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Informanon to USERS INFORMAnON TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the miaofilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitled. Thus, sorne thesïs and dissertation copies are in typewriter face. while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quailly of this reproduction is depend.nt upon the quality of the capy submitted. Broken or indistinct prin!. colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs. print bleedthrough. substandard margins. and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages. these will be noted. A1so, if unauthorized copyright material had ta be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., rnaps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left ta right in equal sections with small overtaps. Photographs induded in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly ta arder. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Raad. Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 • COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM PLANNING AND POLIC\(: THE CASE OF THE BAFFIN REGION, NUNAVUT • by Gillian Corless Department of Geography, McGilI University. Montreal September, 1999 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography. • © Gillian Corfess. 1999 National IJbrary Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ofC8nada duC8nada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie SeNices services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Oftawa ON K1A 0N4. Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada canada The author bas granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant àla National LIbrary ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies oftbis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur CODSetVe la propriété du copyright in tbis thesis .. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts ftom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation.. 0-612-64136-8 Canadrl Abstract • This thesis explores twenty years of community based tourism policy and planning in the Baffin Region.. This rise of local participation in tourism development is reviewed. Such an approach is seen as being potentially beneficial to marginalized aboriginal people in remote areas. This, combined with political support for Inuit self determination, forrned the rationale behind community based tourism policy in Baffin. With its extensive community participation program, the planning process formed a strategy for sustainable tourism. Since then, the industry has grown but sorne of the strategy's goals have not been met. The number of Inuit involved in the industry initiaJly increased, but is now beginning to decline and tumover is high. Interest in the industry, and initiatives such as training, need to arise from inside communities rather than the govemment. Ta complement traditional subsistence hunting, the tourism industry must support short term • employment. • • Résumé • Le présent ouvrage se veut une exploration des vingt dernières années de politique et de planification communautaire du tourisme de la région de Baffin. Cette étude analyse l'implication de plus en plus active de (a population locale dans ce développement touristique. Une telle approche est apperçue comme étant bénéfique pour les populations locales aborigènes. Ceci, combiné au support politique pour l'autodétermination des Inuits, constituent la base des politiques comunautaires du tourisme de Baffin. Grâce à ce programme intensif de participation communautaire, le processus de planification a engendré une stratégie viable du tourisme. Depuis ce temps, il y eut une croissance de l'industrie touristique, mais certains buts n'ont pas encore été atteint. En effet, le nombre des Inuits impliqués dans l'industrie avait augmenté au départ, mais serait présentement en déclin, où on remarque un haut taux de remplacements. L'intérêt pour l'industrie touristique et des initiatives telles que l'entraînement au travail doivent parvenir des communautés mêmes et • non du gouvernement. L'industrie touristique se doit de supporter les emploies à court terme afin de complémentariser la subsistance et la chasse traditionnelle. • • Acknowledgments • Financial assistance is gratefully acknowledged from the Northem Scientific Training Program (NSTP) through the Department of Indian Affairs and Northem Development, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). 1 thank Simon Milne and George Wenzel for the time and funding they invested in me. Their editing and support were essential. As supervisors of my research, their different roles were complementary. Simon's work in tourism fueled my initial interest in tourism research, and George's knowledge of the North provided me with background on the people and the place. ln Iqaluit, thanks are due to those who generously gave their time to be interviewed, especially: Katherine Trumper, Ken McRury, David Monteith and Rick Hamburg. Jack Hicks was instrumental in providing me with access to information, in setting up interviews, and in giving me an insider's view of lite in Baffin. • At McGill, 1 acknowledge the moral support of the Geography graduate students. In particular, 1thank Susan Woodley, who was there ta hefp me from the beginning. Frank McShane offered his valuable insight, constant encouragement, and most importantly, a goal to work towards. Additional funding for this research was generously given by my parents, Dr. and Mrs. McBimie. 1also acknowledge the ongoing support of Kathleen Roach and Qualitative Research Associates Inc. Finally, thanks to Matthew, who went betore me and showed me the path. • • Community Based Tourism Planning and Policy: • the case of the Baffin Region, Nunavut Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Glossary of Acronyms Chapter 1 Introduction. 1 • 1.1 Tourism Planning and POlicy .. ... .. 1 1.2 The Case Study. .. 2 1.3 The Research Question and Objectives. .. .. 5 1.4 Methodology . .. ........ 7 1.5 Chapter Outline. ....... .. 11 Chapter 2 Tourlsm and Development: a revlew . 14 2.1 1ntraduction. .... .. .... 14 2.2 Tourism and Dependency. ... ... 14 2.2.1 Impacts of Tourism .. .. ..... 17 2.3 Toward More Sustainable Develapment. ...... 19 2.3.1 Public Participation and Community Based Decision-Making. ..... 22 2.3.2 Ecotourism .... .. .... 28 2.4 Tourism Development and Aboriginal People • in Remote Areas .......... .. 31 Chapter 3 A Profile of the Baffin Region . 36 3.1 Introduction. .... .. ..... 36 3.2 Geography ........... ... 36 3.3 Social and Political Background . ........ 37 3.4 Economie Background.. 39 3.5 The Tourism Sector .. ... .. 43 • Chapter 4 Economie Pollcy ln the Northwest Terrltorfes . 47 • 4.1 Phases of Economie Development Policy .... 47 4.2 Policy for Community Based Tourism. ... 49 4.2.1 Why a Community Based Approach? ... 55 Chapter 5 The Communlty Based Plan and Strategy . 60 5.1 Introdudion. ........ .. .. 60 5.2 The Pilot Study. ......... 60 5.3 The Process of a Region-Wide Public Participation Study .. 65 5.4 A Regional Strategy. ....... .. 71 5.4.1 Non-Consumptive versus Consumptive Tourism ... 74 5.5 Implementation. ... .... 76 5.5.1 1982-1988 ...... .. .... n 5.5.2 1988-1994 ........ .. 84 5.5.3 1994-1998 ...... .. .... 88 • 5.6 Monitoring and Evaluation of the Strategy .. 94 Chapler6 Conclusions 111 6.1 Recommendations . 117 • • List ofTlbles • Table 1.1 Interviews conducted between July 14 and August 7, 1998 in IqaluÎt, Nunawt . · · · · 8 Table 2.1 Tourism Terminology ·· 29 Table 4.1 Evolution of the Baffin Region Community Based Tourism Strategy . · · · · 51 Table 5.1 Planning Principles for the Baffin Region Tourism Planning Project . · · . 68 Table 5.2 Role of Each Baffin Community in Tourism Development . · · · n Table 5.3 Assessment of Priorities for Tourism Development, • 79 Baffin Region Tourism Development Strategy · Table 5.4 Number of Registered Baffin Outfitters · · 96 Table 5.5 Winners and Lasers in Baffin Region Tourism Development . · 104 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of Nunavut, Canada · 4 Figure 5.1 Map of the Baffin Region · · · 61 • Figure 5.2 The Planning Process . · · . · 69 • Glossary of Acronyms • AEDO Area Economie Development Officer CEDa Community Economie Development Officer EDO Economie Development Officer ED&T Oepartment of Economie Development and Tourism GNWT Govemment of the Northwest Territones ITC Inuit Tapirisat of Canada MTRG McGiII Tourism Research Group • NTI Nunavut Tunngavik Ine. NWT NorthwestTenffories RWEO Oepartment of Resources, Wildlife and Economie Development • • Chapter 1 Introduction • 1.1 Tourism Planning and Policy Tourism is the worfd's largest industry and employer (Hall 1994).
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