The American Law Institute OFFICERSt Roswell B. Perkins, Chair of the Council Michael Traynor, President Conrad K. Harper, 1st Vice President Elizabeth Warren, 2nd Vice President Bennett Boskey, Treasurer Lance Liebman, Director Elena A. Cappella, Deputy Director Michael Greenwald, Deputy Director COUNCILt Kenneth S. Abraham Charlottesville Virginia Shirley S. Abrahamson Madison Wisconsin Philip S. Anderson Little Rock Arkansas Susan Frelich Appleton St. Louis Missouri Richard Sheppard Arnold Little Rock Arkansas Jos6 1. Astigarraga Miami Florida Sheila L. Birnbaum New York New York Allen D. Black Philadelphia Pennsylvania Bennett Boskey Washington District of Columbia Amelia H. Boss Philadelphia Pennsylvania Michael Boudin Boston Massachusetts William M. Burke New York New York Elizabeth J. Cabraser San Francisco California Hugh Calkins Cleveland Ohio Gerhard Casper Stanford California William T. Coleman, Jr. Washington District of Columbia Edward H. Cooper Ann Arbor Michigan N. Lee Cooper Birmingham Alabama Roger C. Cramton Ithaca New York Lloyd N. Cutler Washington District of Columbia George H.T. Dudley St. Thomas U.S. Virgin Islands Christine M. Durham Salt Lake City Utah William H. Erickson Denver Colorado Thomas E. Fairchild Madison Wisconsin John P. Frank Phoenix Arizona George Clemon Freeman, Jr. Richmond Virginia Paul L. Friedman Washington District of Columbia Antonio Garcfa-Padilla San Juan Puerto Rico Conrad K. Harper New York New York Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.* Philadelphia Pennsylvania D. Brock Hornby Portland Maine Vester T. Hughes, Jr. Dallas Texas Mary Kay Kane San Francisco California Herma Hill Kay Berkeley California rAs of January 2, 2002 "Director Emeritus Carolyn Dineen King Houston Texas Carolyn B. Laminm Washington District of Columbia Douglas Laycock Austin Texas Pierre N. Leval New York New York Betsy Levin Washington District of Columbia Hans A. Linde Salem Oregon Martin Lipton New York New York Myles V. Lynk Tempe Arizona Robert MacCrate New York New York Margaret H. Marshall Boston Massachusetts John W. Martin, Jr. Boca Grande Florida John J. McKetta, II Austin Texas Vincent L. McKusick Portland Maine Daniel J. Meltzer Cambridge Massachusetts Robert H. Mundheim New York New York Roswell B. Perkins New York New York Harvey S. Perlman Lincoln Nebraska Ellen Ash Peters Hartford Connecticut Louis H. Pollak Philadelphia Pennsylvania Roberta C. Ramo Albuquerque New Mexico Mary M. Schroeder Phoenix Arizona Sherwin P. Simmons Miami Florida Win. Reece Smith, Jr. Tampa Florida Robert A. Stein Chicago Illinois John T. Subak Boca Grande Florida Michael Traynor San Francisco California Bill Wagner Tampa Florida Patricia M. Wald Washington District of Columbia Elizabeth Warren Cambridge Massachusetts William H. Webster Washington District of Columbia George Whittenburg Amarillo Texas Herbert P. Wilkins Boston Massachusetts James H. Wilson, Jr. Atlanta Georgia

Emeritus Council Members

Joseph F. Johnston Birmingham Alabama Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Princeton New Jersey Hale McCown Yellow Springs Ohio Ernest J. Sargeant Boston Massachusetts Lawrence E. Walsh Oklahoma City Oklahoma CHIEF REPORTER t IRA MARK ELLMAN, Arizona State University College of Law, Tempe, Arizona

REPORTERS t KATHARINE T. BARTLETT, Duke University School of Law, Durham, North Carolina [from 1994] i * GRACE GANZ BLUMBERG, University of California at Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles, California [1993 and from 1995] CONSULTANT MARYGOLD S. MELLI, University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisconsin ADVISERS SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, Chief Justice, Wisconsin Supreme Court, Madison, Wisconsin SUSAN FRELICH APPLETON, Washington University School of Law, St. Louis, Missouri [from 1994] JUDITH MITCHELL BILLINGS, Judge, Utah Court of Appeals, Salt Lake City, Utah DAVID L. CHAMBERS, University of Michigan School of Law, Ann Arbor, Michigan ROGER C. CRAMTON, Cornell Law School, Ithaca, New York DIANE DODSON, Rockville, Maryland MARY ANN GLENDON, Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts LYNNE Z. GOLD-BIKIN, Norristown, Pennsylvania SALLY F. GOLDFARB, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey School of Law, Camden, Camden, New Jersey JAMES R. GREENFIELD, New Haven, Connecticut [from 1990] JOHN DEWITT GREGORY, Hofstra University School of Law, Hempstead, Long Island, New York [from 1991] RONALD K. HENRY, Washington, District of Columbia [from 19901 HERMA HILL KAY, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Berkeley, California

t Professors Ellman, Bartlett, and Blumberg were jointly designated American Law Institute R. Ammi Cutter Reporters as of 1998. Professor Blumberg served as an Adviser from 1990 to 1993 and as a Consultant from 1994 to 1995. .. Professor Melli served as a Reporter from 1989 to 1994, and as Consultant thereafter. RUFUS G. KING Ill, Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Washington, District of Columbia

HARRY D. KRAUSE, University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, Illinois JOAN M. KRAUSKOPF, Prescott, Arizona PAUL M. KURTZ, University of Georgia School of Law, Athens, Georgia [from 1995] SALLY J. LAIDLAW, Oakland, California [from 1990] ROBERT J. LEVY, University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota CLAIRE L'HEUREUX-DUBt, Justice, Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario [from 19961 JESSICA PEARSON, Center for Policy Research, Denver, Colorado KENNETII G. RAGGIO, Dallas, Texas [from 1990] GARY N. SKOLOFF, Livingston, New Jersey CHARLES E. SPRINGER, Justice, Supreme Court of Nevada, Carson City, Nevada

EUGENE B. STRASSBURGER, III, Judge, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, Fifth Judicial District, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

LENORE J. WEITZMAN, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia MARY MOERS WENIG, Quinnipiac College School of Law, Hamden, Connecticut JUDGES CONSULTATIVE GROUP

LINDSAY G. ARTHUR, Judge, Juvenile Justice Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota [to 1992] PiHYLLIS W. BECK, Judge, The Superior Court of Pennsylvania, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania Lucy COOPER, Commissioner, Family Court of Milwaukee County, Milwaukee, Wisconsin LEWIS R. FRIEDMAN, Justice, New York State Supreme Court, New York, New York [from 1993; deceased 1998] EDWARD M. GINSBURG, Justice, Trial Court of Massachusetts, Probate and Family Court Department, Middlesex County Division, Concord, Massachusetts JOHN FARR LARSON, Judge, Utah Juvenile Court, Salt Lake City, Utah [Deceased 1994] JUDITH D. MCCONNELL, Judge, Superior Court of California, San Diego County, San Diego, California ALAN R. SCHWARTZ, Chief Judge, Florida District Court of Appeal, Third District, Miami, Florida RICARDO M. URBINA, Judge, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Washington, District of Columbia JOSEPH P. WARNER, Justice, Massachusetts Appeals Court, Boston, Massachusetts viii EX OFFICIOt ROSWELL B. PERKINS, New York, New York Chair of the Council, The American Law Institute

CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT, Austin, Texas President, The American Law Institute LANCE LIEBMAN, New York, New York Director, The American Law Institute

t As of May 16, 2000. . President Wright died in July of 2000 and was succeeded by Michael Traynor. MEMBERS CONSULTATIVE GROUP (as of March 28, 2000)

BRENDA M. ABRAMS, DENISE D. COLLIERS, Miami, Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania IRA ABRAMS, HARRY CLAYTON COOK. JR., Miami, Florida Washington, D.C. JACQUELINE ALLEE, MARY COOMBS, Coral Gables, Florida Miami, Florida ELEANOR B. ALTER, LADoRIS H. CORDELL, New York, New York Superior Court of California, ERIC G. ANDERSEN, San Jose, California Iowa City, Iowa JAMES J. CROMWELL, RICHARD T. ANDRIAS, Rockville, Maryland New York Supreme Court, KAREN CZAPANSKIY, Appellate Division, Baltimore, Maryland First Judicial Department, JACK DAVIES, New York, New York Minnesota Court of Appeals, JUDITH AREEN, St. Paul, Minnesota Washington, D.C. PEGGY COOPER DAVIS, LUTHER J. AVERY, New York, New York San Francisco, California ANTHONY M. DILEO, JON M. BARNWELL, New Orleans, Louisiana Mississippi Chancery Court, VINCENT E. DOYLE, Greenwood, Mississippi New York Supreme Court, EDWARD J. BARSHIAK, Buffalo, New York Boston, Massachusetts FRANK EDWARD EMORY, JR., ANGELA B. BARTELL, Charlotte, North Carolina Dane County Circuit Court, HENRY L. FEUERZEIG, Madison, Wisconsin St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands DOROTHY TOTH BEASLEY, RAYMOND L. FINCH, Atlanta, Georgia District Court of the Virgin Islands, DEBORAH ELLEN BEHR, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Juneau, Alaska PETER FLYNN, DEBORAIH HODGES BELL, Illinois Circuit Court of Cook University, Mississippi County, Chicago, Illinois ANNE K. BINGAMAN, H. JAY FOLBERG, Washington, D.C. San Francisco, California BRIAN BiX, BRIAN DEREK FORROW, Hamden, Connecticut Greenwich, Connecticut CHRISTOPHER L. BLAKESLEY, ROBERT L. FREEDMAN, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DAVID M. BORDEN, MELVYN B. FRUMKES, Connecticut Supreme Court, Miami, Florida Hartford, Connecticut MARSHA GARRISON, MARGARET F. BRINIG, Brooklyn, New York Iowa City, Iowa JEROME A. GELS, ELENA A. CAPPELLA, St. Paul, Minnesota Philadelphia, Pennsylvania NATHANIEL E. GOZANSKY, ANSEL B. CHAPLIN, Atlanta, Georgia Boston, Massachusetts SAMUEL B. GRONER, MARILYN 1-1. LoirUs, Washington, D.C. Morristown, New Jersey DAVID W. GRUNING, KATHRYN V. LORIO, New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans, Louisiana SUSAN MARIE HALLIDAY, EDMUND V. LUDWIG, Fairfax, Virginia United States District Court for LESLIE JOAN HARRIS, the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Eugene, Oregon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania HARRIS L HARTZ, W. CULLEN MACDONALD, Albuquerque, New Mexico New York, New York CANDACE J. HEISLER, RAYMOND B. MARCIN, San Francisco, California Washington, D.C. ARNETTE R. HUBBARD, JOHN ANDREW MARTIN, Illinois Circuit Court Dallas, Texas of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois ALBERT J. MATRICCIANI. JR., EDWIN E. HUDDLESON, 111, Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Maryland DENISE R. JOHNSON, JAMES A. MEDFORD, Vermont Supreme Court, Greensboro, North Carolina Montpelier, Vermont PETER J. MESSITrE, LEWIS KAPNER, United States District Court for the District West Palm Beach, Florida of Maryland, Greenbelt, Maryland GLADYS KESSLER, WILLIAM B. MILLER. JR., United States District Court for the District Middlebury, Vermont of Columbia, Washington, D.C. PAMELA B. MINZNER, JOAN F. KESSLER, New Mexico Supreme Court, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Santa Fe, New Mexico MICHAEL PATRICK KING, ROBERT HARRIS MNOOKIN, New Jersey Superior Court, Cambridge, Massachusetts Westmont, New Jersey THIOMAS C. MONTOYA, PATRICIA ANN KING, Albuquerque, New Mexico Washington, D.C. FRED F. MURRAY, KENNETiH F. KIRWIN, Washington, D.C. St. Paul, Minnesota J. TIOMAS OLDIIAM, JOSEPH P. KLOCK. JR., Houston, Texas Miami, Florida MARIAN P. OIIALA, REBECCA LOVE KOURLIS, Supreme Court of Oklahoma, Colorado Supreme Court, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Denver, Colorado LARRY I. PALMER, MEYER KRAMER, Ithaca, New York Brooklyn, New York CIIARLES H. PELTON, SEYMOUR KURLAND, Iowa District Court, Clinton, Iowa Philadelphia, Pennsylvania BRUCE PETERSON, SYBIL H. LANDAU, Tulsa, Oklahoma New York, New York SARAII H. RAMSEY. CHARLES L. LEVIN, Syracuse, New York Michigan Supreme Court, GERALD S. REAMEY, Detroit, Michigan San Antonio, Texas GEORGE W. LIEBMANN. Baltimore, Maryland ALETTE E. REED, SHALE D. STILLER, Boston, Massachusetts Baltimore, Maryland WILLIAM L. REYNOLDS, GUY MILLER STRUVE, Baltimore, Maryland New York, New York JANET LEACH RICHARDS, VIOLA J. TALIAFERRO, Memphis, Tennessee Monroe Circuit Court, JANE RUTHERFORD, Bloomington, Indiana Chicago, Illinois PAUL E. TREUSCH, JOHN LEE SALTONSTALL, JR., Los Angeles, California Westport Point, Massachusetts WALTER J. WADLINGTON CYNTHIA ANN SAMUEL, Charlottesville, Virginia New Orleans, Louisiana LAWRENCE W. WAGGONER, LEIGH I. SAUFLEY, Ann Arbor, Michigan Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, PATRICIA H. WAGNER, Portland, Maine Seattle, Washington FERN SCHAIR, LYNN DENNIS WARDLE, New York, New York Provo, Utah ELIZABETH M. SCHNEIDER, RONALD FREDERICK WATERMAN, Brooklyn, New York Helena, Montana STEPHEN W. SESSUMS, D. KELLY WEISBERG, Tampa, Florida San Francisco, California HELENE S. SHAPO, JERRY WERTHEIM, Evanston, Illinois Santa Fe, New Mexico DANIEL W. SHUMAN. RONALD P. WERTHEIM, Dallas, Texas Superior Court of the District of Columbia, CATHY R. SILAK, Washington, D.C. Idaho Supreme Court, DAVID WESTFALL, Boise, Idaho Cambridge, Massachusetts LINDA J. SILBERMAN, JOAN G. WEXLER, New York, New York Brooklyn, New York CAROLINE M. SIMON. WENONA YVONNE WHITFIELD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Carbondale, Illinois JANA B. SINGER. MICHAEL A. WILLIAMS, Baltimore, Maryland Denver, Colorado CHRISTINA A. SNYDER, SHERYL SCHEIBLE WOLF, United States District Court for Albuquerque, New Mexico the Central District of California BARBARA L. ZINSSER, Los Angeles, California New York, New York KATHERINE SHAW SPAHT. Baton Rouge, Louisiana EDWIN H. STERN, New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division, Morristown, New Jersey