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Determination of Millimetric Signal Attenuation Due to Rain Using Rain Rate and Raindrop Size Distribution Models for Southern Africa
DETERMINATION OF MILLIMETRIC SIGNAL ATTENUATION DUE TO RAIN USING RAIN RATE AND RAINDROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION MODELS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA by Senzo Jerome Malinga A THESIS submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree PhD (ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING) School of Engineering College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Science UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL Durban, South Africa March 2014 Supervisor: Professor Thomas Joachim Odhiambo Afullo Approved by: Supervisor: Professor Thomas Joachim Odhiambo Afullo As the candidate’s Supervisor I agree to the submission of this thesis. Signed………………………………………Date……………………………………….. ii COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Declaration 1 - Plagiarism I Senzo Jerome Malinga declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables -
Pigeonhouse Stream and the Malago (2010)
Wildlife Survey of PIGEONHOUSE STREAM AND THE MALAGO May / August 2010 For South Bristol Riverscapes Partnership Phil Quinn (Ecology and land use) MIEEM Flat 4, 15 Osborne Road, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 2HB. Tel. 0117 9747012; mob. 0796 2062917; email: [email protected] Wildlife Survey of Pigeonhouse Stream and the Malago (2010) CONTENTS Page 1. Summary 3-4 2. Remit 5 3. Site description 5-6 4. Methodology 7-8 5. Caveat 8 6. Results 8-40 6.1 The Malago 8-25 6.1.1 Dundry Slopes 9-13 M1 East of Strawberry Lane 9 M2 West of Strawberry Lane 10 M3 Ditch in a hedge 10 M4: A Malago is Born 10-11 M5: Teenage Malago 11-12 M6: Pretender to the Throne 12 M7: Claypiece Road isolate 12 6.1.2 Hengrove Plain and Bedminster 14-25 M8: The Stream Invisible 14 M9: Suburban Streamside 14-15 M10: Malago Valley SNCI 15-16 M10a Small tributary ditch 17 M11: A Whimper of a Watercourse 17-18 M12: Up the Junction 18 M13: Fire, Fire, Pour on Water 18-19 M14: Malago Incognito 20 M15: Parson Street to Marksbury Road 20-21 M16: Malago Vale 21-22 M17: The Bedminster Triangle 22-23 M18: Cotswold Road Canyon 23-24 M19: Water Rail 24 M20: Clarke Street dog-leg 24-25 1 Wildlife Survey of Pigeonhouse Stream and the Malago (2010) 6.2 Pigeonhouse Stream 25-40 6.2.1 Dundry Slopes 26-33 P1: Lower slopes tributary stream 26-27 P2a: Pigeonhouse Stream (headwaters) 27 P2b: Pigeonhouse Stream (tufa stream) 28 P2c: Pigeonhouse Stream (ancient woodland) 28-29 P2d: Pigeonhouse Stream (middle slopes) 29 P2e: Pigeonhouse Stream (south of pipeline crossing) 30 P2f: Pigeonhouse Stream (pipeline crossing) 30 P2g: Pigeonhouse Stream (pipeline crossing to culvert) 31 P3: Main tributary 32 P3a: Minor stream 32 P4: Upper tributary stream 33 6.2.2 Hengrove Plain 34-40 P5: Resurgence 34 P6: Hareclive Road to Fulford Road 34-35 P7: Whitchurch Lane or Bust 35-36 P8: The Hengrove Lake District 37 P9: Crox Bottom 37-38 P10: Hartcliffe Way / Pigeonhouse Stream 39-40 7. -
LOCATION WWHS BUS 16 AM RUN Locust St. YMCA East Prince St
LOCATION WWHS BUS 16 AM RUN Locust St. YMCA East Prince St. Sheridan Ave. Beckley Arts Center Little General Store Huffman St. Bailey Ave. Shady Lane Hedrick St. Open Bible Church Scrubbies Car Wash LOCATION WWHS BUS 16 PM RUN Flowers Bakery Store Scrubbies Car Wash Open Bible Church Hedrick St. Shady Lane Bailey Ave. Lionel St. Little General Store Beckley Art Center East Prince St. Sheridan Ave. YMCA Raleigh County Court House Locust St. LOCATION LOCATION WWHS BUS 44 AM RUN Terry Church Terry Beach Rd. Stanaford Rd. Cinco St. & Chicory Lane Pincherry Lane Stonewall Rd. Pineyview Post Office Deerview Lane Shannontown Road Logan Lane Roseville Lane Orwell Street Melvern Road LOCATION WWHS BUS 44 PM RUN Stanaford Rd. Flannery Rd. Pineyview Post Office Stonewall Rd. Deerview Lane Logan Lane Roseville Lane Orwell Lane Melvern Lane Melrose Lane Pinchery Lane Chicory Lane & Cinco St. Terry Beach Rd. Terry Church LOCATION WWHS BUS 47 AM RUN Stanaford Acres Summit Lane Springwood Lane Overlook Dr. Overlook Dr. & Oakview Lane Hoist Rd. London Lane Woodcrest Quail Circle Partridge Lane Wren Place East Bunting St. Fox Sparrow St. Avocet Lane Martin Lane LOCATION WWHS BUS 47 PM RUN Woodcrest Osprey Rd. Hummingbird St. Blue Bird St. East Bunting St. Fox Sparrow St. Avocet Lane Martin Lane Stanaford Acres Summit Lane Riverview St. Tri-Angle Overlook Dr. Springwood St. Overlook Dr. Overlook Dr. & Oakview Lane Hoist Rd. London St. WWHS BUS 50 AM RUN S. Kanawha St. Thomas St. Beaver Ave. & S. Fayette St. Five Corners Church St. Church St. & S. Kanawha St. Raleigh County Public Library N. -
Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems
International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Panel Report on Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems Joseph N. Pelton, Panel Chair Alfred U. Mac Rae, Panel Chair Kul B. Bhasin Charles W. Bostian William T. Brandon John V. Evans Neil R. Helm Christoph E. Mahle Stephen A. Townes December 1998 International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC Panel on Satellite Communications Technology and Systems Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States Government. Dr. Joseph N. Pelton (Panel Chair) Dr. Charles W. Bostian Mr. Neil R. Helm Institute for Applied Space Research Director, Center for Wireless Deputy Director, Institute for George Washington University Telecommunications Applied Space Research 2033 K Street, N.W., Rm. 304 Virginia Tech George Washington University Washington, DC 20052 Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111 2033 K Street, N.W., Rm. 340 Washington, DC 20052 Dr. Alfred U. Mac Rae (Panel Chair) Mr. William T. Brandon President, Mac Rae Technologies Principal Engineer Dr. Christoph E. Mahle 72 Sherbrook Drive The Mitre Corporation (D270) Communications Satellite Consultant Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922 202 Burlington Road 5137 Klingle Street, N.W. Bedford, MA 01730 Washington, DC 20016 Dr. Kul B. Bhasin Chief, Satellite Networks Dr. John V. Evans Dr. Stephen A. Townes and Architectures Branch Vice President Deputy Manager, Communications NASA Lewis Research Center and Chief Technology Officer Systems and Research Section MS 54-2 Comsat Corporation Jet Propulsion Laboratory 21000 Brookpark Rd. -
Area 1: Thrubwell Farm Plateau
Area 1: Thrubwell Farm Plateau Summary of Landscape Character • Clipped hedges which are often ‘gappy’ and supplemented by sheep netting • Late 18th and early 19th century rectilinear field layout at north of area • Occasional groups of trees • Geologically complex • Well drained soils • Flat or very gently undulating plateau • A disused quarry • Parkland at Butcombe Court straddling the western boundary • Minor roads set out on a grid pattern • Settlement within the area consists of isolated farms and houses For detailed Character Area map see Appendix 3 23 Context Bristol airport on the plateau outside the area to the west. Introduction Land-uses 7.1.1 The character area consists of a little over 1sq 7.1.6 The land is mainly under pasture and is also km of high plateau to the far west of the area. The plateau used for silage making. There is some arable land towards extends beyond the Bath and North East Somerset boundary the north of the area. Part of Butcombe Court parkland into North Somerset and includes Felton Hill to the north falls within the area to the west of Thrubwell Lane. and Bristol airport to the west. The southern boundary is marked by the top of the scarp adjoining the undulating Fields, Boundaries and Trees and generally lower lying Chew Valley to the south. 7.1.7 Fields are enclosed by hedges that are generally Geology, Soils and Drainage trimmed and often contain few trees. Tall untrimmed hedges are less common. Hedges are typically ‘gappy’ and of low 7.1.2 Geologically the area is complex though on the species diversity and are often supplemented with sheep- ground this is not immediately apparent. -
Determination of Specific Rain Attenuation Using Different Total Cross Section Models for Southern Africa
20 SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Vol.105(1) March 2014 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC RAIN ATTENUATION USING DIFFERENT TOTAL CROSS SECTION MODELS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA S.J. Malinga*, P.A. Owolawi** and T.J.O. Afullo*** * Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P. O. Box 12363, Jacobs, Durban,4026, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] ** Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P. O. Box 12363, Jacobs, Durban,4026, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] *** Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: In terrestrial and satellite line-of-sight links, radio waves propagating at Super High Frequency and Extremely High Frequency bands through rain undergo attenuation (absorption and scattering). In this paper, the specific attenuation due to rain is computed using different total cross section models, while the raindrop size distribution is characterised for different rain regimes in the frequency range between 1 and 100 GHz. The Method of Moments is used to model raindrop size distributions, while different extinction coefficients are used to compute the specific rain attenuation. Comparison of theoretical results of the existing models and the proposed models against experimental outcomes for horizontal and vertical polarizations at different rain rates are presented. Keywords: Method of moments, microwave attenuation, millimeter wave attenuation, rain attenuation, -
Texas Wildflower Weekend
2021 Texas Spectacular Zone 4 Zone-O- Rama Extraco Events Center, 4601 Bosque Blvd, Waco, TX, 76710 Approved by: APHA, GCPHC, STPHC, TPHC, PBPHC May 28-31, 2021 Fri: 4:30 PM Ranch Sat: 8:00 AM Ranch 1:00 PM Trail Sun: 8:00 AM Mon: 7:30 AM SMS Practice 8:00 AM Show starts Judges: Scott Merritt, Jason Contreas, Dave Parlier, Sally Puzacke, Jan Larsen, and Kim Garrett Join us for a great weekend! Zone Chairperson: Kevin Smith (832) 435-5055 Show Secretary: Diane Gage – (316) 737-3309 – [email protected] Show Manager: Kevin Smith (832) 435-5055 / Rick McLain (641) 891-3053 Stall Reservations: Diane Gage (316) 737-3309 – [email protected] Host Hotel: Springhill Suites – 200 Colonnade Pkwy, Wo odway, TX (254) 732-7979 Pre-entries encouraged due to Covid restrictions. Stalls will be on a first come, first served basis. Send entries and stall reservations to Diane Gage. Pre-entries received by May 21 will be entered into a drawing for a free stall! Please help us provide a safe environment through social distancing! Your help is appreciated!! SHOW FEES Office: $40 per horse APHA: $30 per horse Class Entry Fees: $54/class or Maximum $300/horse (Stall/O ffice/APHA/Practice fees not included); Youth Lead Line—Free Ranch Classes: Maximum $225/horse + cattle fees (Stall/Office/APHA/Practice fees not included) Crossover Fee: Once a horse has maxed out in a division (paid the $300 all day fee), that horse may crossover to ALL eligible divisions with no additional entry fee. Practice Trail – Each Trail horse will be charged $10 for unlimited practice Practice classes: Limited to first 15 entries. -
Use Separate Form for Each Horse IF NOVICE PERMIT USED ENTER
Zone 4 Texas Spectacular 2021 EX #: _______________________________ Pre-entries received by May 21 eligible for drawing for free stall. Horse Name: __________________________________________________ COGGINS: Date: _______________ Ascension # __________________ State ________ Horse Reg. No.:_____________________________________ Sex: ________ Year Foaled: _____________ Owner: ___ ____ __ Owner APHA ID:___________________ Address: _____________________________________ Phone:_______________________ Email:________________________________________________________________ Exhibitor A Exhibitor Name:_____________________________________________________ DOB:_______________________ Relationship ________________________ APHA ID Number:______________________________Exp___________ A Address:________________________________________________ City State Zip____________________________________ Phone:______________________ Email:___________________________________________________ Type of exhibitor : Youth Amateur Open Exhibitor B Exhibitor Name:______________________________________________________ DOB:_____________________ Relationship_________________________ APHA ID Number:______________________________Exp___________ B Address:________________________________________________ City State Zip____________________________________ Phone:______________________ Email:___________________________________________________ Type of exhibitor : Youth Amateur Open Exhibitor C Exhibitor Name:______________________________________________________ DOB:_____________________ -
St Michael the Archangel Dundry Parish Magazine May 2019 CONTACT INFORMATION Rector Revd
St Michael The Archangel Dundry Parish Magazine May 2019 CONTACT INFORMATION Rector Revd. Charles Roberts The Rectory, Tunbridge Close, Chew Magna, BS40 8SU 01275 332199 [email protected] the rector’s day off is normally wednesday Associate Priests Revd. Sandra Lovern (Thursday-Sunday) - 01275 332657 revd. lovern is the first point of contact for matters relating to dundry Revd. Sandy Munday - 01275 331060; [email protected] Readers Mrs Margaret Marshall - 01275 835342 Dr Pamela Harman (Reader Emeritus) - 01275 332893 Parish Administrator Alison Hill (Mon, Weds and Fri mornings) - 01275 331061; [email protected] Churchwardens Jane Lyons - 0117 964 1338 Kathy Woodward - 0117 949 3628 Magazine Submissions and Advertising [email protected] WEB PAGES Lakeside Group - www.lakesidegroup.org.uk Village - www.dundry.org.uk THE SACRED HEART ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH OF THE CHEW VALLEY Priest: Father Michael Healy - 01275 792627 [email protected] Deacon: Rev. Mark Forge - 01275 472 391 [email protected] www.sacredheartchew.info SUNDAY MASS 9.00 AM Please look on notice board outside church for other times or any alterations Rector’s Letter My dear friends, After the frenetic activity of April with its celebration of Easter and our annual meetings, the month of May is a much quieter affair altogether (I hope!). That said I’ve been in this post long enough to know better than to tempt fate – as they used to say in South Africa, “Don’t go looking for the sun – it will find you!”, so too I think the same applies to the busy-ness of parish life. While much of May might be an oasis of calm, we begin and end with important moments in our church life. -
Rain Fade Analysis at C, Ka and Ku Bands in Nigeria
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/JEES Vol.9, No.3, 2019 Rain Fade Analysis at C, Ka and Ku Bands in Nigeria Modupe Sanyaolu 1* Oluropo Dairo 2* Lawrence Kolawole 3 Physical Science Department, Redeemer’s University, P.M.B. 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria Abstract Rain fade has continued to be a major concern to communication systems designers. The effect of these dynamic fluctuations of the received signal due to rain is very pronounced in the tropical region. This paper pertains to the analysis of rain fades at C, Ku and Ka bands at some selected stations covering the main geographical zones of Nigeria. The ITU-RP propagation model was used to calculate the fade depth at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 12 GHz, 16 GHz, 20 GHz, 30 GHz and 40 GHz. The rain fade correlate with signal attenuation. Attenuation distributions for percentages of time for signal unavailability were also estimated. The results show that values of attenuation for vertically and circularly polarized signals are less than those of the horizontal polarization at all the frequencies. It is found that rain fade is less severe in the Northern part of the country and is most severe in the southern part of Nigeria, with Port Harcourt, Lagos and Nsukka experiencing the highest rain impairment. Key words: Propagation, rain rate, attenuation, rain fade, communication links DOI : 10.7176/JEES/9-3-16 Publication date :March 31 st 2019 1. -
Mitigating the Effect of Rain Fading on Ka Band High Throughput Satellite in Indonesia: an Empirical Study
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Mitigating The Effect Of Rain Fading On Ka Band High Throughput Satellite In Indonesia: An Empirical Study Ilvico Sonata, Sandra Octaviani BW, Isdaryanto Iskandar Abstract— The Indonesian government used fiber optics through the Palapa Ring Project to cover all regions of Indonesia with high-speed internet. Certain areas that cannot be passed by optical fiber will be filled by VSAT Broadband System using High Throughput Satellite. High Throughput Satellite takes advantage of frequency reuse and multiple spot beams to increase throughput and reduce the cost per bit delivered, regardless of spectrum choice. But, with the frequency of Ka band being used by High Throughput Satellie, this will be a disadvantage where Ka band frequency is vulnerable to weather. This Papper studied the effect of rain fading to the VSAT High Throughput Satellite and its mitigation techniques. Index Terms— adaptive coding and modulation, high throughput satellite, Ka band, Rain fading, site diversity, orbital diversity, uplink power control. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION Rain Attenuation event on Ka Band Satellite Earth Link in High-throughput satellite (HTS) is a classification for Jakarta - Indonesia can be described as follow. communications satellites that provide at least twice, though The time series of a typical rain-induced attenuation event usually by a factor of 20 or more, the total throughput of a recorded simultaneously at 20 and 30 GHz at the Jakarta site classic FSS satellite for the same amount of allocated orbital is shown in Fig. 2. The event, which occurred on 10 December spectrum thus significantly reducing cost-per-bit [3](Fig 1). -
St Michael the Archangel Dundry Parish Magazine April 2017 CONTACT INFORMATION Rector Revd
St Michael The Archangel Dundry Parish Magazine April 2017 CONTACT INFORMATION Rector Revd. Charles Roberts The Rectory, Tunbridge Close, Chew Magna, BS40 8SU 01275 332199 [email protected] the rector’s day off is normally wednesday Associate Priests Revd. Sandra Lovern (Thursday-Sunday) - 01275 332657 revd. lovern is the first point of contact for matters relating to dundry Revd. Sandy Munday - 01275 331060; [email protected] Readers Dr Pamela Harman - 01275 332893 Mrs Margaret Masding - 01275 835342 Parish Administrator Pam Foley (Thursday and Friday) - 01275 331061 Churchwardens Jane Lyons - 0117 964 1338 James Le Grys - 0117 964 5730 Magazine Submissions and Advertising [email protected] WEB PAGES Lakeside Group - www.lakesidegroup.org.uk Village - www.dundry.org.uk THE SACRED HEART ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH OF THE CHEW VALLEY Priest: Father Michael Healy - 01275 792627 [email protected] Deacon: Rev. Mark Forge - 01275 472 391 [email protected] www.sacredheartchew.info SUNDAY MASS 9.00 AM Please look on notice board outside church for other times or any alterations Rector’s Letter My dear friends, Recently I attended a local Deanery gathering called by our bishops to hear more about the Diocesan Mission strategy ‘Shaping the Future’. It was an interesting afternoon of shared conversations about how we might grow in confidence to share our Jesus story. Bishop Peter told us of a comment made by the Archbishop of York at a recent Synod. “In Yorkshire the biggest topic of conversation is the weather. Where I come from (Uganda) there is no weather! If we spoke as much about Jesus as we do about the weather the whole county would be converted! Jesus is more important than the weather!” While it raised a few laughs, one has to admit he has a point.