1568-1688, p.65. 31. lan D. Whyte, 'Urbanization in Early Modem Scotland: A prelimi nary analysis' Scottish Economic and Social History 9 (1989), p. 31. 32. E. A Wrigley, 'The great commerce of every civil society: Urban growth in early Modem Europe' Scottish Economic and Social History 12 (1992). 33. I am most grateful to Dr Raymond Gillespie for permitting me to see the paper he has written for Peter C1ark's forthcoming book on small towns before it appears in print, from which many of the figures are drawn. 34. J. M. Bestali and D. V. Fowkes (eds), Chesteifield Wills and Inventories (Derbyshire Record Society, vol. 1 1977), p. xiii. 35. T. Sharlin, 'Natural decrease in early modern cities: A reconsider ation', Past and Present 79 (1978), pp. 126-38. 36. Robert Woods, Chapter 5, in Richard Lawton (ed.), The Rise and Fall of Great Cities: Aspects of urbanization in the Western WorM (London, 1989). 37. E. A Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, Population History of England 1541-1871 (London, 1981), p. 166. 38. Ronald Mayo, The Huguenots in Bristol, Local History Pamphlets no 61 (Bristol), pp. 2, 8, 10-11. 39. Percy Russell, Dartmouth (London, 1950), p. 93. 40. Peter Clark and Jean Hosking, Population Estimates of English Small Towns 1550-1851 Centre for Urban History, University ofLeicester Working Papers no 5 (Leicester, 1993), pp. i-iv. Under the CNRS-

217 Notes

ESRC Franco-British program in conjunction with Professor J. P. Pousson of the Sorbonne, Professor Clark has been working since 1985 on data-collection. 4l. Robert J. Naismith, The Story of Scotland's Towns (Edinburgh, 1989), pp. 78-9. 42. Geraint H. Jenkins, The Foundations of Modem Wales 1642-1780 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 115-16.

10 NETWORK AND HIERARCHY

l. W. B. Stephens, Seventeenth Century Exeter: A Study of Industrial and Commercial Development 1625-1688, (Exeter, 1958), p. 13-14,43-4. 2. W. G. Hoskins, Industry, Trade and People in Exeter 1688-1800 with Special Reference to the Serge Industry (Manchester, 1935), p. 13. 3. D. M. Palliser, Tudor York (Oxford, 1979), pp. 126-7. 4. In A. D. Dyer, Decline and Growth in English Towns 1400-1640 (Basingstoke, 1991). In his rank order from top to bottom Lincoln*, Salisbury, Boston*, Beverley*, Canterbury, Winchester, Bury St Edmunds, Gloucester*, Hereford*, Ely, Northampton, Scarbo rough, Stamford*, Newark, Ludlow, Southampton, Pontefract, Lichfield, Newbury, Huntingdon, Hadleigh, WeHs, Bridgnorth, Bridgewater, Barking, Chichester, Peterborough, Maidstone, Don caster, Cirencester, Louth . * means rank declined 1377-1524. The others either improved or the information is missing. 5. Rochester, Crediton, Saffron WaIden, Beccles, Taunton, Tiverton, Wymondham, Bodmin, Basingstoke, Windsor, Alton, Wisbech. 6. Dover, Sandwich, Ludlow, Warwick. 7. Howard C arte r, The Towns of Wales: A Study in Urban Geography (Cardiff, 1965), p. 35. 8. Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Chatham, Chester, Colchester, Coventry, Exeter, HuH, Ipswich, Leeds, King's Lynn, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Norwich, Notting harn, Oxford, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Preston, Sheffield, Shrews bury, Wigan, Yarmouth, York. 9. Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town 1660-1770 (Oxford, 1989), p. 1l. 10. J. K. Fedorowicz, England's Baltic Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century: A Study in Anglo-Polish Commercial Diplomacy (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 1, 14-16,20,50-2, 6l. 11. Eric Kerridge, Trade and Banking in Early Modem England. (Manches ter, 1988), pp. 49, 52-4.

218 Notes

12. Kerridge names London, Ipswich, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Hull, York, Wakefield, Halifax, Ripon, Darlington, Seaton, Newcastle, Berwick, Portsmouth, Bristol, Taunton, Tiverton, Exeter, Ply mouth, Dartmouth, Oxford, Coventry, Shrewsbury, Chester, Dub lin, Manchester, Rochdale, Kendal, Cambridge, Wellingborough, Leicester, Newark and Southampton. He thinks there were prob ably more, 'guessing' Barnstaple, Northampton, Nottingham, Shef field, Bury St Edmunds, Whitby, King's Lynn, Warrington. This list has some surprising omissions like Worcester. 13. Kerridge, Trade and Banking in Ear!y Modern England., pp. 5-6. 14. For a comparison ofprices in Worcester and Winchester see A. D. Dyer, The Gig of Worcester in the Sixteenth Gentury (Leicester, 1973), pp. 49-51. 15. J. M. Bestall and D. V. Fowkes (eds), Ghesterfield Wills and Inventories, Derbyshire Record Society vol. 1 1977, p. xxii. 16. W. B. Stephens, Seventeenth Gentury Exeter: A Study of Industrial and Gommercial Development 1625-1688 (Exeter, 1958), p. xix. 17. Kerridge, Trade and Banking in Ear!y Modern England, pp. 1-15. 18. L. M. Cullen, AngltrIrish Trade 1660-1800 (Manchester, 1968), p. 13. 19. Michael Lynch, 'Urbanization and urban networks in seventeenth century Scotland', Scottish Economic and Social History 12 (1992), p. 32. 20. J. A. Chartres, Internal Trade in England 1500-1700 (London, 1977), pp. 20-1. 21. Cullen, AngltrIrish Trade 1660-1800, pp. 16, 21. 22. John Pound, Tudor and Stuart Norwich (Chichester, 1988), p. 2. 23. Michael Lynch, 'Whatever happened to the medieval burgh' 10 Scottish Economic and Social History 9 (1989).

219 FURTHER READING

Archer, lan W. The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Eli;:,abethan London (Cambridge, 1990). Bairoch, Paul, Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present, trans. Christopher Braider (Chicago, 1988). Beckett, J. V., Coal and Tobacco: the Lowthers and the Economic Development ofWest Cumberland 1660-1760 (Cambridge, 1981). Beier, A. L. and Finlay, R. (eds), London 1500-1800 (London, 1986). Borsay, Peter, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town 1660-1770, Oxford Studies in History, ed. Keith Thomas (Oxford, 1989). Brady, Cieran and Gillespie, Raymond (eds), Natives and Newcomers: Essays on the Making oflrish Colonial Society (Dublin, 1986). Butlin, R. (ed.), The Development ofthe lrish Town (London, 1977). Cannadine, David and Reeder, David (eds) , Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History by H. J. Dyos (Cambridge, 1982). Carter, Howard The Towns of Wales: A Study in Urban Geography (Cardiff, 1965). Clarke, Howard (ed.), Medieval Dublin: The Living City (Dublin, 1990). Clarke, H. B. and Simms, Anngret (eds), The Comparative History of Urban Origins in non-Roman Europe. Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia 9t"13th Century (Oxford, 1985). Clark, Peter and Slack, Paul, English Towns in Transition 1500-1700 (London, 1976). Corfield, PenelopeJ. and Keene, Derek (eds), Work in Towns 850-1850 (Leicester, 1990).

220 Further Reading

Davidson, John and Gray, Alexander, The Seottish Staple at Veere (London, 1909). Davis, Ralph, The Trade and Shipping of Hull1500-1700 (East Yorkshire Local History Society, 1964). De Vries,Jan, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (Harvard, 1984). De Vries, Jan and van der Woud, AD. and Hayami, Akira (eds), Urbani;:.ation in History: A Process of Dynamie fnteraetions (Oxford, 1990). Dingwall, Helen, Late 17th-Century Edinburgh: A Demographie StOOy (Edin burgh, 1994). Dyer, A D., The Ci~ ofWoreester in the Sixteenth Century (Leicester, 1973). Dyer, A D., Decline and Growth in English Towns 1400-1640 (Basingstoke, 1991). Dyos, H. J. (ed.) The Study of Urban History (London, 1968). Earle, Peter, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Soeie~ and Fami[y lifi in London 1660-1730, (London, 1989). Fraser, Derek and Sutcliffe, Anthony (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History (London, 1983). Gillespie, Raymond, Colonial Ulster: The Settlement of East Ulster 1600- 1641, Studies in lrish History (Cork, 1985). Gillespie, Raymond, The Transformation of the frish Economy 1550-1700, Studies in lrish Economic and Social History Vol. 6 (Cork, 1991). Gillespie, Raymond and Moran, Gerard (eds), :4 Various Country': Essays in Mayo History 1500-1900 (Cork, 1987). Goldstein, J. M. and Clarkson, L. A (eds), frish Popultltion, Eeonomy and Sociery: Essays in Honour ofthe late K H. Connell (Oxford, 1981). Gutkind, E. A, Urban Development in Western Europe Vol. I (London, 1971). Harkness, David and O'Dowd, Mary (eds), The Town in freland (Belfast, 1981). Hohenberg, Paul and Lees, Lynn, Hollen Making of Urban Europe 1000-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., 1985). Jenkins, Geraint H., The Foundations ofModern Wales 1642-1780 (Oxford, 1987). Jones, J. Gwynfor (ed.), Class, Communi~ and Culture in TOOor Wales (Cardiff, 1989). Kissack, Keith, Monmouth: The Making of a Coun~ Town (London, 1978). Lacey, Brian, Siege Ci~: The Story of Derry and Londonderry (Belfast, 1990). Lennon, Colm, The Lords of Dublin, in the Age of Reformation (Dublin, 1989). Lynch, Michael, Edinburgh and the Reformation (Edinburgh, 1981). Lynch, Michael (ed.), The Ear[y Modern Town in Scotltlnd (London, 1987). MacCarthy-Morrough, Michael, The Munster Pltlntation: English Migration to Southern freltlnd 1583-1641 (Oxford, 1986).

221 Further Reading

McGrath, Patrick, 77ze Merchant Venturers of Bristol: A History of ehe Sode!)' ofMerckant Venturers ofehe Ci!y of Bristolfrom its Origins to the Present Day (Bristol, 1975). MacKenzie, William Mackay, 77ze Scottisk Burgks (Edinburgh, 1949). Mair, Craig, Stirling: 77ze Royal Burgk (Edinburgh, 1990). Mumford, Lewis, 77ze Ci!Y in History (London, 1961). Nolan, W. (ed.), Tke Skaping of Ireland: Tke Geograpkical Perspective (Cork, 1986). O'Dowd, Mary, Power, Politics and Land: Earf;y Modern Sligo 1568-1688 (Belfast, 1991). Palliser, D. M., Tudor York (Oxford, 1979). Pound,]. P. Tudor and Stuart Norwick (Chichester, 1988). Rappaport, Steve, Worlds witkin Worlds: Structures ofLije in Sixteentk Century London (Cambridge, 1987). Russell, Percy, Dartmoutk (London, 1950). Sacks, David Harris, Trade, Socie!)' and Politics: Bristol c.1500-1640 (New York, 1985). Schurer, Kevin and Arkell, Tom (eds), SUTV'!Jing tke People Local Popu lation Studies, (Oxford, 1992). Sjoberg, G., 77ze Pre-Industrial Ci!y, (New York, 1960). Slater, T. R. (ed.), Tke Built Form of Western Cities: &says Jor M. R. G. Conzen on ehe Occasion of kis Eigktietk Birtkday (Leicester, 1990). Somerville-Large, Peter, Dublin (London, 1979). Soulsby, lan, 77ze Towns of Medieval Wales, A Study of tkeir History, Arckaeology and Earf;y Topography (Philimore, 1983). Stephens, W. B., Seventeentk Century Exeter: A Study of Industrial and Commercial Development 1625-1688 (Exeter, 1958). Stevenson,]. (ed.), From Lairds to Louns. Country and Burgk Lift in Aberdeen (Aberdeen, 1986). Thomas, Avril, Tke Walled Towns of Ireland (Dublin, 1992). Tilly, Charles, Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990-1992, (Ox ford, 1993). Underdown, David, Fire From Heaven: 77ze Lift of an Englisk Town in the Seventeentk Century (London, 1992). Wrigley, E. A. and Schofield, R. S., Population History of England 1541-1871 (London, 1981).

222 INDEX

Aberdeen, 6, 7, 40, 58, 62, 64, 66, aristocracy, see also nobles, 118, 67,83,92, 131, 145, 152, 162, 145, 149, 160 176, 190 Armagh, 6, 10, 140 dean of gild, 39 Arran, Earl of, 98 religion, 39, 45, 58 Arundel, country status of, 75 Abergavenny, 43,178,187,196 Assizes, 79, 86, 123, 160 Aberystwyth, 187, 196 Attleborough, 60 Admiralty, 148 Australia, xii jurisdiction, 75, 89, 101~2, 123, Austria-Hungary, 177 133 Avon, 157 agriculture, 66, 113, 114, 115 Ayr, 40,83,89, 142, 144, 152, 157, aldermen, 77, 78, 79, 99, 102, 103, 176 122, 123 Aldersey, William, xv Bacon, Nathaniel, xv Alfreton, 149 bailies, 40, 73, 77 almshouses, 145, 162 bailiffs, xvi, 76, 77, 99 ambassadors, 105 BakeweIl, 149 Angus and Mearns, 39 Balkans, I 77 Annan, 131 Baltic trade, 59, 192 Anne of Denmark, 130 Baltimore, 42 anthropology, 5 Bank of England, 63, 192 Antwerp, 54, 63 banking, 62, 64, 110, 113, 169, 192 apprentices, 22, 23~5, 36, 45, 68, Bantry, 174 89, 108, 109 Baptists, 43 archaeology, 4 Barnstaple, 55, 59 archdeacons, 35 Bath, 49, 182 architecture, effects of, 4, 18 Battle, 36 Ardglass, 5 Bawtry, 148~9 Argyll, Campbell, Earls of, 145 Beaumaris, 120, 143, 196

223 Index

Belfast, 61,62, 149, 175, 196 burghs ofbarony, 76, 142, 160, Belgium, 177 163, 175 beIls, 11-12 burghs, royal, 76, 126, 160, 163, bequests, 87-8 176 Bere, 178 Burwash, 182 Berwick, 127-8 Bury St Edmunds, 75, 188, 194 Beverley, 53 Bewdley, 6 Caernarvon, 23, 120, 187, 196 bills of exchange, 114 Calvinist churches, 43 Birkett, Alice, 43 Cambridge, 173 Birmingham, 60,131,149,173 Camden, William, xv, 5, 151 Biskayans, 1 26 Campbell, Sir Hugh, 144 Blackfriars, 91 Canongate, 92, 93, 101 Blackwall Hall, 112, 191 Canterbury, xvi, 6, 26, 152 borough charters, 73-4,77,87,89, capital investment, 147, 169, 191 120, 121, 124, 125, 134, 160 capitalism, 166 boroughs, 74,88-9, 122, capita1s: 137-8, 149 boundaries of, 92, 202 Borsay, Peter, 14 definition of, 91-2, 163 Brecon, 56 economic function of, 110-15 Brereton, Sir William, 4, 94 government of, 94-5, 98-9 Brideswell, 80 occupationa1 structures of, 115 - 17 bridges, 82,88,94, 140, 143, 146, population, 92-3, 203 162 regional or provincia1, Bridgnorth, 2 criteria for, 154-5, 163 Brigden, Susan, XVlll resources of, 10 1-2 Bristo, 92 war and, 96- 7 Bristo1, xv, 15,25,26,27,32,44, Cardiff, 43, 56, 57, 67, 143, 178, 4~ 50, 5~ 55, 5~ 59, 6~ 65, 182, 187, 196 75, 82, 89, 112, 123, 129, 130, Carew, fami1y, 123 134, 147, 153, 156, 157, 158, Carlingford, 174 170, 173, 179, 181, 186, 196, Carlis1e, 120, 127, 128 201 Carmarthen, 43, 56, 133, 183 Britain, 178, 188 Carrickfergus, 4, 72, 149, 174 Bruce, Robert of C1akmannan, 143 carriers, 146, 157, 193 Buckingham, 11 CasheI, 127, 146 Buckingham, Duke of, 158 Castlebar, patronage of, 144 building materials, 13-14 castles, 4-5, 14, 162 bui1ding, style of, 10-11 cathedra1, 4-5, 34, 162 Builth, 196 catho1icism and Catho1ics, 23, 38, Bu1keley, family and feuds, 143 40, 42, 43, 104 Burford, 171 causeways, 82, 193 burgh of regality, 62,76, 121, 160, census, 174 163, 175 central government, 51,61, 73, 78,

224 Index

80, 81-2, 88, 89-90, 94, 97, poor, xviii, 11, 17, 19, 21, 24, 32, 98,117,119,120,123-4,147, 28, 42, 51, 52, 67, 72, 84, 191 99, 100, 125, 168, 200, 202 establishment of new towns, 136 professional, 22, 23, 113, 114, 116 finances, 63 rich, 11, 17, 19,21,32,38-9,48, central place theory, 166, 168 67,99 ceremonial, see also regalia, 12 clerk of market, 79, 80, 101 Chad, 60 clocks, 94 chamberlains, 77, 79 Clonmel, 146 chaplains, 80 clothing, 29, 30, 111 charity, 8, 32 Colchester, 53, 72, 173 Charles I, 97, 132 colonies, 61, 141, 195 Charles 11, 132 colonisation, 47, 54, 60, 61, 135, 140 charters, see borough charters commercial centres, 118, 139 Chatham, III communication as towns link, 185 Chester, 28, 78, 82, 89, 112, 113, community, xii, xiii, xix, 20, 28-33, 141,153,155,170,173,196, 35,51,53,71,72,81, 121, 201 125, 136, 164 Chesterfield, 148, 117, 193 companies, charte red, 63 Chicago school of urban studies, 3 companies, regulated, 51, 63, 87, Chichester, Sir Arthur, 4 191 children, 2 I, I 10 competition, 148, 197 China, 68 Compton census, 172 church, 4,5, 7,8,9, 12, 18,26,34, Conakilty, 62 35, 36, 45, 103, 139, 160 conflict of interest, 121-4, 145 architecture, 12, 44-5 conflict of laws, 35, 40, 122 building, Ireland, 39 Connacht, 25, 155, 190 courts, 35, 90, 103 consensus, 171-3 pews, hierarchy in, 9, 45, 106 Constable family, 157 preachers or lecturers, 37-8, 39, constables, conservators, 76, 80, 100 40, 45, 47--8, 87, 105 convention of Royal burghs, 76, pulpit and communion table, 38, 45 138, 142 role of laity, 36-7 convoys, 192 churchyards, 8, 160 Coppinger, Walter, 42 Cinque Ports, 9, 120 Cork, 5, 11, 23, 57, 62, 70, 86, 92, citizenship, see also freemen, 87, 88, 121, 130, 133, 134, 135, 140, 101 144, 152, 155, 174, 175, 194, city, xii, xviii, 3, 19, 34, 49, 50, 196 91-110,176-8,181-2,199 church building, 39 civil actions, 88 Cork, earls of, 144 Civil Wars, 42,43,49,59,95,97, corn market, 82 117, 131-2, 149, 154, 156 Cornwall, 60 Clark, Peter, xviii Cornwall, Duchy of, 83 classes: coroner, 79

225 Index

Corporation, 45, 75, 80, 125 de Vries, 166-7,174,176,177 Corpus Christi feast, 34-5 defence, 1-2, 14,51,81,95-6,98, Cotswolds, 157 127, 162 Council in Marches, 90, 156 town walls, 4,5, 7-8, 14, 127-8, Council in North, 90 131, 135, 162 Council, Scodand, 98 defining the town, vii, xii-xiii, county courts, 44 129, 159--60 musters, 129 Defoe, Daniel, 48 status, 75 demography, 31,48 Court, royal, 9, 106 Denbigh, 56, 178, 187, 196 courts, fair, 86 Deptford,111 courts, London, 98 Derbyshire, 148 Coventry, 28, 66, 182, 186, 187 Derry, 6, 8, 132, 136, 142, 145, 175 Cowbridge, 56, 196 Devon, 60 crafts, see also trades, 22, 57, 77, 99 diet, 30 divided by activity, 66 disasters, see also tempest, fire, flood, divided by product, 66 plague, 83, 100, 202 craft masters, 99 disease, 21, 83-4, 180 craftsmen, 29,35,67, 78, 80, 114 disputes and disorder, 102, 143-4 Crail, 182 Diss, 60 credit, 63, 64, 110, 112, 113, 114, dissidents, religious, 45 148, 192, 202 Disuth, 178 Crediton, 59, 186 Ditchling, 182 Crieff, 62 domestics, 22, 29-30, 109, 116 crime, 88, 123-4 Dorchester, 31,42, 48, 84 Cromwell, Oliver, 132 double towns, 6 crown, see also monarchs, 120, 129 Dover, 89, 147 Cullompton, 44,59,157,173 Drogheda, 112, 174, 175 Culm, 157 Dublin, 16, 32, 39,57, 62, 64, Culross, 182 91-2,96-118, 121, 140, 148, culture, 107 149,150,155,174,175,178, Cumberland, 141 179, 181, 183, 184, 194 Cumbria, 190 Lords of, 99 cursus honorum, 78 Dumbarton, 131, 176 customs officers, 102, 134 Dumfries, 122, 131, 144, 152, 197 customs revenue, 113, 126, 194 Dundalk, 174 Cwm, Jesuit college at, 38 Dundee, 58, 62, 145, 176 Dungarvan, 174 Dalkeith, 67, 131 Durham, 127, 156, 190 Danes, 55 Dutch, 62, 63, 126, 132 Darien scheme, 114 Dysart, 182 Dart, 185 Dartmouth, 37,44, 48, 55, 82, 120, East Anglia, 190 130, 148, 173, 182, 185 Edinburgh, 16, 27, 30, 32, 58, 64,

226 Index

83,91-2,96--118, 126, 131, Firth of Forth, 58, 149, 182, 190, 196 152, 155, 176, 195, 196, 197, fishing industry, 125-6 201 herring fishing, 9, 54-5, 61, 126 reorganisation of administration, cod fishing, 54-5 102 Flint, 120 education, see also town schoo1s, 29, flood, 83-4, 147 31-2,84, 85, lO7-8 food and drink, 81, 100, 110, 115 Elbing, 192 foundlings, 10 1 Elizabeth I, 130 Fox, Richard, 43 employees, 21-2 France, 56, 58, 133, 141, 177, 178, emp10yers, 21-2 181, 203 England, 7, 15, 16,22,42,50,59, Fraserburgh, 190 62,68, 73, 76--7, 126, 131, freeman, 71, 77,85, 105 132, 134, 136, 137, 155, 173, furnishings, 29, 48 177,178,190,191,194,195, 199, 201, 202, 203 Gaelic 10rdships, xii entertainments, 10, 19, 29, 32, 85, Galway, 5,6,23,25, 70, 113, 133, lO7, 157-8 152, 155, 174, 175 epidemie disease, see also plague, 83 Galway, church building, 39 Errol, Earl of, 40 gaol, 4, 88, 95, lO3, 160 Erskines, Lords, 145 gentry, 11, 16, 33, 45, 64, 66, 86, Essex, 111, 173, 190 89, 90, 93, lO6, 109, 110, 114, ethnicity, 6, 200-1, 203 118, 137, 143, 149, 150, 154, Europe, 177 157-8 Exchequer, 78,99 Germany, 177 Exe, 157 gilds, xvii, 34,51,53,57,58,76, Exeter, xvi, xvii, 49, 54, 55, 59, 80, 97, 99, 100, 104, 113, 117 65, 66, 78, 147, 148, 153, 155, dissolution, 36 157, 158, 173, 186, 191, 193, membership of, 80 194 religious, 35, 36, 40, 45, 104 exports, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 99, 109, Glamorgan, 163 191 Glasgow, 35,41,50,92, 121, 133, manufactured goods, 57, 58 152, 157, 176, 183, 195, 202 raw materials, 57, 58, 61, 113 archbishop of, 41 Eyam, 83 bailies, 35 bishop of, 121 family, 26-7,48 Gloucester, 28,56, 131, 156 Faringdon, 9 Gloucestershire, industrial villages, 53 Ferrers family, 133 Glyndwr, Owen, 145 Fiennes, Celia, 48 Goodman, Christopher, 40 Fife, 152 goods and services, 146, 199, 201 Finberg, H. P. R., xw govemors, 97 fines, 123 Grange, Kirkcaldy of, 98 fire, 83-4, 102, 132, 147 Grattons family, 106

227 Index

Gray, Lord, 145 Hungerford, Lady, 35 Great Yarmouth, xvi, 9, 126, 173, Huntingdon, Earls of, 144 179,191 Huntly, Earl of, 40, 145 Greece, xi Hutehinson, Colonel, 131 Greenock, 66, 183 Grey, family of, 143 imports, 54, 58, 59, 61, 110, 114, Guildhall, 99 115, 191 Guise, Marie of, 73 incorporation, 75 guns, 128, 129, 131 Industrial Revolution, 165, 166 Gutkind, 5 industry, 15-16,20,21,55,56, 59-60, 141, 149-50, 194,202 Haddington, 176 new, 60,202 hair-care, 30 innovation, xi Halifax, 53 Inns, 9-10, 105, 110, 147 Hanse, 54 Inns of Court, 108 harbours, control over, 82, 83, 88, insurance, 202 89, 112, 136, 142, 148 Inverness, 176 Harrison, William, xv Ipswich, xv, 38, 192, 194 harvests, 62 Ipswich, recorder, xv Hastings, family, 143 Ireland, xii, xvi, 2,6,7, 14, 16,23, Haverfordwest, 2, 43, 57 25,39,42,49,56,57,61,62, Hawick, 131 68,72,76-7,86, 132, 133, Hay-on-Wye, 43 134, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, hearth tax, 171, 175, 187 143, 144, 149, 152, 155, 160, Herbert family, 143 161, 164, 170, 174, 178, 180, Hereford, 28, 170, 201 181, 183, 184, 188, 193, 194, Hertford, 101 195, 196,201,202,203 Hertford, Earl of, 98 Irvine, 45, 131, 142, 176 hierarchy, xiv, 8-9, 12, 14, 18, 22, Italian cities, xv 24, 165, 167, 185, 195, 197-8 Italy, 177 hierarchy, business, 109 James 11, 135, 137 High Wycombe, 72 James V, 133 Highlands and Islands, 290 JamesVI and I, 37,130,135,136, Holland, 199 141, 160 Honiton, 44 Jedburgh, 131 Hooker, John, xvi jewellery, 30 Hoskins, W.G., xvii joint stock companies, 114, 117, hospitals, 14, 103, 162 126 household, 20, 26-7, 29, 113 journeymen, 84 housing, 16-17, 26, 29, 36, 47-8, justice of peace, 79 81,92-3,171 Howth, 148 Kelso, 131 Hull, 54,59,75, 157, 191, 192 Kendal, 193, 194 Humber, 147 Kenfig, 178

228 Index

Kent, 152 Liffey, 113 Kildare, Earl of, 127 lighthouses, 147 Kilkenny, 6,62, 146, 174 Limerick, 6, 11,92, 121, 130, 133, Kilmalloch, 11, 134 134,140,174,175 King, Gregory, 20-1, 172 church building, 39 Kings Lynn, xv, 10, 123, 157, 169, Lincoln, xv, 36, 53, 75, 188 173,191 Lincolnshire, 190 Kingston-on-Thames, 77, 155 Linlithgow, 40, 176 Kinsale, 134, 174 general assembly at, 40 Kirkcudbright, 131 litigation, 30-1,87,88, 102, Knightleys of Fawsley, 25 122-3 Knox,John, 41, 104 Liverpool, 112, 141-2, 173, 188, 196 lairds, 70 livery companies, 99-100 Lambarde, William, 151 living standards, 68 Lampeter, 43 Livingstone, lords, 145 Lancashire, 141, 190 Livy, xv Lancaster, Duchy of, 73 Llandaff, 43 landlords, 4,26, 75, 77, 142, 144 Llantrisant, 43 landowners, 35, 49, 63, 136, 139, Llantwit Major, 163 142, 192 Llanwryst, 145 Laud, William, 42, 43, 45 loans, royal, 100 law, 121-2, 160 locational theory, 2, 166, 199 Law, Thomas, 35 Lollards, 37, 105 Leadenhall, 191 London, xvii, xviii, 16, 25, 27, 32, Leadhills, 182 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 62, Lechlade, 60 63,64,65,82,92 118,119, Leeds, 53,173,193,194 124,129,132,147,155,170, legal centres, 118 171, 173, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, Leicester, xvi, 11, 24, 35-6, 38, 49, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 129, 131, 143, 144, 154, 156, 198,201,202 181, 182 engine of growth, 184 Leicestershire, 190 Great Fire, 16, 111 Leinster, 25, 112, 190 population, 172 leisure pursuits, 31, 49, 57, 62, 85, wards, 102 9~ 106-7, 182, 203 Lothian, 152, 155 Leith, North and South, 92, 94, 98 lotteries, 94 Leland, John, xv, 4, 48 Lowther, Sir John, 4, 141 Lennox, dukes of, 41, 133 Ludlow, 153, 156, 158 Leslies, family, 45 luxury goods, 117,157 liberties, 105 libraries, 14 MacCaffrey, Wallace, xvii Lichfield, 23, 132, 137, 149 magnates, 39 life expectancy, 21, 31 Maidstone, 152

229 Index

Maldon, 72 Mengies, family, 145 Manchester, 28, 60, 173, 188, 194 merchant adventurers, 53, 63, 126 Mansfield, 148, 193 merchant practices, 63 Manship, Henry, xvi merchants, 22,25,32,47,49,55, manufactories, bell-founding, 60 56, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 78, 86, breweries, 48,65,81-2,99,110, 93, 98, 99, 106, 109, 110, 112, 111, 113, 115, 116 114, 115, 117, 118, 126, 142, cloth, 24, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 145, 147, 156-7, 158, 191, 60,65,67,111,112,113, 192-3, 202 114 foreign, 32, 56, 87, 105 foundries, 48 Meredith, Hugh, 11 glassworks, 48,55,60,62, 111, 197 metal-working, 55, 58, 60, 67, 111, nails, 55 149, 188 new forms of, 111, 146, 148 middle class, see also professionals, 22 paper, 55, 183 middlemen or brokers, 112 potteries, 48, 65, 111 Midlands, 55 salt, 62, 182, 197 migration and migrants, 24--5, 43, silk, 62,111,113,114,117,183 52,61,62,66, 112-13, 136, soap-making, 60, 183 167,170,174,180,181,201, sugar, 62, 111, 182, 183 203 tobacco, 111, 116, 141, 149, 182, militia, 124, 128-9 183 mining, coal, 47,54,62, 141, 182, manufacturing, 53, 54, 182, 183, 197,203 200,202 iron, 54, 142 Mar, David, 39 lead, 47, 54, 183 market cross, 5, 6-7 tin, 47,54, 157, 185 market, domestic, 62, 193 ministers, see also clergy, 40, 41 market place, 5,8, 10, 14,18,51, monarch, power of, see also central 113, 160 government, 9, 73, 79, 90, 94, market, secondhand, 29 95, 96, 105, 120, 122, market towns, 47,54, 74, 75, 140, 124--5, 144, 147 148-9, 163, 182, 187, 193, money, 47,63 195 money market, 112, 114 markets and fairs, 5, 12, 50--2, 55, Monmouth, 8, 16, 38, 73, 85, 150, 79, 86, 112, 136, 140, 154, 196 163, 197 monopolies, 126 Mauchline, 142 Montgomery, Archbishop Robert, 41 Maybole, 142 Montgomery, master of, 40 Mayo, 142 Montrose, 176 mayors, 44, 45, 77, 78, 79, 89, 95, Moun~oy, Charles Blount lord, 99, 101, 121-2,128-9 127, 135 medicine, 29, 30 Muggletonians, 43 Mediterranean, 54, 63 Mumbles, 56 Medway, 111 Mumford, Lewis, xiü

230 Index

Munster, 25,42,58, 112, 134, 136, Oswestry, 132 142, 190, 196 Otterbum, Sir Adam, 97 Musselburgh, 66, 175 Oundle, 13 musters, 128-9, 171 Ouse, East Ang1ian, 147 Ouse, Yorkshire, 157 Nantwich, 84 Owen, George of Henllys, 148 Naylor, John, 44 Oxford, 101, 173 navy, 195 Netherlands, 176, 177, 178, 203 Painswick, 54 networks, xiv, 114, 118, 157, 166, Pais1ey, 66 167, 185, 190, 191, 193, 194, palaces, 4 196, 198 Pale, 133, 140 New World, 68 Paris, 94 Newbold, 193 parish registers, 17 0-1, 1 74 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 15, 72, 75, parishes, 104, 105, 106 82, 129, 153, 156, 158, 173, parliament, 73,81,87,90,97, 137 187, 192, 197 parliament, acts of, 38, 88, 120, Newfoundland fleet, 28, 55, 141 141-2, 195 Newport, 178 Act of Indu1gence, 44 Newry, 149 Act of Uniformity, 44 Newton, 142 bill presented in, 137 Newtonards, 149 Five Mile Act, 44 nobles, 64, 93 members of, 132, 137, 144 non-conformity, 43-4, 45 partnerships, 64 Norden, John, 11 patron, 90, 144, 145-6 Norfo1k, 173, 190 Pelham, Sir William, 130 North Walsham, 60 Pembroke, 196 Northampton, and water supp1y, Pembroke, Earl of, 143 82, 84 Pepys, Samuel, 29 N orthumberland, Earls of, 143 Perth, 66,67, 143, 145, 176 Norwich, 22,25,26,31, 32, 38, 43, Peterhead, 190 5~ 51, 53, 65, 6~ 67, 72, 75, Petty, William, 21, 1 72, 174 82, 92, 153, 154, 156, 157, physical structure, symbo1ism, 3-4 158,173,194 pilotage, 82-3, 89 Nottingham, 28,72, 131 piracy, 58, 88, 123 Pittenween, 182 O'Donnell, family, 145 plague, 81,88, 101, 132, 180 oaths, 121, 125 plays and pageants, 34, 37-8, 40, 85 occupational divisions, 67, 69, 115 Plymouth, 55, 130, 131, 148, 173, occupations, see also trades, 20, 67 182 oligarchy, 22-3, 70, 71, 77, 78, 90, police, see also constables, 18, 28, 106, 138 94, 100, 105, 125 open space, access to, 12 politicians, 63, 106 orphans, 84, 103 population density, 3, 10 1, 160, 179

231 Index ports, xii, 2, 8, 49, 54, 56, 57, quays and piers, 82, 83, 90, 112, 59,60,62,82,88, 123, 141, 148 163, 182, 196,200,201,202, quo warranto 74 203 Portsmouth, 111, 129 Reading, xv, 186 Portugal, 54,63, 177 rebuilding, 92, 101 postal service, 147 recession, 58 press-gang, 186 recorder, 79, 123 Presteigne, 196 RedclifTe, 60 price inflation, 52 Reformation, 9,34,36,37,40,41, prices, 193 84, 104 private buildings, 1D-ll, 12-13, 93 refugees, 52, 113 privateering, 55, 58 regalia: mace, sword, collar, cap of processions and marches, 34, 35, maintenance, 95, 121, 133 45,96,200 regions, definition of, 2, 150-3 professionals: religion, 2,23,25-6,41, 143, 165-6 apothecaries, 60, 116, 158 religious books, 37, 41-2 attorneys, 32, 158 religious feasts, 34 church officials, 32, 134 religious heresy, 37, 103 clergy, 32, 40, 64, 106, 109, 112 religious houses, 36, 40, 72, 75-6, doctors, physicians, 32, 60, 106, 105 109, 116, 158, 183 Renfrew, 145 government officials, 32, 46, 90, rents, 26, 38 106, 112, 192 resident aliens, 32, 105 lawyers, 32, 46, 106, 109, 116, residential patterns, 14-15 183 Rhuddlan, 120 military men, 46, 109, 112 Ricard, Robert, xv notaries, 32 riots and resistance, 41, 72, 73, surgeons, 60, 109, 116, 158 82, 90, 95, 103, 105, 133, town officials, 32 154 schoolmasters and rivers, 82-3, 146, 157 schoolmistresses, 106, 109, Robin Hood, 40 116, 183 Rochdale, 193, 194 prosperity, 46 Rochester, 87 Protestantism, 37, 38,43,45, 104 Rome, xi Protestants, 23, 42, 136 Rosscarbery, 174 provost, 41, 70, 73, 77, 97, 99 Rotherham, 148 public buildings, 8-10, 93-4 Rothesay, 176 private use of, 9 Routh, Friar John, 40 punishments, 124 Royal Exchange, 112, 147 pyramid, 186, 197 Royal Society, 20 Ruthin, 196 Quakers, 43 Ruthven, Lords, 145 quarter sessions, 79 Rye, 37,89

232 Index

SachevereIl, Sir Richard, 35 social structure, 9, 15, 19, 22, 30, Sacks, David, xviii 32-3, 44-5, 50, 52, 67, 100, sailors, 15, 93 108,115,165 St Albans, 101, 155 soldiers, 89,95,96, 129-31, 136 St Andrews, 40 soldiers, billeting, 131, 134 St Lawrence, family, 148 South Midlands, 190 St Leger, Lady, 130 Southampton, 59,87, 129 St Pauls, Dean of, 103 Spain, 54, 58, 63, 126, 130, 133, Salisbury, 22,49, 153, 156, 181, 177 188 specialisation, xiv, 20, 32, 46, 54, Salusbury, Sir Henry, 11 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 108, 110, Scandinavia, 58, 177 113, 115, 116, 146, 149, 161, schools, 14 181, 183, 185, 196,203 Scotland, xvii, 2, 7, 8, 39, 41, 42, Speed, John, 2 50,56,58,62,66,67, 73, 76, Spitalfields, 111 77,86,90, 121, 122, 126, 129, sport and recreations, 18, 85 130-1, 136, 138, 140, 142, Stamford, 53 143,145,149,152,160,170, Stanihurst, Richard, 94 172,175,178,180,184,190, stannaries, 157 193, 195,201,203 Staple, merchants of the, 126, 191 17th century depression, 62 Staple, Scottish, 126 reformed Calvinist church, 39 Stepney, 111 regalities, xii, 190 Stirling, 175 scriveners, 192 stock market, 63 Scrope family, 15 Stow,John, xv, 34, 119, 122 Sefnllys, 178 Stow-ion-the-Wold, 76 Severn, 156 street patterns, 7, 164 shareholders, 63 streets and roads, 5,6,7,8, 17, 18, Shaw, John, 35 82, 146, 150, 154, 158, 193 Sheffield, 55,76,148-9,173,188 strike, 81 sheriffs, 75, 99, 123, 144, 152 Stroudwater, 55 shipbuilding, 48, 59, 93, 111, 113 Stuart, Alexander, 35 shire, see also county, 151-2 Stuart, Matthew, 73 authorities, 90 Stuarts, 90, 125 shire hall, 75 Sudbury, 194 shops, see also retail trade, 14, 64, Suffolk, 111, 190 117 Sussex, 152 Shrewsbury, 2,170,173,193,194 SwafIham, 60 Shrewsbury, Earls of, 149 Swansea, 43,56,58,66,67,84, Sidney, Sir Henry, 39,57, 130 187, 196 Slack, Paul, xviii Switzerland, 177 Sligo, 17,23,61,113,150,174 Smith, William, 85-6, 100 Tallow, 62 social controI, 85-6, 100 Taunton, 59

233 Index taxation, 58, 100, 125, 126, 160, architectural representation of 176, 194 order, xiv, 1,4, 119 Taylor, John, 193 centres of consumption, 6(}-1, 68, Tewkesbury, 37, 56, 84 145, 146, 149, 200 textiles, see also cloth clothing, 26, centres of social intercourse and 62, 66, 111, 114, 115, 142, culture, 119, 145-6, 154,200 157, 191, 193,200 decline, debate over, 52-3 Thames, III definition of, xii, 159-61 Thetford, 60, 195 dependence, 75, 155, 167,200 Thomas, Rhys ap, 133 diversification of function, xiv, 1, Thompson,James, xvi 46, 148-50, 156, 159 Thornbury, Walter, xvii division of labour, 160 Throsby, John, xvi economic function of, xii, 2, Thynnes of Longleat, 106 46-7, 156 TidesweIl, 149 extension of royal power, 120, 134 Tipperary, 146 factors underlying location, 1-2 tithes, 105 finances, 49, 77, 81, 86 Tiverton, 44,59,84,157,173,186, fortunes, 54, 166, 187,200 194 function, xiv, 1-2,6,46, 139-40, Torrington, 60 163,200 Totnes, 185 heterogeneity, 160 town authority, 72-5, 79 hierarchies, 148, 167, 185, 186, autonomy, 90, 139, 144, 190 195, 197,201 (borough) courts, 12,42,87,88, hinterland of, 22, 56, 140, 156, 89, 122, 144, 194 157, 185, 188, 195 town clerk, 79, 122-3 improvements, 48, 86, 158, 200 town councils, 49, 73, 99 inland, 54 town fields, 6,20,57,82, 139, 162 instruments of growth, 76, 167, town hall, 5, 14, 18, 145 184 town histories, xv-xviii large, xiii, xiv, xv, 19, 65, 73, 75, town houses, 5 80, 168, 177-8, 202-3 town houses as workplaces, 16 manufacturing, 54 town houses, design of, 16-17 morphology, xiv, 3, 13-14, 159, town maps, 4-5 161-3, 164 town meetings, 80 new foundations, 61, 135-6, 163, town numbers, 170-1 188, 190, 196 town officials, xvi, 32, 45, 77, 78, non-agricultural occupations, 80, 131, 134, 144 office, 78, 168 town plans and layout, 3-4, 6-7, parasites, 47 200 population, xiii, xiv, 18,20-1, towns: 52-3, 160, 169-70, administrative centres, xii, 2, 18(}-203 6(}-1, 74--5, 86-7, 118, 160, privileges, 74, 78, 97 167, 182 rank order of, 186-8

234 Index

records, 167-8 fishermen, 54--5, 59, 60, 62, 65, regulations, 50, 193 89, 102, 125, 182, 201 residents, xiii, 184 fishmongers, 65, 192 revenues, 49-50,86-7,88 fullers, 14, 24 role of, xi-xii glovers and hoseknitters, 57, 65, schools in, 4, 41, 84-5, 108, 154, 116 160,202 gold and silversmiths, 24, 65, 116 self-government, 70, 75, 76, 80, gunfounders, 65, 111 81, 139, 150,202 hatters and cappers, 57, 65, 183 sense of identity, xv, xvi, 70, innkeeper or alehouse keeper, 65 72-3, 94, 154 joiners, 65 small, 65,66, 162, 167, 168, 178, leather, 57,62,65,67, 111 196-7 linen, 54, 62, 142, 145, 149, steward, 77 183 trade: malsters, 65 cattle, 149, 195 masons, 65 coastal, 56, 59 millers, 65 colonial, 60 pawnbrokers, 29 domestic, xiv, 60 pewterers, 24 export, 56,58,61, 113 plumbers, 65 inland, 187, 194 saddlers, 24, 65 international, xiv, 47, 50, 51, 54, sailcloth makers, 54 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 68, shipbuilders, 65, 93, 116 109, 110, 113, 148, 169 shoemakers or cobblers, 22,57, retail, 64, 117, 167, 169 65, 116, 202 wholesale, 64, 167, 169 tailors, 65, 99, 117 traders, 29 tanners, 24 bakers, 50, 65, 81-2, 116 timber, 61 blacksmiths, 65, 202 tuckers and feltmakers, 65 bone-lace weaving, 149 wax chandlers, 65 booksellers and printers, 65, 107, weavers, 14, 24, 65, 99, 116 113, 115, 116 wheelwrights, 202 bowyers and fletchers, 65 wigmakers, 116 builders, 65, 117 transport, 68, 140, 146-7, 166, 185, building, 58, 116 193, 202 butchers, 24, 65, 81 Trinity House, 147 candle-makers, 65, 116 Tudor, Edmund, 133 carpenters, 65 Twyn,John, xvi cooperage, 66 Tyne keelmen, 15 cordwainers, 57, 65 cutlers, 24, 65 Ulster, 25,42,61, 142, 160, 190, dyers, 15, 24, 65 196 feltmakers, 57 U ndetdown, David, xviii fish-curers, 28, 60, 183 urban theory, 164-7

235 Index urbanisation, xiii, 141, 159, 168 West Kirk, 94 USA,xi Westminster, 91 utilities, 10, 13-14,29,48,81-2 Westrnorland, 141 Wexford, 57, 174 vagrancy, 89, 100 Whitby, 192 variables, xi, xiv White, John, 42 Veere, 58 White, Thornas, 88 vestries, 103 Whitechapel, 111 viHage, distinguishing frorn town, Whitehaven, 4,49, 141-2 162 widows, occupations of, 115, 116 violence, 143 Wigtown, 176 Wilrnot, Sir Charles, 135 wages, 111 Winchester, 53, 171, 179 Wales, xii, 2,6,7,8,16,21,22, wine, 113 38,43, 56, 60, 62, 66, 68, 73, Wolsey, cardinal ofYork, 143 76-7,91, 133, 140, 141, 152, wornen, 21,27-8,67, 72, 80, 86, 156, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 108-9, 110, 116-17 172, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, churching of, 86 187, 193, 195, 196,201,203 in trades, 116 war, 54,96-7, 120, 123, 131-2, 138 preachers, 43 borders, 190 restricted opportunities, 86 effects of, 47, 58, 59, 62, 81, 180 Woodstock, 72 industries, 132 woo1, 157, 183 religious books in, 38 W oolwich, 111 warehouses, 5 Worcester, 36,42,48,55,66, 77, watch and ward, 127 83, 153, 156, 180 water bailiffs, 83 Worcester, Earl of, 16, 32 water-supp1y, 29,81-2, 93, 100, 102 workshop, 14, 16, 56 Waterford, 57,62,92, 121, 130, Wotton-under-Edge, 54, 173 135, 140, 144, 146, 174, 175 Wren, bishop of Norwich, 43 Watts, Richard, 87 Wrexharn, 11, 39, 43, 56, 75, 120, wealth, 32, 47-8, 49 132, 183, 196 distribution of, 32, 67 Wynn, farnily, 145 weapons, 128, 129 York, 9,22,32,37,53,67, 72, 75, Welch,John, 41 78, 143, 153, 155, 156, 157, welfare, 29, 35, 84, 100, 202 158, 173, 180, 186 Wellington, 60 Yorkshire, 190 WeHs, 76 Youghal, 23,50, 146, 174 Welshpool, 187, 196

236