A Tale of Two Calendars

C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

A Tale of Two Calendars Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform C. K. Raju Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Date of birth in my passport is an important aspect of my identiﬁcation.

I What is your birthday?

A Tale of Two Birthday Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I As a child my birthday was a very important day in my navigation life. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I What is your birthday?

A Tale of Two Birthday Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I As a child my birthday was a very important day in my navigation life. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I Date of birth in my passport is an important aspect of The Indian my identiﬁcation. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Birthday Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I What is your birthday? Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Q. From what epoch is the 1967 years counted?

I Q. Does the year 1 (or 0) indicate some historical event?

I (Typical answer) “the birth of Christ”

A Tale of Two The year of your birth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Let us say you were born in 1967. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Q. Does the year 1 (or 0) indicate some historical event?

I (Typical answer) “the birth of Christ”

A Tale of Two The year of your birth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Let us say you were born in 1967. Incomplete reform Q. From what epoch is the 1967 years counted? I Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (Typical answer) “the birth of Christ”

A Tale of Two The year of your birth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Let us say you were born in 1967. Incomplete reform Q. From what epoch is the 1967 years counted? I Indian calendar I Q. Does the year 1 (or 0) indicate some historical event? The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The year of your birth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Conclusions I by relating it to the birth of Jesus,

I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical ﬁgure.

I But Jesus is just a myth not a real historical ﬁgure.

A Tale of Two Jesus Calendars a myth not a historical ﬁgure C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I So, you state your year of birth Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical ﬁgure.

I But Jesus is just a myth not a real historical ﬁgure.

A Tale of Two Jesus Calendars a myth not a historical ﬁgure C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I So, you state your year of birth Incomplete reform

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I But Jesus is just a myth not a real historical ﬁgure.

A Tale of Two Jesus Calendars a myth not a historical ﬁgure C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I So, you state your year of birth Incomplete reform

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar The Indian I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical ﬁgure. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Jesus Calendars a myth not a historical ﬁgure C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I So, you state your year of birth Incomplete reform

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar The Indian I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical ﬁgure. calendar reform committee

I But Jesus is just a myth not a real historical ﬁgure. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and a thousand lies make a truth

I billions of people come to believe that there really was a Jesus

I who was born at the beginning of the calendar.

A Tale of Two A thousand lies make a truth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Because dates are stated often navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I billions of people come to believe that there really was a Jesus

I who was born at the beginning of the calendar.

A Tale of Two A thousand lies make a truth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Because dates are stated often navigation

I and a thousand lies make a truth Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I who was born at the beginning of the calendar.

A Tale of Two A thousand lies make a truth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Because dates are stated often navigation

I and a thousand lies make a truth Incomplete reform Indian calendar I billions of people come to believe that there really was a The Indian Jesus calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two A thousand lies make a truth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Because dates are stated often navigation

I and a thousand lies make a truth Incomplete reform Indian calendar I billions of people come to believe that there really was a The Indian Jesus calendar reform committee

I who was born at the beginning of the calendar. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I I want to describe my identity truthfully.

I So what should I do?

I I have to tell a long story.

A Tale of Two Right to identity Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Now my date of birth is part of my identity. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So what should I do?

I I have to tell a long story.

A Tale of Two Right to identity Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Now my date of birth is part of my identity. Incomplete reform

I I want to describe my identity truthfully. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I I have to tell a long story.

A Tale of Two Right to identity Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Now my date of birth is part of my identity. Incomplete reform

I I want to describe my identity truthfully. Indian calendar I So what should I do? The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Right to identity Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Now my date of birth is part of my identity. Incomplete reform

I I want to describe my identity truthfully. Indian calendar I So what should I do? The Indian calendar reform I I have to tell a long story. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The story of Jesus or Iesu derives from the Egyptian mystery (symbolic story) of Isis.

I The intermediate entities are the Greek god of sexual love, Bacchus, and the Egyptian-Greek deity Serapis.

I (As the Greek historian Herodotus said, the Greeks copied their gods from Egypt. As Porphyry explained, Bacchus was Isis.)

A Tale of Two Long story Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I I must add that there was no historical Jesus. Western inferiority Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The intermediate entities are the Greek god of sexual love, Bacchus, and the Egyptian-Greek deity Serapis.

I (As the Greek historian Herodotus said, the Greeks copied their gods from Egypt. As Porphyry explained, Bacchus was Isis.)

A Tale of Two Long story Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (As the Greek historian Herodotus said, the Greeks copied their gods from Egypt. As Porphyry explained, Bacchus was Isis.)

A Tale of Two Long story Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Long story Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I I must add that there was no historical Jesus. Western inferiority Calendar and I The story of Jesus or Iesu derives from the Egyptian navigation mystery (symbolic story) of Isis. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I The intermediate entities are the Greek god of sexual The Indian love, Bacchus, and the Egyptian-Greek deity Serapis. calendar reform committee I (As the Greek historian Herodotus said, the Greeks Calendar and copied their gods from Egypt. As Porphyry explained, religious politics again Bacchus was Isis.) Conclusions

A Tale of Two Euclid and Jesus Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform I Longer story told in my book Euclid and Jesus available Indian calendar from and . amazon.com amazon.in The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Calendars

C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I E.g., many people today say Christianity is an “Abrahamic” religion.

I That is completely false.

I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar to karma-samsk¯ara of Hinduism.

I That depends upon time beliefs which make a diﬀerence to current physics, see my book The Eleven Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003).

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does it make? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, What diﬀerence does it make today? the calendar and I Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I That is completely false.

I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar to karma-samsk¯ara of Hinduism.

I That depends upon time beliefs which make a diﬀerence to current physics, see my book The Eleven Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003).

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does it make? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, What diﬀerence does it make today? the calendar and I Western inferiority I E.g., many people today say Christianity is an Calendar and “Abrahamic” religion. navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar to karma-samsk¯ara of Hinduism.

I That depends upon time beliefs which make a diﬀerence to current physics, see my book The Eleven Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003).

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does it make? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I That is completely false. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I That depends upon time beliefs which make a diﬀerence to current physics, see my book The Eleven Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003).

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does it make? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does it make? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I That is completely false. Indian calendar I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar The Indian calendar reform to karma-samsk¯ara of Hinduism. committee Calendar and I That depends upon time beliefs which make a religious politics diﬀerence to current physics, see my book The Eleven again Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003). Conclusions A Tale of Two Calendars

C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I it is a deliberate falsehood taught to you.

I Well known that the zero point of that calendar was ﬁxed in 6th c.

I by Dionysius Exiguus in relation to calculations about the Christian ritual of Easter (related to the superstition about the resurrection of Jesus).

A Tale of Two A deliberate falsehood Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Relating your year of birth to Jesus is not only a Western inferiority Calendar and falsehood navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Well known that the zero point of that calendar was ﬁxed in 6th c.

I by Dionysius Exiguus in relation to calculations about the Christian ritual of Easter (related to the superstition about the resurrection of Jesus).

A Tale of Two A deliberate falsehood Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I by Dionysius Exiguus in relation to calculations about the Christian ritual of Easter (related to the superstition about the resurrection of Jesus).

A Tale of Two A deliberate falsehood Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two A deliberate falsehood Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Relating your year of birth to Jesus is not only a Western inferiority Calendar and falsehood navigation I it is a deliberate falsehood taught to you. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I Well known that the zero point of that calendar was The Indian ﬁxed in 6th c. calendar reform committee I by Dionysius Exiguus in relation to calculations about Calendar and the Christian ritual of Easter (related to the superstition religious politics again about the resurrection of Jesus). Conclusions I What is AD?

I AD = Anno Domini = year of our Lord.

I So, by saying AD you indirectly acknowledge Jesus as your Lord and dominator.

A Tale of Two AD Calendars Anno domini C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Further, I was taught in childhood to add AD and BC navigation to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I AD = Anno Domini = year of our Lord.

I So, by saying AD you indirectly acknowledge Jesus as your Lord and dominator.

A Tale of Two AD Calendars Anno domini C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Further, I was taught in childhood to add AD and BC navigation to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I What is AD? The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So, by saying AD you indirectly acknowledge Jesus as your Lord and dominator.

A Tale of Two AD Calendars Anno domini C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two AD Calendars Anno domini C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Further, I was taught in childhood to add AD and BC navigation to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I What is AD? The Indian calendar reform I AD = Anno Domini = year of our Lord. committee I So, by saying AD you indirectly acknowledge Jesus as Calendar and religious politics your Lord and dominator. again

Conclusions I you are taught to say BC.

I BC = Before Christ.

I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus

I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour.

A Tale of Two BC Calendars Before Christ C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similarly, to state old historical dates navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I BC = Before Christ.

I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus

I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour.

A Tale of Two BC Calendars Before Christ C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similarly, to state old historical dates navigation Incomplete reform I you are taught to say BC. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus

I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour.

A Tale of Two BC Calendars Before Christ C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similarly, to state old historical dates navigation Incomplete reform I you are taught to say BC. Indian calendar I BC = Before Christ. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour.

A Tale of Two BC Calendars Before Christ C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two BC Calendars Before Christ C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similarly, to state old historical dates navigation Incomplete reform I you are taught to say BC. Indian calendar I BC = Before Christ. The Indian calendar reform I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus committee I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to Calendar and religious politics the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour. again Conclusions I “in the year of our Lord Rama”

I “before our saviour Rama”.

I People would object. Why should it be necessary to bring in Rama just to state a date?

I Why not also object to the AD-BC superstition which is taught along with ABCD?

A Tale of Two Is this OK? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Suppose with every date one states, children are asked Western inferiority to repeat Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I “before our saviour Rama”.

I People would object. Why should it be necessary to bring in Rama just to state a date?

I Why not also object to the AD-BC superstition which is taught along with ABCD?

A Tale of Two Is this OK? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Suppose with every date one states, children are asked Western inferiority to repeat Calendar and navigation I “in the year of our Lord Rama” Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I People would object. Why should it be necessary to bring in Rama just to state a date?

I Why not also object to the AD-BC superstition which is taught along with ABCD?

A Tale of Two Is this OK? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I “before our saviour Rama”. Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Why not also object to the AD-BC superstition which is taught along with ABCD?

A Tale of Two Is this OK? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I “before our saviour Rama”. Indian calendar The Indian I People would object. Why should it be necessary to calendar reform committee bring in Rama just to state a date? Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Is this OK? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

taught along with ABCD? Conclusions I That is mischievously misread as “Common Era”

I in accord with Christian triumphalist history that Christianity will be universal.

A Tale of Two More mischief Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I A more neutral terminology is CE meaning Christian navigation Era. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I in accord with Christian triumphalist history that Christianity will be universal.

A Tale of Two More mischief Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I A more neutral terminology is CE meaning Christian navigation Era. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I That is mischievously misread as “Common Era” The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two More mischief Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I A more neutral terminology is CE meaning Christian navigation Era. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I That is mischievously misread as “Common Era” The Indian I in accord with Christian triumphalist history that calendar reform committee

Christianity will be universal. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I just so that the lay reader can understand the way I state dates

I and the religious politics involved in the calendar taught in school.

A Tale of Two Religious politics of the calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I In my books I often have to begin with this long story navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and the religious politics involved in the calendar taught in school.

A Tale of Two Religious politics of the calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I In my books I often have to begin with this long story navigation Incomplete reform I just so that the lay reader can understand the way I state dates Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Religious politics of the calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

in school. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and never ask questions.

I The case of the calendar shows how colonial education indoctrinates them.

A Tale of Two Bad education Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Most people learn about dates as children Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The case of the calendar shows how colonial education indoctrinates them.

A Tale of Two Bad education Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Most people learn about dates as children Incomplete reform

I and never ask questions. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Bad education Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Most people learn about dates as children Incomplete reform

I and never ask questions. Indian calendar

I The case of the calendar shows how colonial education The Indian calendar reform indoctrinates them. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The ﬁrst lesson one learns in school is that everything you do at home is wrong.

I What clothes you wear, the language you speak, how you eat (and what you eat).

I The second lesson is that the West is superior so imitating the West makes you superior.

A Tale of Two The ﬁrst lesson in school Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Colonial education was church education when it came: Western inferiority Calendar and it aims to indoctrinate. navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I What clothes you wear, the language you speak, how you eat (and what you eat).

I The second lesson is that the West is superior so imitating the West makes you superior.

A Tale of Two The ﬁrst lesson in school Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The second lesson is that the West is superior so imitating the West makes you superior.

A Tale of Two The ﬁrst lesson in school Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Colonial education was church education when it came: Western inferiority Calendar and it aims to indoctrinate. navigation I The ﬁrst lesson one learns in school is that everything Incomplete reform you do at home is wrong. Indian calendar The Indian I What clothes you wear, the language you speak, how calendar reform you eat (and what you eat). committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The ﬁrst lesson in school Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

imitating the West makes you superior. Conclusions I speak English and feel superior,

I eat with knife and fork and feel superior,

I say AD and BC and feel superior!

I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority for some triﬂing reasons such as skin-color.

A Tale of Two Feeling superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I eat with knife and fork and feel superior,

I say AD and BC and feel superior!

I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority for some triﬂing reasons such as skin-color.

A Tale of Two Feeling superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and navigation

I speak English and feel superior, Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I say AD and BC and feel superior!

I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority for some triﬂing reasons such as skin-color.

A Tale of Two Feeling superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and navigation

I speak English and feel superior, Incomplete reform I eat with knife and fork and feel superior, Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority for some triﬂing reasons such as skin-color.

A Tale of Two Feeling superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and navigation

I speak English and feel superior, Incomplete reform I eat with knife and fork and feel superior, Indian calendar The Indian I say AD and BC and feel superior! calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Feeling superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and navigation

I speak English and feel superior, Incomplete reform I eat with knife and fork and feel superior, Indian calendar The Indian I say AD and BC and feel superior! calendar reform committee I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority Calendar and for some triﬂing reasons such as skin-color. religious politics again

Conclusions rap6roQ qFnltl"l (trxol, l&e l(l1P te lhlraru B rprrllr sE bUE € eFp p$e lp .'tt,FtE rh(bJ peia s+ lP lBlE DIE ft{$L ilBhf {Q rpqq Eh -: 2{L'}lrrDF PEjESlaqleIEEE{pUEEePIPE lra&,k er err:, lp Fe PIFF R PIDE -l prs2 rhg le Elh 6h'b upF lllhrE{"i r{rJrrthlhELhplieilhsu?}leBl0 BE ahg lE po.t tF lprplE pE err F hsAFB p p reare Bq aE e PEq erte eblp IloU$ pprn ilnuF I BL PeUr th& lE lry Broptq, '?q-+a ''tilE hq B LhE rP $&g Et qmus phng lmq aan g eb$]is2ilEl3r8,bqEQh sEts eBaEPsrlP R r.2aq Q Hlfi l rth e tli]0 ])l o }la&B hll ?]ldl jttlt oDIh ]h hn'6 prya utry,B tueqte Ee€te lDloD Fq(D lE6' BaE deie lC Elisb Is2 S s toBlr! t-F rp €E e + e 'rhdln s trtt,t'r g rFlor p$ r"racphh tR roqr2bJ[ '*:fi,t uryc 'R rEE I UIELIE Pt| t & LP PhlE ih ee U$a[ ?$P {Ec BB pts p,beJfras Dk{rp E'r?}uot 'trrhrh.9z t}j$'gilntrEpruror olpr[b txnttr P4'TFryTD86 sa kirnrn ih lQ ?!n q: raapJFn€ ilde il8tP or rJrbr+ pe r!,htp 1')69bJ[ 'rro$h€r'utr$lo E 1"e ieea Epp ilklp F : R lkircEqi lrhuurlrelp i^+**+.g* pm gs*g,ag,ng,pgie.[prnqlepppeq$ ,Es]s S loleg + rp]n+ an$ E uuta ppa pEte rgl},rro r"nrao

gp '{D '1rE hrdtskx€ ( qchhJh ulq"r!. . l"liup ht)}rr I hlnat' GI g )})tu uilp le )+R F P,)k)r g 4h Eu s pjb" oilbr" hrirnbJblbJ rhluph rg rot+ p +g ss R tDlE lpIE t€ slc UEEE e + th phUF rDIbr+eln r"r-:o:l BrJ6pq rrp+fi le$ F FPdI€ e FE gBpdte l!E( I r"'g E5ple s blle thle 't{g t)ss Drb}} hgbq+ EslB| rqqc !P!. gf, EF + ltrE Bl'e {l HEE lF P8 P6l uu'CttgEut4tr6 Pgrr- rr'rBr,r+ rrhght Dhle)ts rbLsh tsts He ph$h l&!geBElpB Hr+U* rerJtaP lP I'tb'J PhP a2P+lelP F th pptp bu"'+ purhue u n€ hiE lhts ro&>'gap pEin'a4.feryf )2bthls +tue'$eue e"'+ Dlrd€ g te} pe Dr hrrP brgl}rglf bhuh rerBE rrqglgl? lfcblllqr lllclrh + +EuS B + ts lltJls pun r-gp pJah ""hEQh.htrshtac $h t8 th ane 'EslE hdtr Q E?F[ P[],tr lR €a llf H]q, PXh rhPh tg Dh +s bltsa llh t}E PBh l€o geu EquftE h)harh hlE 'e tpPqhEE {rps F FSP+ s$ & Bh Srr se €C F Elc l+E nur& Eugle {E C?]) Esg qHE €F9e rgug Fr,rrn $ PlE sE tr}llt Duarrrro }dlh q g}ll (bsin Fe tsjf e u$c hsdr8 PE FE 'hus les e |to|bE EIO IEE chep +UlS BhtbJ + Pt,$t, tall+L}6 nF gtu sah"'blpE Erts + pBc S )shxp hHaIB"'RlhD ErS qbllr"'e t"'ueE rPPr ng 'Pu aq tueE

p& t* + lle hllr + EF Llr r'PhrnqlDl€ F nup p'Fela1' 6r )rl.urp r-r$B s o*+ *p +Fh +'ls pa+ ir&r.lu rrr Ut, lhd l!e^h. ErF4 p. u*r pe th )bPlU s L r bbJH b5rh 'g*il r,pJh )2)u s hp4 5 nis+ D:h{a D} {h I l+ +F^ls. / t rrICl&^Uh hFg t'U,>ntneJiule h r,sPlqc hlrl+ fEt:hn tb |lorol- 9 L rt{l}rrqo h helb l+FJ}} b htpba ptdt, tz6u ibPU l-CI ; ,t't}} )lE 4 pe [q" sL Fh ,L l+ O eBlbPru tt ali€ rtrutD.tge tHtFroJ Eb{hlle F** qclP }t UU',I .ls ktrflqc bt1qle 11 r''rE\s rp lnltblhlho Ftf tr'trn !ts FlllbJ llEl shiJh l'lBbJ l.)lllFlgh "r'pon r b^ lla,ll>lnl krh l\lnlla l.rl>la I Have we examined the matter scientiﬁcally?

I In fact, the Western calendar tells the story of persistent Western inferiority in math and science.

A Tale of Two Western calendar Calendars A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I In fact, the Western calendar tells the story of persistent Western inferiority in math and science.

A Tale of Two Western calendar Calendars A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform Indian calendar I Have we examined the matter scientiﬁcally? The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Western calendar Calendars A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform Indian calendar I Have we examined the matter scientiﬁcally? The Indian I In fact, the Western calendar tells the story of calendar reform committee persistent Western inferiority in math and science. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I However, Greeks and Romans could not maintain the calendar they copied.

I because they were arithmetically incompetent,

I Romans laughed at the “Greek calends”,

I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad.

A Tale of Two Western calendar: Origins Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and navigation

gods). Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I because they were arithmetically incompetent,

I Romans laughed at the “Greek calends”,

I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad.

A Tale of Two Western calendar: Origins Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and navigation

gods). Incomplete reform I However, Greeks and Romans could not maintain the Indian calendar calendar they copied. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Romans laughed at the “Greek calends”,

I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad.

A Tale of Two Western calendar: Origins Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and navigation

gods). Incomplete reform I However, Greeks and Romans could not maintain the Indian calendar calendar they copied. The Indian calendar reform committee I because they were arithmetically incompetent, Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad.

A Tale of Two Western calendar: Origins Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and navigation

Conclusions A Tale of Two Western calendar: Origins Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and navigation

I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad. Conclusions I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes,

I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great fanfare.

I (Moral: culture ﬂows towards barbarian military conquerors.)

I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the Roman calendar then was.

A Tale of Two The Julian reform Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great fanfare.

I (Moral: culture ﬂows towards barbarian military conquerors.)

I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the Roman calendar then was.

A Tale of Two The Julian reform Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (Moral: culture ﬂows towards barbarian military conquerors.)

I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the Roman calendar then was.

A Tale of Two The Julian reform Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and navigation

I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great Incomplete reform

fanfare. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the Roman calendar then was.

A Tale of Two The Julian reform Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and navigation

I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great Incomplete reform

fanfare. Indian calendar (Moral: culture ﬂows towards barbarian military The Indian I calendar reform conquerors.) committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The Julian reform Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and navigation

I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great Incomplete reform

fanfare. Indian calendar (Moral: culture ﬂows towards barbarian military The Indian I calendar reform conquerors.) committee Calendar and I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of religious politics 445 days was needed, showing how much in error the again Roman calendar then was. Conclusions I hence they were unable to correlate months with the cycle of the moon.

I So, they gave the Romans a simple calendrical system

I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the moon.

A Tale of Two Months and the moon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The Egyptians saw that the Romans were arithmetically Calendar and challenged: navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So, they gave the Romans a simple calendrical system

I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the moon.

A Tale of Two Months and the moon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the moon.

A Tale of Two Months and the moon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Months and the moon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The Egyptians saw that the Romans were arithmetically Calendar and challenged: navigation Incomplete reform I hence they were unable to correlate months with the Indian calendar cycle of the moon. The Indian calendar reform I So, they gave the Romans a simple calendrical system committee I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the Calendar and religious politics moon. again Conclusions I with a leap year every fourth year.

I The Romans grabbed credit by naming the calendar after Julius,

I but they did not understand even these simple instructions.

I They foolishly added a leap year every three years!

A Tale of Two The Julian leap Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Sosigenes calendar started with 7 months of 30 Western inferiority days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Romans grabbed credit by naming the calendar after Julius,

I but they did not understand even these simple instructions.

I They foolishly added a leap year every three years!

A Tale of Two The Julian leap Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Sosigenes calendar started with 7 months of 30 Western inferiority days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and navigation I with a leap year every fourth year. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I but they did not understand even these simple instructions.

I They foolishly added a leap year every three years!

A Tale of Two The Julian leap Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I The Romans grabbed credit by naming the calendar Indian calendar The Indian after Julius, calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I They foolishly added a leap year every three years!

A Tale of Two The Julian leap Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I The Romans grabbed credit by naming the calendar Indian calendar The Indian after Julius, calendar reform committee I but they did not understand even these simple Calendar and instructions. religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The Julian leap Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I They foolishly added a leap year every three years! Conclusions I who insisted that a month (August) should hence be named after him.

I To compete with Julius he added one day to August to make it 31 days.

I The two extra days were stolen from February.

A Tale of Two Augustus Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The mistake was corrected in the time of Augustus Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I To compete with Julius he added one day to August to make it 31 days.

I The two extra days were stolen from February.

A Tale of Two Augustus Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The mistake was corrected in the time of Augustus Calendar and navigation

I who insisted that a month (August) should hence be Incomplete reform

named after him. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The two extra days were stolen from February.

A Tale of Two Augustus Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The mistake was corrected in the time of Augustus Calendar and navigation

I who insisted that a month (August) should hence be Incomplete reform

named after him. Indian calendar To compete with Julius he added one day to August to The Indian I calendar reform make it 31 days. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Augustus Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The mistake was corrected in the time of Augustus Calendar and navigation

I who insisted that a month (August) should hence be Incomplete reform

named after him. Indian calendar To compete with Julius he added one day to August to The Indian I calendar reform make it 31 days. committee Calendar and I The two extra days were stolen from February. religious politics again

Conclusions I and cannot correspond to the lunar cycle.

I This non-textual evidence conclusively shows that Greeks and Romans were inferior in astronomy

I for they could not keep track of the lunar cycle.

A Tale of Two Roman months Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 30, Calendar and navigation and 31 days Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This non-textual evidence conclusively shows that Greeks and Romans were inferior in astronomy

I for they could not keep track of the lunar cycle.

A Tale of Two Roman months Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 30, Calendar and navigation and 31 days Incomplete reform

I and cannot correspond to the lunar cycle. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I for they could not keep track of the lunar cycle.

A Tale of Two Roman months Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 30, Calendar and navigation and 31 days Incomplete reform

I and cannot correspond to the lunar cycle. Indian calendar This non-textual evidence conclusively shows that The Indian I calendar reform Greeks and Romans were inferior in astronomy committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Roman months Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 30, Calendar and navigation and 31 days Incomplete reform

Conclusions I The system of a leap year every fourth year assumes 1 that the year is 365 4 days. I Is that correct?

I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

A Tale of Two Roman year Calendars Solar cycle C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Is that correct?

I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

A Tale of Two Roman year Calendars Solar cycle C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Incomplete reform

I The system of a leap year every fourth year assumes Indian calendar 1 that the year is 365 4 days. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school.

A Tale of Two Roman year Calendars Solar cycle C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Incomplete reform

I The system of a leap year every fourth year assumes Indian calendar 1 that the year is 365 4 days. The Indian calendar reform I Is that correct? committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Roman year Calendars Solar cycle C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either! Incomplete reform

I The system of a leap year every fourth year assumes Indian calendar 1 that the year is 365 4 days. The Indian calendar reform I Is that correct? committee Calendar and I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school. religious politics again

Conclusions I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, NOT 365.25 days.

I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to 365242 state so accurate a fraction as 1000 I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12). 1 I Hence, they chose 365 4 since they could not even say the right length of the year.

A Tale of Two Arithmetically challenged Calendars Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to 365242 state so accurate a fraction as 1000 I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12). 1 I Hence, they chose 365 4 since they could not even say the right length of the year.

A Tale of Two Arithmetically challenged Calendars Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions (parts of 12). 1 I Hence, they chose 365 4 since they could not even say the right length of the year.

A Tale of Two Arithmetically challenged Calendars Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the calendar and the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox Western inferiority Calendar and say). navigation Incomplete reform I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days, NOT 365.25 days. Indian calendar The Indian I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to calendar reform committee state so accurate a fraction as 365242 1000 Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions 1 I Hence, they chose 365 4 since they could not even say the right length of the year.

A Tale of Two Arithmetically challenged Calendars Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

(parts of 12). Conclusions A Tale of Two Arithmetically challenged Calendars Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

(parts of 12). Conclusions 1 I Hence, they chose 365 4 since they could not even say the right length of the year. I to ﬁx the date of Easter.

I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian festival.

I Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian calendar.

I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Egyptian origins.)

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does that make? Calendars The Christian calendar C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In the 4th c. (Nicene council) the church adopted the Western inferiority Calendar and Julian calendar as its religious calendar navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian festival.

I Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian calendar.

I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Egyptian origins.)

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does that make? Calendars The Christian calendar C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian calendar.

I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Egyptian origins.)

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does that make? Calendars The Christian calendar C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Egyptian origins.)

A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does that make? Calendars The Christian calendar C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions A Tale of Two What diﬀerence does that make? Calendars The Christian calendar C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I In the 4th c. (Nicene council) the church adopted the Western inferiority Calendar and Julian calendar as its religious calendar navigation I to ﬁx the date of Easter. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian The Indian festival. calendar reform committee Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian I Calendar and calendar. religious politics again I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Conclusions Egyptian origins.) I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover (which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to the next Sunday.

I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could (a) correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and (b) describe also the lunar cycle.

A Tale of Two The date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Easter was defined as the first Sunday (Christian holy Calendar and day) after the first full moon after the vernal equinox navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So, to ﬁx the date of Easter required a calendar which could (a) correctly ﬁx the date of the equinox and (b) describe also the lunar cycle.

A Tale of Two The date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Easter was defined as the first Sunday (Christian holy Calendar and day) after the first full moon after the vernal equinox navigation I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Incomplete reform (which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Indian calendar The Indian the next Sunday. calendar reform committee I So, to fix the date of Easter required a calendar which Calendar and could (a) correctly fix the date of the equinox and (b) religious politics describe also the lunar cycle. again Conclusions I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years.

I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century.

A Tale of Two The slip in the date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Incomplete reform year on the Roman calendar) Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century.

A Tale of Two The slip in the date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Incomplete reform year on the Roman calendar) Indian calendar

I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two The slip in the date of Easter Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the Incomplete reform year on the Roman calendar) Indian calendar

I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. The Indian calendar reform I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I But those calendar reforms failed.

I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had access to all knowledge in the empire.

I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

A Tale of Two Hilarious reforms Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Various calendar reforms were hence attempted in the Western inferiority Calendar and 5th c., notably by Pope Hilarius navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had access to all knowledge in the empire.

I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

A Tale of Two Hilarious reforms Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman empire.

A Tale of Two Hilarious reforms Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Various calendar reforms were hence attempted in the Western inferiority Calendar and 5th c., notably by Pope Hilarius navigation I But those calendar reforms failed. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had The Indian access to all knowledge in the empire. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Hilarious reforms Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

empire. Conclusions I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Claudius Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did not then exist in its present form.

I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar.

I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

A Tale of Two No Claudius Ptolemy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar.

I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

A Tale of Two No Claudius Ptolemy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. the calendar and Western inferiority

I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Calendar and Claudius Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did navigation not then exist in its present form. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are fraudulent.

A Tale of Two No Claudius Ptolemy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. the calendar and Western inferiority

I Speciﬁcally the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Calendar and Claudius Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did navigation not then exist in its present form. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the The Indian tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar reform committee

calendar. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two No Claudius Ptolemy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Contrary to stories of Greek gloriﬁcation. the calendar and Western inferiority

calendar. Calendar and religious politics I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that again

stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are Conclusions fraudulent. A Tale of Two Calendars

C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The duration of the sidereal year was stated by the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a as follows (Gitika 3) I using precise fractions with large denominators.

A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I In contrast, Indians had a sophisticated way to state navigation fractions. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I using precise fractions with large denominators.

A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I In contrast, Indians had a sophisticated way to state navigation fractions. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I The duration of the sidereal year was stated by the 5th ¯ The Indian c. Aryabhat.a as follows (Gitika 3) calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I using precise fractions with large denominators. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions GITIKL SECTION I Gitika So. A Tale of Two ¯ REVOLUTION.NT]MBERS AND ZERO POINI Aryabhat.a Calendars Gitika 3gtrttqqx{rr c{Er $flqr C. K. Raju qqfiif,l ssQg, 5 ibihigqquq',.tE({- {ttfi\ I Calendar & 1 religious politics sift ge I(d' 6&qre, Colonial education, ;grr, gs q{ieqsg,GITIKL SECTION I Gitika So. the calendar and uuSq*r! il 1 lt Western inferiority REVOLUTION.NT]MBERS AND ZERO POINI Calendar and q;i\€q '{Geu, navigation gtrttqqx{rr c{Ersq $flqr $$itrga,qqfiif,l Ug udlgg, frqrql t Incomplete reform ssQg, 5 ibihigqquq',.tE({- {ttfi\ I gtsqq qraiidlqr, 1 Indian calendar sift 6&qre, ge I(d' qgrtr( li The Indian sqraqqw,TqqTEq;grr, gs q{ieqsg, ll ? lt calendar reform uuSq*r! il 1 committee 3.4. lt a yugo, the eestward revolutions of the Sun are 43120,000 3 of the Moon,q;i\€q 5,77,53,336; of the Earth,3 1,58,22137,500; of Calendar and '{Geu, sq religious politics Saturn, 1.,46,564; of Jupiterr 3,641224; of Mars, 22196,824; again udlgg, frqrql t of Mercury and$$itrga, Yenus, the Ug same as those of the Sun ; of the qraiidlqr, Conclusions Moon's apogee,gtsqq 4,881219 ; of (the tighrocca of'| Mercury, 1.,79,37,&20; (the of (the ofsqraqqw,TqqTEq lighrocca of Yenus, qgrtr( 70,22,388; ll ? li lrghroccas of ) the other planets, the same as those of the 3.4. lt a yugo, the eestward revolutions of the Sun are 43120,000 Sun of the moon's asceniling node iu the opposite direction 3 of; the Moon, 5,77,53,336; of the Earth,3 1,58,22137,500; of (i.e., westward), 2,32,226.4 'Ihese revolutions commenced at Saturn, 1.,46,564; of Jupiterr 3,641224; of Mars, 22196,824; the beginning of the sign Aries on Wednesday at sunrise of Mercury and Yenus, the same as those of the Sun ; of the at Lafika (when it was the commencement of the current yuga). Moon's apogee, 4,881219 ; of (the tighrocca of'| Mercury, 1.,79,37,&20; (the lighrocca 70,22,388; of (the The 'Moon's apogee'of is that point of ofthe Yenus, Moon's orbit which is at lrghroccas of the other planets, the same as those of the the remotest distance from) the Earth, and thc 'Moon's ascending node' Sun of the moon's asceniling node iu the opposite direction is that poini; of the ecliptic rvhere the Moon crosses it in its (i.e., westward), 2,32,226.4 'Ihese revolutions commenced at northward motion. the beginning of the sign Aries on Wednesday at sunrise at Lafika (when it was the commencement of the current yuga). The ltghrotcas of Mercury and Venus are the imaginary bodies which are supposedThe 'Moon's to apogee'revolve is around that point the ofEarth the Moon's with the orbit heliocentric which is at meanthe angular remotest velocities distance fromof Mercury the Earth, and and Venus,thc 'Moon's respectively, ascending theirnode' directionsis that from poini the Earthof the being ecliptic always rvhere the the same Moon as those crosses of the it meanin its northward motion.

l. TheGo. ltghrotcas

A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Thus, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a gives the lendgth of the year as a precise fraction Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This is the duration of the sidereal year.

A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Thus, the 5th c. Aryabhat¯ .a gives the lendgth of the year as a precise fraction Incomplete reform Indian calendar I 1582237500 − 4320000 The Indian = 365.25868. calendar reform 4320000 committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Precise fractions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Conclusions I So Aryabhat¯ .a’s error was in the 3rd place after the decimal point.

I His value was an order of magnitude more accurate.

I (Some silly writers have failed to notice that it is the sidereal year, which is more than 365.25 days, unlike the tropical year which is less.)

¯ A Tale of Two Aryabhat.a’s value Calendars Sidereal year C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus, Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for a sidereal year was Calendar and 365.2586 days compared to its modern value of navigation

365.2563 days. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I His value was an order of magnitude more accurate.

I (Some silly writers have failed to notice that it is the sidereal year, which is more than 365.25 days, unlike the tropical year which is less.)

¯ A Tale of Two Aryabhat.a’s value Calendars Sidereal year C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus, Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for a sidereal year was Calendar and 365.2586 days compared to its modern value of navigation

365.2563 days. Incomplete reform I So Aryabhat¯ .a’s error was in the 3rd place after the Indian calendar The Indian decimal point. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (Some silly writers have failed to notice that it is the sidereal year, which is more than 365.25 days, unlike the tropical year which is less.)

¯ A Tale of Two Aryabhat.a’s value Calendars Sidereal year C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus, Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for a sidereal year was Calendar and 365.2586 days compared to its modern value of navigation

365.2563 days. Incomplete reform I So Aryabhat¯ .a’s error was in the 3rd place after the Indian calendar The Indian decimal point. calendar reform committee I His value was an order of magnitude more accurate. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions ¯ A Tale of Two Aryabhat.a’s value Calendars Sidereal year C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Thus, Aryabhat¯ .a’s value for a sidereal year was Calendar and 365.2586 days compared to its modern value of navigation

sidereal year, which is more than 365.25 days, unlike the Conclusions tropical year which is less.) I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in mathematics and astronomy compared to Indians.

I This is contrary to all sorts of bosh about Greek achievements claimed on the strength of late (post-12th c.) texts (plus numerous biased speculations).

A Tale of Two Interim summary Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Thus, the calendar provides robust non-textual evidence Calendar and that navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This is contrary to all sorts of bosh about Greek achievements claimed on the strength of late (post-12th c.) texts (plus numerous biased speculations).

A Tale of Two Interim summary Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Thus, the calendar provides robust non-textual evidence Calendar and that navigation Incomplete reform I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in Indian calendar mathematics and astronomy compared to Indians. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Interim summary Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

achievements claimed on the strength of late (post-12th Calendar and religious politics c.) texts (plus numerous biased speculations). again

Conclusions I Realizing that, the West started importing knowledge from the time of the Crusades (12th c.)

I Indian knowledge of arithmetic was ﬁrst imported in the 10th c. through the Hisab al Hind of al Khwarizmi.

A Tale of Two Step 1: Learning arithmetic from India Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Western inferiority in mathematics and astronomy Calendar and navigation

persisted for centuries. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Indian knowledge of arithmetic was ﬁrst imported in the 10th c. through the Hisab al Hind of al Khwarizmi.

A Tale of Two Step 1: Learning arithmetic from India Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Western inferiority in mathematics and astronomy Calendar and navigation

persisted for centuries. Incomplete reform I Realizing that, the West started importing knowledge Indian calendar from the time of the Crusades (12th c.) The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Step 1: Learning arithmetic from India Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Western inferiority in mathematics and astronomy Calendar and navigation

persisted for centuries. Incomplete reform I Realizing that, the West started importing knowledge Indian calendar from the time of the Crusades (12th c.) The Indian calendar reform I Indian knowledge of arithmetic was ﬁrst imported in the committee Calendar and 10th c. through the Hisab al Hind of al Khwarizmi. religious politics again

Conclusions I But the full story is this.

I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called “Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not understand that arithmetic.

I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic numerals”.

I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for algorithms!

A Tale of Two “Arabic numerals” Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by Colonial education, abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called “Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not understand that arithmetic.

I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic numerals”.

I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for algorithms!

A Tale of Two “Arabic numerals” Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by Colonial education, abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and Western inferiority

I But the full story is this. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic numerals”.

I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for algorithms!

A Tale of Two “Arabic numerals” Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by Colonial education, abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and Western inferiority

I But the full story is this. Calendar and navigation I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called Incomplete reform “Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not Indian calendar

understand that arithmetic. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for algorithms!

A Tale of Two “Arabic numerals” Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by Colonial education, abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and Western inferiority

I But the full story is this. Calendar and navigation I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called Incomplete reform “Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not Indian calendar

understand that arithmetic. The Indian calendar reform I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic committee from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in Calendar and religious politics the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic again numerals”. Conclusions A Tale of Two “Arabic numerals” Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by Colonial education, abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and Western inferiority

I But the full story is this. Calendar and navigation I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called Incomplete reform “Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not Indian calendar

I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for algorithms! A Tale of Two The pope’s apices Calendars Foolishly using an abacus for algorithms! C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I but practical mathematics was introduced in the Jesuit syllabus by Clavius only around 1572.

I Clavius also authored the 1582 Gregorian calendar reform

A Tale of Two Gregorian reform of 1582 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Florentine merchants understood algorithms, navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Clavius also authored the 1582 Gregorian calendar reform

A Tale of Two Gregorian reform of 1582 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Florentine merchants understood algorithms, navigation Incomplete reform I but practical mathematics was introduced in the Jesuit syllabus by Clavius only around 1572. Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Gregorian reform of 1582 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

reform Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Every 100th year was made not a leap year.

I Every 1000th year was made a leap year.

I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius arrive at this ﬁgure?

A Tale of Two What the Gregorian reform did Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and tropical year. navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Every 1000th year was made a leap year.

I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius arrive at this ﬁgure?

A Tale of Two What the Gregorian reform did Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and tropical year. navigation Incomplete reform

I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.

I How did Clavius arrive at this ﬁgure?

A Tale of Two What the Gregorian reform did Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and tropical year. navigation Incomplete reform

I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Indian calendar I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I How did Clavius arrive at this ﬁgure?

A Tale of Two What the Gregorian reform did Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and tropical year. navigation Incomplete reform

I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Indian calendar I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. The Indian calendar reform committee I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two What the Gregorian reform did Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and tropical year. navigation Incomplete reform

Conclusions I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. (Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.)

I Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Newton’s death).

I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

A Tale of Two Reform based on documents Calendars Not knowledge C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Western inferiority documents. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Newton’s death).

I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

A Tale of Two Reform based on documents Calendars Not knowledge C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Western inferiority documents. Calendar and navigation

I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. Incomplete reform

(Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.) Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c.

A Tale of Two Reform based on documents Calendars Not knowledge C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Western inferiority documents. Calendar and navigation

I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. Incomplete reform

(Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.) Indian calendar Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants The Indian I calendar reform (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian committee Calendar and reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after religious politics Newton’s death). again Conclusions A Tale of Two Reform based on documents Calendars Not knowledge C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Western inferiority documents. Calendar and navigation

I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. Incomplete reform

(Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.) Indian calendar Without observational conﬁrmation, Protestants The Indian I calendar reform (British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian committee Calendar and reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after religious politics Newton’s death). again Conclusions I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year even in the 17th c. I in Cochin trying to understand Indian methods of timekeeping.

I We know he sent back material to Clavius

I For Clavius published (in 1608) trigonometric tables with ten decimal place precision available only in India.

I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to determine the size of the earth, which was determined in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.)

A Tale of Two Jesuit spy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Clavius’ student and Jesuit spy Matteo Ricci was in the calendar and India Western inferiority Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I We know he sent back material to Clavius

I For Clavius published (in 1608) trigonometric tables with ten decimal place precision available only in India.

I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to determine the size of the earth, which was determined in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.)

A Tale of Two Jesuit spy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I For Clavius published (in 1608) trigonometric tables with ten decimal place precision available only in India.

I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to determine the size of the earth, which was determined in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.)

A Tale of Two Jesuit spy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I Clavius’ student and Jesuit spy Matteo Ricci was in the calendar and India Western inferiority Calendar and I in Cochin trying to understand Indian methods of navigation timekeeping. Incomplete reform Indian calendar I We know he sent back material to Clavius The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to determine the size of the earth, which was determined in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.)

A Tale of Two Jesuit spy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

with ten decimal place precision available only in India. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Jesuit spy Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

with ten decimal place precision available only in India. Calendar and religious politics I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to again determine the size of the earth, which was determined Conclusions in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.) A Tale of Two Ricci’s letter of 1581 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & I In 1581 Ricci was in Cochin and wrote that he was religious politics looking for “an honorable Moor or an intelligent Colonial education, the calendar and Brahmin to tell him about Indian methods of Western inferiority timekeeping”. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I A good calendar was needed for navigation,

I since latitude determination through measurement of solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the correct date of equinox to determine solar declination.

I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

A Tale of Two The practical reason for Gregorian reform Calendars Needed for navigation C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Western inferiority Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Calendar and related to wealth. navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I since latitude determination through measurement of solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the correct date of equinox to determine solar declination.

I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

A Tale of Two The practical reason for Gregorian reform Calendars Needed for navigation C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by Bhaskara 1 in Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya.

A Tale of Two The practical reason for Gregorian reform Calendars Needed for navigation C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions A Tale of Two The practical reason for Gregorian reform Calendars Needed for navigation C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Indian calendar I since latitude determination through measurement of The Indian calendar reform solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the committee correct date of equinox to determine solar declination. Calendar and religious politics again I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude are connected by a formula given by Bhaskara 1 in Conclusions Laghu Bhaskar¯ıya. .(t rhstFathth .. ,bBrrnh lV :&L.r!!b .A ,f*?rsfd;tnJ 'G 1g rt "!e rhlrlEg &ll$t{t)rgrQ* :V :trtrbdh&tr&Jr)rurbg ^: 'iI oPt!'€& tuoJJ Surssrtu .C rr ut 'B sl t} rr .h}ta.€D-b$IrED .E tD&{}o rr 'D .d s1 'g 'v lr.rrrrtrp{o st p}uul.h*lEl o1 .V :DhxE 'd'g rrrh r u iv ttzn' zu 'B :psrUll ou: .O,D ,g 'V eh${s iV +n$U ru tpftUh ur 'O 'C 'g Ee|.hllleohEprpf :V 'd tsc.lhrusngUulhdU r r olbaa{nhep lD oblJ" -he-b E 'v .d .c ,B r rlBtt t r lhhsD$ r L 'v -L'stl FBso o r FeE r 'd ,p}.kUurbl! .d -g'srto:,ffi 'y_T: 'd lhhnlug z tnr,BaJ+t 3 'y o8's&DqlBhDu .d nhth ly *llrgo -u'rslah.n 'c.DJQGho ly to,rr.l,lh!il-hso a .o lhh>tsr .d,vlooh.

o! rbplE5+ts il n :rrth J.ue tlh Etoep I r }uh . .L>ug> . .lha{ge ,. : r uBr.1p5 * ,** il Fb tr o.:BE ps :r:lhu*ar&rsr.ruaprnju&{}e i*>.u r :QG&Jagraag **E irre$bra rt :t tr :uuls&g rhts ,brhi&ehnorpE* I }*uur, ..h}bB$blhrtup ll at n ^tht+.hlhskJ rr:Qhuluhh tulrE tuh tr\Lhl.a :rrE I tlu$rJrr$ sllErhrnpgru6hrhi", ll bt ll :Et ..r-uElhrn^A)rr.bi I -ts tsE,n*rr"&Jq] ,.tDPth.E ,rrhah.E lulhs lEttEgfi- oiru^U il x[ il I s rQhlobqj ,.tPfiu! -tssJ.Hlr.Ea+C$rqJ ll 8t lt ^. er:EhE:&rES.he.E rrlprr rhhlb rh):tts trrrrnnb I .. . r:hoh :Sbt :gl!+hrrlhuJ&lg ll U t lt lh.b eeto ru8)sn r.ugtr ,*\rulrE I i,rr., :q$"autr*rg ll rt ll ^rnuBuJlig:rn ,rhhnlg 'Es{hp€€$ :>xluBrrD t +B lDB$rrtr&sg ^,qps&!Eluu,^pn il bt il Qlr.ts.E e$ &$ellht.blr4 ut*u I :eq+hxfues.bit lh),lg rlh&Lb ol.h +I.IHUILEl u I a = altitude of sun on prime vertical (measured)

I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar)

I φ = local latitude (to be determined).

A Tale of Two Determining latitude at sea Calendars Bhaskara’s method C. K. Raju

Calendar & The Rsine of the Sun’s northern declination—when religious politics Colonial education, less than the Rsine of the latitude—multiplied by the calendar and the radius should be divided by the Rsine of the Western inferiority Calendar and latitude: the result is the Rsine of the altitude of navigation the sun when it is on the prime vertical. Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian I That is, calendar reform committee

Rsin δ × R sin δ Calendar and Rsin a = or sin a = religious politics Rsin φ sin φ again

Conclusions I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar)

I φ = local latitude (to be determined).

A Tale of Two Determining latitude at sea Calendars Bhaskara’s method C. K. Raju

The Indian I That is, calendar reform committee

Rsin δ × R sin δ Calendar and Rsin a = or sin a = religious politics Rsin φ sin φ again

Conclusions I a = altitude of sun on prime vertical (measured) I φ = local latitude (to be determined).

A Tale of Two Determining latitude at sea Calendars Bhaskara’s method C. K. Raju

The Indian I That is, calendar reform committee

Rsin δ × R sin δ Calendar and Rsin a = or sin a = religious politics Rsin φ sin φ again

Conclusions I a = altitude of sun on prime vertical (measured)

I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar) A Tale of Two Determining latitude at sea Calendars Bhaskara’s method C. K. Raju

The Indian I That is, calendar reform committee

Rsin δ × R sin δ Calendar and Rsin a = or sin a = religious politics Rsin φ sin φ again

Conclusions I a = altitude of sun on prime vertical (measured)

I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar)

I φ = local latitude (to be determined). I and a knowledge of the ahargan. a or day number. I Day number today used for scientiﬁc purposes,

I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ contemporary Julius Scaliger,

I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to ideas stolen by the West.

A Tale of Two Ahargan.a Calendars Julian day number C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and true equinox (good calendar) navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Day number today used for scientiﬁc purposes,

I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ contemporary Julius Scaliger,

I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to ideas stolen by the West.

A Tale of Two Ahargan.a Calendars Julian day number C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and true equinox (good calendar) navigation Incomplete reform I and a knowledge of the ahargana or day number. . Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ contemporary Julius Scaliger,

I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to ideas stolen by the West.

A Tale of Two Ahargan.a Calendars Julian day number C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and true equinox (good calendar) navigation Incomplete reform I and a knowledge of the ahargana or day number. . Indian calendar

I Day number today used for scientiﬁc purposes, The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to ideas stolen by the West.

A Tale of Two Ahargan.a Calendars Julian day number C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and true equinox (good calendar) navigation Incomplete reform I and a knowledge of the ahargana or day number. . Indian calendar

Conclusions A Tale of Two Ahargan.a Calendars Julian day number C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and true equinox (good calendar) navigation Incomplete reform I and a knowledge of the ahargana or day number. . Indian calendar

I Day number today used for scientiﬁc purposes, The Indian calendar reform I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ committee contemporary Julius Scaliger, Calendar and religious politics again I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to ideas stolen by the West. Conclusions I The ﬁrst step was to be able to determine latitude at sea.

I Vasco da Gama and Columbus did not know how to do that. (See, CKR, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, chp. on kam¯alor r¯apalag¯ai.)

I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana. I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform.

A Tale of Two Calendar and European navigation Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I A correct method of navigation was needed for Colonial education, the calendar and European dreams of wealth through trade with India. Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Vasco da Gama and Columbus did not know how to do that. (See, CKR, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, chp. on kam¯alor r¯apalag¯ai.)

I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana. I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform.

A Tale of Two Calendar and European navigation Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I A correct method of navigation was needed for Colonial education, the calendar and European dreams of wealth through trade with India. Western inferiority The ﬁrst step was to be able to determine latitude at Calendar and I navigation

sea. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana. I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform.

A Tale of Two Calendar and European navigation Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform.

A Tale of Two Calendar and European navigation Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

sea. Incomplete reform I Vasco da Gama and Columbus did not know how to do Indian calendar that. (See, CKR, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, The Indian calendar reform chp. on kam¯alor r¯apalag¯ai.) committee Calendar and I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, religious politics Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana. again Conclusions A Tale of Two Calendar and European navigation Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

sea. Incomplete reform I Vasco da Gama and Columbus did not know how to do Indian calendar that. (See, CKR, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, The Indian calendar reform chp. on kam¯alor r¯apalag¯ai.) committee Calendar and I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, religious politics Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana. again Conclusions I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform. I On the Gregorian calendar, does equinox always come on the same day (21 March)?

I No, the corrected length is valid only on an average.

I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a ﬁxed date on the calendar.

I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty.

A Tale of Two What is the date of equinox? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Yesterday was equinox. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I No, the corrected length is valid only on an average.

I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a ﬁxed date on the calendar.

I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty.

A Tale of Two What is the date of equinox? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Yesterday was equinox. Calendar and navigation I On the Gregorian calendar, does equinox always come on the same day (21 March)? Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a ﬁxed date on the calendar.

I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty.

A Tale of Two What is the date of equinox? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I No, the corrected length is valid only on an average. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty.

A Tale of Two What is the date of equinox? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions A Tale of Two What is the date of equinox? Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I No, the corrected length is valid only on an average. The Indian calendar reform I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a ﬁxed date committee on the calendar. Calendar and religious politics I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty. again Conclusions I The latter is a scientiﬁc manual on timekeeping (= jyotis.a) from around -1500 (at least). I My challenge from 15 years ago to show me a single sentence about astrology in the Ved¯angaJyotis.a

A Tale of Two General background Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The Indian calendar has been in continuous use since Calendar and navigation

the Rgveda, and the Ved¯angaJyotis.a Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I My challenge from 15 years ago to show me a single sentence about astrology in the Ved¯angaJyotis.a

A Tale of Two General background Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The Indian calendar has been in continuous use since Calendar and navigation

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two General background Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The Indian calendar has been in continuous use since Calendar and navigation

the Rgveda, and the Ved¯angaJyotis.a Incomplete reform I The latter is a scientiﬁc manual on timekeeping (= Indian calendar jyotisa) from around -1500 (at least). The Indian . calendar reform I My challenge from 15 years ago to show me a single committee Calendar and sentence about astrology in the Ved¯angaJyotis.a religious politics again

Conclusions I A month always has 30 tith¯ı-s since a tith¯ı is deﬁned as the time it takes for the sun and moon to move apart by 12 degrees.

I However, a tith¯ı does not correspond to a civil day,

I and intercalary months are needed.

A Tale of Two Scientiﬁc calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I However, a tith¯ı does not correspond to a civil day,

I and intercalary months are needed.

A Tale of Two Scientiﬁc calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Indian panca˜ng is a luni-solar calendar (not a lunar Calendar and calendar): keeps track of both sun and moon. navigation Incomplete reform I A month always has 30 tith¯ı-s since a tith¯ı is deﬁned as Indian calendar the time it takes for the sun and moon to move apart The Indian by 12 degrees. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and intercalary months are needed.

A Tale of Two Scientiﬁc calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I However, a tith¯ı does not correspond to a civil day, Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Scientiﬁc calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I However, a tith¯ı does not correspond to a civil day, Calendar and religious politics I and intercalary months are needed. again Conclusions I though they now have a lunar calendar.

I Indian calendar spread to China by Buddhists.

I Parts of Indian astronomy accreted into the 12th c. Almagest.

A Tale of Two Indian astronomy Calendars Transmission C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Principles of Indian astronomy used by Arab navigation astronomers Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Indian calendar spread to China by Buddhists.

I Parts of Indian astronomy accreted into the 12th c. Almagest.

A Tale of Two Indian astronomy Calendars Transmission C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Principles of Indian astronomy used by Arab navigation astronomers Incomplete reform Indian calendar I though they now have a lunar calendar. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Parts of Indian astronomy accreted into the 12th c. Almagest.

A Tale of Two Indian astronomy Calendars Transmission C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Principles of Indian astronomy used by Arab navigation astronomers Incomplete reform Indian calendar I though they now have a lunar calendar. The Indian calendar reform I Indian calendar spread to China by Buddhists. committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Indian astronomy Calendars Transmission C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Conclusions I Indian (scientiﬁc) calendar begins with the kali era -3102 CE.

I Maya calendar began in -3112 CE.

I 10 years is a small diﬀerence across 5000 years, suggesting a common astronomical model being used.

A Tale of Two Kali era Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Indian calendar and customs similar to Egyptian and Calendar and Mayan navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Maya calendar began in -3112 CE.

I 10 years is a small diﬀerence across 5000 years, suggesting a common astronomical model being used.

A Tale of Two Kali era Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I 10 years is a small diﬀerence across 5000 years, suggesting a common astronomical model being used.

A Tale of Two Kali era Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Kali era Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Indian calendar and customs similar to Egyptian and Calendar and Mayan navigation Incomplete reform I Indian (scientiﬁc) calendar begins with the kali era Indian calendar -3102 CE. The Indian calendar reform I Maya calendar began in -3112 CE. committee I 10 years is a small diﬀerence across 5000 years, Calendar and religious politics suggesting a common astronomical model being used. again Conclusions I agriculture, and

I overseas trade.

I The successful practice of both required a good calendar (to determine the rainy season) and good knowledge of astronomy (to build a good calendar, and for celestial navigation).

A Tale of Two Indian calendar Calendars and agriculture C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The two key means of wealth production in India were Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I overseas trade.

I The successful practice of both required a good calendar (to determine the rainy season) and good knowledge of astronomy (to build a good calendar, and for celestial navigation).

A Tale of Two Indian calendar Calendars and agriculture C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The two key means of wealth production in India were Calendar and navigation I agriculture, and Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The successful practice of both required a good calendar (to determine the rainy season) and good knowledge of astronomy (to build a good calendar, and for celestial navigation).

A Tale of Two Indian calendar Calendars and agriculture C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The two key means of wealth production in India were Calendar and navigation I agriculture, and Incomplete reform

I overseas trade. Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Indian calendar Calendars and agriculture C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I The two key means of wealth production in India were Calendar and navigation I agriculture, and Incomplete reform

I overseas trade. Indian calendar The Indian I The successful practice of both required a good calendar reform committee calendar (to determine the rainy season) and good Calendar and knowledge of astronomy (to build a good calendar, and religious politics again for celestial navigation). Conclusions I (attracted invaders like ﬂies).

I This success based on success of science and technology used

I though Western historians lack the commonsense to admit it.

A Tale of Two Successful science and technology Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I India was very wealthy in the past Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I This success based on success of science and technology used

I though Western historians lack the commonsense to admit it.

A Tale of Two Successful science and technology Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I India was very wealthy in the past Calendar and navigation

I (attracted invaders like ﬂies). Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I though Western historians lack the commonsense to admit it.

A Tale of Two Successful science and technology Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I India was very wealthy in the past Calendar and navigation

I (attracted invaders like ﬂies). Incomplete reform

I This success based on success of science and technology Indian calendar The Indian used calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Successful science and technology Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I India was very wealthy in the past Calendar and navigation

I (attracted invaders like ﬂies). Incomplete reform

I This success based on success of science and technology Indian calendar The Indian used calendar reform committee I though Western historians lack the commonsense to Calendar and admit it. religious politics again

Conclusions I Calendar had to be calibrated for diﬀerent latitudes and longitudes.

I That required knowledge of the size of the earth.

I Indian ﬁgures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic miles.

I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared to Columbus’ error of 40%).

A Tale of Two Example: Size of the earth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, India is a vast country. the calendar and I Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I That required knowledge of the size of the earth.

I Indian ﬁgures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic miles.

I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared to Columbus’ error of 40%).

A Tale of Two Example: Size of the earth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, India is a vast country. the calendar and I Western inferiority I Calendar had to be calibrated for diﬀerent latitudes and Calendar and longitudes. navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Indian ﬁgures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic miles.

I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared to Columbus’ error of 40%).

A Tale of Two Example: Size of the earth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, India is a vast country. the calendar and I Western inferiority I Calendar had to be calibrated for diﬀerent latitudes and Calendar and longitudes. navigation Incomplete reform

I That required knowledge of the size of the earth. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared to Columbus’ error of 40%).

A Tale of Two Example: Size of the earth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, India is a vast country. the calendar and I Western inferiority I Calendar had to be calibrated for diﬀerent latitudes and Calendar and longitudes. navigation Incomplete reform

Conclusions A Tale of Two Example: Size of the earth Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, India is a vast country. the calendar and I Western inferiority I Calendar had to be calibrated for diﬀerent latitudes and Calendar and longitudes. navigation Incomplete reform

I That required knowledge of the size of the earth. Indian calendar I Indian ﬁgures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al The Indian calendar reform Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic committee miles. Calendar and religious politics again I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared to Columbus’ error of 40%). Conclusions I After independence India installed a calendar reform committee, headed by Meghnad Saha.

I He said, “for calendarical (sic) purpose it is unmeaning to use the sidereal year”.

I He condemned Indian calendars wholesale

I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I However, after colonialism, Indians developed a Western inferiority contempt for everything Indian. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I He said, “for calendarical (sic) purpose it is unmeaning to use the sidereal year”.

I He condemned Indian calendars wholesale

I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I He condemned Indian calendars wholesale

I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I However, after colonialism, Indians developed a Western inferiority contempt for everything Indian. Calendar and navigation I After independence India installed a calendar reform Incomplete reform committee, headed by Meghnad Saha. Indian calendar The Indian I He said, “for calendarical (sic) purpose it is unmeaning calendar reform to use the sidereal year”. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions A Tale of Two Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Conclusions I The most important season in India is the rainy season for Indian agriculture is monsoon dependent.

I The Indian calendar has the rainy months of s¯awan and bh¯adon, as every child understands.

I The Gregorian calendar has no concept of a rainy season.

A Tale of Two Saha’s mistake Calendars Most important season C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Saha’s remark that it is obvious that the tropical year Calendar and should be used for seasons is wrong. navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Indian calendar has the rainy months of s¯awan and bh¯adon, as every child understands.

I The Gregorian calendar has no concept of a rainy season.

A Tale of Two Saha’s mistake Calendars Most important season C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Saha’s remark that it is obvious that the tropical year Calendar and should be used for seasons is wrong. navigation Incomplete reform

I The most important season in India is the rainy season Indian calendar

for Indian agriculture is monsoon dependent. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Gregorian calendar has no concept of a rainy season.

A Tale of Two Saha’s mistake Calendars Most important season C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Saha’s remark that it is obvious that the tropical year Calendar and should be used for seasons is wrong. navigation Incomplete reform

I The most important season in India is the rainy season Indian calendar

Conclusions A Tale of Two Saha’s mistake Calendars Most important season C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Saha’s remark that it is obvious that the tropical year Calendar and should be used for seasons is wrong. navigation Incomplete reform

I The most important season in India is the rainy season Indian calendar

for Indian agriculture is monsoon dependent. The Indian calendar reform I The Indian calendar has the rainy months of s¯awan and committee bh¯adon, as every child understands. Calendar and religious politics I The Gregorian calendar has no concept of a rainy again season. Conclusions I So, not having a rainy season makes one “superior”!

A Tale of Two Being superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The calendar reform committee just assumed that Incomplete reform Western practices are superior Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Being superior Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The calendar reform committee just assumed that Incomplete reform Western practices are superior Indian calendar The Indian I So, not having a rainy season makes one “superior”! calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I What is required for the monsoons is the moisture balance or the wind regime.

I While hot air rises at the equator it does not go all the way to the poles before descending.

I It is deﬂected by the Coriolis force, and descends in the horse latitudes.

A Tale of Two Saha’s bad physics Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Claiming that only the heat balance (tropical year) Calendar and matters for seasons is bad physics. navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I While hot air rises at the equator it does not go all the way to the poles before descending.

I It is deﬂected by the Coriolis force, and descends in the horse latitudes.

A Tale of Two Saha’s bad physics Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I It is deﬂected by the Coriolis force, and descends in the horse latitudes.

A Tale of Two Saha’s bad physics Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Claiming that only the heat balance (tropical year) Calendar and matters for seasons is bad physics. navigation I What is required for the monsoons is the moisture Incomplete reform balance or the wind regime. Indian calendar The Indian I While hot air rises at the equator it does not go all the calendar reform way to the poles before descending. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Saha’s bad physics Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

horse latitudes. Conclusions I on Newtonian physics, because the earth is not an inertial frame.

A Tale of Two Coriolis and other forces Calendars depend upon sidereal motion C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

I The Coriolis force and other such ﬁctitious forces Incomplete reform

depend upon the earth’s sidereal motion (motion with Indian calendar

respect to the distant stars) The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Coriolis and other forces Calendars depend upon sidereal motion C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

I The Coriolis force and other such ﬁctitious forces Incomplete reform

depend upon the earth’s sidereal motion (motion with Indian calendar

respect to the distant stars) The Indian calendar reform I on Newtonian physics, because the earth is not an committee inertial frame. Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I So far as gravitation is concerned, lunar tidal forces are stronger than solar tidal forces, since tidal forces vary as the inverse cube of the distance.

I What is the eﬀect of that on global circulation?

I That is still a “grand challenge” problem in NASA terminology. No obvious answer either now or in Saha’s time.

A Tale of Two Lunar tides Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Tides in the atmosphere are huge compared to the sea Western inferiority

(the relative density of air is very small). Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I What is the eﬀect of that on global circulation?

I That is still a “grand challenge” problem in NASA terminology. No obvious answer either now or in Saha’s time.

A Tale of Two Lunar tides Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Tides in the atmosphere are huge compared to the sea Western inferiority

(the relative density of air is very small). Calendar and navigation

I So far as gravitation is concerned, lunar tidal forces are Incomplete reform

stronger than solar tidal forces, since tidal forces vary as Indian calendar

the inverse cube of the distance. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I That is still a “grand challenge” problem in NASA terminology. No obvious answer either now or in Saha’s time.

A Tale of Two Lunar tides Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Tides in the atmosphere are huge compared to the sea Western inferiority

(the relative density of air is very small). Calendar and navigation

I So far as gravitation is concerned, lunar tidal forces are Incomplete reform

stronger than solar tidal forces, since tidal forces vary as Indian calendar

the inverse cube of the distance. The Indian calendar reform I What is the eﬀect of that on global circulation? committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Lunar tides Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I Tides in the atmosphere are huge compared to the sea Western inferiority

(the relative density of air is very small). Calendar and navigation

I So far as gravitation is concerned, lunar tidal forces are Incomplete reform

stronger than solar tidal forces, since tidal forces vary as Indian calendar

the inverse cube of the distance. The Indian calendar reform I What is the eﬀect of that on global circulation? committee Calendar and I That is still a “grand challenge” problem in NASA religious politics terminology. No obvious answer either now or in Saha’s again time. Conclusions

I When I read it I was laughing!

I I received the paper a day late,

I and it was raining cats and dogs outside.

A Tale of Two Drought 2004 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The previous news clip is from 2004. Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I I received the paper a day late,

I and it was raining cats and dogs outside.

A Tale of Two Drought 2004 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The previous news clip is from 2004. Incomplete reform

I When I read it I was laughing! Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and it was raining cats and dogs outside.

A Tale of Two Drought 2004 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The previous news clip is from 2004. Incomplete reform

I When I read it I was laughing! Indian calendar I I received the paper a day late, The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Drought 2004 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I The previous news clip is from 2004. Incomplete reform

I When I read it I was laughing! Indian calendar I I received the paper a day late, The Indian calendar reform I and it was raining cats and dogs outside. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian calendar.

I Another repeat in 2009

A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similar “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 (as I navigation recall) Incomplete reform Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Another repeat in 2009

A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and I Similar “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 (as I navigation recall) Incomplete reform Indian calendar I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian The Indian calendar. calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

I Another repeat in 2009 Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions

A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon 2009 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform I and then . . . Indian calendar The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions

I (Could not collect news clips.)

A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon 2014 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform I Another repeat in 2014. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Delayed monsoon 2014 Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform I Another repeat in 2014. Indian calendar

I (Could not collect news clips.) The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions

I the relation of Indian mathematics to the calendar and the monsoon.

I But did not move any authorities to act.

A Tale of Two Other articles Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Newspaper articles have also been written about Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I But did not move any authorities to act.

A Tale of Two Other articles Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Newspaper articles have also been written about Incomplete reform

I the relation of Indian mathematics to the calendar and Indian calendar

the monsoon. The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Other articles Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority

Calendar and navigation I Newspaper articles have also been written about Incomplete reform

I the relation of Indian mathematics to the calendar and Indian calendar

the monsoon. The Indian calendar reform I But did not move any authorities to act. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions

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2/ $$ ! ) - " $ ! $ ! / D 4 - .$! ; 3 /4 $ 4 =! . % S " ! ccording to the Hindu every year the monsoon arrives (" S (+ panchang, the month in harmony with the panchang, of sawan which along though ‘scientists’ keep bleating with bhadon compris- about ‘delays’. Refusing to learn " (# es India’s monsoon from experience or history, they S 8 Aseason, began on July 4; rains have ruined farmers and harvests. (: drenched this parched city on July The keynote of the Hindu ( 5. Was the monsoon on time, or calendar is the monsoons on ‘'delayed’ as the Met office kept which agriculture rests, and not " lamenting? The Union Ministry of summer or winter which may be (. % Agriculture was clueless how to relevant in Europe. Monsoons (& reassure farmers who sowed the depend upon the wind regime. kharif crop too early. The global circulation of wind is % " S ( CK Raju, who played a key not decided solely by the posi- role in building India’s first super- tion of the sun. Hot air rises at 2 computer, Param, and received the the equator, but does not K Telesio-Galilei Academy of descend at the poles. Due to the Science’s gold medal for 2010 for Coriolis force, the earth’s rotation (& ( discovering and correcting a mis- causes air to be deflected and to % S @#" take made by Albert Einstein, says descend before the Horse- the monsoon was similarly Latitudes (sub-tropical latitudes ( ; ‘delayed’ in 2003, 2004, 2006, between 30 and 35 degrees north = - 2009, and 2010. Each time, the and south). Thus, the monsoons , @#" rains eventually belied the Met also depend upon the Coriolis office’s predictions of drought. force, which is an inertial force. .$! This is because the Since the only possible inertial Gregorian calendar on which the framework is one fixed relative % scientific community relies is not to the distant stars, the Coriolis suitable for such calculations. force relates to the sidereal ( India must first decide if the motion of the earth, and mon- + =!:8 monsoon synchronises with the soons relate to the sidereal year. tropical or sidereal year. The Had monsoons related to the tropical (solar) year is the length tropical year, the cumulative % of time the sun takes to return difference between the tropical to the same position in the cycle and sidereal year would have put of seasons as seen from earth, the Indian calendar out of phase. such as from one vernal equinox This never happened. to the next. CE, it had slipped about 10 days Varahamihira and the By forcing farmers to aban- () It is not wholly synchronous out of phase in the 1250-odd years PancaSiddhantika, Aryabhata don the ancient nakshatra-gov- % with the earth’s orbit around the since the Council of Nicaea fixed explicitly advocated the sidereal erned seasons in favour of the 6 #-(% % S sun (sidereal, actual year) due to the date of Easter by fixing the year; Marxist historians concur tropical year, Nehruvian secular- the precession of the equinoxes, date of the vernal equinox on XII that Indian agriculture was linked ism and scientific temper have / and is around 20 minutes short- calends (March 21). By the end of to the nakshatras. compromised our food security. er (the difference can accumulate the 16th century, the vernal Modern India has not seri- An eerie coincidence that has =< " 0(& = over long periods). Indian astron- equinox fell around March 11 on ously studied the monsoons, facilitated the eclipse of agricul- ''C ) omy rests on the sidereal year; a the Julian calendar. 2%-9"+8;H though even today good mon- ture from public consciousness (" : better method of timekeeping as The Gregorian reform cor- :@&)? soons drive the economy. The is the virtual disappearance of " (2 the sun’s transit against fixed rected this anomaly by advancing late Meghnad Saha believed heat rural symbols once associated + # stars (nakshatras, for example, the calendar by 10 days, and by "+#)!)+#)+-) balance alone mattered in con- with major political parties — Dhruv-tara) is easy to observe making every centennial year not &2)"+#":+ figuring the monsoons; CK Raju cow and calf (Congress); plough =( and traditionally determined a leap year unless divisible by 400 thinks wind regime is the key, and farmer (Janata, Lok Dal), " = " S sowing and harvesting activities. (for example, 2000). It thus came -:;)+#:? but says major research is nec- while the sickle of the commu- ("' " S Europe was aware that it closer to a more accurate figure for ?)@%? essary to establish a paradigm. nist parties has degenerated into = TC (& + # lacked the knowledge to precise- the fractional part of the length of The ancients coped by creating an offensive weapon. This is a 6 ly calculate the length of either the tropical year. The correction -%"&&)) over 5000 panchangs, each ‘cor- telling comment on the growing the tropical or sidereal year, was vital for the practical purpose rected’ to account for latitude urban bias in our polity and our S (" S which India knew from at least of fixing latitude from observation :#%!&)#&2) (hence the Kerala monsoon distorted understanding of the ! O the third century. Hence the of solar altitude at noon, necessary 8?)8%?":+ arrives much before rains in economy, the adverse effects of (" - O Gregorian calendar reform com- for navigation which was then -:;)+#:?:+# Delhi) and longitude. There is a which have already come to " mittee headed by Christoph extremely important for Europe powerful cultural context here — haunt us. Clavius tried to consult Indian which lagged behind the Indians :"#&2)):%+ the Indian calendar revolves Two decades of liberalisa- % O ( calendrical sources; just prior to and Arabs. around the rainy season (varsha) tion-globalisation and thousands the calendar reform of 1582, his Shockingly, after indepen- #)!)+#%+&2) as the year (varsh) relates to rain. of crores of ‘incentives’ later, the student Matteo Ricci was in dence, the Indian calendar reform &?%!"-:;H):? It is eternally relevant for agri- service and the manufacturing India, scouting calendrical man- committee adopted the Gregorian culture as poor calculations can sectors have failed to promote uals in Cochin! calendar and said the seasons wreak havoc through mistimed growth or made a dent in unem- The Gregorian calendar depend on the tropical year! agricultural operations. ployment nationwide. The econ- - reform was needed because the Superficially, the tropical year The Nehruvian quest for “sci- omy is gasping for a good mon- Julian calendar fixed the length of seems supported by astronomical entific temper” led to slavish soon to lift it out of the present the year very crudely as the treatises like Surya Siddhanta adoption of the Gregorian calen- morass. Can we at least now 0!() $R Romans were weak with fractions; and PancaSiddhantika, but the dar for calculating the seasons trash the liberalisation-era myth so the calendar slipped roughly passages have been misunder- and monsoon rhythm, though that there is no link between ! < 3 = - one day every 128 years. By 1582 stood. Anyway, even prior to objective analysis shows that agriculture and growth? =!:8 ) < = @ (8 - ! "6#) # !% "/# &#&" 3 #&# " ; #& -#& %*- (& 8 " 1 !)*## &%" - +" #&%#&1 (. #& && # #&1 "# &"#&% & & ! - < 8 !#&#&)# ; ;5 &#+! - L M (: & #7 & # "" !+1;!#+& "#"-+ - =!: - #6 # &5 &+# &5 &&5 < O &896! /+ (" (: " L &# L*#. )# L#!!!#&& O 8 : : ? (& &%&2))#"&%? . 'E < (6 8::? Karlekar. Those that the writer calls “Islamists” are Koranic /2 Muslims and they are acting in " Sir — This refers to the editori- obedience to their religion. They Sir — This refers to the report, al, “A national shame” (July 16). have every right in multi-cultur- “Baghpat khap unrepentant, dik- You have correctly identified the ) al and secular democracies to tat raises hackles” (July 14). The K K issue that faces society. But there’s enjoy multi-cultural and secular panchayat’s diktat against love one thing missing from society in L= M freedoms (even though such marriages, women using mobile general and our education system &/$ E0 9# ? (& rights and freedoms are not phones and shopping is akin to ( " in particular. The Government " recognised in their own theocra- Talibanisation. In fact, love mar- 8::? has totally discounted moral (H , cies). Also, what is wrong if their riages have led to the ghastly (: education as a subject from the mission is sanctioned by their killings ordered by Khap pan-

(6 syllabus. The young generation religion of love, peace and equal- chayats in the name of ‘honour’, does not know the basics of (6 8#! (& ity? Why is this “not a reassuring mostly in the north. behaviour and tenets of society R6 prospect for Britain”? Village elders must realise (& 8 O and sees women as objects of sex Bharati that of late even the orthodox and entertainment. R6 8 Via web brahmins are conducting mar- Our films and the electron- < " R riages within the gotra or sagotra " - =!: 8::? ( - ic media portray female charac- provided families of the couple ters as materials of entertain- " are unknown or not related to < N O ment. This is deeply affecting the each other. @ minds of young people. The ( Sir — This refers to the editori- Since religion holds sway, . ( + < manifestation of this degenera- %0%' al, “India’s real He-man” (July 13). the powers-that-be should seek 8 (6 tion is increased cases of rape, Dara Singh was a cult figure, out the help of religious heads to molestation and eve-teasing. especially in small towns and dissuade the Khap panchayats Only hard hitting laws will not rural India. Audiences in cinema from this medieval practice. (& 8 do. We have to go deep in Indian halls would roar in appreciation However, the unlettered elders of ( tradition that had enormous the moment his name came on the panchayats who rubbish the . L" 3 respect for women. the screen. In winning bout after law of the land and pronounce < @ Kapil Dev Pandey bout all over the world he helped atavistic verdicts should be pun- Delhi in giving a feeling of respect and ished. Otherwise, such aberra- R+ ! - 8 confidence to the people of India tions will continue to turn the who had been demoralised by clock back. ! . (H centuries of occupation by foreign A Sheshagiri Rao < (& - powers. He could achieve all this Chennai O ( Sir — This refers to the article, “As with bare minimum resources. Olympics nears, terror games Ashok Bhatnagar / & " ( step up” (July 14) by Hiranmay Via web 008/02;2'8E9+%3?2+ I they cannot tell Indian holidays many of which depend upon lunar phase I like Holi (p¯urn. ima), or Diwali (am¯avasy¯a), or Buddha p¯urn.ima, Mahavira jayanti, I and are hence “moveable” on the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Alienating calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Just as most people can’t tell their date of birth on the Calendar and Indian calendar navigation Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I like Holi (p¯urn. ima), or Diwali (am¯avasy¯a), or Buddha p¯urn.ima, Mahavira jayanti, I and are hence “moveable” on the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Alienating calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I and are hence “moveable” on the Gregorian calendar.

A Tale of Two Alienating calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I Just as most people can’t tell their date of birth on the Calendar and Indian calendar navigation Incomplete reform I they cannot tell Indian holidays many of which depend Indian calendar upon lunar phase The Indian calendar reform I like Holi (p¯urn. ima), or Diwali (am¯avasy¯a), or Buddha committee p¯urn.ima, Mahavira jayanti, Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Alienating calendar Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I These are deﬁned only on the Christian ritual calendar, namely the Gregorian calendar.

I Why?

A Tale of Two Secular festivals Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I However, our only two secular festivals are Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I These are deﬁned only on the Christian ritual calendar, namely the Gregorian calendar.

I Why?

A Tale of Two Secular festivals Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I However, our only two secular festivals are Calendar and navigation

I Independence day (15 August) and Republic day 26 Incomplete reform

January. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Why?

A Tale of Two Secular festivals Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I However, our only two secular festivals are Calendar and navigation

I Independence day (15 August) and Republic day 26 Incomplete reform

January. Indian calendar These are deﬁned only on the Christian ritual calendar, The Indian I calendar reform namely the Gregorian calendar. committee Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions A Tale of Two Secular festivals Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and Western inferiority I However, our only two secular festivals are Calendar and navigation

I Independence day (15 August) and Republic day 26 Incomplete reform

January. Indian calendar These are deﬁned only on the Christian ritual calendar, The Indian I calendar reform namely the Gregorian calendar. committee Calendar and I Why? religious politics again

Conclusions I The Gregorian calendar provides non-textual evidence of persistent Greek and European inferiority in math and astronomy contrary to tall tales based on speculations using late (post-Crusade) texts.

I The Gregorian calendar lacks the concept of a rainy season, hence harms our economic interests.

I It is alienating.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, I The Gregorian calendar is an unscientiﬁc calendar. The the calendar and months are wrong, and so is the year (except on Western inferiority Calendar and average). We should reject it for that reason alone. navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I The Gregorian calendar lacks the concept of a rainy season, hence harms our economic interests.

I It is alienating.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Conclusions I It is alienating.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I The Gregorian calendar provides non-textual evidence of Incomplete reform persistent Greek and European inferiority in math and Indian calendar The Indian astronomy contrary to tall tales based on speculations calendar reform using late (post-Crusade) texts. committee Calendar and I The Gregorian calendar lacks the concept of a rainy religious politics again season, hence harms our economic interests. Conclusions A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

I Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in the past, and should not be abandoned without even a study and without exploring ways to amend it.

I Our two secular festivals should not be deﬁned solely on the Christian ritual calendar.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Indian luni-solar calendar is scientiﬁc, and better Western inferiority than the Gregorian calendar. Calendar and navigation

Incomplete reform

Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in the past, and should not be abandoned without even a study and without exploring ways to amend it.

I Our two secular festivals should not be deﬁned solely on the Christian ritual calendar.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Indian luni-solar calendar is scientiﬁc, and better Western inferiority than the Gregorian calendar. Calendar and navigation

I Similar astronomy was used also by Buddhists, Chinese, Incomplete reform

and Arabs. Possibly also by Egyptians and Mayans. Indian calendar

The Indian calendar reform committee

Calendar and religious politics again

Conclusions I Our two secular festivals should not be deﬁned solely on the Christian ritual calendar.

A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Indian luni-solar calendar is scientiﬁc, and better Western inferiority than the Gregorian calendar. Calendar and navigation

I Similar astronomy was used also by Buddhists, Chinese, Incomplete reform

and Arabs. Possibly also by Egyptians and Mayans. Indian calendar Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct The Indian I calendar reform account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in committee Calendar and the past, and should not be abandoned without even a religious politics study and without exploring ways to amend it. again Conclusions A Tale of Two Conclusions Calendars contd. C. K. Raju

Calendar & religious politics

Colonial education, the calendar and I The Indian luni-solar calendar is scientiﬁc, and better Western inferiority than the Gregorian calendar. Calendar and navigation

I Similar astronomy was used also by Buddhists, Chinese, Incomplete reform

and Arabs. Possibly also by Egyptians and Mayans. Indian calendar Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct The Indian I calendar reform account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in committee Calendar and the past, and should not be abandoned without even a religious politics study and without exploring ways to amend it. again Conclusions I Our two secular festivals should not be deﬁned solely on the Christian ritual calendar. Reading list

1. The thesis about the Indian calendar was first put forward in C. K. Raju, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics (Pearson Longman, 2007, chp. 4, Box 4.1 “The not-too-soon monsoon of 2004”, and Box 4.2 “Could India's failed monsoon have been predicted by the right calendar?”. The boxes are put up online at http://ckraju.net/papers/Calendar-from-Cultural-Foundations-of- Mathematics.pdf. 2. Part of it was also earlier reported online at http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_raju_monsoon.htm. 3. The thesis now includes the question of lunar tides. The other books cited, related to the Gregorian calendar and Easter, are as follows. 4. C. K. Raju, Euclid and Jesus: how and why the church changed mathematics and Christianity across two religious wars, Multiversity, Penang, 2012. 5. C. K. Raju, The Eleven Pictures of Time: The Physics, Philosophy, and Politics of Time Beliefs, Sage, 2003. 6. The quote from the calendar reform committee is Government of India, Report of the Calendar Reform Committee (M. N. Saha et al.), CSIR, New Delhi, 1955, p. 158. 7. Part of the above report is also published as M. N. Saha and N. Lahiri, History of the Calendar, CSIR, New Delhi, 1992. 8. The fragment from Matteo Ricci's letter is in Matteo Ricci, Letter to Petri Maei on 1 Dec 1581. Goa 38 I, 129r-130v, corrected and reproduced in Documenta Indica, XII, 472-477 (p. 474). Also reproduced in Tacchi Venturi, Matteo Ricci S.I., Le Lettre Dalla Cina 1580-1610, vol. 2, Macareta, 1613. 9. For more details of Ptolemy, see Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, above, or C. K. Raju, Is Science Western in Origin? Reprint 2014, Daanish Books Delhi, and Other India Bookstore, God. 10. The quotation from Aryabhata is from K. S. Shukla, and K. V. Sarma, K. V. (ed. and trans.) The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata, INSA, New Delhi, 1976. 11. The picture of the apices is from Euclid and Jesus, cited above. It dates to 976 CE. 12. “Clavius'” trigonometric tables are in Clavii, Christophori Bambergensis, Tabulae Sinuum, Tangentium et Secantium ad partes radij 10,000,000. . . , Ioannis Albini, 1607. 13. The quote from Laghu Bhaskariya is from K. S. Shukla, (ed. and trans.), Laghu Bhaskariya, Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, Lucknow, 1963. 14. A discussion of European knowledge/ignorance of navigation, and Indo-Arabic techniques of navigation is in chp. 4 and chp. 5 of Cultural Foundations of Mathematics. 15. A more recent (but not necessarily better) account of this thesis is in C. K. Raju, “A Tale of Two Calendars” in Claude Alvares ed., Multicultural Knowledge and the University, Multiversity, 2013, pp. 112-119. This is posted online at http://ckraju.net/papers/ckr-calendar.html.