Inf mapper A Publication on Surveys, Mapping, and Resource Information Technology

Volume X ISSN-0117-1674 July 2003

Mapping for the Indigenous Peoples 2 inf mapper Editorial ontents Squatters no more C We often read in national dailies stories In December 1994, the International that relate the sorrowful saga of Philippine Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples indigenous peoples in their struggle against was launched, following the Year of the Editorial ...... 2 violations of their human rights: Agta folk Indigenous Peoples in 1993. The UN in Quezon cry betrayal, Probe of abuses General Assembly committed to improve Features vs. urged, Tribal folks’ rights fall the situations of the more than 300 million indigenous peoples worldwide. The Importance of ...... 3 victim to war vs. communists. This struggle has come a long way and still Improvements in their condition depend Scaling Heights...... 6 has a long way to go. on actions taken on many issues that Indigenous Peoples...... 8 In a recent visit to assess the situation confront them. These issues dwell on land concerning the country’s indigenous rights; self-government and self- News peoples, Professor Rodolfo Stavenhagen, development; resources and environment; 2003 is International Year...... 7 the United Nations (UN) Special culture, language, and education; and NAMRIA, FMB in FSIS...... 12 Rapporteur for the Human Rights of health and socio-economic conditions. In the in 1996, a national NAMRIA develops...... …..13 Indigenous Peoples, found out the severity of such transgressions. Notable of his decade for the indigenous peoples was Most Outstanding...... 14 findings were accounts of summary declared to call attention to government’s Surveying and ...... …..20 executions, rape, and forced recruitment sustained efforts to come up with a on account of militarization. Other national program that will give them due Photo Spread ...... 10 inferences from his 11-day mission in recognition. The following year, a Technical Paper .....…...... 15 December last year included landmark law was approved to recognize, marginalization, limited access to protect, and promote their rights, and for government social services or the justice other purposes. A component of the system, low development standards, and government’s social reform agenda, this territorial conflicts between development piece of legislation came to be known as projects and tribal groups. Republic Act (RA) number 8371 or more Editors’ Note: Due to space con- Bloodthirsty barbarians. Savages. popularly, the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights straints, we cannot publish the Illiterates. Non-Christians. These are just Act of 1997. references consulted for the ar- among the derogatory names given to Sought to be recognized, promoted, ticles for this issue. Interested indigenous peoples. They are oftentimes and protected are the rights of indigenous individuals may avail of the lists the butt of jokes. Throughout history, they peoples to their ancestral domains and lands, self-governance and from the authors. A copy of the are the most endangered groups of people. All forms of oppression are inflicted on empowerment, social justice and human original technical paper may like- them. As results, they are displaced, rights, and cultural integrity. Their rights wise be requested from the au- pushed to the hinterlands, and traded in of ownership and possession to their thor. the name of development. ancestral domains include the rights to: Yet, indigenous peoples are an integral (1) develop and manage lands and natural part of our society. Their influence to resources, (2) stay in the territories, (3) national culture is wide-ranging: from resettlement in case of displacement, (4) Cover picture credit: Department of staple foods to language, and even regulate the entry of migrants, (5) claim Tourism//Spread design: Nancy M. de medicines. They play a vital role in reservations, (6) safe and clean air and Jesus & Sheilah Mae G. Lopez retaining and restoring our society’s water, and (7) resolve conflicts though cultural legacy and environment amidst customary laws. rapid development and modernization. ...continued on page 14

Infomapper

Editorial Board Chairman – Usec. Diony A. Ventura, MNSA · Members – Senior Deputy Administrator Peter N. Tiangco, Ph.D.; Deputy Administrator Ricardo T. Biña; & IMD Director Linda SD. Papa

Editorial Staff Executive Editor – John SF. Fabic · Editor-in-Chief – Milagros F. Viernes Managing Editors – Maria Romina dR. Pe Benito & Xenia R. Andres · News Editor – Concepcion A. Bringas Staff Writers – Elinor C. delos Reyes, Chester C. Nicolas, Benjamin T. de Leon, George T. Corpuz, & Floyd L. Lopez Contributors – Randolf S. Vicente (SSD), Rosalino C. delos Reyes (CGSD), Nicandro P. Parayno (MD), Olivia R. Molina (RSRDAD), & Febrina E. Damaso (IMD) · Graphic Arts – Joseph C. Estrella & Sheilah Mae G. Lopez Photography – Nancy M. de Jesus, Renato E. Eguia, Rolando A. Mendoza, Arsenio B. Berriber, & Erlito P. Saberola Editorial Assistants – Julieta C. Palustre, Donnabel R. Reyes, & Rina Grace S. Gatacelo

Published by the Media Production Division, Information Management Department National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) Office: Lawton Avenue, Fort Andres Bonifacio, Makati City·Tel. Nos.: (02) 810-2890; 810-4831 to 36, local 430 Telefax: (02) 810-5466 or 810-5468·E-mail Address: [email protected] inf mapper 3

The Importance of Hydrography and Nautical Charting in the Philippines and its Relation to the UNCLOS

by Lt. (sg) Rosalino C. delos Reyes1

There is an extreme difference Sea (UNCLOS), all of these laws International Hydrographic Organization between delimiting land and water demonstrated the current state of the (IHO) must be satisfied. Hydrography also boundaries. Demarcation of land country in describing the limits of the provides a large part of the information properties, boundary negotiations, and all marine territory. All laws cited above are needed in maritime boundary delimitation issues related to territorial claim and explicitly stated in their proper context and and disputes. integrity can be conceptualized and the medium that is best suited to view the examined in an exact location to settle various limits defined in these laws is The acquisition of the two disputes. But in the marine environment through the nautical chart, a product of multidisciplinary survey vessels by this is rarely possible. On land, survey hydrography. NAMRIA in the late nineties provided the monuments established by means of opportunity for the country to survey its conventional and modern methods of Hydrographic Survey of the EEZ EEZ and some of the proposed sealanes surveying are enough proof of ownership as Expressed Within the UNCLOS traversing the archipelago. Relative to the and extent of territory. There are also requirement of the UNCLOS to establish supporting documents and legal titles The UNCLOS can be considered as and delimit the country’s claim of its clearly defining the exact coverage of the one of the most important treaties in maritime territory, the data generated in property. In the marine environment, it is history as it attempts to regulate virtually the hydrographic survey of the Philippine the combination of either demarcation, all activities related to the world’s oceans. waters are processed and analyzed for the delineation or delimitation to establish and It took almost over ten years for about revision and updating of existing charts. define a territory. 150 nations to prepare and consolidate all These nautical charts will form part of The Philippine territory is clearly the provisions of the UNCLOS, several documents to be submitted to the defined in the Constitutions of 1935, compromising between competing nations UN. As part of the UNCLOS requirement, 1973, and 1987; the Treaty of Peace with varied interests, political or the Philippines will be responsible in between the United States and the otherwise, and producing a carefully mapping, defining and also designating its Kingdom of Spain, widely known as the crafted set of guidelines. archipelagic sealanes; and surveying the Treaty of Paris in 1898; the United States NAMRIA through its Coast and extent of coverage to ensure the safety of and United Kingdom Treaty in 1930, Geodetic Survey Department (CGSD) is watercraft transiting these passages. All delimiting the boundary between the the agency of the government responsible states party to the UNCLOS will be Philippines and the State of North Borneo for hydrographic charting and bathymetric obliged to establish their respective (Sabah); RA 3046 (1961) as amended by surveys, portraying these in ways environmental and control mechanisms RA 5446 (1968), which defines the convenient to the users, traditionally, for efficient and expeditious passage along baselines of the Philippines; Presidential through the nautical charts and their waters. Decree (PD) number 1596, defining the bathymetric maps. Hydrographic surveys, As in the case of the many coastal extent and coverage of the Kalayaan Island which provide the basic data for states worldwide, the Philippine Group (KIG); and PD 1599, defining the navigational charts formed the initial government will rely mainly on only one 200- nautical-mile Exclusive Economic marine program of many nations. government agency, CGSD-NAMRIA, Zone (EEZ). Hydrography includes the establishment and mostly from the inputs and technical In addition to the above-mentioned of shore control stations either by the expertise of its management team laws, RA 8550, otherwise known as the traditional conventional survey method or composed mostly of hydrographers, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, the state-of-the-art Global Positioning scientists aboard survey ships, empowered the local government units to System (GPS), the measurement of oceanographers, geophysicists, and other delineate their municipal waters up to the depths, the description of the coastlines, key personnel knowledgeable about 15-kilometer limit from the coastline. and the study of tides and currents. In hydrography and oceanography in the Although RA 8550 is not in any way related order to produce a chart of high quality, preparation of their territorial claims, to the UN Convention on the Law of the the standards and specifications set by the according to the UNCLOS requirements.

1Senior Hydrographic Engineer and Officer-in-Charge, ENC Development Unit, Hydrographic Survey Division CGSD-NAMRIA 4 inf mapper

These personnel will have to consolidate official publication that will contain the areas where navigation is constrained by their efforts and knowledge not only on information about the coastal states’ traffic density and navigation hazards, and how to gather, process and analyze the territorial sea is the nautical chart. Article port planning; data but also on how to establish the 5 states: Except where otherwise provided (b) Medium-Scale charts accuracy of these measurements. In in this Convention, the normal baseline intended for navigation along the coast, addition, the methods and procedures for measuring the breadth of the territorial route planning, research and cable laying; undertaken should be properly sea is the low-water line along the coast and documented and comply with the as marked on large-scale charts officially (c) Small-scale charts intended scientific and technical provisions set forth recognized by the coastal State. It is further for passage planning, research and in the UNCLOS guidelines. expressed in Article 16, Section 1 and 2 navigation in the high seas. Provisions in the UNCLOS with direct which states: The baselines for measuring The classification of these national relevance to hydrography are: Part II - the breadth of the territorial sea chart series is dependent mostly on the Territorial Sea (12 nautical miles from the determined in accordance with articles 7, area of coverage, the length of coastline baselines) and Contiguous Zone (24 9, and 10, or the limits derived therefrom, and the extent and coverage of the nautical miles from the baselines), Part V- and the lines of delimitation drawn in country’s EEZ. For navigation purposes Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall it is ideal to link the national chart scheme miles from the baselines), Part VI - be shown on charts of a scale or scales to the international chart scheme in the Continental Shelf, and Annex II - adequate for ascertaining their position. region as expressed in certain provisions Commission on the Limits of the Alternatively, a list of geographical of the IHO. The purpose is to ensure that Continental Shelf. Under Article 48 of coordinates of points, specifying the the needs of the international shipping UNCLOS, the breadth of the territorial sea, geodetic datum, may be substituted. In community are met by way of the contiguous zone, the exclusive Section 2, The coastal State shall give due coordination of the chart schemes of economic zone and the continental shelf publicity to such charts or lists of neighboring countries. shall be measured from the archipelagic geographical coordinates and shall At present, all coastal states around baselines drawn in accordance with article deposit a copy of such chart or list with the world rely on the paper chart not only 47. Under the UNCLOS provision, coastal the Secretary General of the United for sea navigation but also to draw and states have the right to claim a 12-nautical- Nations. delineate their boundaries, negotiate with mile territorial sea, 24-nautical-mile CGSD is maintaining 178 nautical neighboring countries, resolve maritime contiguous zone, and a 200-nautical-mile charts and about three-fourths of the total boundary disputes, strengthen the position EEZ. UNCLOS also permits qualified number have already been converted to to claim an extended continental shelf, coastal states to claim or submit a claim digital form. The nautical charts produced explore and exploit the marine resources; for an extended continental shelf up to the and published by CGSD are divided into not to mention other areas such as port maximum limit of 350 nautical miles. In three groups. These are: construction and development, installation the Philippines, NAMRIA is the only (a) Large-Scale charts intended and construction of offshore structures, government organization with the for berthing, approaches to ports and other reclamation, fishing, research and competence to provide the baseline information from which maritime boundaries are delineated and measured to establish the sovereignty limits of the country. The official publication to contain such information is the nautical chart compiled and produced by CGSD.

Portraying the Boundaries This colored image In previous years, the nautical chart shows the area surveyed has been regarded as just a plain and simple using the multibeam navigational tool and one of the items echo sounder. BRP required by the International Maritime HYDROGRAPHER Organization (IMO) for every vessel to PRESBITERO and BRP have aboardship. Nowadays, coastal HYDROGRAPHER states recognize the importance of nautical VENTURA conducted the charts as an instrument in the delineation joint survey of these of their coastal boundaries. In Article 5 of areas. the UNCLOS, it is very clear that the inf mapper 5 development, management and preservation of coastal areas and fishery resources, among others. These marine- related activities cannot be undertaken without hydrography and the nautical This figure shows the chart. The Philippines being one of the different maritime coastal states in the region is also relying boundaries as expressed on the paper charts compiled and within UNCLOS. produced by CGSD. The importance of hydrography and nautical charting in national development cannot be quantified. Unfortunately, it is lacking in attention and importance in the highest level of mineral deposits, developing their fishing engaging the services of experts in various government. industries, building offshore structures, fields. Indonesia embarked on a very big In the existing chart folio maintained laying underwater cables, and conducting project to last about ten years, focusing by CGSD-NAMRIA, there are no research activities to tap the great potential on their basepoints, baselines, boundaries plotted between our of the vast oceans. Other countries are hydrographic surveying, nautical charting neighboring countries except the line not satisfied with what they have in their among others and maybe in a few years’ dividing the southern portion of own backyard. Some countries are using time will be ready to submit their claim to and the State of Borneo which came about their influence to attract other nations to the UN. They are also eager to settle when a treaty was signed between the conduct research and inventory of boundary disputes with their neighbors just United States of America and the United resources, offering their services to to make sure that boundaries between Kingdom in 1930. And notably, the most extract the wealth, and in many instances adjacent states are properly delineated and familiar and widely “accepted” border leaving the less developed country behind reflected on their charts to strengthen their enclosing the Philippine Archipelago, the with a small portion of the resources, as claim. Many countries around the world Treaty of Paris limit with designation in in the case of the Philippines. like Japan and Australia have created the nautical chart (Chart 4200) as In the Philippines, there are issues within their hydrographic organization a “International Treaty Limit.” The Treaty both local and international that should be cohesive team whose function is dedicated of Paris was the agreement when the addressed at the earliest possible time. The to the UNCLOS. Kingdom of Spain ceded control of the most difficult to solve and the easiest to Hydrography and nautical charting are Philippine islands to the Americans in 1898 avoid concerns political, legal, and among the major components in the in the amount of $20,000,000.00. The administrative issues. The country should UNCLOS. However, there are other Philippines being a party to the UNCLOS also settle several boundary disputes with important aspects included that should be convention should adhere to its its neighbors (Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, undertaken by the Philippines, like the provisions. A thorough review, however, Indonesia, etc.) hopefully before the conduct of seismic, geophysical and of our existing laws (RAs, PDs, etc.) deadline for submitting a claim set by geological studies, baselines and including treaties signed by countries UNCLOS in May of year 2009. These basepoints determination, among others. which took control of the Philippines in problems are essential and must be A well-coordinated effort is necessary to the early part of the country’s history resolved if the country is looking for conduct the studies required and prepare would reveal that these laws have progress. CGSD-NAMRIA is playing a all the documents. Other agencies of inconsistencies with the provisions of the very crucial role for the future generation government are very much involved in this UNCLOS. of this country by providing valuable undertaking. inputs and technical expertise in the Strong support from the House of The Challenges Ahead of Us preparation of the requirements for Representatives, the Senate, and the Office submission to the UN. of the President is needed. Our own The Philippines is the eleventh nation identity as a nation, our sovereignty, and to ratify the UNCLOS Convention on 08 Racing against Time the future of our generation is at stake May 1984. Prior to the ratification and here. The time is now to focus our entry into force of the UNCLOS The deadline set by UNCLOS for all attention on the ocean and the seas where provisions, many of its aspects have coastal States to submit their claim to the a huge part of our wealth and resources already been adopted by nations which UN is May 2009. Coastal states around are waiting to be explored and exploited. saw the potential and resources of the sea the world are working round-the-clock to The big question is, WHERE ARE around their EEZ. Many of these beat the deadline, even strengthening and WE NOW?· countries are now extracting and or expanding their hydrographic capabilities, looking for hydrocarbons, solid and liquid acquiring sophisticated equipment, 6 inf mapper

Scaling Heights, Breaking Barriers: A Day in the Life of NAMRIA IEC Teams for the Ancestral Domains Project1 by Xenia R. Andres

waft of early December air greeted us as we began the uphill scale. Behind the lush mountains, the sun pressed its rays to splay over the golden terraces, deep gorges, rich Avalleys, and glistening rivers. As the powerful motor negotiated every sharp curve, we could not help but feel a sense of awe and timelessness. We were on our way to Hingyon in Ifugao to carry out a consultation meeting with officials and elders of the community. We were on Day 2 of the second leg of the information and education campaign (IEC) component of the collaborative project on the survey and mapping of ancestral domains. The IEC is one of the work scopes stipulated in Annex A of the memorandum of agreement inked by NAMRIA and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). NAMRIA Administrator Diony A. Ventura and former NCIP Chairperson Attorney Evelyn S. Dunuan signed the addendum. The IEC aims to create awareness of and support to both the project and the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA). The IEC efforts are specifically geared towards greater participation of indigenous cultural communities, officials and representatives of local government units, non-government organizations, and other stakeholders of the project. The IEC component has two prongs: information packaging and dissemination and the conduct of general/community consultation meetings. The first prong covers the preparation of IEC materials and the presentations on IPRA, zeroing in on the ancestral domain rights, and on the project itself. The consultation portion focuses on securing the consent and participation, through written agreements, of the communities concerned for the conduct of reconnaissance and perimeter surveys. Upon reaching our destination, we were cheerfully greeted by the villagers and staff of the NCIP Provincial Office. They then ushered us to the municipal gym where the event was held. We set up our paraphernalia, did a little rearranging, and checked on the details for the day.

1With inputs from Ms. Concepcion A. Bringas, head of the NAMRIA IEC component, and other team members: Renato E. Eguia, Joseph C. Estrella, Chester C. Nicolas, Benjamin T. de Leon, Rolando A. Mendoza, Floyd L. Lopez, Erlito P. Saberola, Arsenio B. Berriber, and Sheilah Mae G. Lopez. inf mapper 7

Pretty soon, the participants and survey and mapping of Kiangan of the IEC component, the people “were concerned parties started to arrive and Ancestral Domain or CADC 046 were authentic, accommodating, and open to mill around the venue. Registration conducted at the Lagawe Central School possibilities, yet uncompromising of their activities ensued while local music was on 17-19 November 2002. The program ancestral land claims.” played over the karaoke. After a while, structure was similar except for the The success of the Lagawe event the camera recorder began to roll and consultation part wherein five clusters signaled the start of community the still camera clicked away. The of municipalities adjoining Kiangan were consultations. That is why we set out at program was ready in 3…2…1. formed. The groups included Lamut, once on 03 December 2002. Our first The invocation and singing of the Lagawe-Hingyon, Asipulo, Hungduan, stop was Lamut. national anthem was followed with a and Tinoc. The clustering sought to: (1) After the thorough community welcome talk by the municipal vice obtain the consent of the concerned deliberations and with the necessary mayor, Honorable Aquilino C. Namingit. parties to allow the NAMRIA teams to documents in place, we packed up our Preceding the consultation and open conduct consultation, ground control, and things, extended our sincere thanks, and forum were presentations on the IPRA perimeter surveys in their respective sadly bid adieu. Soon we would be and claims-conversion processes. NCIP areas; (2) determine the proper leaving for Manila. But our journey was Provincial Officer Fernando D. Bahatan authorities, i.e., local officials and not about to end. The third team was Jr. served as the resource person. The representatives of the council of elders already upbeat on their IEC swing in project was well received by the who shall agree on the boundaries; (3) Kiangan on 08 December 2002. community. They were very optimistic set the schedule for the consultation and The IEC proved to be a daunting about it. As one IEC team member GPS surveys in the localities; and (4) task, mainly in coordination. “It was expressed, the project “was not only discuss and resolve related issues. The challenging, especially since the people’s timely but necessary to put in order the technical staff of NAMRIA and NCIP socio-cultural values differ from ours. I controversies that have long been served as group facilitators. had to constantly accustom myself with neglected in the dustbin of history. Such The project was in the same way the place I was in and the people I was debates spawned animosities and embraced by the participants and dealing with in order to achieve conflicts regarding ancestral domain stakeholders during the general IEC. diplomacy and eventually pursue the claims.” They showed their keen interest by goals of our undertaking,” said our IEC Prior to this activity, a larger IEC and participating vibrantly during the head. “Overall, it was a learning consultation meeting regarding the discussions. As described by the head experience for us.” ·

2003 is International Year of Freshwater by Rijaldia N. Santos1

The UN General Assembly proclaimed The DENR and the Department of in critical condition. This covers some 2003 as the International Year of Agriculture (DA) embarked on a five-year 4.5 million hectares and is home to about Freshwater (IYF). The proclamation program to preserve the country’s critical 6.88 million or 9 percent of the seeks to increase awareness of the watershed areas that support irrigation national population. importance of freshwater, its sustainable systems and are vital sources of From March 24-27, the Philippines use, management, and protection. freshwater as well. also hosted the second International In the Philippines, IYF was launched The DENR-DA tandem has Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management last March 25 at the Ninoy Aquino Parks formulated a P2.85-billion Watershed Symposium, bringing together and Wildlife Nature Center in Quezon City. Management Program, in coordination government representatives, coastal Environment Sec. Elisea G. Gozun led with the National Irrigation Administration managers, and decision makers from over the celebration and stressed the need to (NIA), to address problems of degradation 40 countries to discuss priority issues and protect our watershed areas, lakes, rivers, on watersheds, extend the useful life of gaps in coastal management. estuaries, wetlands, streams, underground NIA irrigation systems, and improve water Last April, Secretary Gozun led the aquifers, and groundwater. A yields. The program also incorporates Philippine delegation in Kyoto, Japan for memorandum of understanding was livelihood opportunities for watershed a week-long Third World Water Forum. signed during the launching for the residents. The World Water Council and the UN creation of a national technical working NIA has identified some 136 sponsored the forum. · group on Philippine lakes. watersheds in the Philippines as already

1Chief, Physiography and Aquatics Division, Remote Sensing and Resource Data Analysis Department (RSRDAD) 8 inf mapper

Indigenous Peoples… Indigenous Filipinos!

by Maria Romina dR. Pe Benito

There was the land to begin with and also has this account in an article: traditions account for the presence of sub- with the land were the people. Who were When the Spaniards arrived in the groups for major groups. they? In our ancient times, the aborigi- Philippines, they found the Filipino The archipelago is made unique ow- nes of our nation, the original settlers, people divided . . . into a large number of ing to the kaleidoscope of its various lo- peopled the archipelago. They make up groups, each speaking a different lan- cal cultures. Foreign tourists are especially our ancestors. guage. Their local customs varied from appreciative of the indigenous peoples: Their descendants are the native place to place, . . . their customs, lifestyle, and traditions; brothers and sisters whom we have come The identity of pre-colonial Filipinos, their artifacts, festive dances, musical in- to know through generations and under as seen in their customs, modes of liv- struments, and native costumes and in- various names. Presently they are known ing, and traditions, was very much pre- dustries. The archipelago is home to the as the indigenous peoples of the Philip- served. It certainly took a great deal of world-famous, ingeniously made rice ter- pines, as recognized by the UN. We will their tenacity to be able to resist subju- races in Banawe of the Ifugaos. attempt to make a profile of them here, gation and change especially with the pres- using invaluable sources of knowledge ence of foreign conquerors who stayed Driven into the Hinterlands about them, such as information materi- for centuries. als from the NCIP. In ancient times, new visitors to the The Tribes archipelago with the intention to stay Roots Diversified settled down in whichever vacant part There are a total of 110 indigenous they wanted to make their home. If oc- According to the Filipino anthropolo- ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines. cupied, they did so in peaceful co-exist- gist, F. Landa Jocano,1 our forebears Several communities are classified into ence with the resident owners. It also were part of “a common population with each of the following major tribal groups: happened that they themselves eased the the same base culture,” to which belonged the group, the of old residents out as in the case of the Ati “the peoples of prehistoric Island South- Mindoro, and the Lumads of Mindanao. group of Panay Island who were con- east Asia.” Furthermore, variations to this Other major groups are named after the vinced to sell their land to the newcom- core population came about through hu- places inhabited by the communities such ers, the Bornean datus led by their leader, man evolution and movements. as the peoples of Caraballo and Cordil- Datu Puti. In the case of the archipelago, there lera, mountain ranges respectively of The Wave Migration Theory, suppos- were the immigrants from neighboring Central and Northern ; and the edly of and widely propagated by the countries of Asia such as China, Indone- Palawan hilltribes. Then there is the American colonizers according to Scott, sia, and Malaysia. Other than those pur- Muslim group in Mindanao and Palawan puts things quite severely. It is about the posely seeking a new place of settlement, where there are about 13 ethnolinguistic peopling of the Philippines “by a series of “immigrants” would also include those groups. waves of migrants, each of which was who came in as merchants, missionar- Most tribes practice self-governance superior to the ones that preceded it.” The ies, teachers, or just plain adventurers and and subsist on farming of rice and root mindset brought about by this theory can decided to remain. crops, fishing, hunting wild game, and help explain whatever existing prejudices, Thus various groups of people were gathering of forest products. These are sentiments or acts of discrimination first encountered by the Spaniards, the supplemented by livestock and poultry against indigenous peoples, which in turn acknowledged discoverer of the archi- raising and doing menial work for land- lead to their oppression and exploitation. pelago through Ferdinand Magellan. In lords. The “driving off” aspect of the mi- the “History of the Filipino People” book Distinct, homogenous groups have gration process is put this way in old ba- of Teodoro A. Agoncillo, it is said that “on similarities in terms of arts, costumes, sic Philippine history books such as that the eve of the coming of the Spaniards” folklore, houses, languages, practices, of Dr. Gregorio F. Zaide: “They [the In- there existed “multiple ethnolinguistic rituals, and religious beliefs. This even if donesians] drove the Pygmies into the groups, mostly animistic, and in the south, some may live far apart from one another. mountains and occupied the lowlands.” Islamized.” Historian William Henry Scott Subtle differences say in dialects and oral Then later, “. . . . they [the Malays] drove

1As cited in Agoncillo, T. A., 1990. History of the Filipino People, GAROTECH Publishing, Quezon City, pp.21-22. inf mapper 9 the Indonesians into the forests and settled mads with the intrusion of the likes of log- and Natural Resources (DENR), was able in the lowlands.” ging concessionaires, miners, and even to ease somewhat the long struggle of the Indigenous peoples are generally of other displaced groups. This is also indigenous peoples to keep or recover their known to live in the remote rural areas. because of the construction of govern- birthright to their ancestral domain through Our ancestors did so not just because ment infrastructure projects in their ar- the issuance of the Certificate of Ances- they were foremost lovers of nature. Their eas, and of military operations out to flush tral Domain Claim (CADC) to empower self-imposed living in isolation was also out insurgents. Later descendants have had holders “to manage and exploit the re- done to avoid the particularly strong trans- to deal with further incidences of evic- sources found within their domains in forming influences of certain alien cul- tion or of fruitless legal battles to deal with accordance with existing laws, to plan their tures. Cases in point are the “Sword and claimants. The 1991 volcanic eruptions own future and to gain access to adequate the Cross” strategy (i.e., by force and of Mt. Pinatubo caused the displacement basic services. The CADC was a provi- conversion to Christianity) of the Span- of hundreds of families who lived in its sional measure prior to the passage of the iards and later the “Benevolent Assimila- vicinity. Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 tion” policy of the Americans which both or Republic Act number 8371. The law failed to break the strong resistance of Outcasts in Their Own Territory which created the NCIP is for the recog- most indigenous peoples to change. nition, promotion, and protection of, To live in the hinterlands would mean Valued greatly was the land which was among others, the right of the indigenous to be isolated from or deprived of the fore- tilled for food and where stood the shel- peoples to ancestral domains. most benefit of modern civilization which ter of the first family that lived there, the Among the tasks of the NCIP at is socio-economic development. Indig- earliest members of the tribal race. There present is the issuance and conversion enous peoples generally managed to sur- familial bonds took root and were nour- from the CADC of the Certificate of An- vive in the past despite whatever were the ished with the love, concern, and respect cestral Domain Title (CADT). The CADT limitations. Nevertheless, through the members had for one another. The land signifies ownership by the tribe of its years there were families who migrated was the common property of all the mem- ancestral domain. With NAMRIA, the to other places for better economic op- bers. The cycle would forever repeat it- NCIP is undertaking the survey and map- portunities. In joining the mainstream, so self for all generations to come. The head ping of ancestral domains for sustainable to speak, such as living and working in of the family decreed it to be so. With the land use and management. the lowland areas for their keep, some al- coming of other residents and the setting lowed themselves to be assimilated into up of a community or tribe headed by the The Filipino Defined the new culture. chieftains there were then communally- Being simple people with basic needs, defined territorial limits for the living The scattered islands of the archi- many indigenous peoples would generally spaces of respective families. pelago was named after a foreign ruler have managed to thrive independently in The tribe had their rights over their and became the country known as the places where they could do so, freely. communal land which they vowed to up- Philippines, and its people with many di- Grave conditions and events of modern hold no matter what. The “no matter verse cultures carried the name Filipinos. times, however, eventually caught up with what” were the efforts of those out to The Filipino is a mixture of races. them. It was and continuous to be proven evict them for reasons of progress or sim- Perhaps in being less conscious of dis- that the resulting displacement or forced ply of greed, with weak or no recognition tinctions, there can be a totality of parts evacuation leads to poverty and of whatever their rights or claims. and in the psyche can be extinguished marginalization, especially if left un- Much as the tribes would want to long-existing conditions or connotations checked. function independently, they would still be associated with certain labels: Christian, A case in point is the prolonged armed subject to the laws of the ruling, non-in- Western, superior— on one hand; indio, conflict in Mindanao, more recent epi- digenous majority. The focus of govern- non-Christian, pygmy, infidel, pagan, sav- sodes of which have displaced hundreds ment on indigenous peoples shifted age, non-superior— on the other. Indig- of families from their homes. Those al- through the years. This, from the objec- enous and non-indigenous peoples live ready traumatized by war still have to deal tive of seeking their integration into the on the same archipelago, the same coun- with the deprived conditions in evacua- mainstream population, as was the func- try and both deserve respect and recog- tion centers: hunger, discomfort, despair, tion of the American regime’s Bureau of nition. Indigenous peoples are Filipinos. the possibility of disease or even of death. Non-Christian Tribes, to that of protect- Someday perhaps the struggle for most Indigenous peoples who suffered dis- ing and promoting “the interest and well- of them will cease. · location so many times in their history are being of the indigenous peoples with due the . From mostly living in the regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions plains/lowlands to withdrawing to the and institutions,“ the mandate of the NCIP. mountains or wherever in the interior ar- In recent years, the government eas they could settle, many became no- through the Department of Environment 10 inf mapper

The Indig Peopl of th Phili inf mapper 11 Photos by Department of Tourism & NDJ Photos by Department of Tourism genous les he ippines 12 inf mapper

NAMRIA, FMB in FSIS project (phase 1) by George T. Corpuz

For a more effective management of Monitoring, Special Land Use, Private personnel from Forest Management our country’s forests, NAMRIA Land Forest Management, and Service (FMS) Regions II and III Administrator Diony A. Ventura and Forest Management of Protected Area. Revised undertook Basic GIS Training Course at Management Bureau (FMB) Director Price Monitoring System and Statistical the NAMRIA Geomatics Training Center Romeo T. Acosta, early this year entered Reporting System will also be enhanced. (GTC) on 16-20 June 2003. into a memorandum of agreement to The systems review of the FMB Central Per work plan, detailed systems design jointly undertake the development and Office has been conducted while those in will start in July 2003. These includes: (1) implementation of the Forestry Statistics the FMB Field Offices is scheduled in July data maintenance and integration, (2) Information System (FSIS) project. The 2003. query and report generation, (3) data project is intended to create an To date, accomplishments include housekeeping and utilities, and (4) system information system that will facilitate the data sets gathered from relevant offices security and authentication. An on-the-job management and generation of forestry- as required for system design and testing training for the build up of spatial data will related statistical and geographic purposes. Sample data sets such as maps, follow in Regions II and III. The rest of information/data. The scope of work for images, and statistics were gathered from the activities include: design the development of the system includes: the FMB Central Office. These sets will implementation and prototype testing; the analyzing of process/work flow; be converted into their appropriate digital training of end-users and system designing the attribute and spatial format and structure. Also, 25 technical ...continued on page 14 databases, and user interface; computer programming; training of users; systems maintenance activities; and integration/ NAMRIA Administrator, Usec. population of datasets into the forestry Diony A. Ventura hands over the statistics database. outputs of the agency’s land use The pilot areas for the phase one (1) mapping project with the Clark project are Regions II and III which shall Development Corporation cover the following applications: Forestry (CDC), to Dr. Emmanuel Y. Ange- Land Use Planning, Industrial Forest les, CDC President and Chief Ex- Management, Community-based Forest ecutive Officer. The turnover cer- Management, Forest Land Grazing emony was held in March 2003 Management, Forest Stock Monitoring, in Clark Air Base, Angeles City , and Timber Licensing Agreement Pampanga.

110 Ethnolinguistic Groups1

Indigenous Tribe Indigenous Tribe Indigenous Tribe Indigenous Tribe Indigenous Tribe

1. Abelling/Aborlin 23. Banwaon 45. Hanunuo 67. Kalinga 89. Sama/Kalibugan 2. Adasen 24. Barlig 46. Higaonon 68. Kankanaey 90. Sama/Samal 3. Aeta 25. Batak 47. Ibaloi 69. Kirintenken 91. Sangil 4. Aeta/Abiyan 26. Batangan/Tao Buid 48. Ibanag 70. Langilad/Talaingod 92. Subanen 5. Agta 27. Binongan 49. Ifugao 71. Mabaca 93. Sulod 6, Agutaynon 28. Bontok 50. Igorot 72. Maeng 94.T’boli 7, Alangan 29. Buhid 51. Ikalahan/Kalanguya 73. Magahat/Corolanos 95. Tadyawan 8. Applai 30. 52. Ilianen 74. Malaueg 96. Tagabawa 9. Arumanen 31. Bukidnon 53.Ilongot/Bugkalot 75. Mamanua 97. Tagakaolo 10. Ata-Matigsalog 32. Camiguin 54. Inlaud 76. Mandaya 98. Talaandig 11. Ati 33. Cimaron 55. Iraya 77. Mangguangan 99. Talaingod 12. B’laan 34. Coyonon 56. Isinai 78. Manobo 100. Tao’t Bato 13. Badjao 35. Danao 57. Isneg/Apayao 79. Manobo Blit 101. 14. Bago 36. Dibabawon 58. Itneg 80. Mansaka 102. Tigwayanon 15. Bagobo 37. Dumagat 59. 81. Masadiit 103. Tingguian 16. Balangao 38. Eskaya 60. Itom 82. Matigsalog 104.Tiruray/Teduray 17. Balatoc 39. Gaddang 61. Ivatan 83. Palaranum 105. Tuwali 18. Baliwen 40.Giangan 62. Iwak 84. Palawanon 106. Ubo 19. Baluga 41. Gubang 63. Kabihug 85. Pullon 107. Umayamnon 20. Banac 42. Gubatnon 64. Kalagan 86. Ratagnon 108. Yakan 21. Bangon 43. Guiangan/Clata 65. Kalanguya 87. Remontado 109.Yogad 22. Bantoanon 44. Hanglulo 66. Kalibugan 88. Sama 110. Zambal inf mapper 13

News

NAMRIA develops GIS-based climate information system for PAGASA by Benjamin P. Balais1

NAMRIA and the Philippine courses on the use of MS Access and statistics include averages, standard Atmospheric, Geophysical, and SQL were held in April and May 2003. deviations, percentile ranks, weather Astronomical Services Administration The formal training course is designed extreme index to indicate potential (PAGASA) are undertaking a project on to equip participants with the concepts and drought/flood, departure from normal, the development of a GIS-based Climate basics that will strengthen the foundation standardized anomaly, moisture stability Information System focusing on rainfall for a better understanding of the GIS index, etc. analysis to meet the weather information technology. The on-the-job training These information will serve as inputs needs of the farmers and the agricultural provides a walk-through on the use of the to the development of models covering sector. software, touching on the problems that the Identification of Drought-Prone Areas; The project is envisioned to provide were encountered by NAMRIA staff in Updating of Climate Types; Formulation timely and reliable forecasts and advisories its use and the solutions applied. Actual of Crop-Weather Calendars; and on extreme weather and climate data are used in the training and form part Prediction of Onset of Rainy Season. conditions, a critical function of PAGASA. of the database build-up. These modules are integral components The project started in July 2002 and is A customized system which is of the system and are scheduled for expected to be completed in June 2003. scheduled to be finished in June 2003 shall development in the anticipated project The strategic objectives of the project be installed at the Climate Information, extension. The use of GIS technology are as follows: (1) the establishment of Monitoring and Prediction Services would facilitate the analysis and generation the GIS-facilities that will manage the (CLIMPS), a highly technical unit of of spatial and map-based outputs not developed system; (2) the development of PAGASA tasked to provide the agriculture erstwhile available for previous systems the required database to develop the sector with climate information, forecasts, that have been developed. envisioned GIS-based system; and (3) and advisories on extreme weather and In addition to the digitization of a 100 the provision of training covering both climate conditions. ArcViewâ serves as meter-contour interval based on formal (lectures/hands-on) and non- the environment in which the system is 1:250,000-scale topographic maps, the formal (on-the-job) training courses on being developed and envisioned to run. The digitization of the river network is another GIS. The acquisition and installation of final system involves the conversion of major activity in the database buildup. the basic hardware and software were analog climatological data from weather These features are important factors in completed within the first three months stations all over the country into a digital understanding the weather and of the project implementation. form. These data will be processed to atmospheric systems. The datasets play Development of the databank is going on generate the daily, seasonal, and annual a significant role in the development of full swing with the completion of the weather and climate statistics. The climate models. · 1:250,000 map-sheet-based 100 meter- contour interval expected in June. Database Management Training courses have been scheduled Division (DMD) Chief, judiciously to coincide with the different Bobby A. Crisostomo, project development phases. looking over the work The training component includes not of PAGASA personnel just the GIS technology but also covers undergoing the affiliated technologies which will make the training course on agency competent in managing and basics of GIS and maintaining the GIS-based Climate ArcView and their Information System. Training courses applications to covering the GIS concepts, usage, and climatology other components were held from September to November 2002; while

1Information Technology Officer II, DMD, Information Management Department (IMD) 14 inf mapper

Most Outstanding GEP President Award for NAMRIA employee by Elinor C. delos Reyes

Engr. Randolf S. Vicente, chief of the the Resource and NAMRIA Plans and Operations Division, Learning Center of the was awarded as the Most Outstanding GEP-NCR, an Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines attached center to the (GEP) Regional President for year 2003 GEP Academy; in the recently concluded GEP, Inc. 29th development of GEP- Annual National Directorate Meeting and NCR website; Convention. The national convention was ecological held at the Barcelo-Sarabia Manor Hotel conservation and and Convention Center in Iloilo City last development, social outreach programs; Engr. Epifanio D. Lopez, a member 12-14 June. conduct of policy fora and publication of of the GEP-NCR division, was also a Most Engineer Vicente was elected president a policy handbook; conduct of Lakbay- Outstanding GEP awardee for year 2003. of the GEP-National Capital Region Aral 2003-cum-symposium for geodetic Engineer Lopez is the director of the (NCR) in May 2002 and was re-elected engineering students; technology transfer, Training Center for Applied Geodesy and this year. Being the organization’s training programs, and exposition; Photogrammetry, and concurrent chair of president until year 2004, he is leading the formulation of sensible policies and the Department of Geodetic Engineering, 11-member Board of Directors and about recommendations; establishment of an College of Engineering of the University 600 members of the association. During information base and knowledge hub; of the Philippines in Diliman. his term, the GEP-NCR was also awarded strengthening of partnership with the local NAMRIA under Administrator, Usec. the Most Outstanding GEP Regional and international counterparts; and Diony A. Ventura fully supports its Division during the convention. This is the reinforcement of a system of competent employees in their esteemed second time for the GEP-NCR to be given professionalism among the officers, membership in various professional such an award, the first being in 1994. members, and secretariat of the division. organizations such as the GEPI. This Among the organization’s projects/ Currently, Engineer Vicente is the year’s GEPI national convention which activities were those in support of the assistant officer-in-charge of the newly had for its theme, “Onward GEP for priority programs of the GEP Board of created Development Studies and National Development,” was participated Governors, and pioneering initiatives Standards Office under the NAMRIA in by GEPI members from Aparri to Jolo.· such as: the creation and accreditation of Administrator’s office.

NAMRIA, FMB in FSIS... Editorial... from page 12 from page 2 Cognizant of aforementioned rights, development and technology transfer. operations personnel; systems installation; NAMRIA and NCIP embarked on a project An author once said that since the and turn-over of systems documents and to survey and map these domains for colonial period, the indigenous peoples’ source program. sustainable land use and management. This response to their disenfranchisement Forestry statistics is a very important project is a step forward to improve the could be categorized into three: armed tool to support policy recommendations, plight of indigenous peoples. The ensuing resistance, flight into the interior or decision making and operations benefits of the undertaking are, among pragmatic acceptance of the powers-that- management. And FMB recognizes others: (a) ecological protection of native be. With the initiative to survey and map NAMRIA’s expertise in the development lands, (b) sustainable land management the ancestral domains, they no longer have of information systems using GIS and and use, (c) strengthened policies on to resort to these choices. This project is web technology. These modern protecting and empowering indigenous a progress made toward changing their technologies are vital to meet the cultural communities/indigenous peoples, options, a contribution to their long- increasing demands for forestry statistics (d) preservation of indigenous heritage and awaited realization of social justice, equity, and information services. The IMD- cultural rights, (e) stronger cooperation and genuine development. At long last, NAMRIA is the implementing unit of the at all levels to address indigenous issues they will find indisputable refuge in their project and it is expected to be completed in such areas as environment and ancestral ancestral domains. · in March 2004. · domains, and (f) human resource inf mapper 15

Technical Paper

Integrated Techniques for Base Map Updating by Nicandro P. Parayno1

II. The Study Area I. Introduction cover information in the revised maps. A developing country like the Progress is fast following a heated The primary base maps for the Philippines experiences a situation where pace in the province of Laguna. Philippines produced by NAMRIA are it has to be up-to-date with new Municipalities juxtaposed on the western at scales 1:50,000 and 1:250,000. The technologies and developments to solve lakeshore have been identified by the latter smaller-scale maps are derived present problems. This is evident in the government as primary growth areas from the larger-scale series. At present, field of map production. New concepts, with development programs for modern these conventional topographic base ideas, procedures and technologies help housing complexes, residential estates, maps are outdated but users have to mapping agencies like NAMRIA to and various industries of the commercial contend with available existing maps. satisfy the ever growing demands for up- and business sectors. Urban centers that are potentials of to-date maps and the changing Due to the heavy influx of population growth and economic expansion are requirements of geo-information users. and rapid urban growth, land cover and covered with base maps that have not A proper integration and adaptation of land use of the area have tremendously been updated. new technologies into the digital changed giving a lot of difficulties to During the past decade, development environment has to be undertaken to planners and decision-makers. It thus activities on areas specifically along overcome problems of efficiency and brings political and environmental issues coastal regions have rapidly increased. effectiveness (i.e., maximizing the use that require immediate action by higher Prime agricultural lands are being of geographic data, equipment, and authorities. Therefore, an urgent need for converted to industrial and residential personnel). an indispensable tool should be provided use. Heavy influx of population and rapid urban growth is also threatening its resources. With these dilemmas, there is an urgent need to update the maps covering this region considering the changes that have occurred on the land features. It is a worrying trend when base maps are not updated since it implies that the mapping activities fundamental to a country’s development may not be taking place (Davis and Fairbairn, 1998). Frequent updating should help lessen the more difficult and costly process that may accumulate in Location Maps of the the long run. Local government Study Area authorities, planners and decision- makers will benefit from the new land

1The original paper is the thesis of the author submitted in April of this year to the Department of Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering of the University of the Philippines in Diliman, in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Remote Sensing. 16 inf mapper to the authorities concerned and update photogrammetric techniques in updating Digital image processing will involve the latest land information by carefully large and medium-scale base maps image enhancement using the linear planning the economic indicators such as particularly the planimetric information stretch method, registration, and ortho- road network, infrastructure, and other in areas that have strong potentials for rectification. These operations are planning parameters. urban growth. The new base map of the necessary to correct distorted or The current technology used for study area will be stored in a digital format degraded digital image data and create base map updating is time-consuming, and will serve as a cartographic model a more truthful representation of the costly, and labor-intensive. This consists for frequent revision processes. original scene. The image is registered of aerial photography, establishment of and ortho-rectified to remove scale photo control points by ground surveys, IV. Methodology variation. Thus, the image will then have stereo-compilation, field verification, and approximately the same geometry as the cartographic enhancement. Hence, only The study developed a map-revision map to be updated. a small percentage of the 642 sheets of model integrating remotely-sensed data, 1:50,000 base maps have been completely high-resolution photogrammetric data, Image Classification or partially revised. and existing graphical database. (See The classification system to be used Aerial photography is necessarily figure) in this study will recognize only the land undertaken to have a data source for the cover classes that are required in a area to be mapped. Photo-control survey V. Detailed Methodology 1:50,000-scale base map. The spectral for establishing position of points using patterns of the image data will be used the global positioning system is an activity Remote Sensing Image Processing mainly for classifying each pixel in the being undertaken by CGSD-NAMRIA. SPOT optical imagery was selected image into land cover classes. Stereo compilation or data capturing of for this study because of its successful In this study, one of the objectives line features from aerial photographs is use in mapping at medium scales and of the classification process is the a photogrammetric activity that usually particularly for map updating. delineation of new major land cover comprises the major portion of the map production and revision process. In order to produce a single medium-scale base map at scale 1:50,000; 25 map sheets at scale 1:10,000 with a geographic format of 3’ x 3’ will be needed. Utilizing the present hardware and software installed and the production capability of the NAMRIA Mapping Department, about 55 topographic base maps at scale 1:10,000 can be produced in one year. This, however, does not include field verification and cartographic enhancement activities. With this conventional technology, only two (2) sheets for 1:50,000 map series can be produced or completely revised in one year.

III. General Objective

After more than twelve years since the creation of NAMRIA, only about 30% of the entire land area of the country has updated 1:50,000-scale maps. Some of these maps were revised through foreign-assisted projects. General Methodology The study aims to integrate satellite remote sensing and digital inf mapper 17 categories that will serve as inputs to the quality of the digital orthophoto that Model block preparation is done in update land cover information of the will be merged with the SPOT image. a form different than that used in base map being revised. The resulting Normally, the smaller the pixel size, the conventional aero-triangulation. Of land cover classes to be derived from better the quality of the orthophoto, but particular interest in this research, are the SPOT multispectral (XS) image will noise increases with very small pixels. the generation of the topology in higher be vectorized and used as polygon Any errors introduced at the scanning pyramid levels and measurement in the boundaries in the data integration to stage will remain throughout the digital original images. These two components produce the revised digital base map. photogrammetric process. It is therefore, replace the measurement phase in essential that the scanner exhibit the conventional aero-triangulation. The Change Detection highest possible geometric and computation of the bundle block The change detection technique will radiometric accuracy. adjustment, the quality control and the provide information about seasonal or presentation of results are the next and other changes in the land cover. The Orientation of the Digital Images final steps in Automated Aero- method aims to detect new major The photogrammetric point Triangulation. information particularly planimetric measurements determine the positions of details. point objects in three-dimensional space DTM/ DEM Generation The information is extracted by from digital images of aerial The first step of digital terrain model comparing and merging two or more photographs. Three-dimensional (DTM) generation will be the matching images of the study area that were coordinates will define these positions. of homologous interest points out of the acquired at different times. The digital Digital photogrammetric point feature pyramid which means the numbers (DN) of one image are measurement should yield accurate determination of an extremely high subtracted from those of an image results provided certain limiting amount of irregularly distributed mass acquired earlier or later (1982 scanned conditions are observed and can compete points in the image of the study area. image for this study). The resulting favorably with other survey Then the grid points of the DTM (which values for each pixel will be positive, measurement techniques. Furthermore, can reach up to several ten thousands negative, or zero; the latter indicates no there are some measurement tasks of points per stereo model) are derived change. The next step is to plot these which can only be performed by from these mass points. Because of the values as an image in which a neutral photogrammetry. high redundancy of the process, it is gray tone represents zero. Black and The orientation of the images will possible to achieve a high DTM accuracy white tones represent the maximum include measurement of fiducial marks and to recognize outliers on the surface negative and positive differences of the scanned photographic image (single houses and trees) which will be respectively. Contrast stretching is based on the calibration report of the eliminated. During the whole process employed to emphasize the differences particular camera used during statistical parameters are stored for a (Sabins, 1986). photography and points (tie points) that subsequent quality analysis. The final are common to each stereo pair of output will be a grid-DTM of high Digital Photogrammetry photographs of the study area. resolution where the pre-defined The digital photogrammetric phase exclusion areas and the borderlines are will begin with image scanning, to Aerial Triangulation Measurement and integrated three-dimensionally. convert the photographic images of the Adjustment After the DTM generation, a quality study area into a digital image file. Stereo In digital aero-triangulation, the check will be performed. The checking models or pairs of aerial photographs are technique is to automatically measure is based on the analysis of the statistical digitally scanned using a high resolution the digital images. The software will parameters and registers possible weak image scanner which is precisely guided automatically determine the x- and y- areas. A more detailed DTM check will by a CCD-camera (a camera with a photo coordinates of points using the be possible by comparison of digital Charge-Coupled Device installed in the image grey values. Using more orthophotos of the two images. film or image plane) which traverses complicated algorithm based on the over the entire 23 cm x 23 cm image geometry of the scanned photographs, Orthophoto Production and Mosaicking format. the gray values of these photo One of the essential features in this The selection of an appropriate coordinates are related to the ground research will be the production of digital sampling interval is important in this part positions of points. The recreation of the orthophotos from the 1982 aerial of the research since the corresponding stereo model and their connections are photography of the study area. The result pixel size will have great influence on done digitally. will be merged with the multispectral 18 inf mapper mode of SPOT in 1997 using image can be used as a backdrop to come up resulting in a more sharpened image. fusion techniques and analyzed using with a new image map. Policies and new Each band of the composite image was change detection techniques. systems for revision can be formulated multiplied by a ratio of the orthophoto The production of the digital based on this model. mosaic data divided by the sum of the orthophoto begins with the definition of color bands. As with the initial image the required image matrix in the XY- VI. Results fusion technique, the composite RGB plane of the ground coordinate system, image generated from the second followed by the transformation of the Remote Sensing Phase integration was automatically resampled centers of these elements into the to a pixel size of 4 meters using cubic camera coordinate system. For this Image Acquisition convolution. transformation, the Z-coordinates of the The subset image of the SPOT XS The second image fusion did not only points in the XY-grid are also required. data has 1,000 numbers of samples and improve the spatial resolution of the These will result from a very close mesh 822 numbers of lines with path number composite RGB image but also gave of grid points measured from the digital 304 and row number 321 respectively. adequate change detection results. Man- terrain models using an analytical stereo- The scene was acquired in May 2, 1997. made changes such as new buildings and plotter to provide the Z-coordinates of a residential structures appeared close mesh of XY-points. Raster-to-Vector Conversion significantly brighter than the When all of the digital orthophotos One land cover class was vectorized corresponding features in the original comprising the study area have been from the final classified image. In images of 1982 and 1997. produced, individual overlapping pairs will addition, vectorized cropland was subject Since the immediate interest of this be combined and enhancements of to final editing in the data integration and study is to extract planimetric features contrast and brightness will be introduced updating phase of this study. The other such as new roads and building to form the mosaic. land cover classes/categories were not structures based on the fused images, vectorized since the expected output for feature discrimination was used as an Digital Graphics Databasing updating was an image map which evaluation criterion for updating. In order to facilitate access during already depicts planimetric features, updating, a digital graphics database of e.g., built-up areas including buildings and Data Integration and Updating the targeted base map is required. residential structures that were detected A 1990 topographic base map at in the image fusion task. Composite image mapping scale of 1:50,000 of the study area will The composite image map generated be scanned at a resolution where the Image Fusion and Change Detection was a compilation of data from two finest detail particularly planimetric The image fusion process merged different sensors acquired in different information can be easily identified during the 1997 ortho-rectified SPOT XS color seasons in 1982 and 1997 with an on-screen digitizing procedure. The image with a grayscale 1982 orthophoto overlay of updated vector linear digitized planimetric details will have an mosaic. The fusion process included an information. The composite imagery assigned layer and each layer or RGB-to-IHS transform which replaced consists of the ortho-corrected multi- coverage will be geo-referenced at a map the lightness band with the input high- spectral SPOT data and two sets of projection common with that of the resolution orthophoto and automatically orthophoto mosaics with 5 and 4 meter optical image and digital orthophoto. resampled the hue and saturation bands ground resolutions respectively. The The editing of all the digitized vector to the high- resolution pixel size using ortho-rectified multispectral SPOT data data will also be undertaken to maintain cubic convolution. The composite RGB provides the color information, the 1982 the accuracy and integrity of the digital image generated the 5-meter pixel size orthophoto mosaic enhanced the data in accordance with standards and of the input 1982 digital orthophoto planimetric details, and the 1997 specifications for a 1:50,000 scale base mosaic. orthophoto mosaic contributed new map. The first image fusion improved the infrastructure enhancement for the final spatial resolution of the multispectral image map. Data Integration and Updating SPOT image and enhanced planimetric The updated planimetric information The new and old information features for map updating within the test can be easily differentiated since these that are detected and extracted from the area. have different attribute properties, e.g., first interrelated phases of this study can A second fusion mathematically color and line style, different from the be integrated to have a model of the combined the 5-meter composite image existing features in the geo-referenced study area and serve as a prototype for generated from the initial fusion with the digital graphics database. The updating map revision processes. All image data 4-meter 1997 orthophoto mosaic employed on-screen digitizing techniques inf mapper 19

as with any other The following are the recommendations: multi-spectral Aerial photographs that are used as imagery, once ortho- basic source of information in base corrected, provides mapping should be scanned at a color information resolution sufficient for their application. which serves as the Image correlation is highly dependent on basis for updating the quality of the scanned aerial vegetation cover for photographs and the scanner to be used a medium-scale map. for this purpose should exhibit the highest To enhance the possible geometric and radiometric geometric resolution accuracy; of the SPOT data, a Areas covered with large varying 1982 orthophoto terrain displacement should be corrected mosaic with scale of using Digital Elevation Models, which 1:32,000 and re- can be generated automatically or sampled at 5 meter manually with digitized break-lines and ground pixel size cut-out areas; was merged to To improve and enhance the spatial produce an output resolution of satellite imagery, a high having a resolution resolution airborne data from aerial Composite image map of the study area consisting of ortho- corrected SPOT XS, 1982 and 1997 orthophoto mosaics and equivalent to that of photography should be merged using IHS updated vector information the orthophoto. transformation. This function replaces Furthermore, to the lightness band with the high-resolution detect changes and image, automatically re-samples the hue subsequently and saturation bands to the high- of the enhanced and new planimetric enhance planimetric features such as resolution pixel size using a cubic features of the composite image. The roads and infrastructure, a 1997 convolution technique; figure shows the composite image map orthophoto mosaic with scale of 1:25,000 The updating should be undertaken of the study area with an overlay of and re-sampled to 4 meter ground by on-screen digitizing of new features, updated vector information. resolution was later digitally merged to assigning specific attribute property so the initial fusion. they can be easily differentiated and used Final Editing and Output Generation The final composite image re- as evaluation criterion by specific users; The updated information was edited sampled at 5 meter ground resolution The updated vector information with to minimize errors including undershoots, serves as backdrop for the vector the composite image as backdrop should overshoots and sliver polygons. graphics information during updating. By be used as a model for future map The final image generated has a file integrating all the data using image revision activities of the Mapping size of 28.5 Mbytes and was stored in processing and softcopy Department of NAMRIA. compressed JPEG and standard TIFF photogrammetry, a model for base-map Urban centers usually located on formats. The storage media used was a updating has been introduced and its coastal regions within the archipelago CD-ROM while a hard copy print-out application in the pilot area has proved are potentials of growth and economic was produced for submission to to be effective in highly-urbanized areas expansion. Conventional medium-scale authorities concerned for their where land-cover changes rapidly. base maps covering these areas should appropriate comments. The map revision procedure be prioritized for updating; and established in this study can serve as a The integrated methodology of base- VII. Conclusions and cartographic model for future map map updating in the digital domain Recommendations revision programs of NAMRIA and can developed in this study is recommended also be extended and modified to meet to be adopted and to serve as a model This study shows that a new method new base-map product requirements. for map revision activities which are of digital map revision or updating using The integration of satellite imagery primarily being spearheaded by data sources from multispectral, space- with aerial photographs and vector NAMRIA. · borne, multi-temporal airborne imageries graphics database offers new avenues and vector graphics data is an efficient of approach for medium-scale map and accurate process. SPOT XS data revision in the digital domain. 20 inf mapper

Survey and mapping of ancestral domains by Olivia R. Molina1

NAMRIA and NCIP embarked on namely: Lamut, Lagawe, Hingyon, a joint project, entitled “Survey and Map- Asipulo, Hungduan, and Tinoc. Similar ping of the Ancestral Domain of the In- activities are being prepared for the digenous Cultural Communities (ICCs)/ Provinces of , Camarines IPs,” through a memorandum of agree- Sur, Capiz, Camiguin, Cotabato, and ment which was signed on 15 February Agusan del Sur. 2002. This project aims to survey and delineate seven priority Certificate of While public awareness campaign is Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) ar- necessary, it is also equally important to eas covering CADC 046 (Kiangan, develop the knowledge and skills of the Ifugao) as the pilot area, CADC 021 technical personnel and staff in charge (Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya), CADC 055 of the project implementation. For this (Iriga, Camarines Sur), CADC 166 purpose, the NAMRIA GTC was tasked (Dumarao, Capiz), CADC 172 to conduct training on perimeter survey (Manbajao, Camiguin), CADC 012 for the survey teams of NAMRIA and (Arakan, Cotabato), and CADC 176 (La NCIP. The GTC is also in charge of the Paz, Agusan del Sur). The ancestral conduct of various training needs of the domain, which is covered by a CADC, project personnel. These include, among refers to all areas generally belonging to others: basic mapping, introduction to ICCs or IPs. This comprises lands, in- GIS, basic ArcView, and GIS prototypes land waters, coastal areas, and natural user’s training. resources therein, which are held under claim of ownership, occupied or pos- Further, 40 LANDSAT scenes cov- sessed by ICCs/IPs, by themselves or ering the entire country and mapping sup- through their ancestors since time im- plies were procured for use in the project. memorial. Computer software and hardware, sur- veying equipment and mapping facilities The scope of work for the project earmarked for the project had also been includes IEC through the conduct of con- upgraded. In addition, 12 personnel spe- sultation meetings of the seven target pri- cialists were hired to digitize and encode ority CADC areas. On 18 November data from the field. 2002, a general consultation meeting was held at Lagawe, Ifugao which was at- To date, a total of 46 CADCs have tended by 120 tribal leaders, local gov- been gathered of the necessary data. ernment officials of six adjoining munici- These are located in Pangasinan (2), palities of Kiangan, NCIP personnel, and Nueva Vizcaya (3), (4), MATTER PRINTED NAMRIA officials. Clustering of the dif- Camarines Sur (8), Ifugao (2), Kalinga ferent municipalities was done to facili- (2), Misamis Oriental (2), Camiguin (1), tate easier and faster consultation con- Cotabato (1), South Cotabato (4), sidering that the municipalities are apart Agusan del Sur (8), Capiz (2), Abra (5), and virtually inaccessible from each and Ilocos Sur (2). · other. Community level consultation meetings were also conducted on the adjoining municipalities of Kiangan,

1Chief, Land Classification Division (RSRDAD)

Makati City Makati

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority, Fort Andres Bonifacio Andres Fort Authority, Information Resource and Mapping National

A Publication on Surveys, Mapping, and Resource Information Technology Information Resource and Mapping, Surveys, on Publication A The Infomapper The