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TWENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS MARCH 4, 1839, TO MARCH 3, 1841 FIRST SESSION—December 2, 1839, to July 21, 1840 SECOND SESSSION—December 7, 1840, to March 3, 1841 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—RICHARD M. JOHNSON, of Kentucky PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—WILLIAM R. KING, 1 of Alabama SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—ASBURY DICKINS, 2 of North Carolina SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—STEPHEN HAIGHT, of New York SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—ROBERT M. T. HUNTER, 3 of Virginia CLERK OF THE HOUSE—HUGH A. GARLAND, 4 of Virginia SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—RODERICK DORSEY, of Maryland DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—JOSEPH FOLLANSBEE, of Massachusetts ALABAMA Thomas B. Osborne, Fairfield ILLINOIS Truman Smith, Litchfield SENATORS SENATORS John H. Brockway, Ellington William R. King, Selma John M. Robinson, Carmi Clement C. Clay, Huntsville Richard M. Young, Quincy REPRESENTATIVES DELAWARE REPRESENTATIVES Reuben Chapman, Somerville SENATORS John Reynolds, Cadiz David Hubbard, Courtland 9 Richard H. Bayard, Wilmington Zadok Casey, Mount Vernon George W. Crabb, Tuscaloosa Thomas Clayton, New Castle Dixon H. Lewis, Lowndesboro John T. Stuart, Springfield James Dellet, Claiborne REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE Thomas Robinson, Jr., Georgetown INDIANA ARKANSAS SENATORS SENATORS GEORGIA Oliver H. Smith, Indianapolis William S. Fulton, Little Rock Albert S. White, La Fayette Ambrose H. Sevier, Lake Port SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE Alfred Cuthbert, Monticello Wilson Lumpkin, Athens Edward Cross, Washington George H. Proffit, Petersburg REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE John W. Davis, Carlisle John Carr, Charlestown CONNECTICUT Julius C. Alford, Lagrange Thomas Smith, Versailles SENATORS Edward J. Black, Jacksonboro James Rariden, Centerville Perry Smith, New Milford Walter T. Colquitt, 10 Columbus William W. Wick, Indianapolis Thaddeus Betts, 5 Norwalk Hines Holt, 11 Columbus Tilghman A. Howard, 12 Rockville Jabez W. Huntington, 6 Norwich Mark A. Cooper, Columbus Henry S. Lane, 13 Crawfordsville REPRESENTATIVES William C. Dawson, Greensboro Joseph Trumbull, Hartford Richard W. Habersham, Clarkesville KENTUCKY William L. Storrs, 7 Middletown Thomas Butler King, Waynesville William W. Boardman, 8 New Haven Eugenius A. Nisbet, Macon SENATORS Thomas W. Williams, New London Lott Warren, Palmyra Henry Clay, Lexington 1 Continuing from preceding session; reelected July 3, 7 Resigned in June, 1840, to become associate judge of in this class from September 19, 1839, to January 11, 1840; March 3, 1841. the court of errors. 1841. 2 Reelected December 9, 1839. 8 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of William 10 Resigned July 21, 1840. 3 Elected December 16, 1839. L. Storrs, and took his seat December 7, 1840. 11 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter 4 Reelected December 21, 1839. 9 Resigned September 19, 1839, to become chief justice T. Colquitt, and took his seat February 1, 1841. 5 Died April 7, 1840. of Delaware; reelected to fill vacancy caused by his own 12 Resigned August 1, 1840. 6 13 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Thaddeus resignation, and took his seat January 19, 1841; vacancy Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Betts, and took his seat June 2, 1840. Tilghman A. Howard, and took his seat December 7, 1840. [ 119 ] 120 Biographical Directory KENTUCKY—Continued William Cost Johnson, Jefferson Edmund Burke, Newport Francis Thomas, Frederick Ira A. Eastman, Gilmanton SENATORS—Continued Daniel Jenifer, Milton Hill Tristram Shaw, Exeter John J. Crittenden, Frankfort Jared W. Williams, Lancaster REPRESENTATIVES MASSACHUSETTS Linn Boyd, Cadiz SENATORS NEW JERSEY Philip Triplett, Owensboro Daniel Webster, 21 Boston SENATORS Joseph R. Underwood, Bowling Green Rufus Choate, 22 Boston Samuel L. Southard, Trenton Sherrod Williams, Monticello John Davis, 23 Worcester Garret D. Wall, Burlington 24 Simeon H. Anderson, 14 Lancaster Isaac C. Bates, Northampton REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE 32 John B. Thompson, 15 Harrodsburg REPRESENTATIVES William R. Cooper, Swedesboro Willis Green, Green Abbott Lawrence, 25 Boston Philemon Dickerson, Paterson 26 John Pope, Springfield Robert C. Winthrop, Boston Joseph Kille, Salem William J. Graves, New Castle Leverett Saltonstall, Salem Joseph F. Randolph, New Brunswick John White, Richmond Caleb Cushing, Newburyport Daniel B. Ryall, Freehold Richard Hawes, Winchester William Parmenter, East Cambridge Peter D. Vroom, Somerville Landaff W. Andrews, Flemingsburg Levi Lincoln, Worcester Garrett Davis, Paris James C. Alvord, 27 Greenfield NEW YORK 28 William O. Butler, Carrollton Osmyn Baker, Amherst SENATORS George N. Briggs, Lanesboro William B. Calhoun, Springfield Silas Wright, Jr., Canton LOUISIANA Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, Poughkeepsie SENATORS William S. Hastings, Mendon Henry Williams, Taunton REPRESENTATIVES Robert C. Nicholas, Donaldsonville John Reed, Yarmouth Thomas B. Jackson, Newtown Alexander Mouton, Vermilionville John Quincy Adams, Quincy James De la Montanya, Haverstraw REPRESENTATIVES Ogden Hoffman, New York City Edward D. White, Thibodaux MICHIGAN Edward Curtis, New York City Thomas W. Chinn, Baton Rouge SENATORS Moses H. Grinnell, New York City Rice Garland, 16 Opelousas John Norvell, Detroit James Monroe, New York City John Moore, 17 Franklin Augustus S. Porter, 29 Detroit Gouverneur Kemble, Cold Spring REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE Charles Johnston, Poughkeepsie MAINE Isaac E. Crary, Marshall Nathaniel Jones, Warwick SENATORS Rufus Palen, Fallsburg John Ruggles, Thomaston MISSISSIPPI Aaron Vanderpoel, Kinderhook Reuel Williams, Augusta SENATORS John Ely, Coxsackie REPRESENTATIVES Robert J. Walker, Madisonville Hiram P. Hunt, Troy Daniel D. Barnard, Albany Hugh J. Anderson, Belfast John Henderson, Pass Christian Anson Brown, 33 Ballston Nathan Clifford, Newfield REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Nicholas B. Doe, 34 Waterford Thomas Davee, Blanchard Albert G. Brown, Gallatin David A. Russell, Salem George Evans, 18 Gardiner Jacob Thompson, Pontotoc Augustus C. Hand, Elizabethtown Joshua A. Lowell, East Machias John Fine, Ogdensburg Virgil D. Parris, Buckfield MISSOURI Peter J. Wagner, Fort Plain Benjamin Randall, Bath SENATORS Andrew W. Doig, Lowville Albert Smith, Portland Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis John G. Floyd, Utica Lewis F. Linn, Ste. Genevieve MARYLAND David P. Brewster, Oswego REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Thomas C. Chittenden, Adams SENATORS Albert G. Harrison, 30 Fulton John H. Prentiss, Cooperstown John S. Spence, 19 Berlin John Jameson, 31 Fulton Judson Allen, Harpersville John L. Kerr, 20 Easton John Miller, Conners Mills John C. Clark, Bainbridge William D. Merrick, Allens Fresh Stephen B. Leonard, Owego REPRESENTATIVES NEW HAMPSHIRE Amasa Dana, Ithaca John Dennis, Princess Anne SENATORS Edward Rogers, Madison Philip F. Thomas, Easton Henry Hubbard, Charlestown Nehemiah H. Earll, Syracuse John T. H. Worthington, Shawan Franklin Pierce, Concord Christopher Morgan, Aurora Solomon Hillen, Jr., Baltimore REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Theron R. Strong, Palmyra James Carroll, Baltimore Charles G. Atherton, Nashua Francis Granger, Canandaigua 14 Died August 11, 1840. 23 Resigned January 5, 1841. 31 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Albert G. 15 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Simeon H. 24 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of John Harrison, and took his seat December 12, 1839. Anderson, and took his seat December 7, 1840. Davis, and took his seat January 21, 1841. 32 Messrs. Aycrigg, Maxwell, Halsted, Stratton, and 16 Resigned July 21, 1840. 25 Resigned September 18, 1840. Yorke contested the election of Messrs. Vroom, Dickerson, 17 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Rice 26 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Abbott Kille, Cooper, and Ryall; the House at first declined to Garland, and took his seat December 17, 1840. Lawrence, and took his seat December 7, 1840. seat either set of candidates, but by resolution of March 18 Reelected to the Twenty-seventh Congress but re- 27 Died September 27, 1839, before Congress assembled. 10, 1840, the five last named were admitted ‘‘without prej- signed, having been elected Senator. 28 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James C. 19 Died October 24, 1840. Alvord, and took his seat January 14, 1840. udice to the final rights of the claimants,’’ and, on July 20 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of John S. 29 Elected to fill vacancy in term commencing March 17, 1840, were adjudged entitled to their seats. Spence, and took his seat January 13, 1841. 4, 1839, caused by failure of legislature to elect, and took 33 Died June 14, 1840. 21 Resigned, effective February 22, 1841. his seat February 7, 1840; vacancy in this class from 34 Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Anson 22 Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Daniel March 4, 1839, to January 19, 1840. Brown, and took his seat December 7, 1840. Webster, and took his seat March 1, 1841. 30 Died September 7, 1839. TWENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS 121 Meredith Mallory, Hammondsport Daniel Sturgeon, 41 Uniontown Waddy Thompson, Jr., Greenville Thomas Kempshall, Rochester REPRESENTATIVES Seth M. Gates, Leroy Lemuel Paynter, Philadelphia TENNESSEE Luther C. Peck, Pike John Sergeant, Philadelphia SENATORS Richard P. Marvin, Jamestown Hugh Lawson White, 49 Knoxville Millard Fillmore, Buffalo George W. Toland, Philadelphia 42 Alexander Anderson, 50 Knoxville Charles F. Mitchell, Lockport Charles Naylor, Philadelphia Edward Davies, Churchtown Felix Grundy, 51 Nashville NORTH CAROLINA John Edwards, Ivy Mills Alfred O. P.
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  • Partisan Gerrymandering and the Construction of American Democracy

    Partisan Gerrymandering and the Construction of American Democracy

    0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE Partisan Gerrymandering and the Construction of American Democracy In Partisan Gerrymandering and the Construction of American Democracy, Erik J. Engstrom offers an important, historically grounded perspective on the stakes of congressional redistricting by evaluating the impact of gerrymandering on elections and on party control of the U.S. national government from 1789 through the reapportionment revolution of the 1960s. In this era before the courts supervised redistricting, state parties enjoyed wide discretion with regard to the timing and structure of their districting choices. Although Congress occasionally added language to federal- apportionment acts requiring equally populous districts, there is little evidence this legislation was enforced. Essentially, states could redistrict largely whenever and however they wanted, and so, not surpris- ingly, political considerations dominated the process. Engstrom employs the abundant cross- sectional and temporal varia- tion in redistricting plans and their electoral results from all the states— throughout U.S. history— in order to investigate the causes and con- sequences of partisan redistricting. His analysis