Social and Economic Impact Assessment Report Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Social and Economic Impact Assessment Report SolAfrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Prepared for SolAfrica

February 2016

SEIA Report – Solafrica Central Receiver Power Plant

DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION

Client: Solafrica Photovoltaic Energy Limited

Report Name: Social and Economic Impact Assessment - Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Royal HaskoningDHV Reference Number: T01.JNB.000565

Authority Reference Number: -

Compiled by: Kim Moonsamy

Date: February 2016

Location: Durban

Reviewed by:

Approval

______Signature

© Royal HaskoningDHV All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission from Royal HaskoningDHV

SEIA Report – Solafrica Central Receiver Power Plant

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

1 DETAILS OF THE SPECIALIST AND EXPERTISE TO COMPILE A SPECIALIST REPORT 6

2 SPECIALIST DECLARATION 7

3 PROJECT SCOPE 7 3.1 PROJECT CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 8 3.1.1 CENTRAL RECEIVER POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY 9 3.1.2 POWER LINE OPTIONS 10 3.1.3 WATER PIPELINE OPTIONS 11 3.1.4 ROAD USE OPTIONS 12

4 DETAILS OF THE SITE INVESTIGATION 13

5 METHODOLOGY 13 5.1 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION 13 5.2 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION 14

6 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT 15 6.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 15 6.2 THE NORTHERN CAPE’S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES 15 6.2.1 THE PROVINCIAL ECONOMY 16 6.3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE !KHEIS LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 21 6.3.1 BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHICS 21 6.3.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN AFFECTED WARD 3 25 6.4 LABOUR SOURCES AREAS 36 6.5 PRESENTATION OF QUALITATIVE DATA 47 6.5.1 RESULTS OF THE SEPTEMBER TO OCTOBER ENGAGEMENT EXERCISE 47 6.5.2 RESULTS OF THE HERITAGE SPECIALIST STUDY 54 6.5.3 RESULTS OF THE NOISE SPECIALIST STUDY 54 6.5.4 RESULTS OF THE AIR QUALITY SPECIALIST STUDY 55 6.5.5 RESULTS OF THE ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURAL SPECIALIST ENGAGEMENT EXERCISES 55 6.6 WORKER ACCOMMODATION 56 6.7 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 56 6.7.1 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 57 7 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT 59

8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 63 8.1 IMPACT METHOD 63 8.2 SANDRAAI’S RESOURCES 64

9 CONCLUSIONS 78 9.1 POWERLINE OPTIONS 78 9.2 PIPELINE OPTIONS 78 9.3 ROAD OPTIONS 78 9.4 CONCLUSION 78 9.5 KEY ACTIONS MOVING FORWARD 79

SEIA Report – Solafrica Central Receiver Power Plant

10 LITERATURE CITED 80

List of Figures

FIGURE 3-1 : PROPOSED CENTRAL RECEIVER PLANT LOCATIONS 8 FIGURE 3-2 : SITE MAP 9 FIGURE 3-3: OVERVIEW OF CENTRAL RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY 10 FIGURE 3-4: PROPOSED POWERLINE ALTERNATIVES 11 FIGURE 3-5: PROPOSED WATER PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES 12 FIGURE 3-6: ROAD USE OPTIONS 13 FIGURE 6-1: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE NORTHERN CAPE GDP IN 2013 16 FIGURE 6-2 : SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINING’S CONTRIBUTION GVA IN 2009 17 FIGURE 6-3: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 18 FIGURE 6-4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 20 FIGURE 6-5: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SERVICE SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 21 FIGURE 6-6: AGE DISTRIBUTION IN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 23 FIGURE 6-7: DISTRIBUTION OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 23 FIGURE 6-8: TENURE STATUS WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 24 FIGURE 6-9: TYPE OF AGRICULTURE BY HOUSEHOLD WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011 25 FIGURE 6-10: LOCATION OF WARD 3 WITHIN !KHEIS LM 26 FIGURE 6-11: POPULATION GROUP IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 27 FIGURE 6-12: POPULATION AGE CATEGORY AND SEX IN WARD 3 27 FIGURE 6-13: GENDER PROFILE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 28 FIGURE 6-14: HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP STATISTICS IN WARD 3 28 FIGURE 6-15: HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 29 FIGURE 6-16: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN 2011 FOR !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 30 FIGURE 6-17: EMPLOYMENT BY STATUS IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 30 FIGURE 6-18: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN WARD 3 31 FIGURE 6-19: ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 32 FIGURE 6-20: ENERGY USED FOR COOKING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 32 FIGURE 6-21: ENERGY USED FOR HEATING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 33 FIGURE 6-22: ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 34 FIGURE 6-23: TOILET FACILITIES IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 35 FIGURE 6-24: WATER SOURCE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 36 FIGURE 6-25: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS 37 FIGURE 6-26: EXTENT AND LOCATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS 38 FIGURE 6-27: LOCAL AREAS GENDER AND POPULATION SIZE 39 FIGURE 6-28: LOCAL AREAS INDIVIDUAL POPULATION GROUP 40 FIGURE 6-29: LOCAL AREAS AGE CATEGORIES 41 FIGURE 6-30: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT BY FORMAL/ INFORMAL SECTOR 41 FIGURE 6-31: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT STATUS 42 FIGURE 6-32: LOCAL AREAS MIGRATION 43 FIGURE 6-33: LOCAL AREAS BIRTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION 44 FIGURE 6-34: LOCAL AREAS CITIZENSHIP CHARACTERISTICS 44 FIGURE 6-35: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR COOKING 45 FIGURE 6-36: : LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING 46 FIGURE 6-37: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR HEATING 46

iii

SEIA Report – Solafrica Central Receiver Power Plant

FIGURE 6-38: FULL RESPONSES FROM SURVEY CHECKLIST 48 FIGURE 6-39: FULL RESPONSES EMAIL / TELEPHONE COMMENTS 51 FIGURE 6-40: BREAKDOWN OF SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES 53 FIGURE 6-41: BREAKDOWN OF LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES 54 FIGURE 6-38: BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT LEVEL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 57 FIGURE 1: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS INDICATING AFFECTED AREAS 59

List of Tables

TABLE 6-1: STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS 37 TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES TO SURVEY CHECKLIST 47 TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES VIA EMAIL/ TELEPHONE 49 TABLE 6-4: SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES 51 TABLE 6-5: LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES 53 TABLE 7-1 SOCIAL SENSITIVITY TABULATION 60 TABLE 8-1 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE RATING TABLE 63 TABLE 8-2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION 65

ACRONYMS

ASGISA: Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative – South Africa EA: Environmental Authorisation EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EIR: Environmental Impact Report GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy GVA Gross Value Added IFC: International Finance Corporation ISRDP Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Programme JIPSA Joint Initiative on Priority Skills Acquisition MDGs: Millennium Development Goals MTSF: Medium Term Strategic Framework NDP National Development Plan NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGP: New Growth Path NU Non-Urban RDP Reconstruction and Development Plan SIA: Social Impact Assessment UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Social and Economic Impact Assessment Report is compiled for the proposed Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), a 150MW Concentrated Solar Power plant based on Parabolic Trough technology. The facility will also include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power plant including: water abstraction systems, power lines, roads, storage facilities, administration and operation buildings, construction laydown areas and temporary housing facilities. The proposed development is planned within the !Kheis Local Municipality, within the Siyanda District Municipality in the Northern Cape Province. The SEIA is part of the Specialist input towards an overall current Environmental Impact Assessment process.

This report culminates in the gathering and interrogation of data from the Social, Economic and Agricultural Specialists. Primary data gathered includes quantitative statistics from Census 2011 and the use of qualitative data from respondent focus group discussions. Secondary data in the form of literary works, were also consulted.

A short summary of the results is encompassed below. Construction Phase Potential loss of cultivated areas due to pipeline and road routing Neg Restricted access (residents and workers) to currently utilised roads Neg Sourcing of equipment and machinery locally Pos Local Gross Geographic Product (GDP) Increase Pos Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development new access roads through the development site Neg Perceived preferential access to a finite number of jobs Neg Local job creation opportunities Pos Increased social ills in Groblershoop and surrounding small villages Neg Potential increase in criminal activity in the development footprint and nearby surrounding villages Neg Additional pressure on basic services provision (education, housing and healthcare) Neg Increase in HIV/AIDS cases and associated vulnerabilities Neg Chance Find of Heritage Items/ Sites Neg Impact on agricultural yields along Gariep Road Neg Impact on farm values of neighbouring farms Neg Impact on farm values of Gariep Road Farms Neg Grievance Channel Development Pos Operation Phase Difference in water flow in the Orange River affecting downstream farmers and potentially causing economic displacement Neg Potential loss of farm labourer jobs on neighbouring farms affected by differential water flow Neg Potential tourist appeal Pos Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours Neg Increase in South Africa's power producing independence Pos Grievance Channel Continuation Pos

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

1 DETAILS OF THE SPECIALIST AND EXPERTISE TO COMPILE A SPECIALIST REPORT

Kementhree (Kim) Moonsamy is a Social Specialist within RHDHV’s Transport and Planning Department, based in Durban, South Africa. She has a postgraduate degree in Anthropology, and has been a consultant in the social assessment field for over 18 years. Kim has wide-ranging experience in a variety of qualitative and quantitative research methods in the fields of social anthropology, human resources, business and social impact assessments in both South Africa and internationally.

A number of social and risk assessment exercises have been conducted for renewable energy facilities in the Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Northern Cape province in South Africa, as well as in Mozambique and Brazil. See a complete curriculum vitae of the Specialist in Annexure A.

Additionally, Kim has international exposure in the mining field, having undertaken social impact assessment and social auditing projects in countries such as Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, Mozambique, Brazil and Australia. In the past eight years she has partaken in projects requiring that World Bank, and specifically International Finance Corporation (IFC) compliance measures, be fulfilled. In this context she has also acted as the Social specialist for the socio-economic impact studies and the development of subsequent management plans in the form of a Sustainable Development plans, Community Development plans and Human Resources Development plans.

In the South African context, Kim has undertaken many Social and Labour Plans (SLPs) for mines. SLPs is a Government regulated compliance requirement. SLP projects were conducted for mines involved in diamond, chrome, manganese, copper, platinum and coal mining.

In addition to social specialist skills lent toward International compliance work, Kim has also undertaken a variety of Environmental and Social due diligence projects in the power, agricultural, mining and textile industries (particularly in Nigeria, Mozambique, Kenya, Namibia, DRC, Zambia and Brazil). All due diligence exercises included the strict conformance review of a company’s environmental and social practices in accordance to international guidelines and best practice (particularly IFC, WB OPs and EP2). Kim, in her capacity as social specialist managed the auditing of labour and community social aspects including:

 Social and environmental assessment and Management system;  Labour and working conditions;  Community health, safety and security;  Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement;  Indigenous people; and  Cultural heritage

In summary, key competencies in the social assessment domain include:

 Social Impact Assessments;  Social Baseline Assessments;  Socio-Economic Impact Assessments (renewable energy, power, housing, mining, oil and gas sectors);  Social Risk Assessments (water, infrastructure, mining, oil and gas sectors);

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

 Social Auditing and Due Diligence Assessments (water, agri-industry, mining and textile);  Stakeholder Needs Analysis;  Social and Labour Plans;  Resettlement Planning (including the establishment of grievance management structures, consultation forums, inventories and full Resettlement Action Plans);  International Finance Corporation (IFC) related Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plans (ESIA) such as : - Public consultation and Disclosure Plans, - Land Acquisition and Compensation Plans, - Community Development Plans, - Community Health and Safety Plans, - Labour and Human Resource Plans, and  Public and Customer Perception Surveys.

2 SPECIALIST DECLARATION See attached the Specialist Declaration attached in Annexure B.

3 PROJECT SCOPE The proposed project is located within the !Kheis Local Municipality in the Groblershoop area of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This report constitutes RHDHV’s research findings with respect to key socio- economic strengths and weaknesses at national, provincial, district, local municipal level as well as the status quo of the key directly affected people in the proposed development area.

Royal HaskoningDHV (RHDHV) were commissioned to undertake a Social and Economic Impact Assessment Study for the installation of a solar energy project, which incorporates the following technology and components:  A solar collection field of heliostats;  A heat transfer fluid system with thermal storage option; and  A power block (incl. steam cycle, steam generator, cooling system).

The map below shows the two designated areas that are potential locations of the Parabolic Trough Technology Plant. This report will critically look at the socio-economic contexts of both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, conclusively advising on the preferred plant location (if any).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-1 : PROPOSED PARABOLIC TROUGH PLANT LOCATIONS

3.1 Project Context and Background The proposed project will include the installation of a Parabolic Trough Technology CSP Plant and its associated electricity and bulk water infrastructure. The footprint of the proposed development area (Figure 3-2) is approximately 5200 hectares in extent, although it must be noted that only a small portion of this area will be developed. The proposed plant is located approximately 14 km northwest of the town of Groblershoop, within the Siyanda District Municipality, and the !Kheis Local Municipality of the Northern Cape province (Figure 3-2). The proposed development area also falls within the jurisdiction of Ward 3 of the !Kheis Local Municipality.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-2 : SITE MAP

Sections Error! Reference source not found. to 3.1.3 below provide detailed summaries of the relevant solar echnology and its ancillary infrastructure.

3.1.1 Central Receiver Power Plant Technology In parabolic trough technology, glass mirrors are most commonly shaped into the curved parabolic reflectors (troughs) (Figure 10). Parabolic troughs are usually designed to track the sun along one axis. An absorber tube containing Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) is situated along the focal line of the parabolic trough (Figure 3-3).

The configuration of a parabolic trough CSP plant with storage is shown in (Figure 3-3) as an example. The oil is heated to approximately 390°C in the solar field and then circulated through a series of heat exchangers to produce steam. The steam is converted to electrical energy in the power block, which consists of a conventional steam turbine generator and its associated cooling mechanism.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-3: OVERVIEW OF PARABOLIC TROUGH TECHNOLOGY

3.1.2 Power line Options The exact dimensions of the proposed water pipeline are unknown at this stage. Two alignment alternatives are proposed, those being Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 (Figure 3-4). Alternative 01 follows the eastern boundary of the development area in a south westerly direction before branching to the northeast towards the Bokpoort substation (Garona substation). Conversely, Alternative 2 follows the western boundary of the development area, also in a south westerly direction before branching off to the northeast and bisecting the development area before joining with the proposed alignment of Alternative 1 (Figure 3-4).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-4: PROPOSED POWERLINE ALTERNATIVES

3.1.3 Water Pipeline Options The exact location of the proposed water pipelines are illustrated in Figure 3-5.  Alternative 1: On the western edge of the proposed site. It shares the same routing with proposed roads.  Alternative 2: Primarily on the eastern edge of the proposed site. It shares the same routing with proposed roads. Water pipeline Alternative 01 hugs the western boundary of the development area in a south-westerly direction towards the Orange River. Approximately 1km before reaching the river, proposed Alternative 01 deviates to the west in order to avoid existing cultivated areas for approximately 1.7 km before resuming its original south westerly bearing to the proposed water abstraction point (WAP) at the Orange River. Alternative 02 traverses the eastern development areas boundary towards the Orange River. Almost at the railway line, it deviates towards the west, joining with the routing proposed for Alternative 1, towards the water abstraction point.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-5: PROPOSED WATER PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES

3.1.4 Road Use Options The preferred road use is illustrated in the map below. The expectation is that the N10 and N8 roads would be more widely used (particularly during the construction period) as opposed to any of the farm roads (located on the east bank of the Orange river). The road currently utilised stretches between the site and the N14. While it may be a somewhat shorter route, the impact on current farming activities along the east bank of the Orange river is that which may affect commercial crop production. For this reason, the preferred routing remains on the opposite side of the Orange river (west bank). The two identified structures along the N8, towards the Transnet Bridge are water pump stations. Therefore, the preferred routing remains as per the illustration below. Note: the illustration also contains a consolidated view of the proposed Solar developments (photo voltaic, central receiver and trough technologies).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 3-6: ROAD USE OPTIONS

4 DETAILS OF THE SITE INVESTIGATION The on-site investigations were undertaken1 during the course of the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd September 2015, and again in November 2015, when the Economic and Agricultural Specialists went to site.

The purpose of the on-site visit was to, firstly put into context the visual verification related to potentially affected individuals and households, and secondly to pursue a face-to-face discussion relating to their perceptions of the social and economic impact such a development may have on their lifestyles and livelihoods.

5 METHODOLOGY

5.1 Secondary Data Collection Secondary data is typically found in literary sources. A number of municipal related data sources were interrogated in order to generate a fair understanding of the social and economic characteristics of the area in which the development is sited. A detailed list of the literary sources is made in Section 10. The resulting data gathered has been used to inform the baseline and impact assessment of this Report.

1 Mr Johan Blignaut undertook the field visit on behalf of Ms K Moonsamy. 13

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

5.2 Primary Data Collection Primary data in the form of other Specialist’s reports, particularly that produced by the following Specialists, have been used to inform this study:  Heritage Specialist,  Noise Specialist,  Air Quality Specialist, and  Economic and Agricultural Specialists

Census 2011 data was also accessed and presented for the relevant local municipality and ward. Results of the data interrogation is found in Section 6.

Further data was collected in the form of a ‘checklist,’ which contained questions of a social and economic nature. Responses to the request for additional respondent information was collected and analysed, the results of which are presented in Section 6.5. A copy of the checklist is found in Annexure D. All Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) (including those that specifically voiced their concerns via the Issues Trail), were emailed the checklists. Physical drop off (of the checklists) occurred in September 2015. Checklists were produced in both English and Afrikaans and made available at the Groblershoop (Kheis) Local Municipality library between the 22nd September to the 19th October 2015.

I&APs were informed of a further extension of time for submission of input to the checklists, to the 27th October. On the 3 November, Andre Kruger via a telephonic conversation requested that the farmers from the Groblershoop Farmers Association be allowed to make a submission to this social study by the 7 December, following an Association meeting that will take place on the 21 November 2015. This was agreed by the Social Specialist and André Kruger.

The consolidated number of responses received to support data gathering during the course of the SEIA, include:  Two responses to the checklist (LS van Eck and Maria Markus, received both by the 27 October);  Three emailed responses (Poppie Howell, 20 October), (Johannes Kotzé, 29 October) and the Groblershoop Farmers Association, 7 December; and  One telephonic discussion (André Kruger, 3 November).

The Economic and Agricultural Specialists form an integral link to this social study. As such the results of the “Alternative land Use Assessment” which contains their contributions, has been utilised in this social study. The Economic and Agricultural Specialists consulted with RHDHV with respect to identifying immediately impacted stakeholders, and drew up a list of stakeholders to engage. The list consists of 102 potentially affected stakeholders, however the few directly impacted stakeholders, which were Mssrs Pieter Kotze, Louis and Juanita Kotze, Wilco Fourie, Johan Fourie, and Fanus van Eck were consulted. The Specialists engaged with stakeholders in two phases, the first being an initial scoping on-site interview session by Strategy4Good, and the second accompanied by the agricultural specialist, being Lieb Venter from Farm Vision.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

6 FINDINGS OF THE ASSESSMENT

6.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE

The project development area lies within the Northern Cape’s, !Kheis Local Municipality and Ward 3 respectively, and thus relevant data to this local context is reflected within this section. Section Error! Reference source not ound. delves even further into the identification of potentially affected communities by stratifying the geographical area within a 25 kilometre range of the proposed project development site.

6.2 The Northern Cape’s Social and Economic Challenges

According to the Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (NCPGDS, Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011), the province’s share of South Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 2 % in 2002, the lowest contribution of the nine provinces. Although the Northern Cape has the smallest economy of the nine provinces, gross domestic product of the region (GDPR) per capita is higher than the national average (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011). The economy of the province is heavily dependent on the primary sectors of the economy, which in 2002 made up 31.0 % of the GDPR. Economic advantages which create a positive environment for the province include:  Abundant mineral and natural resources;  Infrastructure;  Unique climate conditions;  Unique tourism destination;  Abundant land for economic growth planning; and  Manageable demographic proportions for economic growth planning.

The most significant challenge that the NCPGDS recognises is that of the reduction of poverty. The strategy notes that most of the other challenges faced by the province emanates largely from the effects of poverty. While addressing poverty, attention needs to be given to a range of societal problems that includes:  Reducing the backlog of basic needs such as water, sanitation and housing;  Improving and increasing access to health, education and social services;  Decreasing the prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS;  Creating opportunities for employment;  Reducing crime; and  Targeting vulnerable groups.

In addition to poverty reduction, unemployment is of concern in the Province. In the Northern Cape the total labour force was estimated to consist of approximately 313 000 or 38 % of the total population with an aggregate of a third of the total labour force being unemployed in 2001 (Census, 2001). A direct comparison between the 2001 census data relating to unemployment and the 2007 Community Survey was not possible, as unemployment was not considered in depth for the latter survey.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Data gleaned from the NCPGDS Strategy helps to render a social and economic perspective on the Northern Cape Province. These are found below:  The Province is mostly rural in nature,  It has a low population density and relative inadequate infrastructure, especially in the remote rural areas,  The Province has inherited an enormous backlog in basic service delivery and maintenance, and it will take time to eradicate these,  The population is predominantly poor with high levels of illiteracy and dependency that seriously affect their productivity and ability to compete for jobs,  The Province is faced with HIV/Aids as a social and economic challenge,  Available resources are unevenly distributed and offer limited potential for improved delivery of services and growth; and  Job creation and poverty eradication together with the low level of expertise and skills, stand out as the greatest challenges to be resolved.

6.2.1 The Provincial Economy

The graph below shows the contribution of various sectors to the provincial GDP within the Northern Cape in 2013. The electricity sector is by far the smallest, at 1.4%. Northern Cape Percentage Contribution to GDP By Sector (2013)

Electricity, 1.4% Agriculture, 2.1% Construction, 2.6% Manufacturing, 4.4% Transport, 6.1% Personal services, 7.0% Wholesale, 9.3% Taxes, 10.3% Finance, 11.1% Government Services, 12.1% Mining, 33.6%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0%

Source: Statistics South Africa 2013 FIGURE 6-1: SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE NORTHERN CAPE GDP IN 2013

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Mining

The exceptional mineral wealth of the Northern Cape Province has ensured the importance, both nationally and internationally, of the province’s mining industry. The minerals economy of the Northern Cape is a hundred and fifty (150) years old and continues to remain the mainstay of the provincial economy contributing 33.6 % to GDP in 2013

FIGURE 6-2 : SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINING’S CONTRIBUTION GVA IN 2009

In 1998, the Northern Cape produced around 37 % of South Africa’s diamond output, 44 % of its zinc, 70 % of its silver, 84 % of its iron-ore, 93 % of its lead and 99 % if its manganese. Certain sub-sectors of the mining industry in the Northern Cape are approaching maturity with downscaling already having commenced in the copper and diamond mining industries. This poses serious socio-economic challenges in the affected areas and there is an urgent need to identify and promote alternative economic activities to mitigate the negative impact of minerals downscaling. However, at the same time, there are still significant known reserves of a range of minerals as well as many unexploited deposits in other areas that will sustain the provincial mining industry for many years to come (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

One of the key challenges faced by planners and those responsible for promoting minerals development is how to ensure that residents of the Northern Cape benefit more extensively from the exploitation of the province’s mineral wealth in the future. New minerals legislation, enacted in 2004 has raised the prospect of the transformation of the mining industry through the de-concentration of ownership, increased access to mineral resources on the part of junior and small-scale mining companies and black economic empowerment. At the same time, the new legislation is intended to stimulate new growth in the industry and bring about increased levels of minerals processing and related economic development in the province (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Figure 6.2 shows the contribution of mining to provincial gross value added (GVA) and its spatial distribution in the province. The concept of GVA has been used as an indicator for making estimates of regional economic activity (Naudé, Badenhorst, Zietsman, Van Huyssteen, & Maritz, 2007) and is broadly similar to what is more generally known as Gross Geographic Product (GGP).The Kimberly diamond fields, the Kuruman area and the West Coast emerge as the key mining areas of the Northern Cape.

Agriculture While contributing only around 3% to the provincial economy in 2013, agriculture remains an economic mainstay of the province due to its widespread practice and implementation. Despite the largely semi-arid and arid environment in the province, the fertile land that lies alongside the Orange and Vaal rivers supports the production of some of the country’s finest quality agricultural products. The province has become a major exporter of table grapes produced along the Orange River and is world-renown for the quality of meat produced in the province (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011). The Northern Cape is also well known for the production of wool, mohair and karakul pelts as well as dates, citrus products, wine and raisins.

Two major factors currently constrain growth prospects in the agricultural sector in the Northern Cape. The first is the need to promote transformation so that FIGURE 6-3: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009 new and emerging farmers can take their place as equal members of the commercial agricultural fraternity and in so doing satisfy the need for redistributive justice through increased access by the previously disadvantaged to land and agricultural resources. The second factor, is the need to achieve greater levels of diversification in irrigated agriculture in order to spread risk and promote the development of crops that have a high affinity for agro-processing. High priorities for the Northern Cape Government include promoting the transformation and the development of an

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant enlarged agro-processing sector that contributes to growth in manufacturing and job creation (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

Figure 6-3 highlights the critical role played by the Orange River and the areas adjacent to it in terms of contribution to provincial GVA by means of agriculture and forestry. Hartswater, Kimberly, Calvinia and De Aar are also key nodes for the generation of these aspects of GVA.

Fishing and Mariculture The cold but nutrient rich up-welling Benguela current that runs along the Namaqualand coast sustains an abundance of marine life that gives rise to enormous potential for the development of fishing and mariculture industries. The area already has a rich fishing and cray-fishing history and research shows that it should be possible under the recently amended legislative and regulatory framework to significantly rejuvenate the fishing industry. However, perhaps the greatest opportunity for economic development based on the exploitation of marine resources today is the development of the pump-ashore mari-culture industry. Mari-culture entails the cultivation of a range of high value marine species with tremendous potential for exports to lucrative overseas markets. Arguably, the Northern Cape has the best conditions for mari-culture out of any area along the South African coast and indications are that mari-culture offers sufficient growth potential to replace diamond mining over the long-term as coastal Namaqualand’s principal industry. The provincial government is currently working closely with pioneer private sector business persons involved in mari-culture to develop new mari-culture ventures in the area (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

Figure 6-3 also shows that Port Nolloth and Kleinsee are the most important nodes from a fisheries perspective.

Manufacturing The Northern Cape manufacturing sector’s contribution to provincial Gross Geographic Product (GGP) was comparatively low at 4.2 % in 2002, but increased to 4.4% in 2013 (Source: Statistics South Africa 2013 Figure 6-1). Manufacturing enterprises make a significant contribution to the local economy in those localities where there is some concentration of manufacturing activity, mainly in the Kimberley, Upington, Hartswater and Kleinsee areas (Figure 6-4). Most manufacturing that takes place in the Northern Cape involves value-addition to the province’s mineral and agricultural raw material output, or, the fabrication of intermediate products used in those industries. Despite the relative insignificance of the manufacturing sector in aggregate, there is significant scope for growth in certain economic sub-sectors, particularly if conditions conducive to increased investment in manufacturing can be created through institutional support and reform (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 6-4: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009

Tourism In many respects, tourism in the Northern Cape can be seen as a service industry with tremendous growth potential. Since the advent of democratic government in 1994, the Northern Cape tourism industry has blossomed largely as a result of the opening up of South Africa as a long-haul tourist destination for the world’s travellers but also because the province has gained exposure to growing numbers of domestic tourists too. The province caters ideally for nature-based eco-tourists looking for a new experience and at the same time offers traditional tourists a great deal owing to its history in the development of the mining industry in South Africa. A number of major new conservation and eco-tourism developments are currently underway in the province in conjunction with the governments of Botswana and Namibia. At varying stages of execution, it is anticipated that these projects will have a major positive impact on the regional tourist economy, particularly if it is possible to use the conservation assets in each case to leverage private sector investment in new tourism plant and capacity (Northern Cape Provincial Government, 2011).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 6-5: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SERVICE SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO GVA IN 2009

6.3 Social and Economic Characteristics of the !Kheis Local Municipality

6.3.1 Background and Demographics !Kheis Local Municipality falls within the Siyanda District Municipality in the Northern Cape province. !Kheis is a Khoi name meaning "a place where you live" or "your home". The !Kheis municipal area was initially inhabited by the Khoisan people, who were also the first permanent inhabitants of South Africa. The San, who lived a nomadic life, migrated through the area. !Kheis Municipality was established from the former Groblershoop Municipality, from settlements that were previously part of the ZF Mgcawu (Siyanda) and Karoo District Municipalities. These municipalities administrated these settlements and provided them with services up until the demarcation in 21

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

November 2000 (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Roads in the !Kheis municipal area are mainly gravel, although national roads also traverse the municipality, including the N8 and N10 which link Groblershoop to Griekwastad and Upington respectively. !Kheis Local Municipality was established from the former Groblershoop Municipality, including the following settlements: Boegoeberg, Gariep, Grootdrink, Kleinbegin, Opwag, Topline, and Wegdraai (Statistics South Africa, 2011).

Given that the municipal economy is heavily reliant on livestock and irrigated crop farming, local economic development (LED), food security and the spatial distribution of settlements within !Kheis Local Municipality are all driven largely by the Orange River (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Livestock farming consists mainly of sheep farming for meat production, with local markets located at Groblershoop and Upington, while mutton is also sold further afield in Johannesburg and Cape Town. Cotton, corn, wheat, tomatoes, peanuts, musk melons and pumpkins are cultivated under irrigation from the Orange River (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013).

Additionally, mineral deposits of inter alia feldspar, uranium, nickel, copper and zinc are found within the jurisdiction of the municipality and contribute to the local economy (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). The utilisation of solar energy to drive both the green economy as well as local economic development has been identified at the district level as a strategic development opportunity, while the development of a recycling programme is promoted at the local municipal level as having the potential to alleviate poverty through job creation (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013). Tourism is also listed as a potential growth strategy, with a focus on cultural, agricultural and eco-tourism opportunities within the municipality.

!Kheis is a grant-dependent local authority, and this is reflected in its reliance on capital funding from national and provincial government for the development of bulk water distribution and treatment infrastructure, as well as for infrastructure maintenance. It is reasonable to infer that municipal income from rates, levies and taxes is low due to the fact that 7% of the population is considered indigent (!Kheis Local Municipality, 2013).

Sex and Age Ratios

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 Figure 6-6 shows age distribution and sex ratios for the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. The emergent trend in terms of age structure is that the municipality is dominated by a young population (0-19 years). The fact that persons aged 60 to 85+ accounted for a mere 7.9% of the total population in 2011 is indicative of a low life expectancy. Sex ratios within the municipality are uniform for the most part, with the exception of the 30-34 age group, where 4.2% of the male population occurred as opposed to 3.5% of the female population (Statistics South Africa, 2011).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-6: AGE DISTRIBUTION IN !KHEIS LM IN 2011

Languages

Error! Reference source not found. illustrates languages spoken within !Kheis Local Municipality. At 93%, frikaans is dominant, while English and Setswana constitute approximately 1% each.

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-7: DISTRIBUTION OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Tenure Status

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 2 Figure 6-8 shows tenure status within the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. Over half of the landowners within the municipality had paid off their properties, while roughly 10% owned their properties but had not yet paid them off in 2011. Approximately 30% of residents with homes either rented their properties (as paying tenants) or occupied them rent-free.

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-8: TENURE STATUS WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011

Agricultural Households

Given the importance of agriculture to the provincial, district and local economy, it is useful to determine what agricultural activities take place within the !Kheis Local Municipality. Figure 6-9 highlights the importance of livestock farming which accounted for 66% of agricultural activity in 2011, followed by crop farming (20%) and mixed farming (13%).

2 Tenure refers to land and/or property occupancy/ ownership status 24

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-9: TYPE OF AGRICULTURE BY HOUSEHOLD WITHIN !KHEIS LM IN 2011

6.3.2 Social and Economic Indicators in Affected Ward 3 The proposed development area occurs within Ward 3 of the !Kheis Local Municipality. In this Section social and economic indicators are presented at the levels of Ward 3 and the !Kheis local municipality (Figure 6-10).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Source : RHDHV (2015) FIGURE 6-10: LOCATION OF WARD 3 WITHIN !KHEIS LM

Population Group 2011

The majority population group within both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 was Coloured (85% and 78% respectively), followed by Black African (7% and 12% respectively), and White (5% and 7% respectively). ‘Other’ and Indian or Asian were minorities in both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 at approximately 1% each (Figure 6-11).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Population Group Distribution 2011 100.0% 90.0%

80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0%

Percentage ofPersons 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Black Indian or Coloured White Other African Asian !Kheis LM 85.4% 6.9% 5.4% 1.4% 1.0% Ward 3 78.8% 11.8% 7.0% 1.1% 1.3% Population Group

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-11: POPULATION GROUP IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Ward 3 is home to 51% of the male population. The working age population (between the ages of 18 and 64 years) in Ward 3 amounts to 58% of the entire Ward’s population.

FIGURE 6-12: POPULATION AGE CATEGORY AND SEX IN WARD 3

Gender

Figure 6-13 shows the gender ratio for Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011. Ward 3 had a marginally higher ratio of males to females in 2011. While 38% of the Ward’s population is recorded as being children under the age of 18 years, 51% of these children, are actually female. 27

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Gender 2011 100.0% 90.0%

80.0%

70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0%

30.0% Percentage ofPersons 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Male Female !Kheis 50.5% 49.5% Ward 3 51.1% 48.9% Gender

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-13: GENDER PROFILE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Ninety three percent (93%) of Ward 3 inhabitants are South African citizens. There are a recorded 960 households in the Ward, with 66% of those households sporting male ‘heads of households.3’ While it is reported that 46% of the 960 households own, and have fully paid off their homes, almost 38% are renting, and 10% are occupying homes, rent free. Five percent (5%). This statitic is evident in Figure 6-14 below.

FIGURE 6-14: HOUSEHOLD OWNERSHIP STATISTICS IN WARD 3

3 The Head of the household is the chief decision maker, whether a current inhabitant or absent from the home. 28

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Education Level

In terms of the highest level of education attained by people within Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011, the majority of respondents within Ward 3 finished high school (41%), while within the !Kheis Local Municipality as a whole, the majority indicated primary school as their highest level of education attained (Figure 6-15). The high percentage of ‘not applicable’ respondents as well as the low levels of tertiary education in both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality is also noted.

Highest Level of Education Attained 2011 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% Percentage ofPersons 0.0% Not Primary High Applicabl None Grade 0 Teritiary School School e !Kheis LM 38.1% 33.8% 13.5% 8.6% 4.9% 1.2% Ward 3 30.4% 41.5% 15.3% 6.5% 4.9% 1.5%

Level of Education

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-15: HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

At present, 81.7% of children of school going age (5-17 year old), are actually attending school (StatsSA 2011).

Employment Sector

Figure 6-16 shows the percentage of employed persons by sector in 2011. In both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality the majority of respondents indicated that their employment sector was ‘not applicable’. This may simply mean that they did not belong to either the formal or informal employment sectors. Of the remainder, the majority were employed in the formal sector in Ward 3, and in the informal sector in the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 (Figure 6-16).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Employment by Sector 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% In the formal In the informal Private Not applicable

Percentage ofEmployed Persons sector sector household !Kheis 17.6% 6.5% 1.0% 74.7% Ward 3 26.5% 3.1% 1.3% 68.9% Employment Sector

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-16: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN 2011 FOR !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Employment Status

The percentage of people employed within Ward 3 was higher than that of the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 (30.8 % compared to 24.3%), as was the percentage of people who responded ‘other not economically active’ (Figure 6-17). This category (Other not economically active), typically points to those people that are able and willing to work, but cannot find employment of any sort. Percentages of unemployed persons and discouraged work seekers were higher in the !Kheis Local Municipality than in Ward 3 in 2011. Eighty five percent (85%) of those employed, are in the formal work sector. See Figure 6-18. The probability is that they lend services to the agricultural/ farming sector. Employment Status 2011

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Other not Discouraged Not Employed Unemployed economically work-seeker applicable

active Percentage ofPersons !Kheis 24.3% 9.4% 3.3% 23.2% 39.7% Ward 3 30.8% 8.1% 2.5% 24.3% 34.3% Employment Category

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-17: EMPLOYMENT BY STATUS IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 30

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 6-18: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN WARD 3

Children in Employment

According to StatsSA, 11.5% of children between the ages of 15-17 years, are in the labour force. According to South African law, it is a criminal offence to employ a child under the age of 15, except if you have a permit from the Department to employ children in the performing arts. Children aged 15 to 18 years may not be employed to do work inappropriate for their age, or work that places them at risk. Based on Legislation in Section 43, of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (No 75 of 1997).

Annual Household Income Levels

Annual household income is a useful indicator of among others, levels of potential poverty within a given spatial area. Within Ward 3, the majority of households earned between R38 000.00 and R76 000.00 per annum in 2011, which is higher than the corresponding figure of 28% of households within the !Kheis Local Municipality that earned between R19 000.00 and R38 000.00 in 2011 (Figure 6-19). Typically, households earning below R9 600 per month would qualify as ‘living below the breadline.’ The data shows that the majority of households in both Ward 3 and the LM were living below the breadline.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Annual Household Income 2011

R 2 457 601 or more

R 1 228 801 - R 2 457 600

R 614 001 - R 1 228 800 R 307 601 - R 614 400 R 153 801 - R 307 600 R 76 401 - R 153 800 R 38 201 - R 76 400 Ward 3 R 19 601 - R 38 200 R 9601 - R 19 600 !Kheis Local Municipality

R 4801 - R 9600 Annual Income Bracket Income Annual R 1 - R 4800 No income 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Percentage of Households

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-19: ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Energy Used for Cooking

In 2011, more than 80% of households within Ward 3 used electricity for cooking, significantly higher than the corresponding figure of 55% of households in the municipality as a whole. While only 10% of households use wood for cooking in Ward 3, this figure is higher at the municipal level at approximately 35%. This is indicative of a greater percentage of electricity provision within Ward 3 than in the !Kheis Local Municipality as a whole, particularly since other energy types such as gas and paraffin made only marginal contributions to energy used for cooking in 2011 Energy Used for Cooking 2011

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood

Percentage ofHouseholds !Kheis LM 55.3% 8.3% 0.7% 34.8% Ward 3 85.0% 3.2% 1.0% 10.0%

Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-20: ENERGY USED FOR COOKING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3 32

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Energy Used for Heating

Similar to the trend observed in energy used for cooking, energy used for heating was dominated by electricity in both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality at 75% and 50% respectively in 2011. Ward 3 again shows higher percentages of electrification than the !Kheis Local Municipality. Energy for Heating 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% Percentage ofHouseholds 0.0% Electricity Gas Wood Solar None !Kheis 49.6% 1.7% 42.2% 0.5% 5.8% Ward 3 74.4% 0.5% 21.3% 0.2% 3.6% Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-21: ENERGY USED FOR HEATING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Energy Used for Lighting

Assessing the percentage of households that utilised electricity for lighting in 2011 confirms the trend identified in the previous two sections, that relatively more households within Ward 3 are electrified than within the !Kheis Local Municipality as a whole. The high percentage of households that still utilised candles for lighting in 2011 within the !Kheis Local Municipality is further indicative of this trend.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Energy Used for Lighting 2011 100.0%

90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0%

Percentage ofHouseholds 10.0% 0.0% Electricity Paraffin Candles Solar !Kheis 64.0% 2.0% 30.4% 2.7% Ward 3 91.3% 0.2% 8.0% 0.4% Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-22: ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Access to Toilet Facilities 2011

Toilet facilities within households in 2011 for both Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality were dominated by flush toilets (both sewerage mains and septic tanks), but the percentage of households within Ward 3 with flush toilets was significantly higher than the !Kheis Local Municipality at 55% versus 27%. The fact that a quarter of the households in the !Kheis Local Municipality had no sanitation in 2011 is of grave concern.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Toilet Facilities by Type 2011

100.0%

90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0%

10.0% Percentage ofHouseholds 0.0% Flush toilet Flush toilet Pit toilet Pit toilet Other/Not Bucket (sewerage None (septic with without Applicable toilet system) tank) ventilation ventilation !Kheis LM 27.0% 24.7% 21.3% 12.1% 8.8% 3.5% 2.0% Ward 3 55.3% 7.4% 30.2% 4.0% 1.0% 2.2% 0.0% Type of Facility

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-23: TOILET FACILITIES IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

Water Source

The type of water source that serviced households within Ward 3 and the !Kheis Local Municipality in 2011 is dominated by formal municipal distribution at 78% and 62% respectively. Contrary to the trend displayed in previous sections (where Ward 3 is generally better serviced than the !Kheis Local Municipality); the percentage of households that sourced their water from dams, pools or stagnant water in 2011 was higher in Ward 3 in 2011 at 11% versus 8% for the !Kheis Local Municipality, as shown in Figure 6-24. .

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Water Source by Type 2011 100.0% 90.0%

80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0%

Percentage ofHouseholds 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Municipal Water Other/Not Dam/Pool/Stagn Borehole Scheme Applicable ant Water !Kheis LM 61.9% 13.1% 8.8% 8.1% Ward 3 78.1% 7.8% 2.2% 11.2% Type of Water Source

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-24: WATER SOURCE IN 2011 IN !KHEIS LM AND WARD 3

6.4 Labour Sources Areas

The Parabolic Trough Plant technology will require a workforce of at least 2000 people at peak period. Ninety percent (90%) will be sourced from local villages.

Indicators for identified areas within the 25 km project buffer were extracted from Census 2011. A detailed map showing local areas that fall within a 25km project buffer, is found below in Figure 6-25. The statistical areas (mainplaces) within which the identified areas are found are shown as coloured polygons (Table 6-1 and Figure 6-26). There are four relevant statistical areas, all of which were representative of smaller, local areas. See Table 6-1 below. This sub section presents all available and relevant Census data for the identified statistical (and thus local) areas.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

TABLE 6-1: STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS Statistical Area Identified Local Areas within Approximate Distance (colour coded) Statistical Area from Development Site !Kheis NU Vollgraaffsig 16 kms Skerpioenpunt 28 kms Gariep 28 kms Other areas (non-urban) Saalskop Saalskop 17 kms Groblershoop Groblershoop 25 kms Wegdraai Wegdraai 23 kms

FIGURE 6-25: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

FIGURE 6-26: EXTENT AND LOCATION OF STATISTICAL AREAS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL AREAS The spatial hierarchy for the study area is as follows: Four mainplaces (shown as statistical areas in Table 6-1 and Figure 6-26) and six identified local areas. The size and settlement nature of the statistical areas should be noted, as the !Kheis non-urban (NU) statistical area dwarfs the other three, but human settlement is sparse in this area due to its rural nature. Conversely, Saalskop, Groblershoop and Wegdraai statistical areas are small but their populations are denser as they are more urban in nature.

Gender & Population

The total male population is at 51% in these statistical areas, with females at 49%. Groblershoop supports at least 40% of the overall population due to its denser settlement pattern (as opposed to !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai.) Saalskop supports a mere 13% of the total population (of 10 196 people).

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Gender and Population Size 2011 4500

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 NumberofPersons 500 0 Male Female Total !Kheis NU 1298 1143 2441 Groblershoop 2078 2090 4168 Saalskop 729 669 1398 Wegdraai 1066 1122 2189 Gender/Population Size

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-27: LOCAL AREAS GENDER AND POPULATION SIZE

Population Group

Collectively, the largest racial group found in these statistical areas is Coloured (83%) with 9% Black and the remaining percentage split between the other racial groups. The community in which most Coloured people live is Wegdraai (96%). See Figure 6-28 below.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Individual Population Group 2011 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0%

Percentage ofPersons 10.0% 0.0% Indian or Black African Coloured White Other Asian !Kheis NU 8.8% 71.7% 0.5% 18.5% 0.6% Groblershoop 10.0% 83.1% 1.0% 5.0% 0.9% Saalskop 15.9% 80.8% 1.6% 1.7% 0.0% Wegdraai 3.0% 96.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% Population Group

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-28: LOCAL AREAS INDIVIDUAL POPULATION GROUP

Age Structure

The 0-19 year age category is typically reflective of the school going population, and are usually also identified as dependent populations as they are unable to generate an income due to not officially being part of the working population. The !Kheis NU shows that almost 37% of its entire population is in such a category, while Wegdraai shows a high number of ‘children,’ at almost 49%. Practically, a healthier economy is dominated by a larger number of people in the 20-64 year age category, which is also termed the ‘working age category.’ This is the case in !Kheis NU, which has almost a 60% working age category4. The 65 -120 year age category is also indicative of a dependent population. The Census data shows that the dependent population in this category remains between 4.3% and 5.3% across the four statistical areas. See Figure 6-29, below.

4 The percentage within this category is by no means a reflection of the number of people that are actually employed 40

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Age Category 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Percentage ofPersons 0 - 19 20 - 64 65 - 120 !Kheis NU 38.6% 56.9% 4.5% Groblershoop 44.3% 51.4% 4.3% Saalskop 44.8% 50.6% 4.6% Wegdraai 48.6% 46.1% 5.3% Age Category (years)

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-29: LOCAL AREAS AGE CATEGORIES

Employment Sector

A mere 16.6% of the employable population are actually employed in the formal sector in the said statistical areas. 3.5 Percent are working in the informal sector and an overwhelming 79% have responded to the Census as ‘not applicable.’ This may denote that these individuals do not see themselves as wanting to be part of the formal or informal employment sectors. See Figure 6-30, below. Employment by Sector 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

Percentage ofPersons In the formal In the informal Private Not applicable sector sector household !Kheis NU 27.3% 8.1% 1.1% 63.2% Groblershoop 23.1% 2.0% 1.3% 73.5% Saalskop 10.5% 2.7% 0.6% 85.8% Wegdraai 5.4% 1.2% 1.0% 92.1% Employment Sector

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-30: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT BY FORMAL/ INFORMAL SECTOR 41

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Unfortunately, Census 2011 has still not extrapolated the “Employment by Industry Sector” data. For that reason, this baseline is unable to determine the industry that employs the most or least number of people across industries such as agriculture, forestry and fishing, or even mining.

Employment Status

Collectively 21% of all employable people, are actually employed. The remaining individuals that fall within the categories ‘unemployed, discouraged work seekers, and not economically active’ add up to a further 40%. This generally means that the 40% that could have been ‘providers’ in a home, have now become dependents, thus lending to the economic vulnerability of the household. Employment Status 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

Percentage ofPersons Other not Discouraged Employed Unemployed economically Not applicable work-seeker active !Kheis NU 36.1% 5.8% 1.6% 21.2% 35.3% Groblershoop 26.2% 8.9% 2.4% 25.9% 36.6% Saalskop 13.8% 18.5% 3.6% 25.3% 38.8% Wegdraai 7.9% 16.4% 4.9% 26.4% 44.4% Employment Category

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-31: LOCAL AREAS EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Migration – Movement since 2001

The year 1994 was the turning point for South Africans, in that the country held its first democratic elections. People previously constrained to the more ‘rural’ parts of South Africa gained freedom of movement. Migration post 1994 was on the upswing in South Africa, with many people moving into the urban areas for the purposes of working, extending familial ties and the utilisation of educational and health services. In addition, bigger business markets were opened up and increased mobility was required for the purposes of trade.

What is apparent when analysing Figure 6-32, is that almost 70% of the total population in the statistical areas, had at some point in their lives, migrated into other areas of South Africa5. Saalskop had experienced the greatest migration of its citizens (over 76%). This may be indicative of a ‘force’ that may have driven people to

5 Census 2011 does not provide reasons for the individual’s migration 42

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant migrate. More often than not, people migrate for the purpose of work, and this show of outward mobility may indicate poor economic progress in an area like Saalskop.

Individual Migration

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% Percentage ofPersons 0.0% Born after Born after October 2001 Yes No October 2001 Not Applicable but never and moved moved !Kheis NU 63.2% 14.3% 20.6% 1.7% 0.1% Groblershoop 63.5% 10.7% 19.7% 0.9% 5.3% Saalskop 75.9% 2.4% 21.3% 0.4% 0.0% Wegdraai 72.6% 1.7% 25.4% 0.2% 0.0% Movement Since 2001 Category

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-32: LOCAL AREAS MIGRATION

Region of Birth and Citizenship

The majority of all individuals that had participated in the Census 2011 are born in the area, and are South African citizens. It is worthy to note that there are a limited number of foreign (not South African) people in these areas. This also indicates that almost all people in these statistical areas would have shared similar history, challenges and opportunities. See Figure 6-33 and Figure 6-34 below.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Region of Birth 2011 100.0% 90.0%

80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0%

30.0% Percentage ofPersons 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Latin Born in Rest of America Unspecifie South SADC Asia Africa and d Africa Caribbean !Kheis NU 96.6% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% Groblershoop 92.9% 0.5% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 6.1% Saalskop 96.9% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% Wegdraai 99.6% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%

Geographical Region Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-33: LOCAL AREAS BIRTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION

South African Citizenship 2011 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0%

Percentage ofPersons 0.0% Yes No Not applicable !Kheis NU 98.2% 1.3% 0.0% Groblershoop 94.1% 0.5% 5.1% Saalskop 98.9% 0.6% 0.0% Wegdraai 99.8% 0.2% 0.0% South African Citizenship Category

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-34: LOCAL AREAS CITIZENSHIP CHARACTERISTICS

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Energy for Cooking, Lighting and Heating

Figure 6-35, Figure 6-36Figure 6-37 render detailed energy usage data in terms of what households in the statistical (local areas) utilise for their cooking, lighting and heating purposes.

Households depended on two main sources of energy for cooking, that is, electricity and wood. Groblershoop usage data shows 75% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity to a lesser degree (with !Kheis having the lowest usage, at 43%). Instead, !Kheis utilised wood to a greater degree (48.2%). Overall, 57.6% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while 35.75% used wood. Households depended on two main sources of energy for lighting, that is, electricity and candles. Saalskop usage data shows 80.6% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity to a lesser degree (with !Kheis having the lowest usage, at 51.2%). Instead, !Kheis utilised candles to a greater degree (44.8%). Overall, 71% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while 26% used candles.

Households depended on two main sources of energy for cooking, that is, electricity and wood. Groblershoop usage data shows 67.2% of households used electricity while !Kheis NU, Saalskop and Wegdraai used electricity to a lesser degree (with Saalskop having the lowest usage, at 17.4%). Instead, Saalskop utilised wood to a greater degree (51.3%). Overall, 46.8% of local areas in the statistical area used electricity for cooking, while 42.4% used wood. Energy used for Cooking 2011

100.0%

90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0%

10.0% Percentage ofHouseholds 0.0% Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood !Kheis NU 43.6% 7.5% 0.7% 48.2% Groblershoop 75.0% 6.5% 1.0% 17.6% Saalskop 59.8% 0.7% 0.7% 38.9% Wegdraai 52.0% 9.2% 0.4% 38.4% Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-35: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR COOKING

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Energy used for Lighting 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% Percentage ofHouseholds 0.0% Electricity Paraffin Candles Solar None !Kheis NU 51.2% 1.9% 44.8% 0.7% 0.9% Groblershoop 78.0% 0.7% 20.4% 0.3% 0.6% Saalskop 80.6% 0.3% 16.8% 1.0% 0.7% Wegdraai 73.8% 3.8% 22.4% 0.0% 0.0% Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-36: : LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING

Energy used for Heating 2011

100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0%

Percentage ofHouseholds 0.0% Electricity Gas Wood None !Kheis NU 38.4% 2.9% 55.7% 2.9% Groblershoop 67.2% 0.2% 29.2% 3.0% Saalskop 17.4% 0.3% 51.3% 30.6% Wegdraai 64.4% 1.1% 33.7% 1.1% Energy Type

Source: Statistics South Africa Census 2011 FIGURE 6-37: LOCAL AREAS ENERGY USED FOR HEATING

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

6.5 Presentation of Qualitative Data

6.5.1 Results of the September to October Engagement Exercise

As mentioned earlier in this report six responses (in total) were received in direct response to this social study. See section 5.2. This section presents the primary data collected through the survey via email and telephonic communication mechanisms. Data will be presented from :  Two responses to the survey checklist (LS van Eck and Maria Markus, received both by the 27 October);  Three emailed responses (Poppie Howell, 20 October), (Johannes Kotzé, 29 October) and the Groblershoop Farmers Association, 7 December; and  One telephonic discussion (André Kruger, 3 November).

Survey Checklist Responses

TABLE 6-2: RESPONSES TO SURVEY CHECKLIST ISSUE MAJORITY RESPONSE Monetary value of homes / business Dust is perceived as the main contributing factor to the negative impact on properties in surrounds homes and businesses. Apart from the perception that the access road has been destroyed by Aesthetic value of homes / business contractors (currently working on Bokpoort site), dust is perceived as the main properties in surrounds (within a 5 km contributing factor to the negative impact on the aesthetic value of homes and distance from the development site) businesses. Economy of local area Job creation and local economic benefit is seen as a positive impact.

While job creation and income generation is viewed as a positive impact, the Employment negative impact perceived is that not enough jobs are available for local people and employment of farm labour is compromised due to the dust that affects crop. Contractors and truck drivers are perceived as being the biggest perpetrators of Traffic related road hazard/s bad driving on local roads, endangering all who use it. Health and safety of proximate residents (within 5 km distance of site) Lung related problems have been associated to the presence of dust. Health and safety of workers (on site) No change is perceived to health and safety of workers on site.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

2 Health and safety of workers (on site) 1

Health and safety of proximate residents 2 (within 5 km distance of site)

1 Crime levels

Traffic related road hazard/s 2

In migration of people 1

Employment 2 2

Trading markets/ local exchange of goods 1 1

Economy of local area 1 2

Income generating activities in surrounds 1 (within a 15 km distance from… 1

Aesthetic value of homes / business 2 properties in surrounds (within a 5 km…

Monetary value of homes / business 2 properties in surrounds

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 N0 CHANGE NEGATIVE POSITIVE

FIGURE 6-38: FULL RESPONSES FROM SURVEY CHECKLIST

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Email/ Telephone Comments

Please note that all comments made in this section are a reflection of the respondent’s thoughts and views. It is not scientifically based, but should rather be construed as anecdotal evidence.

TABLE 6-3: RESPONSES VIA EMAIL/ TELEPHONE

ITEM COMMENT Rental and sale prices of homes have increased considerably in the last few years Property value rendering it difficult for home buyers and lessees in the area to secure a property. The presence of strangers and foreigners have 'wash away the security of living in a Safety and security knit community'

Muggings and house break-ins have increased. Companies will not be able to enforce a zero tolerance policy. The police are unable to keep up with the resource requirements Safety and security to curb the security problems. Migrant in flux Further support is necessary for the police in order to deal with the problem. Corporate social Transparency in social needs assessments and tendering processes. Let the responsibility communities decide what they need and be involved. Training and development Invest in training a local labour force (potentially in solar programmes)

Look at the potential that foreign drivers hold a permit and be accountable to the Traffic Department for any transgressions. Company vehicles should be marked so that Safety and security perpetrators could be identified.

The company should be committed to not allowing a tragedy to unfold - in which case the collapse of a tower may well be. The CSP tower in Upington collapsed. Lessons Safety and security must be learnt.

The CSP management should have a physician on site, and perhaps a clinic. It would be constructive for the company's medical staff to co-ordinate activities with provincially placed medical staff in nearby local areas so as to alleviate the burden on government Safety and security resources.

Gravel road between the N8 and N14 is becoming a safety hazard. Increased traffic leads to bad visibility for drivers and pedestrians alike, thus increasing the risk of Safety and Security accidents and injury. Products are transported on the very same gravel road by farmers. Due to the poor Livelihood condition of the road, their product is damaged (or bruised) Livelihood Farmer's yield are adversely affected by the high dust content. Livelihood Will downstream farmers be negatively affected due to the water use of the CSP?

The roads are in a poor condition. Loose gravel is attributed to high vehicle traffic. People have lost their lives on these roads. The speed limit is 80kms but it is not Safety and Security enforced. Farmers’ bakkies and those of other road users have added wear and tear (and vehicle Safety and Security related expenses) due to the heavy wear and tear. With global warming, and now solar panels - will area become hotter? Will producers Livelihood suffer losses as a result?

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Dust travels up to 4-5 kms depending on the wind. People are being affected by high Safety and Security dust levels. There are related health concerns. Corporate social Residents and businessmen want to ensure that the companies in the area remain responsibility responsible and accountable.

All secondary routes (excluding the N8 and N14) will be used extensively during the construction phase. There will be a greater impact if construction at both neighbouring farms is being undertaken at the same time. The volume of traffic and vehicles speeds on gravel roads is responsible for the generation of dust. The Construction contractor Safety and Security on the Bokpoort site is not maintaining the roads. How will this issue be curbed?

Due to the poor conditions of the roads, the serviceable years of the vehicle, has decreased from five years to one year. The roads need to be tarred such that they can Safety and Security handle heavy loads without 'crumbling and creating potholes.'

The high dust volumes are adversely affecting grapes grown for commercial purposes. The dust is caking the grapes, removing the wax layer, causing the grapes to rot. Export grapes, raisins and wine production is affected. Other corps that are affected include corn, mielies, lucern and cotton. Affected crop are yielding smaller returns, Livelihood which in turn are leading to job losses.

Due to lowered production yields (due to dust pollution), and the consequential impact on jobs, crime is increasing. It is perceived that high crime and conviction rates are Safety and Security costing the taxpayer more money.

Air quality Dust is distributed to at least 10kms, depending on wind direction and speed.

Livestock are negatively impacted by high dust volumes. Natural vegetation and dust that provide the animals with fodder, coated with dust, making it difficult for animals to find food. Alternatively the animal meat is of poorer quality as they are not feeding properly. Only single offspring have been produced by herds in the surrounding dusty areas. This in turn affects commercial livestock charge rates. A decrease in the profit Livelihood margin puts jobs at risk. People living in closer proximity to dust-affected areas are experiencing lung Safety and Security complications due to exposure.

The work that is created in the construction phase sees a number of foreign migrant labour move into the area. But they remain even once the phase has ended. This puts Migrant in flux additional strain on resources such as public healthcare. Would like to see a study that focusses on changes in climatic conditions due to the Recommendations CSP (and higher temperatures). Would like to see a study that assesses the effects of dust on the human body (and Recommendations related illnesses).

Recommendations The developer should purchase all land that is adversely affected by dust. Contractors should be legally bound to adhere to all environmental and social Recommendations management actions.

Recommendations The ECO report should be made available to the public. 50

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

1 1 5

2 13

Property value Safety and security Migrant influx Corporate social responsibility Training and development Livelihood Air quality

FIGURE 6-39: FULL RESPONSES EMAIL / TELEPHONE COMMENTS

The responses that received the most interest are “Safety and Security” and “Livelihoods.” For this reason, a more in-depth look at these two responses is undertaken below in Table 6-4 and Table 6-5, as well as Figure 6-40 and Figure 6-41, respectively.

TABLE 6-4: SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES

ITEM COMMENT The presence of strangers and foreigners have 'wash away the security of living in a knit community'

Muggings and house break-ins have increased. Companies will not be able to enforce a zero tolerance policy. The police are unable to keep up with the resource requirements to curb the security problems.

Look at the potential that foreign drivers hold a permit and be accountable to the Traffic Department for any transgressions. Company vehicles should be marked so that perpetrators could be identified.

The company should be committed to not allowing a tragedy to unfold - in which case the collapse of a tower may well be. The CSP tower in Upington collapsed. Lessons must be learnt.

Safety and security The CSP management should have a physician on site, and perhaps a clinic. It would be constructive for the company's medical staff to co-ordinate activities with provincially placed medical staff in nearby local areas so as to alleviate the burden on government resources. 51

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Gravel road between the N8 and N14 is becoming a safety hazard. Increased traffic leads to bad visibility for drivers and pedestrians alike, thus increasing the risk of accidents and injury.

The roads are in a poor condition. Loose gravel is attributed to high vehicle traffic. People have lost their lives on these roads. The speed limit is 80kms but it is not enforced. Farmers bakkies and those of other road users have added wear and tear (and vehicle related expenses) due to the heavy wear and tear. Dust travels up to 4-5 kms depending on the wind. People are being affected by high dust levels. There are related health concerns.

All secondary routes (excluding the N8 and N14) will be used extensively during the construction phase. There will be a greater impact if construction at both neighbouring farms is being undertaken at the same time. The volume of traffic and vehicles speeds on gravel roads is responsible for the generation of dust. The Construction contractor on the Bokpoort site is not maintaining the roads. How will this issue be curbed?

Due to the poor conditions of the roads, the serviceable years of the vehicle, has decreased from five years to one year. The roads need to be tarred such that they can handle heavy loads without 'crumbling and creating potholes.'

Due to lowered production yields (due to dust pollution), and the consequential impact on jobs, crime is increasing. It is perceived that high crime and conviction rates are costing the taxpayer more money.

People living in closer proximity to dust-affected areas are experiencing lung complications due to exposure.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

1 3 2

Presence of foreigners Increased crime Road safety CSP past lessons Medical/ Health presence

FIGURE 6-40: BREAKDOWN OF SAFETY AND SECURITY RESPONSES

TABLE 6-5: LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES

ITEM COMMENT Products are transported on the very same gravel road by farmers. Due to the poor condition of the Livelihood road, their product is damaged (or bruised) Livelihood Farmer's yield are adversely affected by the high dust content.

Livelihood Will downstream farmers be negatively affected due to the water use of the CSP? With global warming, and now solar panels - will area become hotter? Will producers suffer losses as Livelihood a result?

The high dust volumes are adversely affecting grapes grown for commercial purposes. The dust is caking the grapes, removing the wax layer, causing the grapes to rot. Export grapes, raisins and wine production is affected. Other corps that are affected include corn, mielies, lucern and cotton. Affected Livelihood crop are yielding smaller returns, which in turn are leading to job losses.

Livestock are negatively impacted by high dust volumes. Natural vegetation and dust that provide the animals with fodder, coated with dust, making it difficult for animals to find food. Alternatively the animal meat is of poorer quality as they are not feeding properly. Only single offspring have been produced by herds in the surrounding dusty areas. This in turn affects commercial livestock charge Livelihood rates. A decrease in the profit margin puts jobs at risk.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

1 1

Poor roads High dust Future decreased water availability Future climate change impact

FIGURE 6-41: BREAKDOWN OF LIVELIHOOD RESPONSES

6.5.2 Results of the Heritage Specialist Study

The Heritage Specialist (Mr Cobus Dreyer) concluded in his Specialist Assessment that:  The proposed new solar plant development will have no serious and destructive effect on any graves and other historical remains at Sanddraai 391;  Scatters of worked stone artefacts were spotted at a number of places in association with calcrete outcrops. The collections were widespread and no dense concentrations occurred;  No other cultural or historical remains or graves were found on the far;  Mitigation measures will be necessary if graves or other human skeletal or unidentified heritage resources are found during the construction phase; and  The further planning of the proposed project, may continue.

6.5.3 Results of the Noise Specialist Study

During the construction phase the noise generated by the activities does not extend to the allocated receivers for this project (column Modelled Scenario Results6), concluding that the area is unlikely to be impacted by the construction activities.

The results of the modelled operational activities that are expected during the lifetime of the facility show that the noise generated by the activities does extent to the allocated receivers for this project (column Modelled Scenario Results). The sound received by the different receivers, range from 0.00 dBA to 23.00 dBA, which is low, due to the distance from the source. The largest increase in the future expected sound level is +0.95 dBA during the night.

6 The Noise Specialist Study produced in November 2015 RHDHV had included its own noise modelling designs. 54

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

The largest impact is during the construction phase of the project with the noise extending far beyond the Sand Draai boundary. The closest receptor (REC_05) indicates that there is no effect on the noise level experienced during the life cycle of the planned solar technology. Although the modelled scenarios tend to represent the typical activities at the site, some upset conditions might arise during the life cycle of the planned technology. However, upset conditions are generally small and can be minimised by appropriate mitigation measures, including the use of best available abatement technologies.

6.5.4 Results of the Air Quality Specialist Study

Due to the distances travelled and the condition of local unpaved roads, the Gariep road is not considered to be a suitable alternative, due to the potential for dust generation. The N8 road and the alternative access route to site will need to be managed to mitigate dust, as mentioned above. An assessment into costs for the paving of the route should also be investigated as a possible option for future works.

6.5.5 Results of the Economic and Agricultural Specialist Engagement Exercises

From an alternative land-use perspective, it is evident that the solar plant development project is significantly positive from a sustainable development perspective. The GGP and employment positives are significant in both the short and long term. The development’s biggest positive lies in its strategic economic value, where it supports directly immense economic value creation.

The negative impacts are only present in the construction phase of Sanddraai, which is set to last for 30 months only. In this regard, the biggest negative impact is the value of farm land, both for neighbouring farmers, and possibly farmers along the unpaved road that leads to the entrance of the Sanddraai development. In the short term if the entrance road is not sufficiently surfaced, a buyer would want a discount for perceived uncertainty in income and capital value of any of such affected farms. The most affected farms are the ones closest to the Sanddraai project, where the dust fall-out is highest, even though this fall out is not materially more than the national averages.

The impact on agricultural yields based on the agricultural expert’s opinion, is not likely to be material as the study was unable to detect any permanent damage caused by dust at the surrounding farms. A 5-10 metre area next to the road with heavy dry dust particles was found, but the dust particles did not deposit any further than that sphere. Such a limited area of impact by dust, is also corroborated by the scientific air quality study undertaken by RHDHV. Most of the dust deposits were within the road boundaries – thus it did not materially fall on farm land. Cognisance is taken that stakeholders mentioned that animals do not feed close to the roads.

Another key finding is that there seems to be outstanding issues between the contractor and farmers in the area. There is a perceived lack of respect and undisciplined behaviour from the mainly Spanish contractors. Many of the road accidents and the three reported fatalities, have been attributed to the farmers opinion that the contractors do not follow road usage protocol (or law in terms of maintaining the speed limit), and consequently are the main perpetrators of accidents. Additionally, women-based gender abuse (prostitution and rape) of the

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant local (mainly farm labourer population) are accusatory allegations that have also been levelled at the mainly Spanish contractors.

Summary of Stakeholder Concerns

Upon reflecting on the interviews and site visits with the abovementioned stakeholders, as well as informal discussions with business owners, it is the Specialist’s view that the key issues are the following:  Most stakeholders welcome the solar plant developments because it obviously creates wealth in the form of compensation for local labour, and business income thanks to local procurement of the newly established solar plants;  The biggest issue for neighbouring stakeholders are the dust, as the increase in dust for them will lead to a fall in property values, a fall in agricultural yields, and a deterioration in their current quality of life.  The concerns with respect to foreign contractor road usage is noted by the Specialists;  Social pathologies such as increased crime, prostitution, and others are noted, but falls outside the scope of an economic alternative land-use analysis;  Road accidents that have occurred, are mainly related to the dust due to the current road surface and road conditions;  Other concerns such as noise, and an increase in temperature are minor concerns.  The Economic and Agricultural Specialists report that the scientific evidence that the dust exceeds national averages, and thus impact agricultural land yield materially, is not there. The Specialists support a mitigation strategy to surface the southern part of the Gariep Road to the extent that dust suppression meets the expectations of neighbouring farmers and road users, because this is without doubt in keeping with the values of sustainable development.

6.6 Worker Accommodation There is no data provided by the project proponent with regards to the type and extent of worker accommodation that will be provided. What is known is that labourer accommodation will be sited within the development property.

6.7 Grievance Mechanism At present there is no corporate policy in existence to support the development and application of a grievance process. A grievance mechanism that will cover the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the development must be put in place to support clear, transparent and informative information exchange between nearby residents and farmers and the Plant management. The IFC’s (September 2009, Issue No. 7), “Good Practice Note : Addressing Grievances from Project Affected Communities” should be utilised to develop a grievance mechanism.

As noted in the abovementioned Good practice Note, “A Grievance mechanism to address affected communities’ concerns and complaints is an important pillar of the stakeholder engagement process, since it creates opportunities for companies and communities to identify problems and discover solutions together.”

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Below, is a guide to developing a grievance mechanism (IFC, Practice Note : Addressing Grievances from Project Affected Communities, September 2009).

FIGURE 6-42: BASIC DESIGN ELEMENTS OF A PROJECT LEVEL GRIEVANCE MECHANISM

6.7.1 Justification for the Implementation of a Grievance Mechanism

For the purpose of understanding whether a grievance mechanism is indeed a tool that will have a constructive impact in the implementation of this project, one must be mindful that the grievance mechanism is not just a management measure that can be instituted in the workplace, for the benefit of workers, but also for surrounding interested and affected people (I&APs).

It must be noted that the nearest permanent residence is that of Maria Markus (possibly within a 4 km distance from the nearest disturbed area of the site), and Chris Honiball’s property (Rooilyf Housing, possibly within a 4 km distance from the nearest disturbed area of the site). The said properties are reflected in Figure 3-1. These 57

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant properties also house a small number of farm labourers that are employed on farms in the general area. As reflected in the table in Section 7 below, the small communities of Saalskop and Wegdraai (both on the west bank of the Orange river) fall within the 5 km buffer, along with seven (7) identified schools, two (2) identified hospitals/ clinics, two (2) businesses and four (4) places of worship7.

As reflected in the table in Section 7 below, the area found within a 10 km radius (likely to be areas of secondary impact) includes the properties that Louis Kotze and LS van Eck own. My van Eck’s property is unused.

The community of Vollgraaffsig (on the west bank of the Orange river) is the only other community in closer proximity to the proposed development site (less than 10kms). Two schools, one place of worship and a post office is found within a 10 km radius.

The small communities of Groblershoop, Skerpionpunt, Brandboom, Groortdrink (all on the west bank of the Orange river) and the community of Gariep (found on the east bank of the Orange river) are all over 10 kms away (but fall within a 25 km buffer) from the proposed development site.

The results of the engagement with IAPs as documented under Sections 6.5.1and 6.5.2, asserts the importance and irreplaceable value that a transparent and principled grievance process could have.

7 The type of ‘place of worship’ has not been identified 58

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

7 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

This social opinion has attempted to provide a scan of the residences (whether farm homestead or labour residence/s), businesses, farms and communities that are likely to be impacted by the proposed development. Their identification as potential receptors was made possible with the delineation of the impacted areas into three designated buffer zones: - 5 kilometres (possible direct impact) - 10 kilometres (possible secondary impact) - 25 kilometres (to a far lesser extent, possible areas of secondary impact) A visual scan of the directly and potentially affected residences and public facilities is presented in the map below, as well as an indicative indication of the footprint that these areas occupy.

FIGURE 43: OVERALL PROJECT FOOTPRINT WITH RESPECTIVE 5KM, 10KM AND 25 KM BUFFERS INDICATING AFFECTED AREAS

The tabulated presentation hereunder refers to the sensitive areas identified via a desktop screening exercise. Data has been gleaned from Census 2011, where relevant. This analysis is at a high level and is primarily a reflection of what can be visually verified through the mapping exercise.

The Economic and Agricultural Study undertake in November 2015 notes the following:

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

 The western part of the farm next to the Orange River is approximately 150 hectares in size, of which 80 hectares comprises irrigated vineyard with the following cultivars: colombar, steen (chenin blanc), shiraz and merlot. This part of the farm also houses all the building developments, such as the main house, sheds, labourers’ houses and other buildings.  It is important to note that the high-yielding agricultural part of the farm is not likely to be impacted by the development of the solar plant, due to this part of the farm being a significant distance from the anticipated solar development area.  Discussions with the interested sellers of Sanddraai indicated the following potential terms: - It is only the north-eastern part of the farm that will be sold to the solar plant developer, and the land not used for solar plant activities will be leased back by the sellers to continue farming activities. This means that no job losses will occur on the farm as a result of the solar plant development; - Although the Specialists (at the time) did not have sight of the Sanddraai solar plant development plans, it is conceivable that quite a large part of the farm will still be used for its current status quo farming, because the direct footprint of the solar plant is not likely to use more than 20% of the Sanddraai land area, thus leaving sufficient land to continue farming; and - The irrigated section of the farm employs almost 100 people permanently, and this figure increases to approximately 180 people during harvesting.

TABLE 7-1 SOCIAL SENSITIVITY TABULATION SOCIAL / ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION Range of proposed The project site will consist of : development area –  A 150 MW CSP (Parabolic) Power plant. footprint The facilities will also include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power plants including: water abstraction systems, waste management systems, power lines, roads, storage facilities, administration and operation buildings, construction laydown areas and temporary housing facilities.

The development area boundary itself is approximately 18 kilometres in length and 3kilometers in breadth at their longest points. The two alternatives for water pipelines are approximately 4 kilometres each in length and stretch past the development area boundary. District demarcation !Kheis Local Municipality and the Siyanda District Municipality. Private land owner/s There is evidence of agricultural farming south west of the site, closer to the (neighbouring) Orange River. This would be representative of private landowners. Land use Leased land. Land currently used for agricultural purposes. Zoned for (communal/State) agricultural use. Areas of direct impact There are no identified residences or areas of agricultural cultivation within the (within the development development footprint. footprint) Areas of impact (within The area found within the 5 km buffer (likely to be areas of direct impact) the 5 km radius) includes the properties that Maria Markus and Chris Honiball own or/and currently reside in. The small communities of Saalskop and Wegdraai (both on the west bank of the Orange river) fall within the 5 km buffer, along with seven (7) identified schools, 60

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

SOCIAL / ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION two (2) identified hospitals/ clinics, two (2) businesses and four (4) places of worship8. Areas of impact (within The area found within the 10 km radius (likely to be areas of secondary impact) the 5-25 km radius) includes the properties that Louis Kotze and LS van Eck own or/ and currently reside in.

The small communities of Groblershoop, Skerpionpunt, Brandboom, Groortdrink (all on the west bank of the Orange river) and community of Gariep (found on the east bank of the Orange river) are all over 10 kms away (but fall within the 25 km buffer) from the proposed development site.

Approximate Wegdraai (within 5 km radius) – According to Census 2011 the total population populations is 2189. Saalskop (within 5 km radius) - According to Census 2011 the total population is 1398. Vollgraaffsig (within 10 km radius) - According to Census 2011 the Vollgraafssig community is found within the !Kheis non urban area. The total population in the !Kheis NU area is 2441. Tourist attractions None known of. Educational facilities A total of nine (9) schools are recorded in the 10 km radius, with seven (7) of those being within the 5 km radius. Health facilities !Kheis Municipality has health facilities available in: • Groblershoop • Wegdraai • Topline (Mobile) • Grootdrink • Boegoeberg • Gariep (Mobile once a week) • Opwag (Mobile once a week) Water and sanitation According to the !Kheis Municipality 2013-2014 IDP – the aim is to provide 100% of households with a metered water connection by 2014, 75% by 2012, 90% by 2013. • To provide 100% of households with basic sanitation by 2014, 75% by 2012, 90% by 2013. Electricity According to the !Kheis Municipality 2013-2014 IDP – the aim is to provide 60% of households with basic electricity by 2012, 75% by 2013 and 92% by 2014. Transport Inhabitants / workers in the 5 km and 10 km buffer area would utilise two major routes, that is a dirt/ farm road from the north (N14) or the N10 from the south (west bank of the Orange river). In the case of the use of the N10, direct access to farm properties would be via the N8 from the N10. A dirt/farm road stretches from the north west (N14) to the south east (N8), along the southern end of the

8 The type of ‘place of worship’ has not been identified 61

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

SOCIAL / ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION project development area, along the east bank of the Orange river. A functional rail line traverses the land adjacent to the development site, in Bokpoort farm. The rail line is constructed in a north east to south westerly direction. The current use of the rail line has not been established. Business (formal) The agricultural practice found within the 5 km buffer is likely to signify commercial agricultural business operations. According to Census 2011, the formal sector employs 16.5% of people in the !Kheis NU, Saalskop, Groblershoop and Wegdraai communities. Most employment is in the crop production sector. Business (informal) The informal sector employs 3.5% of people in the !Kheis NU, Saalskop, Groblershoop and Wegdraai communities. Livestock farming The agricultural land value of livestock farms in the area is relatively low, at on average R3 000 per hectare, while irrigated land with cash crops next to the Orange River is typically up to R100 000 per hectare. These prices per hectare range from farm to farm. (Economic and Agricultural Specialist Study, November 2015). Crop production Agricultural land is found closer to the Orange river. It is under 2 kms from the development area. Cultural / ancestral There is one identified ruin 10 kms from the development area. heritage

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

8.1 Impact Method

The RHDHV impact rating method that will be utilised, is found in the table below. The impact assessment will account for impacts that are likely to be experienced during the three phases of a project, that, is the pre- construction, construction and operation phases.

TABLE 8-1 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE RATING TABLE Descriptive criteria Nature Category Extent (E) Categories 1 – 5 1 Footprint / site 2 Local 3 Regional 4 National 5 International (trans-boundary) Duration (D) Categories 1 – 5 1 Short (few days to a few months, less than a phase) 2 Short (few months, or less than a phase in total) 3 Medium (a few years, significant part of a phase) 4 Long (lifespan of development (i.e. all of operation)) 5 Permanent Frequency Categories 1 – 5 (F) 1 Very rare to remote (once or twice a decade) 2 Unusual to occasional (once or twice every 5 years) 3 Frequent (a few times a month) 4 Very frequent (a few times a week, to daily) 5 Continuous (daily to a significant percentage of every day) Intensity (I) Categories 1 – 5 1 Very low – natural processes not affected 2 Low – natural processes slightly affected 3 Medium – natural processes continue but in a modified manner 4 Medium-high – natural processes are modified significantly

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

5 High – natural processes disturbed significantly so that they cease to occur (temporarily / permanently) Probability Categories 1 – 5 (P) 1 Improbable (less than 24% chance of occurring) 2 Probable (25 – 49%) 3 Likely (50 – 69%) 4 Very likely (70 – 89%) 5 Definite (90 – 100%) Significance Significance = E + D + F + I + P Minimum value of 5, maximum of 25 Status determines if positive / negative Any positive No impact. High to low consequence, probability not an issue as positive, no value mitigation required. – 5 Low. Low consequence, probable, minimal mitigation may be required. – 6 to 10 Medium. Medium consequence, probable, mitigation is advised / preferred. – 11 to 15 Medium to high. Medium to high consequence, probable to very probable, mitigation is necessary. – 16 to 20 High. High consequence, probable / definite, mitigation is essential. – 21 to 25 Extremely High. Very high consequence, definite, Fatal flaw.

8.2 Sandraai’s Resources

The following has been determined:  The Sandraai farm (site of the proposed development) does not support cattle grazing, cultivated lands, game farming or communal crop or cattle farming activities;  There is no current labour force residing or working on the farm;  There are no residential or farm structures on the farm;  There are no areas of natural resources use (water bodies or woodlands); and  The roads that are in use by farmers are also being used by existing (and future) contractors to the CSP development site.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant TABLE 8-2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating Pre Construction and Construction Phase

Issue/ Impact Potential loss of cultivated areas due to pipeline and road routing Frequency 2 1 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 2 Intensity 3 2 Probability 1 1 Impact 11 8 significance Mitigation Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures The routing must allow for the possibility of adjustment should it be found to traverse cultivated land. The establishment of a formal grievance management system would assist in identifying challenges that require a resolution.

Issue/ Impact Restricted access (residents and workers) to currently utilised roads Frequency 1 1 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 2 Intensity 3 2 Probability 2 1 Impact 11 8 significance Mitigation Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures Access by residents and workers that are currently utilising a given (legal) route should not be hindered. The establishment of a formal grievance management system would assist in identifying challenges that require a resolution.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating

Issue/ Impact Sourcing of equipment and machinery locally Frequency 2 2 Extent 3 3 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 3 Probability 2 2 Impact 13 13 significance Mitigation Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. Measures The sourcing of equipment from local regional sources is probable, specifically in the area of Upington. There should be a concerted effort made by engineers to draw up a procurement plan that will give first preference to local suppliers. This may be called a Goods and Service Procurement Policy. There would be no anticipated change in the impact significance after mitigation as it is expected that Procurement strategies would initially be aimed at local procurement.

It must be noted that a large percentage of procurement for specialized technology may be sourced nationally and internationally.

Issue/ Impact Local Gross Geographic Product (GDP) Increase Frequency 5 5 Extent 3 3 Duration 3 3 Intensity 5 5 Probability 5 5 Impact 21 21 significance Mitigation Extremely High positive impact significance after mitigation. Measures The introduction of salaried workers in the local area will increase local purchase power. This in turn will be a positive spin off for retailers (businesses, including local accommodation houses) in the nearby areas, particularly the most developed one, being Groblershoop. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating

Issue/ Impact Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development of new access roads through the development site.

Frequency 4 4 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 2 Impact 16 13 significance Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures The specific impact relating to dust on crop has been highlighted by affected farmers. This is the impact due to increased vehicles (and heavy vehicles) using farm roads which are the only roads being currently utilised by residents and farmers in the area. Noise will be an issue during the construction phase according to the Noise study (RHDHV, November 2015).

It is expected that during construction, there will be an increased number of construction vehicles on the road. It is recommended that alternative routes be found at scheduled times of the day - perhaps that would help keep the roads free when school children are returning home, allowing children mobility without being hampered by large trucks utilising the same road.

The air quality report (RHDHV, Jan 2015) specifically notes that a high negative impact will be evident on the N8 road during construction. As mitigation it proposes: • There should be strict speed limits on site roads to prevent the liberation of dust into the atmosphere. • Dust must be suppressed during vehicle movement

A policy on Contractor Health and Safety for the duration of their work on site, must apply, and be monitored. In addition, a Contractor's Code of Conduct (especially in terms of respecting local by-laws and specific practical community concerns on which agreement may be reached), should be applied for the duration of the construction. (Such should also be a pre-requisite in the EMPR).

The project proponent should look at the feasibility (and social responsibility) related to the resurfacing of roads of high utilisation so that livelihoods and lifestyles will not be adversely impacted on a long term basis.

Regular information sharing discussions with the Contractors must be pursued, giving farm labour residents an opportunity to voice concerns and grievances throughout the duration of project construction. The establishment of a Resident's forum to provide institutional support to such an activity, is recommended. In addition, it is vitally important that a formal grievance management system be put in place (and should remain throughout the life of the solar plant/s). 67

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating

Issue/ Impact Local job creation opportunities Frequency 4 4 Extent 3 3 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 3 Probability 4 4 Impact 17 17 significance Mitigation High positive impact significance after mitigation. Measures Job creation expectations will have to be well managed via management systems and communication mechanisms that regularly informs the local community (on site and at local community centres) of the progress and job / skills needs at the development sites. A formal job application process must be communicated (should this be a requirement). The potential is that a large number of jobs will be created for the short duration of construction.

Issue/ Impact Influx of Migrant Labour Frequency 4 2 Extent 3 3 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 2 Impact 17 12 significance

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating Mitigation Mitigation Measures Medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures The issue with regards to the residence of ‘illegal’ migrants is a Government issue to tackle. Site management can render the correct communication to migrants with regards to their legal status period while in South Africa, and can also forward all migrant details to the Department of Labour (as a lawful action). However, Site management cannot enforce the law. Should the influx of labour become a very real, uncontrolled challenge, then it is suggested that a Migrant Labour Influx Control Plan be developed together with the local municipality. While Site management will never be in a position to enforce laws, they can however enforce the plan.

Issue/ Impact Perceived preferential access to a finite number of jobs Frequency 4 2 Extent 3 3 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 2 Impact 17 12 significance Mitigation Medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures There will be a predominant perception that others (Upington and surrounds, as opposed to Groblershoop, Grootdrink, Gariep, etc) may be afforded preferential access to work, particularly during the construction period. This is a perception that can only be thwarted by a transparent and fair recruitment process throughout the phase. Establish and maintain management systems to ensure that thorough and regular communication occurs, particularly with hopeful locals in Groblershoop, etc. A Human Resources Development Policy may be developed during the Construction phase and this can be expanded into a Human Resources Development Plan during the Operations phase.

Issue/ Impact Increased social ills in Groblershoop and surrounding small villages Frequency 3 2 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 3 Impact 15 12 69

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating significance Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures The establishment of a labour camp that will probably house the majority of the non-regional labour will be accompanied by its own challenges. The most critical is related to alcohol consumption, abuse, prostitution, unintentional pregnancies within the local population and potentially, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDs. The local populations are at risk of exposure. The management measure to be taken must ensure on-going work-shopping of appropriate behaviour from the labour population. This can be structured through a Construction Phase Code of Practice for Contractors. On site health and safety workshops is critical. The on -site clinic must be at the forefront of such issues.

Communication with local community leaders/ spokespeople is also an important tool that will assist in monitoring such a situation. The establishment of a Resident's Forum may be a vehicle that could help achieve collaboration. It may be practical to look at the Groblershoop Interest Group, as such a vehicle as it is already in existence.

Issue/ Impact Potential increase in criminal activity in the development footprint and nearby surrounding villages Frequency 3 2 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 3 Impact 15 12 significance Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures With the increased movement of people to and from and also within the development site, there is potential for increased criminal activity on site and in the nearby village of Groblershoop (and smaller areas of Wegdraai, Vollgraaffsig and Saalskop) which includes petty crime and potential abuse and prostitution activities.

It is recommended that the police increase patrols and crime knowledge-sharing in communities. While it is envisaged that the development site will be under 24 hour protection from a private security firm, petty crimes may still persist. Management measures dealing with transferring and sharing information about criminal activities with the local community is recommended. The establishment of a Resident's Forum (or communication via the Groblershoop Interest Group) may be a vehicle that could help achieve collaboration.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating

Issue/ Impact Additional pressure on basic services provision (education, housing and healthcare) Frequency 4 3 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 3 Probability 4 3 Impact 16 14 significance Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures If construction workers move into the area, services such as housing provision and availability, education and healthcare services will experience increased pressure. In order to provide for mitigation, it is strongly advised that the Project Proponent and the applicable municipal government departments (perhaps even National government) liaise effectively on how to combat avoidable service delivery constraints - particularly since the highest number of workers will be on site during the construction period. It is expected that the Project Proponent will carefully screen the service delivery situation prior to recruiting construction staff. The Proponent will also have to consider what service delivery options it will put in place for its own staff - the availability of an on-site 24 hour clinic is one option.

** Note - due to the remoteness of the area and the anticipated slow turn-around of service delivery projects, the impact will remain a 'medium to high' negative impact throughout the construction phase.

Issue/ Impact Increase in HIV/AIDS cases and associated vulnerabilities Frequency 3 2 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 2 Probability 4 3 Impact 15 12 significance

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures A large construction workforce (particularly if the majority are single men, are likely to substantially contribute to the HIV/AIDs situation in the area, albeit unintentionally. There are various mitigation and management measures that should be pursued. Some of these are: - The establishment of a formal grievance management system - The establishment of a Resident's forum (or use current Groblershoop Interest Group) where HIV/AID's intervention strategies could be discussed - The establishment of a 24 hour clinic for construction staff (where monitoring and voluntary testing could occur) - Invitation to Government health representatives and local awareness building experts to render knowledge workshops to construction staff (and local communities) - The development and implementation of a policy on Contractor Health and Safety - The development and implementation of a Contractor's Code of Conduct

Issue/ Impact Chance Find of Heritage Items/ Sites Frequency 1 1 Extent 1 1 Duration 1 1 Intensity 1 1 Probability 1 1 Impact 5 5 significance Mitigation Low negative impact significance after mitigation. The Heritage Specialist has not uncovered any areas of high heritage and cultural Measures significance within the development footprint. For this reason the impact will remain a low negative. Should a 'chance-find' occur, it is important that the South African Heritage Resources Association be contacted to follow a formal lodge and follow up procedure.

Issue/ Impact Impact on agricultural yields along Gariep Road Frequency 2 2 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 1 1 Probability 1 1 Impact 9 9 72

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating significance Mitigation A medium negative impact is likely to be experienced by farmers along Gariep road. While it has been established that the air Measures quality report does not unequivocally provide scientific evidence to show that dust generated by the traffic on Gariep road has a reach of over 5-10 kms, this rating presents the worst case scenario. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)

Issue/ Impact Impact on farm values of neighbouring farms Frequency 5 5 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 3 Probability 4 4 Impact 17 17 significance Mitigation A high negative impact is expected during the construction phase. This is particularly due to buyer-perception. This will improve Measures following construction. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)

Issue/ Impact Impact on farm values of Gariep Road Farms Frequency 5 3 Extent 3 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 1 1 Probability 3 3 Impact 15 12 significance Mitigation A medium to high negative impact is expected during the construction phase. This is particularly due to buyer-perception. This will Measures improve following construction, and the potential resurfacing of the road. This is noted the economic and agricultural study (Strategy4Good, February 2016)

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating

Issue/ Impact Grievance Channel Development Frequency 2 3 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 2 3 Probability 3 4 Impact 12 15 significance Mitigation Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. The ethical and principled implementation of the grievance system will Measures only serve to enhance the company's relationship with I&APs. The grievance system embodies a channel which should be 'served by all, but owned by none.' In other words, it should lead to mutual respect and benefit, without being utilised as a corporate or political display for ulterior motives. The company will in its (grievance system) implementation, seek to be identified as a good corporate citizen, genuinely interested in the welfare of those it indirectly or directly affects.

Operation Phase

Issue/ Impact Difference in water flow in the Orange River potentially affecting downstream farmers and potentially causing economic displacement

Frequency 3 1 Extent 2 2 Duration 4 1 Intensity 2 1 Probability 2 1 Impact 13 6 significance

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating Mitigation Medium negative impact after mitigation. Measures A medium negative impact is expected if it should happen. The loss of water availability to downstream farmers will constitute indirect economic displacement as this is an impact on livelihoods.

** The effect of climate change on water levels will need to be thoroughly assessed, as the impact, is severe, could change to a 'high' negative. In addition, the cumulative impact related to having all four solar plants operational at the same time in the future, must be acknowledged (That includes two in Bokpoort and the proposed development of two in Sandraai). A water flow study would be pertinent.

Issue/ Impact Potential loss of farm labourer jobs on neighbouring farms affected by differential water flow Frequency 3 1 Extent 2 2 Duration 4 1 Intensity 2 1 Probability 2 1 Impact 13 6 significance Mitigation Medium negative impact significance after mitigation. Measures As there is a medium negative impact foreseeable for downstream farmers that rely on water supply from the Orange river, the production on these farms will be affected to a certain degree, and consequently there is a potential loss of farm labourer jobs on downstream farms. The water flow needs of downstream farmers needs to be factored into the solar plant's (all technologies) intake/ abstraction needs so as to create a balance for all water users.

The loss of water availability to downstream farmers will constitute indirect economic displacement on workers on these farms.

** Should climate change play a role in the change in water levels, this would compound the impact, possibly resulting in a "severe" negative impact. This must be assessed further. In addition, the cumulative impact related to having all three solar plants in the vicinity (two in Bokpoort and two proposed in Sandraai) operational at the same time in the future, must be acknowledged. A water flow study would be pertinent.

Issue/ Impact Potential tourist appeal Frequency 4 4 Extent 1 1

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating Duration 3 3 Intensity 3 3 Probability 4 4 Impact 15 15 significance Mitigation Medium to High negative impact significance after mitigation Measures Contrary to the negative impact, it is also possible that people will enjoy the visual display of such a feat of construction. Schools may organise day tours and tourists may pass just to see the spectacle. The proponent could promote the CSP by offering day guided tours, perhaps even combining it with a nature hike. This in itself has the potential to increase job opportunities at the plant site.

Issue/ Impact Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours Frequency 5 3 Extent 3 2 Duration 4 4 Intensity 5 3 Probability 4 3 Impact 21 15 significance Mitigation A medium to high negative impact significance after mitigation Measures This is also reported on in the air quality report (RHDHV, Jan 2016). Recommended mitigation includes strict speed limits on site roads to prevent the liberation of dust into the atmosphere; and dust must be suppressed during vehicle movement. Another mitigation includes the resurfacing of the southern portion of the Gariep road.

Issue/ Impact Increase in South Africa's power producing independence Frequency 5 5 Extent 4 4 Duration 5 5 Intensity 4 4 Probability 5 5 Impact 23 23 76

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

Impact and Mitigation Table Pre-mitigation impact rating Post mitigation impact rating significance Mitigation Extreme positive impact significance after mitigation. Measures With the completion of the solar power plant and its operation at maximum, South Africa will contribute to its national electricity grid supply, thus decreasing its reliance on fossil fuels.

Issue/ Impact Grievance Channel Continuation Frequency 2 3 Extent 2 2 Duration 3 3 Intensity 2 3 Probability 3 4 Impact 12 15 significance Mitigation Medium to High positive impact significance after mitigation. As with the pre-construction and construction phases, the grievance Measures channel will serve to highlight the company's continued, sincere and firm commitment to finding practical resolutions to its local challenges.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

9 CONCLUSIONS

9.1 Powerline Options This is rendered in Section 3.1.2 of this report. The preferred routing in that presented by Alternative 1. This routing is likely to cover less distance and range. While the area in general is uninhabited and unused for agricultural or social activities, the shorter the route distance, the least likely there will be disruptions to human activities.

9.2 Pipeline Options This is rendered in Section 3.1.3 of this report. The preferred routing in that presented by Alternative 1. This routing is likely to cover less distance and range. The routing to and from the water abstraction point avoids agricultural land (currently used). The shorter the route distance, the least likely there will be disruptions to human activities.

9.3 Road Options The expectation is that the N10 and N8 roads would be more widely used (particularly during the construction period) as opposed to any of the farm roads (located on the east bank of the Orange river). The road currently utilised stretches between the site and the N14. While it may be a somewhat shorter route, the impact on current farming activities along the east bank of the Orange river is that which may affect the current human activities on neighbouring farms. For this reason, the preferred routing remains on the opposite side of the Orange river (west bank).

9.4 Conclusion Should the preferred alternatives for the powerline, pipeline and road be selected, the impacts will be limited during the construction phase. They will be very limited during the operations phase, as only maintenance issues will apply and impacts are not likely to occur to human activities or livelihood generation. There are a few negative impacts that seem acute during the construction phase, but after mitigation all impacts initially regarded as ‘high’ downgrade into a medium-high. Ideally, these impacts should progress into a ‘low- medium.’ This includes impacts related to one of the main “Inconvenience and danger to proximate residents through increased road traffic, dust and noise, including the development of new access roads through the development site; Impact on Gariep road users and neighbours,” and “impact on farm values.”

Positive impacts that remain high (during the operation phase) include, the potential increase in local gross geographic figures; The increase in local job creation activities; and an increase in South Africa’s power producing independence.

Engagement exercises with local stakeholders show their apprehension about the fact that mitigation for the project’s negative impacts will indeed be achieved. This perception has resulted from the recent CSP development taking place on the neighbouring Bokpoort farm. Many of the negative impacts experienced due to 78

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant the current CSP plant in the area, has raised stakeholder’s awareness to the potential increase in disruptions and inconveniences to the once-quiete farm life. While many negative impacts can be mitigated, it will require a commitment from the Project Proponent and Site Management to properly and consistently meet with EMPR compliance requirements. Much of the mitigation found within this report will be amalgamated with the EMPR for implementation during the project’s construction phase.

9.5 Key Actions Moving Forward  Resurfacing of the Gariep road (at least the Southern portion).  Development and implementation of a grievance mechanism.  Contractor behaviour and safety protocols on and off site will need to be monitored via the grievance mechanism  A Hydrology (water flow) study would be best placed to determine water impacts to downstream farmers and users.

SEIA Report – Solafrica Parabolic Trough Power Plant

10 LITERATURE CITED

1) Millennium Development Goals Country Report: Republic of South Africa, 2010. United Nations Development Program. 2) Northern Cape Provincial Growth and Development Strategy. 2004 – 2014. South Africa. Government Printer. 3) Human Sciences Research Council. (2004). Fact Sheet: Poverty in South Africa. South Africa. Government Printer. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality) 4) Statistics South Africa. South African National Census Database. 2011. South Africa. Government Printer. 5) Integrated Development Plan for the !Kheis Local Municipality 2013/14. 6) Naudé, A., Badenhorst, W., Zietsman, L., Van Huyssteen, E., & Maritz, J. (2007). Geospatial Analysis Platform – Version 2: Technical overview of the mesoframe methodology and South African Geospatial Analysis Platform. Pretoria: CSIR. 7) South African Legislation. Basic Conditions of Employment Act (No 75 of 1997).

Annexure A Social Specialist Curriculum Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE

Proposed Position: Social Specialist

Name of Firm: Royal Haskoning DHV Pty Ltd

Name of Staff: Kementhree Lingiah Moonsamy Preferred name : Kim

Profession: Social Scientist

Date of Birth: 24/10/1974

Years with Firm/Entity: 4.5 Years Nationality: South African

Membership in Professional Societies: N/A

Key Qualifications and Overview of Competencies:

Kim has international exposure in the mining field, having undertaken social impact assessment and social auditing projects in countries such as Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, Mozambique, Brazil and Australia. In the past eight years she has partaken in projects requiring that World Bank, and specifically International Finance Corporation (IFC) compliance measures, be fulfilled. In this context she has also acted as the Social specialist for the socio-economic impact studies and the development of subsequent management plans in the form of a Sustainable Development plans, Community Development plans and Human Resources Development plans.

In addition to social specialist skills lent toward International compliance work, Kim has also undertaken a variety of Environmental and Social due diligence projects in the agricultural, mining and textile industries (particularly in Mozambique, Kenya, Namibia, DRC, Zambia, Brazil and Nigeria). All due diligence exercises included the strict conformance review of a company’s environmental and social practices in accordance to

Page 1 of 9 Kim Moonsamy international guidelines and best practice. Kim, in her capacity as social specialist managed the auditing of labour and community social aspects including:  Social and environmental assessment and Management system;  Labour and working conditions;  Community health, safety and security;  Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement;  Indigenous people; and  Cultural heritage

In summary, key competencies in the social assessment domain include:  Social Impact Assessments;  Social Baseline Assessments  Socio-Economic Impact Assessments (renewable energy, power, housing, mining, oil and gas sectors);  Social Risk Assessments (water, infrastructure, mining, oil and gas sectors);  Social Auditing and Due Diligence Assessments (water, agri-industry, mining and textile);  Stakeholder Needs Analysis;  Social and Labour Plans;  Resettlement Planning (including the establishment of grievance management structures, consultation forums, inventories and full Resettlement Action Plans);  International Finance Corporation (IFC) related Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plans (ESIA) such as : - Public consultation and Disclosure Plans - Land Acquisition and Compensation Plans - Community Development Plans - Community Health and Safety Plans - Labour and Human Resource Plans; and  Public and Customer Perception Surveys

Education: 2012 IRCA Accredited Social Auditor Training – SA8000, SGS, Johannesburg

2002 Diploma, MDP (Management Development Programme), UNISA

2000 Diploma, BAM (Business Administration and Management), Damelin

1999 BA (Hons), Anthropology, UNISA

1996 BA, Anthropology and Psychology, University of Durban Westville

Page 2 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

Employment History:

Apr 2011 – To date Royal Haskoning DHV, Durban, South Africa Social Specialist: Associate

Jan 2009 - Mar 2011 Environmental Resources Management , Durban, South Africa Impact Assessment and Planning : Principal Consultant

Aug 1997 – Dec 2008 SRK Engineers and Scientists, Johannesburg, South Africa Environmental Department : Social Scientist

Selected ESIA/Risk/Due Diligence Project Experience:

Transnet Lephalale to Ermelo Social and Environmental Risk Assessment, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Transnet Description of project and responsibilities: Undertook a full social risk assessment to international (IFC) compliance.

Transnet Lephalale to Ermelo Rail Link Social and Environmental Risk Assessment, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Transnet Description of project and responsibilities: Developed the principals to stakeholder engagement for the project, taking account of the engagement risks – as aligned to IFC compliance.

Manzini Hydropower ESIA, Swaziland Position : Social Specialist Client : Swaziland Electricity Company Description of project and responsibilities (Current): Undertook a full Social Impact Assessment for a proposed hydropower plant in the Manzini District of Swaziland. The method included both a qualitative and quantitative data gathering and assessment process. Referenced IFC compliant criteria for all social aspects of the project.

Azura Power Social Compliance Variation, Nigeria Position : Social Specialist Client : International Finance Corporation/ FMO

Page 3 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

Description of project and responsibilities: Further to the social audit, requested to review company documentation for international compliance, and to review the compensation pay-out exercise undertaken by Azura Power (a company seeking to supply gas power).

Social Best Practice Framework, Limpopo Province, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Eskom Description of project and responsibilities: (Current project) Tasked to perform a high level due diligence on emerging miners in the Waterberg region of the Limpopo Province, using the IFC’s performance standards as the benchmark. Together with on-site qualitative data collection, develop a social (and environmental) best practice standard for such emerging miners in the Waterberg region that would ultimately be supplying Eskom with coal.

Social Risk Assessment, Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Richards Bay Minerals Conducted a high level risk assessment for RBM (Richards Bay). The development included the proposal for new and upgraded roads in and around the Zulthi mine. Proposed recommended mitigation actions and terms for a further social assessment.

Social Screening/ Risk Assessment, Monantsa, Lesotho Position : Social Specialist Client : Gibb Consulting Description of project and responsibilities Conducted a risk assessment exercise for the proposed Monantsa Dam in Lesotho. Outlined all red flags relating to the potential social and economic impacts that could affect communities.

Social Audit, Confidential, Nigeria Position : Social Specialist Client : International Finance Corporation / FMO Current project : Environmental and Social audit of a gas turbine power plant in Nigeria utilising the International Finance Corporations (IFC’s) Performance Standards (January 2012) as the benchmark. Conducted on-going, post-due diligence reviews on documentation, as well as a review of the compensation pay-out process.

Social Audit, Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Eskom Description of project and responsibilities The Ingula Pumped Water Storage Scheme in KZN has encountered specific social issues (resettlement included). A social audit, utilising the IFC Performance Standard 5 as the benchmark, was undertaken to satisfy lender requirements.

Page 4 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

MCA Resettlement Audit , various districts, Lesotho Position : Social Auditor (Resettlement) Client : NHA Consultants / Millennium Challenge Account – Lesotho Description of project and responsibilities Undertook a resettlement audit of 16 communities which had been the beneficiaries of MCA-L projects in either the land regularisation, health or water supply sectors. Worldbank OP 4.12 is the standard to which compliance was measured and reported.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Sofala Province, Mozambique Position : Social Reviewer Client : Infraco / Envalor Lda Description of project and responsibilities This project (current) involves the undertaking of a full ESIA for a potential biofuels operation located in Mozambique. Administering management and review of all social consultant activities required towards the fulfilment of the ESIA. Will satisfy the IFC requirements for two particular framework plans, that is, stakeholder engagement plan and resettlement action plan.

Resettlement Action Plan, Nigeria Position : Social Specialist Client : African Housing Projects Description of project and responsibilities African Housing Projects, Nigeria have been pursuing the securing of land for housing development near Abuja, Nigeria. There are specific resettlement and compensation issues with transhumant farmers, livestock herders and land owners. Tasked with co-ordinating the social impact assessment and resettlement inventory to respond to the need for an entitlement method for the resettlement and compensation.

Resettlement Action Plan review and Amendment, Limpopo Province, South Africa Position : Social Specialist Client : Anglo Platinum Description of project and responsibilities Formed part of a task team that reviewed the existing RAP to meet international lender requirements for social compliance. A community of approximately 3000 households were part of the planned move. Negotiation toward the finalisation of the RAP and its implementation, spanned over 10 years.

Sustainable Development Plan, Democratic Republic of Congo Position : Social Scientist Client : Kamoto Copper Consolidated With the subsequent completion of the Social and Economic Impact Assessment (undertaken for IFC approval) for KCC in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the team was tasked with developing a Sustainable Development Plan, as well as a Human Resources and Community Health and Safety Plan for the KCC mine. The Sustainable Development Plan needed to include KCC’s Corporate Social Responsibility and

Page 5 of 9 Kim Moonsamy investment principles that would need to be put into action for the roll-out of sustainable social and economic projects for the affected communities.

Social and Economic Impact Assessment and the Development of Plan, Democratic Republic of Congo Position : Social Scientist Client : Metorex The task involved undertaking a Social and Economic Impact Assessment for Metorex’s Ruashi mine site in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to comply with internationally accepted financing standards put forth by the International Financing Corporation (IFC) and the Equator principles, Meterox required a full social baseline study and the compilation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and a Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan, along with other required plans such as the Community Development Plan, a Community Health and Safety Plan, and a Labour and Human resources Plan.

Social and Economic Impact Assessment and the Development of Plans, Zambia Position : Social Scientist Client : TEAL mining The task involved undertaking the Social and Economic Impact Assessment for TEAL’s proposed Konkola North mine site in Zambia. In order to comply with internationally accepted financing standards put forth by the International Financing Corporation (IFC) and the Equator principles, TEAL required a full social baseline study and the compilation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and a Land Acquisition and Compensation Plan, along with other required plans such as the Community Development Plan, a Community Health and Safety Plan, and a Labour and Human resources Plan.

Social and Economic Impact Assessment, Johannesburg, South Africa Position : Social Scientist Client : Blue IQ Description of project and responsibilities Conducted full impact assessment, drew up mitigation and management measures for an Inland Port development. Utilised IFC standards as the best practice approach.

Environmental and Social Impact assessment, Mozambique Position : Project manager Client : Ncondezi Coal Company Description of project and responsibilities Project managed a full IFC compliant ESIA for a coal mine in Mozambique. Also provided oversight to all public information for dissemination and the social impact assessment.

Woodside Environmental and Social Assessment, Woodside, Western Australia Position : Social Scientist Client : Woodside Description of project and responsibilities: Woodside (Oil and Gas Company) commissioned the undertaking of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to IFC standards. As part of the early phase of the ESIA, a complete risk assessment of the

Page 6 of 9 Kim Moonsamy upstream and downstream impacts of the new LNG project in Western Australia, was undertaken. Assisted in the development and completion of the risk assessment which included both environmental and social aspects.

Serorome Social Impact Assessment Position : Social Scientist Client : CIC Energy, Botswana Description of project and responsibilities CIC Energy Corp (CIC) commissioned a detailed feasibility study and EIA for the Mmamabula Energy Project (MEP), a combined coal mine and power plant in Botswana. A Social Impact Assessment was undertaken in line with Botswana legislation to assess the social impacts of the proposed Serorome Mine.

Kalumines Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Democratic Republic of Congo Position : Social Scientist Client : Nikanor Nikanor had requested that a two-phased project be undertaken to support it’s required adherence to World Bank’s IFC performance standards. With regards to the social specialist study, the first phase had included a social impact assessment to be carried out via the use of the random household sampling survey technique. The second phase included the implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and the production of all supporting management plans to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIA).

Social Impact Assessment, Cameroon Position : Social Specialist Client : Kosmos Description of project and responsibilities A potential oil and gas project in Cameroon requires the completion of an IFC-guided ESHIA. One of the products was a Social Impact Assessment and Social Management Plan.

Social Screening Study, Durban, South Africa Position : Social Scientist Client : Transnet Description of project and responsibilities Conducted a thorough social screening study and risk assessment to IFC standard for a proposed harbour port development in Durban.

Ezulwini/ Waterstone Housing Development Social Impact Assessment, Empangeni, South Africa Position : Social Scientist Client : Thanda Group This project was part of an Environmental application for the approval of a varied-income housing estate development in Empangeni, north of Durban. Undertook a social impact assessment which included a lengthy consultative programme with government and representative community groupings.

Page 7 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

Social and Economic Impact Assessment, Mpumalanga, South Africa Position : Social Consultant Client : Xstrata Eastern Limb Xstrata Eastern limb (Mototolo, Helena, Der Brochen) and Lydenburg Works smelter Mototolo situated in the Mpumalanga province requested that a past S&EIA be updated with the intention of the new S&EIA providing necessary information for the development sustainable development plans for surrounding communities. Assisted in the undertaking of numerous interviews with local and district municipalities as well as with various community stakeholders.

Social Audit, Kenya Position : Social Auditor Client : Steelcase Description of project and responsibilities Audited a textile company (working through an Non Governmental Organisation partnership) in Kenya. Applied SA8000 conformance measures with the addition of other IFC oriented principles (such as the application of a grievance mechanism for staff).

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Mpumalanga, South Africa Position : Social Impact Specialist Client : Kangra Coal Description of project and responsibilities The Kangra (Kusipongo) coal mine in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa required an ESIA. Phase one included the social screening study, Phase two to include the development of a full social impact assessment to respond to IFC / Equator principles best practice approach. Tasked with developing applicable social management plans to accompany the ESIA report.

Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Namibia Position : Social Auditor Client : Langer Heinrich Uranium Mine Description of project and responsibilities Undertook social reporting for a due diligence exercise for Langer Heinrich Uranium, Namibia. The due diligence included a review of the Project in line with IFC Performance Standards.

Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Lusaka West, Zambia Position : Social Auditor Client : Altima Partners Description of project and responsibilities Undertook an independent environmental and social due diligence of a farm in Zambia. The due diligence included a review of the Project with respect to the requirements of the Equator Principles, IFC Performance Standards, and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Responsible for the social auditing aspects.

Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Brazil Position : Social Auditor

Page 8 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

Client : Shell Description of project and responsibilities Formed part of the audit team commissioned to audit 23 sugar cane mills in Brazil that were being assessed for possible bio-fuels capabilities. The audit was undertaken using, amongst others, the Better Sugar Initiative (BSI) compliance and ratings schedule for social and environmental compliance.

Environmental and Social Due Diligence, Mount Isabelle, Zambia Position : Social Auditor Client : Altima Partners Description of project and responsibilities Undertook an independent environmental and social due diligence of a farm in Zambia. The due diligence included a review of the Project with respect to the requirements of the Equator Principles, IFC Performance Standards, and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Responsible for the social auditing aspects.

Page 9 of 9 Kim Moonsamy

Annexure B Social Specialist Declaration

Annexure C Legislation and Local Area Context 1 LEGISLATION AND LOCAL AREA CONTEXT

This SIA baseline report forms part of the Specialist input towards an overall current Environmental Impact Assessment. It is important to contextualise the national policy backdrop against which social and economic development is proposed, and this we try to ascertain through a review of various national and local level strategic plans and policies.

1.1 South African Millennium Development Goals

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) consist of eight development priorities. The eight Millennium Development Goals range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education and form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries and all of the leading developmental institutions in the world. As a member state of the United Nations, South Africa is a signatory to this agreement. The eight MDGs, in numerical order, are: 1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1); 2) To achieve universal primary education (MDG2); 3) To promote gender equality and empower women (MDG3); 4) To reduce child mortality (MDG4); 5) To improve maternal health (MDG5); 6) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (MDG6); 7) To ensure environmental sustainability (MDG7); and 8) To develop a global partnership for development (MDG8). (Country Report 2010, UNDP)

The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was launched in 2002 and was designed to address the current challenges facing the African continent. Issues such as the escalating poverty levels, underdevelopment and the continued marginalisation of Africa are seen to need radical intervention. The NEPAD states that it is spearheaded by African leaders to develop a new vision that would guarantee Africa’s renewal. The primary objectives of NEPAD are: 1) To eradicate poverty; 2) To place African countries, both individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and development; 3) To halt the marginalisation of Africa in the globalisation process and enhance its full and beneficial integration into the global economy; and 4) To accelerate the empowerment of women.

The national agenda implemented through the Reconstruction and Development Plan (RDP) and Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy (GEAR) in the first fifteen years of democracy and through the National Development Plan (NDP) and New Growth Path (NGP) going forward constitutes a ‘continuity of change.’ (MDG, South Africa, October 2013). Since 1994, there have been a great number of development initiatives. These are outlined in the table below.

TABLE 1-1 DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES SINCE 1994 Programme/ Strategy/ Plan Objectives Reconstruction and i. Meeting basic needs; Development Plan (RDP) ii. Developing human resources; iii. Building the economy; and iv. Democratising the state and society. Growth, Employment and i. Restructure the economy; Redistribution Strategy (GEAR) ii. Create plentiful jobs; iii. Create environment for attracting foreign investment; and iv. Create and implement policies to counter high inflation. Integrated Sustainable Rural i. Accelerate rural development; Development Programme ii. Create economic opportunities in rural areas; (ISRDP) iii. Decrease levels of poverty and unemployment; and iv. Implement access to free basic services (water, sanitation and electricity) Urban Renewal Programme i. Accelerate urban renewal; (URP) ii. Create economic opportunities in 21 nodal areas of poverty; iii. Decrease levels of poverty and unemployment; iv. Implement access to free basic services (water, sanitation and electricity); and v. Access to housing. Accelerated and Shared Growth i. Halve unemployment and poverty; Initiative - South Africa ii. Improve the capacity of the state; and (ASGISA) iii. Reduce the regulatory burden on small and medium enterprises (SMEs); etc. Joint Initiative on Priority Skills i. Improve skills base required by the economy for accelerated growth; Initiative (JIPSA) and ii. Focus on scarce and critical skills; etc. New Growth Path (NGP) Employment creation National Development Plan i. Eliminate poverty and reduce unemployment; (NDP) ii. Improve the quality of school education; iii. Deconstruct the spatial patterns of the apartheid system; iv. Reduce unemployment from 27% to 14% by 2020 and to 6% by 2030; v. Decrease the level of inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, from 0.7 in 2007 to 0.6 in 2030; and vi. Become a less resource intensive economy, adopt sustainable development practices, etc.

1.1.1 South Africa’s Medium Term Strategic Framework The Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) (MTSF 2009-2014) is a statement of government intent. It identifies the development challenges facing South Africa and outlines the medium term strategy for improving living conditions of South Africans. The MTSF base document is meant to guide planning and resource allocation across all spheres of government. National and provincial departments in particular need to develop five-year strategic plans and budget requirements, taking into account the medium-term imperatives. Similarly, informed by the MTSF and their 2006 mandates, municipalities are expected to synergise their integrated development plans in line with the national medium-term priorities (UNDP Country Report 2010).

The MTSF’s strategic priorities are captured in the table below.

TABLE 1-2 LINKAGES BETWEEN MEDIUM TERM STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK AND MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Source: UNDP Country Report 2010

1.2 South Africa’s Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative (ASGISA)

ASGISA which is one of South Africa’s government programmes which promotes economic development is structured around the following framework of key interventions:  Bulk infrastructure investments through all three spheres of Government, State Owned Enterprises and Public-Private Partnerships;  Immediate, top and medium priority investments in specially selected sectors of the economy;  The building of Human Capital from very basic primary school infrastructure to tertiary education level;  Provision for a Joint Initiative on Priority Skills Acquisition (JIPSA);  Special focused Second Economy Interventions that incorporate youth, women and people with disabilities in sector investment strategies, mass roll out of the Expanded Public Works Programme, Small Micro and Medium Enterprises promotion and Micro credit facilities; and  Strengthening Governance and Institutional arrangements for service delivery.

1.3 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996)

The Constitution defines the role of the public in the activities of all three spheres of government, namely national, provincial and local government (Sections 59, 72, 118, 152 and 154). Section 59 refers to the National Assembly, Section 72 refers to the National Council of Provinces and Section 118 refers to the Provincial Legislature. These Sections state that public involvement in the legislative and other processes of the Assembly/ Council/ Legislature must be facilitated, where its business is in an open and public manner. Section 152 of the Constitution states that one of the objects of local government is to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in its matters, whilst Section 154 states the requirement that draft provincial and national legislation be published for public comment and feedback. Chapter 10 of the Constitution (Section 195) states that the basic values and principles governing public administration include encouraging public participation in policy-making and responding to public need.

Chapter 3 (Section 40) requires all spheres of government to adhere to the principles (Section 41) of cooperative governance by informing one another of, and consulting one another, on matters of common interest and providing effective, transparent, accountable and coherent governance for the Republic as a whole.

Annexure D Social Survey Checklist (English and Afrikaans)

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND COLLECTIVE RESPONSES- FOR THE PROVISION OF DATA TOWARDS THE GENERATION OF THE SIA

NAME OF COMPANY/ ASSOCIATION / INDIVIDUAL

BASED ON THE INFORMATION RECEIVED AND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE AREA AND ITS PEOPLE, HOW DO YOU THINK THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL AFFECT THE FOLLOWING? (TICK APPROPRIATE BOX, THEN EXPLAIN) NATURE OF IMPACT (PLEASE TICK )

NR ITEM

EXPLANATION (NO EXPLANATION NECESSARY IF ‘NO CHANGE’)

N0 N0

CHANGE

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

1 Monetary value of homes / business properties in surrounds

2 Aesthetic value of homes / business properties in surrounds (within a 5 km distance from the development site)

3 Income generating activities in surrounds (within a 15 km distance from development site)

4 Economy of local area

5 Trading markets/ local exchange of goods

6 Employment

7 In migration of people

8 Traffic related road hazard/s

9 Crime levels

10 Health and safety of proximate residents (within 5 km distance of site)

11 Health and safety of workers (on site)

THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE TIME AND MAKING THE EFFORT TO RESPOND.

ALGEMENE VRAE EN VERSAMELDE ANTWOORDE – VIR DIE VOORSIENING VAN DATA TOT OM ‘N SIA THE GENEREEER

NAAM VAN BESIGHEID/ VERENEGING/ INDIVIDU

GEBASSEER OP DIE INFORMASIE WAT U ONTVANG HET EN U KENNIS VAN DIE AREA EN SY MENSE, HOE SAL DIE VOORGESTELDE PROJEK DIE VOLGENDE AFFEKTEER? (TIK DIE BOKSIE VAN U KEUSE EN VERDUIDELIK) NATUUR VAN IMPAK (TIK )

NR ITEM

IEF VERDUIDELIKING (GEEN VERDUIDELIKING NODIG MET ‘GEEN VERDUIDELIKING’)

ING

GEEN GEEN

POSIT

NEGATIEF VERANDER

1 Monetêre waarde van huise / besigheid eiendomme in omring

2 Estetiese waarde van huise / besigheid eiendomme in omring (binne 'n 5 km afstand van die ontwikkeling werf)

3 Inkomste-genererende aktiwiteite in omring (binne 'n 15 km afstand van voorgestelde ontwikkeling)

4 Ekonomie van plaaslike gebied

5 Handels markte / plaaslike ruil van goedere

6 Indiensneming

7 In migrasie van mense

8 Verkeer verwante pad gevaar / gevare

9 Misdaad vlakke

10 Gesondheid en veiligheid van inwoners (binne 5 km afstand van die werf)

11 Gesondheid en veiligheid vanwerkers (op konstruksie area)

DANKIE VIR U TYD EN MOEITE WAT U OPGEOFFER HET OM HIERDIE VRAE TE BEANTWOORD.