AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE KWONGAN SOUTH OF ENEABBA, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

A. J. M. HOPKINS WesternAustralian Wildlife ResearchCentre, P.O. Box 51, Wanneroo,W.A. 6065

and R. J. HNATIUK WesternAustralian Herbarium, Georg€ Street, South Perth, W.A.6151 1981

DEPARTMENTOF FISHERIESAND WILDLIFE PERTH,WESTERN AUSTRALIA Wildl. Res.Bull. WestAust. 1981.9. l-33

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CONTENIS Page Abstract I INTRODUCIION ......

tr TIIE STUDY AREA Location and Iand Status PhysicalEnvircnment ..-. Climate .... Vegetation Fire History

trI METHODS FieldSamplitrg ...... Data Analysis ......

W RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Flora Vegetation 7 SlreciesRichne,ss 8

V CONCLUSIONS 8

VI RECOMMENDATIONS .... 9

VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9

VIII REFERENCES ....

PLATES l. Photogaph of a Croup 1 site .... 7 2. Photographofa Group2 site.... 7 3. Photographofa Group3 site .... 7

TABITS L RainfallRecords for Eneabba.... 2. Rarc and Poorly Known Speciesfrom the Study Area 3. PhlsiognomicVegetation Units in the StudyArea ....

FIGURES 1. Location Map ...... 2, GeologicalMap ...... 3. Topogaphic Map of the Study Arca .... 4. Topographic Cross-se.tioo 5. Soils Map for the Study Arca ... 6. Ombrothermic Diagram 7. Fire History Map 8, Distribution Maps of Rare ard Poorly Known Species .... 9. Map of Floristic Units of Vegetation ..-. 10, Map of Physioenomic Uoits of Vegetatiotr .... 11. Isoflor Map

APPENDICES I Soils Map for Crox! Land south of Bftabba II Resultsof Analysesof Soilsfrom Allied Eneabbasites III Resultsof Soil MoistureSrudi€s .... 28 Mesults of Anallses of Soilsfrom the Study Area .... to V PlaDtSpecies List Wildl. Res.Bull. I4test,Aust. 9, 1-i3 AN ECOLOGICAL SURYEY OF THE KWONGAN SOUTH OF ENEABBA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA A. J. M. Hopkins (W.A. Wildlife ResearchCentre, P.O. Box 51, Wanneroo,W.A.6065) and R. J. Hnatiuk (W.A. Herbarium,George Street, South Perth,W.A. 6151).

ABSTRACT The tesults_of a detailed ecologicalsurvey of a 20 km' area of kwongan (sclerophylloussandplain or heath) vegetationsouth of Eneabba arc rcported, The study was initiated becauseof imminent miniDg for heavy mineral sandsand following recognition of the considerable signific^anceof the flora of the arca. A total of 429 speciesof vascularplaits were recorded,including 4 very-localisedendemic species, and a forther 39 spe_ciesth€t are in needofspecial attention. A relationshipbetween soil type and vegetationis described,and specieichar- acteristicof particular soils are listed. Detailed backgroundinformation is presentedon sbils (texture, nutrients, watei holding capacity, organic maltet content and geographicdistribution), climate, geomorphology,fire history, floristic fichnessand land-usefor theituaiy ariri and the adjac€nt nature reserves and vacant Crown Iand. Recommendations for improved land-use planning and management are made.

I-INTRODUCTION of the presentsurvey area are shown on the Location The kwongan of south western Australia, commonly Map (Figure 1). The study area overlaps that sur- termed sandplain or heathland (Beard 1976a,Nelson veyedby Lamont (1976). 1974),has long been acknowledgedas a most import- The study area coversportions of (a) two reservesfor ant component of the vegetationof that area (Diels the conservationof flora and fauna: ReserveC31030, 1906). Two featuresof this vegetationhaye attracted 4946 ha, crearedI5 l0l7t, \esredin W.A. Wildlife particularcomment: the speciesricbness and the high Authority 25/8/72, and Reserve C27886, 1246 ha, degreeof endemism. In a recent reriew. Ceorge. created 18/2/66, vested in W.A. Wildlife Authority Hopkins and Marchant (1979)attempted to defineareas 25/8/72t (b) vacant Crown land: Victoria Location of kwongan of particular importance on the basis of 10235and an un-numberedlocation to the North East speciesrichness. An area including Mt Lesueur- of ReserveC31030; and (c) a freeholdblock: Yictoria Eneabba was identified as one of phytogeographic Location 10240. importance. Competing land-usesfor the area include (a) nature Paradoxicallythe areas of kwongan have been little conservation;(b) mining for healy mineral sands:the studiedto date; early work by Speck(1958) has gener- area includes mineral tenementsof three comoanies: ally not been followed up. A number of biological Allied EneabbaPty. Ltd., WesternTitanium Ltd. surveys have included kwongan (e.g. George and (now Associated Minerals Consolidated Ltd.) and Hnatiuk 1978;La:rnorft 1976: McKenzie, Burbidge and IlminirePty. Ltd. (now WestralianSands Ltd.) which Marchant 1973Muir 1976,1978) but detailedecological are concernedwith the extraction of heaw-leases minerals: knowledgeis scant. (c) coal mining: a numberof coal mining exisr over the area; (d) petroleumproduction: a petroleum The Mt Lesueur-Eneabbaarea is nresentlvthe focus explorationpermit coversthe area; and (e) agriculture. of a land-useconflict. While the phyLirgeographic Allied EneabbaPty. Ltd. and WesternTitanium Ltd. significanceof the kwongan has been recognised,and are currently extractingthe heavy minerals from their attemptshave been made to setaside areas as ecological leases using open cut methods described generally reserves,the region is also dch in hea\y mineral sands, by Scott (1975);it is anticipatedthat an area in excess coal and otherhydrocarbons, as well asbeing considered of 2 000 ha will be mined or otherwisesienificantlv -operatiori. suitable for agricultural land clearing. Competition disturbedduring the nrsl 20 yearsof rheir betwe€nthese often incompatibleland-uses has yet to be resolved. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT It is in the contextof one suchland-use conflict that the The study area is containedin the northern portion of study reportedhere was undertaken. The 20 kmz study the Swan CoastalPlain. variouslyreferred to as tbe area, just south of Eneabba,included leasesheld by Eneabba Plain (Commander 1978), Alluvial Fans threeheavy-mineral sand-mining companies and portions (Lowry 1974)or Slopeland (Scott 1975). It lies im- of two nature resetves. A detailedecoloeical survev of mediatelyto the west of the Gingin Scarp,an imprecise one of tbe areas10 be mined.togetber ivith some'ad- landscapefeature in this area representingan ancient jacent land was carried out in September-October1977. (Tertiary or Pleistocene)coastline between 91-105 m The objectiveswere to determinethe distributions of higher than the presentone (Baxter 1972). However species,particularly rare species,and factors in- fossil strandlines are reportedin this area at elevations fluencingtheir distributions,with a view to providing ofup to 115m (Scott1975). Risingto 300m elevation floristic data neededin the develoomentof balanced to the eastof the escarpmentare the remnant,lateritised, managementof the mining operationsand subsequent Mesozoicstrata of the DandarasanPlateau which has rehabilitation. The presentpaper presentsbackground been dissectedby mature drainage channels (Lowry information and a summary of findings, white the 1974;Commander 1978). detailedanalysis and synthesisis being publishedsep- The EneabbaPlain consistsmainly of alluvial deposits afarely. of gravel, sand and clay from streamsflowing west- ward of the lateritic plateauareas. In closeproximity U-THE STUDY AREA to the Gingin Scarp, colluvial deposits of materials similarto thoseof the plateauare to be found (Figure LOCATION AND LAND STATUS 2). The ancient coastline,with beach depositswhich in- The area is about 5 km x 4 km and lies some 10 km cludeconcentrations of heavyminerals. separates the south of Eneabbatownship. It falls within the rectangle colluvialdeposits above from the largelyalluvial deposits prescribedby latitudes 29"50'-29"55'South and longi- below,whereas elsewhere, most rock typesare mantled tudes115'15'-115"18' East. Detailsof maior features by a veneerof Quaternaryeolian sandwhich effectively

97676-1'-) obscuresthe underlying geology(Baxter !972; Lowry Office), none of these has been recording for a sufficient 1974). This overlyingsand unit js not shownon the period to indicate long term trends. Furthermore, GeologicalMap of the study area (Figure 2) taken the period of overlapbetween these three stationsdoes from Baxter (1972). Featuresof the solid geologyof not permit extrapolationof long term trends. discussedby Lowry (1974) znd the region have been Publishedclimatic data are given in Bureauof Meteor- and Low (1976). Playford,Cockbain ology (1968,1975) and up to date unpublishedrecords The topograpbyo[ the study areareflects its geology havebeen examined. asis shownon Figure3. The areahas a predominantly westerlyaspect sloping lrom the latedtic plateau and Eneabba(Windie) has an averageannual rainfall of Gingin Scaryin the east,to the duneand swalesequence about 550mm p.a. (Bureauof Meteorology1968). Rain- in the west. This westerlyaspect is emphasisedin the fall only exceedsevaporation for the monthsJune, July, given topographiccross section given in Figure4. Somesmall August. Mean summertemperature is as 21'C, ephemeial(i.e. winrer-wet)wetlands are locaredin the and that for winter 13 5'C but individual summer l6w-lyingswales; these are indicatedon Figure3. days may exceed 40'C in standard meteorological screens,and ftequently fall in the range 60-70"C at The foregoingdiscussion of the geologyof the studyarea ground surface(R. J. H. unpublishedrecords). nrovidesa poodindication as to the natureof lhe soi]s iince, witb'the exceptionof the massivelaterile, the Average data for EneabbaPost Office are presented sedimentsremain poorly consolidated. This is reflected as an ombrothermicdiagram prepared according to the in the 1:2 000000 map of Northcote,Bettenay, Church- guidelinesof UNESCO-FAO (1963) (Fieure 6). The (1967) where the soils of the Eneabbaombrothermic diagram is comparablewith the ward and MacArthur "Thermomediterranean EneabbaPlain are shown as undifferentiated,leached type for a (accantuated)climate" sands. givenin that publication. A substantialproportion of the study area and of the The area is mappedby Gentilli (1972)as Kdppen Csa reserveshas beenassessed by the Departmentof Lands (wet warm climatewith long hot dry summer)or Thorn- and Surveysfor agriculturalsuitability. The relevant thwaite's CB's (subhumid warm with great moisture sectionof the soilsmaD Droduced for this assessment deficiencyin summer). is reproducedin Appen?lii I; the soils of the study are shownin Figure5. The studyarea js shownas con- At the time of the surveyreported here, Eneabbawas sistingol a mosaicof greyand yellowsand unils with experiencingthe second consecutiveyear of below- laterir.icgravels common in the upper metre of the average rainfall. Monthly rainfall data for the past profile, p;rticularly in the south eas-tdrnportion of the six years(Table 1) illustrate this point. As a consequence, area. the floweringof many specieswas poor, whioh exacer- bated oroblemsof field identification. Other effectsof Soil orofiles have been examinedin detail at five sites the diought (mortality, recruitment,resprouting, etc.) on the leasesheld by Allied EneabbaPty. Ltd. by have been reported separately(Hnatiuk and Hopkins environmentalconsultants to that Company. The raw 1980). data are reproducedin Appendix II. Thesedata show the soils to be generallypoorly developed,sandy, and low in plant nutrients. The clay fraction in these soils (0 3%) appearslower than the 10-40% reported YEGETATION by Baxter(1972) for the beachdeposit and associated The survevarea lies in the Irwin District of the South- eolian sand units. The relatively high total P levels West Botinical Provinceof Beard (1980). More par- presence (a phos- probably reflect the of monazite ticularly, the area is close to the westernedge of the ihorus-6earingminerai, 0 0,! 0 12/.) in tbeseunits. Tathra Yegetation System of Beard (1976b), which Some results of soil moisture determinationsfor a unit includes the slope between the lateritic plateau nearby similar area, given in Appendix III show the region and the flatter areasof the EneabbaPlain. very low levels to which soil moisture may fall, par- The of the Tathra Systemconsists of kwongan ticularly during the normal summerdrought. vegetation (sandplain)with a fairly uniform scrub heath assemblage containing patches of Meleleuca thicket, thicket with CLIMATE scatteredtrees, and woodlands. The survey area is Although three stations near our study area have shown by Beard (1976b) as scrub heath on lateritic contributed data to the Bureau of Meteorology (viz. sandplains. Further generaldescription of the veget- Eneabba-Windie,Eneabba-Udale, and Eneabba Post ation in the area has been given by Lamont (197Q.

TABLE 1 RAIMALL RECORDS (mm) ENEABBA POST OFFICE

Time Period I Jan. I Feb. I Mar. Apr, May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual Total

Mear (12 years*)(1964-1918) .... 4 10 | 9 34 135 104 77 42 28 12 11 529 1974 .... 0 61 9 175 132 145 79 t) 59 20 0l 671 197s .... ol el 49 56 42 106 44 47 38 9 lt 527 1976 .... 11 | 13 | 6 23 92 n 35 1t9 t4 25 1977 .... 21 1 l 1 25 52 bJ 41 o7 40 3 1978 ... 61 4 1 26 g 154 158 71 22 7

* Observationsfor years l9?0, 1971missing. FIRE HISTORY ditional presence-absencedata weregathered for species outside the quadrat, within a subjectively deflned Extensiveand repeatedaerial photographic coverage relevdof about 0'l ha surroundingeach quadrat. of the study area since 1969 by the Department of Lands and Surveysand private contractorsto mining The 4 x 4 m quadrat size was selectedas a readily companieshas permitted accuratemapping and estim- assessableunit which could be exDected.on the basis fires in the area over the past 10-12 ation of timing of of earlierspecies-area studies lCeorge et al. 1979)ro years. This fire history is summarisedon Figure 7. include60-70 | of the speciesat a site. The whole of the study area, with the exceptionof a grid points smallportion in the southeast corner (including site 77), A random subsetof 31 of the 87 systematic in to ea y sum- was selectedfor more intensivestudy of the ecological was burned by an extensivefire spring patterns. Fire suggestsouth west to south- factorsaffecting the plant distribution At each mer 1967/68. scars quadrats winds at the time of this fire. A subsequent of theseintensive study sites,four 4 x 4 m were easterly gathered fire in the summer of 1969/70 burned a portion of laid out. Quantative data were on species present Reserve31030 to the south of the Allied EneabbaPty. in eachquadrat using the Domin-Krajina scale (Mueller-Dombois Ellenberg Ltd. leases. Winds were probably easterlyduring this of cover-abundance and p. profile fire. Both fires are thought to have beenescapes from 1974 62). The soil to a depth of about 1 0 m clearing-burnson propertiesadjacent to the reseryes. was examined at each site and soil samplestaken. Thesesamples were later subjectedto moisture-retention A more recent fire was started by the EneabbaBush and particle-sizeanalysis in the Soils Laboratory of Fire Brigade on 7 October 1977 under conditions of the Departm€nt of Agriculture, and to total organic 5-8 m/sec westerly to north-westerlywinds. An ex- carbon analysis by combustion at the Government tensivearea to the eastof the study area and a smaller ChemicalLaboratories. (S€eAppendix IV). sectionbeside the easternboundary of Reserve31030 wereburnt. Becauseof the drought conditions prevailing at the time of the suruey(see Climate section above), a number A small area betweenthe wet plant of Allied Eneabba of specieshad sufferedwidespread mortality. Data on Pty. Ltd. and the gravel pit on Reserve31030 was specieswith dead individualspresent at each site were burnt in January1978. recorded. Other information recorded at each site includedgeneral topography and vegetationdescriptions. Little is presentlyknown of the fire ecologyof the plant Voucher specimenswere collectedfor all speciesrecog- speciescomprising the northern kwongan. Most of nized in the field and determinedby the authorsat the the speciesappear to regeneratereadily after lire but Westem Australian Herbarium (PERTH). Voucher progressionto complete recovery of the vegetation soecimensfor most sDecieshave been retainedat that "Voucher appearsto be slow. Preliminaryestimates from work institution and have been starnped specimen on south coastalkwongan (1 500 mm annual rainfall) for EneabbaSurvey 1977" to identify them. (A.J.M.H. unpublisheddata) suggestthat at least 15 yearsmust elapsefrom the time of the fire to vegetation maturity. The recoveryperiod for the Eneabbaveget- ation (550mm annualrainfall) could exceedthat estim- ated for the similar south coastal vegetationjudging DATA ANAIYSIS by the persistenceof fire scarsas seenon recentaerial Field survey data were analysedusing a variety of photographs. techniquesavailable through "Ordiflex" (Gauch 1977) and the "Taxon Library" (CSIRO Division of Com- puting Research,Canberra). Bestresults were achieved with the Taxon MULCLAS (an agglomerativepoly- thetic classification),MINSPAN (Minimum spanning III-METHODS tree, Gower and Ross 1969),GOWER (a principal co- ordinate analysis,Gower 1967) and GOWECOR (a FIELD SAMPLING correlativealgorhithm for determiningthe relative im- portanceof attributesto ths productionof vectorscores To achievethe objectiveof mapping distributions of of individuals). The similarity measureselected for use individual speciesthroughout the study area, a sys- in the MULCLAS and GOWER analyseswas the tematicsampling strategy was adopted. Samplingsites CanberraMetric with double-zeromatches suDDressed pattern. were laid out on a 400 m x 400 m grid The and the fleriblesorting strategy uilh setat - d.25. siteswere located in the field with a high degreeof pre- B (tape cision by direct measurement and compass)from The sitesx speciesdata matrix was also sortedby means existinggeological survey points. of computerprogrammes provided by Dr. P. W. Bridge- Of 104sites incorporated into the original study design, water of Murdoch University, Western Australia, 17 were abandonedduring the field work becauseof using some of the basic techniquesthat apply to the the encroachmentof mining activity onto samplepoints constructionof associationtables in the Zurich-Mont- and a number of otherswere relocateda short distance pellier (ZM) schoolof phytosociology. The procedure A was used to assistin understandingthe relationships to avoid small areasof disturbance. total of 87 sites'fhe were sampled in Septemberand October 197'7. betweenthe 338 speciesand the 87 sample sites. A layout of the study sitesis shown on Figure 3. vegetationmap was drawn, basedon interpretationof aerial photographs of the study area taken by the Each of the sites was sampledat either two or three Departmentof Lands and Surveysin 1969 and 19'77. levels of intensity. All of the sites were sampledfor The vegetationunits recognisedcorresponded largely speciespresent within a single4 x 4 m quadrat. Ad- with Plant Formationsbased on physiognomy. IY-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION from rhizomes but care must be taken to Dreventdecim- FLORA ation of natural populationsif managementpro- grammesinclude this method of artificial propagation. Of the 429 speciesof vascularplaDts. belonging to 50 familiesand 162genera. which were found irith-e study Only one species,Thysanotus rcctantherus, is classedas area,338 wererecorded as occurringat one or more of poorly known (category C, Marchant and Keighery the 87 sample sites. The relevdstherefore sampled 19?9)but eight speciesrank as poorly known (category about 80'% of the known flora. Sixty-four of the D) (seeTable 2 for explanationof categories).Fifteen 429 species(15f) could not be identified to species speciesare classifiedas restrictedto areasof lessthan level. Lamont (1976)recorded only 239 speciesin an 100 km diameter,and a further 13 are restricted to adjacentarea to the south of ours. He later (Lamont areas of less than 160 km diameter. The 28 soecies et sl. 1977)argued that the floristic richnessof his area in theselasl two categoriesappear relatively safe at the was comparableto any yet reported in the literature. presenttime, but the continued extensiveclearing for Comparing the specieslists of his area and ours, we agriculture,together with selectiveclearing for mining find them to have about 55% (184) of their speciesin on reservedland, meansthat the statusof thesespecies common. The speciesencountered within the study needsto bekept underfrequent review. are listed in Appendix Y. Maps showingthe distributionof rare and poorly known The forty-three species(141) in our area that can be speciesare givenin Figure 8. classifiedas either rare or poorly known (Table 2) are all endemicto WesternAustralia. We recosnizethree The genusBqnksia is somewhatindicative of the status as beingrare and occurringin a restricredleographic of our taxonomic knowledgeof the flora of our area, area category B, "the most significant"-(Marchant and the south west of Australia as a whole. Sevenout and Keighery 1979). These are Calytrix superba, of our 10 speciesof Banksiq are classifiedas rare or Lepidobolussp. (AJMH s.n.) ald Leucopogonoblectus. restricted. Five of these are undescribedtaxa (A. S. The first is reasonablyabundant in the small area George.pers. comm. 1977)and in earliersurveys all about 10-15 km south of Eneabba,whereas the last would havebeen called. B. sphaerocarpa. is known from fessthan 5 . The Leipdobolusis found betweenEneabba and Coomallo Creek (near When moderntaxonomic studies of largetaxa are done, JurienBay) but is not commonand appearsrestricled it may be expectedthat many more specieswill become to lateritic soils. known as a result of more extensiveknowledee of dis- tributionand variation. The implicationfor the flora Calytrix spp.can generallybe propagatedfrom cuttings, of our areais tbat manymore speCies may actually occur but propagationol Lcucopogonspp. bas not yet been in ourarea than we cu rrently recognize; thus the botanical successful. The undescribedLepidobolus can be grown importanceof the areais likely to be underestimated.

TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF POORIY KNOWN AND RARE SPECIES CalegoriesB-f follow those o[ MarchanLand Keighery 11979). B : most significantcalegory-species that are apparently rare and have a reslricledgeographic.dislribution; 6' : poorJl known( | specimenat western-Australian .Eer6ariim); D poortvkno*rrtz-s specimeni at westernAustralian Herbarium); E - distribution restrictedto an area : * 100km diameter; and F itistributjon r6strictedtb an irea with diameter160 km. : speciesadditional to thoselisted in Marchaot and Keighery; (x) : original classificationby Marchant and Keighery; t : our estimateof status.

Cateporv Species Species Category CDF CDE

Adenenthos drummo dii Dryandru tridentqtq x ..._ Banksiacandolleana .... .-.. Drya dra vestitd hoolcerana * Drlandra tofiifolia ...... x Bdnksia sp. I (EAG 975) EremMa acutifolia + Banksiasp. 2 (RJH771510) .... Gastrclobiumpauciflorum .... __.. x Banksiasp.3 ...... *gen, noy. aff. Ecdeiocolea(F.JI{ Banksia sp, 4 (F.J}l171519) .... 711147) Banksia sp.5 (EAG 857) Eakea fabellifolia Byblis gigantea ...... Isopogo n adenahthoides Caesia rigidifolia Isopogo linearis Calothamnuslongissimus .... Lasiopetalum drummondii Calyttix superba.... * Lepidobolus sp. (AJM}I s.tt.) p Cassytha bescens Leucopogonobtectus --.- .... f Commespemaacefosum .... Macropidiafuliginosa ...... Cottospemumnefrosum,.., Persoonie acicularis Conostyliscrassinervia ,-.. ,... *Sphaerclobium sp. (EAG 7003) Cryptantua humilis srrahgeaclnanchtcarpa .... Dampiera carifiata Stylidium maitlandia utu * Ddviesia dielsii Thlsanotusrcctahtherus * .... Daviesia epiphylla Thlsa otus spiniger x ,._. * (F.lIl Daviesia'7715s9) sp. afr. nudifioru Thysanotusteretifolius .... --.. 2 * Verticordia sp. aff. nl/ens (RJH Diplolaenafeftugi ea ...... x 771142) X \.EGETATION As detailed analyses of the vegetation data will be pub- lished elsewhere (Hnatiuk and Hopkins. in press.l, only a summary of our findings is presented here. Analyses based upon the floristic information obtained at each site showed that the 87 sites could be classified into 3 major groups and 2 sub-groups, using the Taxon library of programmes (mapped on Figure 9). The groups appeared to correspond most strongly with 3 major and 2 minor soit units: (l) winter wet depressions and associatedsites, (Plate 1); (2) deep sands (2a-sand dunes), (Plate 2); and (3) lateritic gravels and sands (3a-the most lateritic sites) (Plate 3).

Plate 2-A dune-crest from Group 2 dominated by Bonksiohookerono (centre foreground. ht. 1.2 m), B. condolleonolieft foreground ht. f.0 m), and Eu.alyptustodtiana (right and lefr cenrre hi. 2.5 m). The lateritic sites (Group 3) were readily characterised by a suite of specieswhich included: Adenanthosdrummondii Greyilleq synqoheae Beaulo iq bractaosq Haemodorun paniculalum Conostylisandrosrcmma Hibbertio polystachya Darwiniasanguinea Isopoponqdenanthoides Dryandrabipinnatifida Isopogonlinearis Dryandra carlinoides Lep lobolus sp. AJMH s.n. Dryandra kippistiana Mauopidiafuliginosa Dryqndra yestita stiatq Dryandra sp. RJH 771286 The speciescharacteristic of the sand ridges and dunes (Group 2a) included: Plate | -A view of a Group I site (foreground) dominated by Adenanthoscygnorum Pityrodiahemigenioides Verticodia spp. ard Calytrix ipp. In tie bickgroJnd from centri: Bqnksiq hookercrna Thysa otus rcctantherus to rightside of photoSraphis a larte winter-wetdepression domin- ated b'l Eucolyptustudis, Meloleuco rhophiophylla, i,nd Acociosoligno.

The strong continuity between these groupings was clearly illustrated by the ordination studies. These studiesalso indicatedthe possiblynonlinear relation- ship of sites,defined by floristic compositionand soil type. The secondordination axis, that most strongly relatedto soil variation, only accountedfor 6.1 of ille variability in the data (the first four axesaccounted for only 231). Similar groupings were also provided through a ZM type sorting of the site x speciesdata matnx. Some indication of the plant speciesthat characterise the vegetationcan be obtainedfrom the resultsof the ZM type sorting of the dara. Only 37 species(ca. ll% of the 338 speciesrecorded at samplesites) could be designaredas characterisricof ihe most clearly definedunit Group 3, the lateritic gravel and sandsand associatedsites. Thirty-two species(ca. 9)o were largely restrictedto sitesof Group l-the hetero- geneouswetlands and associatedsites. One hundred and twenty-threespecies (36%) pre- Plate 3-An area of species-rich low open-heath on lat€ritic gravel occurredeither reD.esentativeof Gr6uD 3- dominantlyin Group 2-the deepsandy sites or were transitionalbetween Croups 2 and 3. Seventy-five spe.cies(2211 were uncommon,and 71 (21\t'were Also important in this group but not restrictedto it uDlqulrous. were Eucalyptus todtia a, S),napheapolymorpha, and, angustifolium. The vegetation of and near The 91 speciesthat were recordedfrom the study area winter-wetdepressions (Croup l) wasvery heterogenous. but not at sample sites could also be consideredun- There were gross differencesbetween depression's even common, jn tbeir central regions. Some were dominatedby Acacia blakelyi, others by Melaleuca hamulosa,M. SPECIES RICHNESS rhaphiophylla.still othershad an open forest of Ezcal- There was considerablevariation in the number of with ypirs iudis and Melaleucq rhaphiophylla broad speciesrecorded at eachsite for any one level of samp- clearingswith numerousherbs. Fire history and pos- ling intensity. For example,the speciesrichness within sibly soils and ground water may have contributedto the relevdsvaried from 13 at site 15 to 129 at site 39. the heterogeneity.The depressionswith heavyclay at A trend in speciesrichness, which ran approximately the surfacesupported a rich community of ephemeral at right angles to the major topographic features, herbs not found elsewhere.A variety of fringing com- becameapparent when the data were plotted on a map munities also existedaround the depressions. These (Figure 11). A band of greatestspecies richness ap- appearedto vary in speciescomposition, at leastin part, pearedas a zone of overlapbetween 2 suitesof species: becauseof either the variation in depth of sand over those predominanton the lateritic country to the east clay or the degreeof mixing of sandand clay as distance and thosefrom the deep-sandto the west. Although a from the edge of the depressionincreased. few specieswere found only in the overlap zone (e.g. The classificationof the vegetationthrough interpret- Eucalyptusjucunda), no speciesappeared to be character- ation of air photosprovided six units (Figurei0 Table3); istic of it. The extensiveareas of lateritic gravelsand however, there is some disparity betweenthese units deep sandseach had between62 and 129 speciesper and those describedabove. The six could be grouped site (means of 91 and 82 respectively)with fewest into 3large units that then correspondedmost closely speciesin those groups being recorded on the sand to the 3 Groups of the other analysis. When the 87 ridges (range 61-83, mean 73). The winter-wet de- siteswere assisned to these3 units and the classification pressionshad the fewest number of species(range comparedwith that derived from the analysisof the 13-65.mean 46). floristic data from each site, severaldisparities were revealed.Between L6\ and401of sitesin eachgroup were classifieddifferently by the two methods. The V-CONCLUSIONS differenceswere greatestin the heterogeneous"wet- land" group and least in the deep sand group. The In this paper we have repoded in detail the featuresof classificationfrom the aerial photos appearedleast the environmentthat we consideredto have a bearing satisfactorybecause it was dominated,in 2 of the 3 on the distributionof the plant species.We found that units, by the distdbutionsof a few individual species, the subdued,gross topography hid a relatively wide e.g. ,B. hookerana,Eucalyptus tod- range of soil pattems and meso-topographicrelief, for tiqna, and Xylomelum angustfolium. Whilst the dis- examplethe low dunes,the winter-wetdepressions, and tribution of these sDeciescould be related to certain the patchy distribution of lateitic gravel. The small habitat factors, their precise distribution was not rangeof physiognomicvegetation units likewisemasked shared by a sumcient number of others to make it a complex pattern imposed by plant floristics. The possibleto use them as indicatorsof vegetationgroups. interactionof the plants and the physicalenvironment In the low shrublands,differentiation was poor because have thus produced an unexpectedlycomplex mosaic. there was very little variation in tone or texture on We are left wonderingat the influenceof the past per- the photosfor theseareas. turbations such as fire, drought and climatic change upon present-daypatterns. It is evidentfrom the abovethat there are many ways in which low sclerophyllousvegetation of our area can Our study has highlightedthe floristic richnessof the be described. This abundanceof terms and lack of Eneabbakwongan: 429 speciesof vascularplants were clear correspondencebetween systemshighlights the recordedduring this survey. This includesa number of utility ofthe term kwonganto encompassall the variants. speciesclassified as rare or with a r€strictedor poorly known distribution,as well as a numberwith uncertain taxonomic status. The data emphasizethe botanical TABLE 3 importanceof the Eneabbaarea. The numbersof speciesrecorded at each of the study RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE VEGETATION sites were closely related to the major environmental UNITS INTERPRETED FROM AIR PHOTOS AND featuresof the area. The richestsites were distributed THE STRUCTURAL FORMATIONS OF SPECHT along the old shoreline. The zone of highestrichness (rN APLrN 1979). appearedto result from the overlap of two suites of speciescharacteristic of two different habitats. It overlay the depositsof heavy mineral sands but this Air Photo Units Structural Formations seemscoincidental. However,the continued existence of this zone of richnessis at risk becauseof the econ- omic value placed upon the mining of the underlying sanq. EucalyptusUntt...... \ -\-1.low woodland Wetland Urit ...... -..t low open-forest The vegetationof the study area appearedto consistof three units, two of which were large and represented lateritic soilsand deepsands. Therewere fhigh shrubland vegetationon B an k si a- X ! lome I u m V r\it ....1Open-scruD suitesof speciescharacterizing each unit, but there was I shrubland also a large degreeof continuity betweenthe two large I open-heath units expressedby nearly one half the speciesbeing widespreador occurring widely in both. The third Heath 1 .... vegetationunit, that of the winter-wetdepressions, was Heath 2 ...... t.;row open-neatn Lateritic PlateauUnit ...... ) very heterogenous. Although it was less widespread than the two larger units, it representedan important floristio and vegetation assemblagein the Eneabbaarea. A number of additional mining projects have been There was sorne correspondencebetween the physi foreshadowedfor this area and adjacentsimilar areas. ognomicregetation units and the floristicgroups, but Should these proposals proceed, they, together with between16l and 401 of the study siteswere not land clearancefoiagdculture, could ultimately lead to similarlygrouped by the two analyses.The disparity the loss of a substantialproportion of the flora of this was the result o[ a dorninanceof the physiognomic botanicallyimportant araa. There is an ulgent need, units by a few species,the distribution of which were thereFore,'tos-ecure adequate samples of the Eneabba not strongly corielated with those of the rest of the kwongan in perpetuity for conservationpurposes' soecles. It is recommendedthat: 5, the Western Australian Wikllife Authority and the Departmentof Fish€riesanrl Wildlife seek an increase in statusof a selectionof other resenesin the Eneabba the VI-RECOMMENDATIONS kwonganto Class A, anil to excluile mining from southern portion of C 31030 a l the whole of C On the basis of this study it is possible to make a num- 278A6. ber of recommendationsfor improved land-useplan- ning and managementwhich could contribute towards Rehabilitationtechniques presently being practisedby maintenanceof conservationvalues in the Eneabba the hea\y mineral sand mining companiesin this area area. Whilst all theserelate directly to the flora, prob- are only promoting the return of a small propofiion ably they would also benefitthe fauna. (e.g.about i0%) ofthe florathat existed prior to mining. whilst it is acknowledgedthat suitabletechniques are Any major and widespreaddisturbance, such as the still beingdeveloped, there is an urgent needto develop exiitine and proposedheavy mineral sands mining techniquesfor re-establishingthe other ca.90% of tbe proiecG,is likeiyto causea lossof plantspecies from the flora. ;e;. At this stageonly onespecies, Leucopogon obtectus, with two extremely small populations in the mining It is recommendedthat: path, is threatenedwith extinction,although a number 6. the mining companiesstrenuously examine new re- may have their rangesseverely reduced. habilitation techniquesfor the rehabilitation of the native flora with a yiew to future simultaneoususe of It is therelorerecommended tbat: severaltechniques to promote the return of a greater array of indig€nousplant species. l. the companies mining heavy mineral sands in the Eneabbaarea initiate I specialstudy of the repro- rluctive biofogy ant horticulture of Calytrix superba, Lepidobolusio,, Leucopogonobtectus ^ld Thysanolus \.II-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of these reitantheruswitU a view lo the inclusion work for the study reported here was sup- antl that The field speciesin the post-mining flora, portedby WestemTitanium Ltd. throughan arrange- 2. this study be extendeil to inclurle, within fiYe years' ment with Blackwelland Cala. Mr N. G. Caputi other poorly-knownsp€cies list€d in Table 2 to ensure provided invaluable assistancewith data processing. that these too are not lost from the area. Technicalsupport was provided by Messrs.S. French, E. Griffin, J. Koch, M. Onus and C. Robinson. Drs A. A number of vegetationunits have been delineated. Burbidgeand J. Green made helpful commentson the Most of thesewill be substantially affectedby the mining manuscript. allhoughthe indivudualspecies comprising- each unit mav not. The unit that we considermost ln needoI specialconservation attention includes the ephemeral VtrI-REFERENCES wetlandsand their immediat€surrounds. Allied Eneabba Pty, Ltd. (1978). Ellvironmental Management The extent of thesewetlands within the study area is Programme. lnlerim Report. Fifleen moDths period ended 30 Slptember1978. (Atli;d FneabbaPly. Lrd.: Perth). small, and the variability betweenthem is high. Thus "The Aplin, T. E. H. (1979). Vegelationof WestemAuslralia". many of the wetlandplant species are veryrestricted in West.Aust. Yearbook17: 64-78. someare at "The their distributionswithin the studyarea: Baxter, J. L. (1972). geology of the Eneabba area, Westem the limits of their ranges. Further, a substantialpro' Australia". Geol. Survey West. Aust, Ann. Rept. 1971 pp. portion of thesewetlands have alreadybeen destroyed 61-65. -or. "Arl seriouslydisturbed by activitiesassociated with the Beard, J. S. (1976a). indigenous term for the Westem Aust- rlxnlng. mliao sandplain and its vegetatioo". L Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 59: 55-57. Beard, J. S, (1976b). "The Vegetation ofthe Dongan arca, Western It is recommendedthat: Australia". Map and Explanatory Memoir. 1:250 000 Sedes (Vegmap Publications: Perth). 3. the Departm€nt of Fisheries and Wildlife negotiate "A with the mining companiesto ensure adequatepro- Beard, J. S. (1980). new phlogeographic map of Westem area, such Auslralia". West.Ausl. Herb.Res. Notes No. 3: 37-58(West. t€ction of the ephemeralwetlands of the Aust. Herb.: South Perth). rnd "Climate 'protectionDrotectionincluding exclusionof mining from' Buftau of Meteorology (1968). Survey. Region 14. from damageresulting from miningrelated Midlards, Westem Australia", Issued by the Director of ictivities of, selectedareas of the wetlands,rnd that Meteorology, Melboume. other Bureau of Meteorclogy G975). Clinatic At'erages, lyesten Ausl- 4, the mining companiesinvestigate transport and /d/ia (Mctric Edition). (Aust. Govt. Publ. Serv.: Canberra). (echniques represent- "Hydrogeology appropriate-samples for the inclusionof Commander,D. P, (1978). of the Eneabba bore ahie of ihe wetland flora in rehabilitated hole IiDe". Geol. Survey West. Aust. Ann, Rept. 1977: areas. pp 13-18. "Die Diels, L. (1906). Platrzenweltvon West-Australien Sudlich Lowry, D. C. (1974). "Geological Survey of Westem Australia. des Wendekreises". ft A. Engler and O. Drude (Eds.) Dr? I :250000 Geological SeriesExplanatory Notes. Dongara-Hill Vegetation Der Ede yd. VII (W. Engeimann, L€ipzig). River, Western Australia. (Sheet SH/50-5,9)". (Aust. Go!4. Forests (1962). Publ. Set.: Canbera). Department Inland Arborcta. For. Dep. Wcst. "Poorly Aust. Ann. Rept. 19621pp 20 21, Marchant, N. G. and Keighery, c. J, (1979). collectedatrd presumably '. (1977)."ORDlfLtX, rare vascularplanls of WesternAuslralia Ki,gr cauch. H. C. A flexjblecomputer program Pk. Rer. Nor?r no. 5. lor four ordinariontechniques'. (Ccologyand Slsiemarics, LOrnellunrv.: lfhrca), McKenzie, N. L., Burbidge, A. A. and Marchant, N. c. (1973). "Results proposed "A of a biologicalsurvey ofa wildlife sanctuary George, A. S. and Hnatiuk, R. J. (1978). vegetationand flora aL Dragon Rocks near Hyden, WeslernAustralia". Dep!. reconnaissance of Avon Location 19769". West. Aust. Herb. Fish. Fauna.West. Aust. Rept.No. 12.(Dept. fish Pauna: Res.Notes t\o. l: 29-39. Perth). George, (1979). M ueller-Dombois.D.. and tllenberg, E. ( lg74). Aims and Methodr "TheA. S., Hopkins, A. J. M. and Marchant, N. c. heathlandsol Westem Australia". 1, R. L. SDecht(ed.) ol VegetationEcology. q\Niley|.\e\ york). 'Biological Fco:ystemsof lhe World. vol. sA. Hearhlandsand Relared Muir. B. C. (1c76). Surveyof lhe WeslernAusrralian Shrublands. Descriptive Studies. (Elsevier:Amsterdam). whearbelr Part L Tarin Rock and Noflh Tarin Rock Re- (1972). serves". ndc. West.Aust. Mus. Suppl. no. 2: 2l-59. Gentilii, J. Austrdlian Clinate Pal/errs. (Thomas Nelson: "Biological Melboume). Muir, B. G. (1978). Suryeyofthe WesternAustraliar Wheatbelt. (1967). Part 5. Dongolocking Naturc Reserye". Rec. Gower, J. C. Multivariate analysisand multidimensional West.Aust. Mus. Suppl. no. 6: 17-51. geometry. Statttician l7i 1328. (1974). "Disjunct plant "Minimum Nelson, E. C. distributions on the south Cower, J. C. and Ross, G. J. S. (1969). spanring trees western Nullarbor Plain". "/. Roy. Soc. West- Aust. 57i and simple linkage cluster analysis". App. Stat.78t 5M4. 105 117. (1970). Northcote, K. H., Bettenay, E., Churchward, H. M. and Hart, A. J., and Glover, c. Report on soil moisture "Atlas Mac- determination for several semi-add resion arboreta. Un- Arthur, W. M. (1967). ofAustralian Soils. Explanatory publishedReporl. ForestsDepartmenl 6f We.ternAusrralia, Data for She€t 5. Perth-Atbany-Esperance Area". (Camb- Perth. ridge Uriv. Press:London). Hnatiuk, R. J. and Hopkins, A. J. M. (1980). "Western Playford, P. E., Cockbain, A. E. and Low, G. H. (1976). Geology Austraiian species-richkwongan afected by droDgt'l". Aust. of the Pedh Basin, WesternAustralia. Geol.Su , West.Aust. J. Bot.28t 573-585. Bu.124.pp3ll. Scotf, W. D. & Co. "Statement (in "An Q975). ol Environmental Impact Hnatiuk, R. J. and Hopkins, A. J. M. press). ecological ol Heavy Mineral SandsMining at Eneabbaand JurietrBay". analysisof kwongan vegetalion south of Eneabba,Western (W. D. Scott & Co.: Perth). (Mimeograph). A]ustralla. Aust, L Ecol. 6G\. "The "A Speck,N. H. (1958). vegetationofthe Darling-Irwin Botanical Lamont, B. B. (1976). BiologicalSurvey and Recommendations Districts and an investigationof the distribution ofthe Family for Rehabilitating a Portion of Reserve31030 to be Mined Proteaceaein South-WestemAustralia". Ph.D. Thesis.Univ. for Heavy Minerals During 1975-81". (WAIT-AID: Perth). of WesternAustralia. "Importance- "Ecological Lamont, B. B., Downes,S. and Fox, J. E. D. (1977), UNESCO-FAO (1963). study of the Mediteuanean value curves and diversity indices applied to a species-rich Zone. Bioclimaticmap of the MediterraneanZ one". UNESCO heathland in Western Australia". Nature 2651438-UI. Atid Zone Res.2l:2 58.

10 ENEAEEA TOWNSITE

SludvAreo

LOC.tO235

I I I PresenlSurvev i/- 27886ir"-i r I \l I

Lomonl(1976) Survey

FFFIar"o"ro u" minedby Atticd Encobbo Pty Lrd.

Areor lobe minedby W.sfornTifonium Ltd.

LOCATIONS27886&31O30- Noture R6sorv.a.

LOCATIONMAP

Figure l-Map showingthe locationofthe studyarea and boundariesofreserve nos. 27886 and 31030and miningareas. e7626{!} ll Figure 2-Map of major geologicalfeatures of the study area and vicinity (from Baxter 1972). 12 q,

TOPOGRAPI]ICMAP OF STUDYAREA SHOWINGSAMPLED SITES

Figure 3-Map of topographyof study area. Samplesites and numbersare marked.

13 (lSV tu) NOlIVnlll tt C\l!

o zl-Topographic Figure cross-section(east-west)across study area. Vertical scale exaggerationis about 12.6 times the horizontal scale. Figure5-Distribution of soiltypes as dele.r.nine*rtJ*:1"_ffirf,rjfr.llr""l#"U, and Surveys. Vegetation samptins TEMPERRTUREOC N(., eo

toa DDD mmm !nrl oooDDD mmm <<{ -xz-D!. -r-rT ?=F mm!1' frn -1-tP4 mm

3ts3dB RRINFRLLmm

Figure 6-Ombrothermic diagramfor Eneabba.

16 \F1 \ I I I I AN I I N I i 27446

\. F2El t-tHEStnF t99I19ti9-/U C^ | \ l F3 FiiiEo-Ci. is7z I v------' \->--."5- F4 FIRE JAN.1978 | f'\'. -i-\;;=>=_ \ | 1 uB1 UNBURNTF1 | i ,, \--_-J UB3 UNBURNTF3 UBSUNBUENIFSt\---.s'H...STUDYAREA --- ROADS "'' MASKED BOUNDARY G GRAVELPIT

012 KILOMETRES

Figure 7-Map showingthe areasin the vicinity of the studyarea which wereburnt since1967.

17 o

o

oo

F vv-II

O Leucopogon obtectus Thysanotus recta.therus

Figure 8-Maps of study area showingthe approximatedistributionsof four poorly known or rare speciesof plants. Eachmap coverssame areaas shownin Figure 3.

18

I '-'-+*-:HEF-=+ =_..=*",-=-"-=,^=e'-

Gr.or.rp1 VFGETATION- I:J MULCLASGroups Z Transitional

Figure 9-Map of study area showingthe geographicdisposition of the three major groups and two subgroupsof vegetationderived from analysisof the floristiccomposition at 87 samplesites.

19 v: t-t ff-;,.'lI L-:a( ,'!:,'':ft/\ -\ r:r'\-/l 5-'!;\, )1, t. f',t:E.1,\/.ri- i- :)17 5:;si -.,yF ffi:ffi ;w'.i;i,:,.X,: Y;,X 3#l1l'-ri: r' ffi ffi$

ili;;ri:'ia;loiiii# I : )i i-,/ r,Fj:iiiiji.:..i|,-,,-. -:#iii,',;fiilffit,rl/_rl,:);. i;j ffi),,,,.1;l - _,__,_.-.. l.i;.iiii.:;::..:iii:+\ ;,-, :t/.\_ , - --';1.. a... -[.riiii::!:.::'i.:..:'li-i;,,:)t-.. . ,,,-,-', ,1. ,i-1,1,',,1-'1,';,,,- ,--,- ,: 1l,-.'J:;-,'i,,1 I '):, > -t:;:d:iiil ,ti+ij..jfi:ii.].:.:.il, ;..--;:'1 :l) iii,.irl't,:, '),-::;;g jl;,,;i,tli

,;,:i,',,.. t t'.:; / :' : l:;+*i,i:t1i$:;iitNi _'... /--'_,. r., :',: ;,',':fi:..l'..i.jii,:ii:i-'t(').n:::.:t::i: ,., Ijlr;..1 jl j -; r',-'; iiiri:iij+rii.\-,,J:i j_'-,.: g.:i;Li,$ iJ,it ,-:r- :, r i ]'''t.t:iiiiririir.ij"-\ ir;t-:,t' -,\ -'./ l 1 l -'i;il;. )"1*,r:'i.:'N ; -' L\r:;-\^'.i\,:r'\-i',:1:'ir; .,-..'i--._'e--4;),tt;il-,- (crr-.1-:.,.)i'],.vli;!i;ii-,'* )'itt, -- t-!;-/, \,'-,' .' | >,'t; -,:l;l:l\- r\_.:tijl;-,j r_./a_\i/_, _,. r _ 1, Bantsia-Xtto."lu- DiIl] ErE w" und ffi Heath 2 VEGETATION. |l|-r|.lin PhotoUn it s tfft+t-t-H Lateritic GTTEI]]

Figure 10-Map of the study area showingthe boundariesof yegetationunits as determinedfrom examinationof aerialphotographs.

20 Figure I l-Isoflor map of the study area showingareas of greatestand leastconcentrations of speciesas determined from relev6records made at eachof the 87 samolesites.

21 APPENDIX I SOILS MAP OF YACANT CROWN LAND SOUTH OF ENEABBAAS PREPAREDBY THD WESTTRN AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEYSFOR ASSESSINGAGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY,

E@mN c-*,"t indicated depths ,,.,=: , tr Cl.y E tr tr E tr APPENDIX II RESI'LTS OF ANALYSES OF SOIL F'ROM FIVE SITES IN THE ALLIED ENEABBA PTY. LTD. LEASE A.REA. DATA ARE REPRODUCEDFROM ALLIED ENEABBA(T978) WITH PERMISSION.

Ircation: 99090mN99l50mE (Allied EneabbaPty Ltd meErcg d/. Topogaphy: Broad flat swale. Parent Material: BassendeanSand, Quaternary eolianite, ProfileDrainage: Imp€ded, Native Vegetation: Low heath with,Coro spemum tiplinervium, Erehaea beaufortioides, E- riolacea, Pileanrhusffulius, Melaleuca acercsd, Hibbertia (assdolia, E, atr. hypeiicoides. Morphology: No. Depth (cm) Brown.{l0 YR 4/-l) singlegrain sand. l5 % roor material,organic stainrng. !9 (10 l4 ?1 Brownish yellow YR 6/8) sinelegrain iand. 5./oroot maierial, decrea-singorgaDic motrling. t) 60 BrowDishyellow (10 YR 6/6) sand minor clay. I % roor material. 16 100 Yellowishbrown (10 YR 5/6)sandwirh minor ctay. Contactstnnsitional. Laboratory Data : PhysicalAnalyses (sampled lsth May, 1977).

ParticleSize (mm) Na Cl Moisture AtmospheresSucrion Prcssure I Percent %bv 2( on Percent in stated fraction Conduct- Collection rvrty t/to u3 ,z z-z .02-.002)<.002 I | I l.z-.oz

4.0 2.8 2.1 1.9 l.) 2.5 .01 47 .21 81.35 1.537 2.81 o.20 14 3.6 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 .01 ).1 -21 71.06 26 60 2.13 0.00 t) 5.9 4-5 2.8 .01 6.9 .78 69.01 27.29 2.92 0.00 16 5.0 44 4'3 4.O .0t 1.0 .00 66.28 29.07 4.65 0.00

Chemical Analyses (sampled 12th October, 1977).

% Ove! Dry W€ishi ppm Oven Dry Weight *. I I'*' Loss Ash

]Resid@

patu .670 201 Aerial 16 64 r: lr lsoo 103 t6 66 3178 3 960 699 632 38 105 52 1.2 202 Roots 0-25 cm .... 1,430 '',' 24.47 .550 148 2\ 20 4 674 5163 612 447 188 68 r.7 <05 203 Roots25-50m.... 26.51 ;T3]13s126 16 20 7 264 7 582 742 424 2l 16.7 59 1.9 l0l Soil. G-25 cm 412 500 ia 36\ 2 140 l2 000 357 1 400 r00 4.0 42.Q 315 5.0 <2 ta Soil. 25-50 cm ...- 4t2 500 l8 400 2 163 13100 395 381 130 6.0 47.O 254 4.O

' Bdt dcffily of 1 650 kglm' €s.iEated.

23 APPENDX Il-continued

Location: 99090mN 9887OmE (Allied Eneabba Pty Ltd metric grid). Topography: Low broad dune flank. Parelt Matedal l BassendeaqSand, Quatemary eoliadte. ProfileDrainage Restricted. Native Vegetatioq: Destroyed by spillage from tailings dam.

Morphology: No. Depth (cm) l7 to Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2) singlegrah sand,30% root matedal plus oryanic staining. 18 25 Light brownish gey (10 YR 6/2) singleglain sand, 10% root material plus organic stainidg. 19 55 Brcwn (10 YR 5/3) singlegrain sand,2% root material, minor organic staining. 20 60+ Very pale brown (10 YR ?/4) hard pan, yellowish iroq oxide with sand grains, with brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8) mottles Contacts traqsitioral. The profile is overlain by 5 cm of clay sediment derived ftom the recent (September, 1976) overflow of a tailings dam. Laboratory Data : PhysicalAnalyses (sampled 17th May, 1977),

Percent Moisture Retention Particle Size (mm) Na Cl AtmosDheres Suction Prcssue Percent %bv Percent ilr stated fraction Availablo Conduct- ivity r/ro 1/3 l) >2 2-.2 .02-.002<.002 I | | 1.2-.02 17 3.8 1.4 t.4 1.6 1.4 2.4 <.01 2.1 .75 72.82 23-69 2- 49 o'2s 18 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 <.01 69.22 27.45 2.39 o.47 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 2l <.01 3.5 I .09 58.34 36.18 4.39 0.00 20 4.t 2.5 2.1 2-1 1.8 2.5 < .01 3.4 2.11 58.78 34.88 4.23 0.00

ChemicalAnalyses (sampled 12th October 1977).

% OYenDry Weisht ppm OvenDry Weish! rgtr ^."l**u* 204 Aerial pdts .830 6.28 4 500 103 9 78 I a89 7 417 107 439 2.1 58 ,9 <02 205 Roots G-25cm .... 3.940 20 36 3100 39 6 l6 2798 rt 67a 462 535 2.2 t22 50 <.05 206 Roots 25-50 cm ..,. I 115 '',' 19-10 t|* L42 5 23 302\ )4726 561 432 2.4 136 47 1.3<.05 103 Soil. G-25 cm -... 412.5N 1.5 405 8 ll4 8 200 I 351 190 60 2.O 380 196 3.0 <.2 104 Soil* 25-50 cm .-.. 412.500 05 344 5 95 10300 195 r14 140 30 340 262 30 .2 |

* Bulk desity of 1 650 kclm! Btimated.

24 APPENDIX Tl-continued

Location: 98480mN98540mE (Allied EneabbaPty Ltd metdc grid). Topography: Low broad dune ddge, Parcnt Mateial: BassendeanSand, Quaternary eolianite. Profile Drainage: Frce. Native Vegetatioq: Low heath with Banksia hookerana, B. sphaerocarpa, Cottospermum triplineryia , Eremdea beaafottioides, E. riolacea, Melaleucd dcerosd, Hibbertia crassifolia, E, atr. hypeticoidet. Morphology: No. Depth (cm) I 6 Light brownish grey (10 YR 6/2) single grain loose sand, 7 o/oroot material, organic staining. 2 14 Yellowish browd (t0 YR 5/6) singlegrain loose sand,2% root material, minor organic staining. 3 30 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8) singlegrain loosesand, 1% root matedal, trace organic staining. 4 100 Brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8) singlegrain loosesand, .5% root material,no organic staining. Contacts transitional throushout. I-abomtory Data: PhysicalAdalyses (sampled 15th May, 1977).

Percent Moisture Retention Paticle size (mm) Na Cl Moisture AtmosDheres Suction Pressure Perceqt %bv ",4o\ Percent in stated fraction Available Conduct- Collectioo ivity 1/r0 t/3 15 2-.2 .2-.02 <.002 | 1.02-.002

I 3.4 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 2.2 <01 4-6 78.15 17.70 2.09 1.25 2 3.0 2.0 1.6 t4 1.2 1.8 <.01 5.I 78.52 17.56 I .03 2.68 3 3.0 2.O 1.5 t4 1.8 <.01 2.7 .40 70.00 28.00 1.00 .60 4 1.9 1.6 t.4 1.4 t.8 <.01 3.0 .18 59.47 39.41 .94 .00

Chemical Analyses (sampled 12th October 1977).

'560 860 5.44 6 200 tt7 9 103 \ 204 6 020 L 445 286 25I85 45 0.6 2 380 27.51 24.57 3 600 46 10 26 3 851 6 025 688 610 2 5 | 2r'2 35 0.8 1195 l9-39 t6 23 , 3l 6 3 956 7 388 853 481 43|140 22 .8 412500 i.6 ::o 82 1 105 ? 300 303 100 90 2 0 L 30.0 92 3.O 412.500 1.0 86 5 103 9 500 168 8l 220 20I300 100 4.0

*3ulk densityof 1 650kelms srimled.

25 APPENDIX ll-continued

Location; 100000mN 100300m8 (Allied Eneabba Pty Ltd metric gdd). Topogxaphy: Broad flat swale. Parent Matedal: BassendeanSand, Quaternaryeolianite. ProfileDrainage: Restricted. Melaleuca Hibbertia cqssifolia, Native Vegetation: -Lgw heath vtith ,Xanthorrhoea rcflexa, Eremaea beaufortioieles, E. riolaced, 1cerosa, H. aff. hyperitoides, Conovtlis dielsii.

Morphologyi No. Depth (cm) 5 1 Grey (10 YR 5/1) singlegrain sand, 20% root material, stiong organic staining. 6 16 Pale brown (10 YR 6/3) singlegrain sand, 7 % root material, moderateorganic stainirg. 7 33 Pale brown (10 YR 6/l) singlegrain, minor dispersedclay,2% root material, organic mottling. 8 48 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4) singlegrain, minor dispersedclay, 2% root material, minor organic mottling, 2O5 Brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8) hard pan, brittle indurated clay mottles, roots rarc. 238 Brownish yellow (10 YR 616) clayeygit,25',4 coarseangular quatz in fine clayeysand matrix. Cootacts in upper half of proflle are transitional.

Laboratory Data: PhysicalAnalyses (sampled 16th May, 1977).

Percent Moisturc Retention Particle Size (mm) Na Cl Moisture AtmosphercsSuction Pressure Percent %bv %,on Percent in stated ftaction Available Conduct- Collection ivity rlro | >z z-.2 .2-.021.02-.002<.002 /3 I" I .22 '77.48 5 4.4 2'8 2.O 1.8 1.4 3.0 <.01 4.2 '74.47 21.12 1.18 0.00 1.4 1.2 2.2 <.01 3.4 .21 24-26 1.06 0.00 6 3.4 2.2 1.5 .06 7 2.2 1.6 1,4 1.2 2.4 < .01 .m 66 73 3l 2.Ol 0.00 8 45 3.0 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.7 <.01 64 .54 64.39 1.80 0.00

Chemical Analyses (sampled 13th October, 1977).

% Oven Dry Weisht ppm Oven Dry Weight I rgn Ash _Ins!|. PP '"1*l*"

.9 .05 210 Aeri.l parts .690 1313 10.20 5 800 1\4 12 63 1 83a 7 497 880 675 38 2\1 Roots 0 25 cm .... 1,510 '.''' 27 65 23 53 3 800 147 12, 30 4922 7 300 514 76 L.9 <.06 21,2 Roots 25-50 cm .. .610 '?. ,:* 121 l0 29 5 389 6 554 747 424 85 2.O <,06 107 Soil* 0-25 cm 412.500 t.o T"t 488 5 95 12 500 2s4 114 80 32:7 4.O 108 Soil' 25 50 cm .... 412.500 1.3 .u 562 5 125 14300 259 110 358 <.2 109 Pisolile 25-50 cm.... 2 690 376 2 2A6 35600 200 243 140 196 9.0

* Bulk density of I 650 kslm3 esrnEated.

26 APPENDX fl-continued

Locationr 101370mN 10015tuiE (Allied Eoeabba Pty Ltd metric grid). Topography: Broad ffat swale. Parent Material: BassendeanSand, Quatemary eolianite. ProfileDrainage: Restricted. Native Vegetatiot: Lowheath with Xa r,ofthoea refl.xa, ftAlinerviut r,Erenaea beaufortioides,E, violaced,Pileanlhasfwliut, Melsleuco acerosa, Hibbertia qassdolia, H, afr, hypericoides, Conostylis dielsii. Morphology: No. Depth (cm) 9 10 very dark greyish brown (10 YR 3/2) sardy, single grain, 15% root material, orgadic staioing. l0 40 Yeliowish brown (10 YR 5/6) satrdy, minor clay' 3% root material. 11 70 Yellowish brown (10 YR 5/6) saady,increasing clay, I%rootmate al. 12 100+ Brownish yellow (10 YR 6/8) hard packedclayey saod,roots rare (red hown mottles 95-100 cm). All contacts a.retransitional.

Laboratory Data : Phlsical Analyses(sampled 16th May, 1977).

Percent Moisture Retetrtion ParticleSize (mm) Na Cl AtmosDheresSuction Pr€ssue Percent %bv Percent in stated fractiol Arailable Conduch ivity ltrc t/3 | 8.2 6.6 5.0 4.6 3.6 <'01 5.4 t7 .41 t94 0'00 10 5.6 44 3-4 3.0 2.6 < .01 6.7 .38| 74'8r t'90 0'19 ll 2.6 2.O 1.8 1'6 2'O <.01 r'89 | 74.29 20.05 3.53 0.24 8.6 6.7 4.9 4.4 4'2 < .01 26.57 4.83 0.24

Chemical Anal,Bes (sampled 14th October, t97?).

% Oven Dry Woisht ppo Oveo Dry Weidi

No. Mat€rial Ks/m' Irn In!ol. Residuc N P P K Fc C. Mg s C't Zn Mn Co Mo

213 Aeriat parts .744 lo.l5 7.30 5 J00 10 2 71 I 553 7 359 l0t5 828 1.9 73 52 0.8 <.03 211 Roots0-25@.... 22!{J 24.61 20.38 3 E00 l6 t1 20 4 860 a 215 641 659 22 6t.8 1.7 <.o5 215 Roots 25 50 cm .... .300 '.'' 23.74 29.'40, 92 tl 22 3 924 5 0lE 642 637 2.4 2t4 57 1.9 <.05 110 SoiI. O-25 cm ..., ,112500 1.9 ''.7 250 3 lt4 14100 213 t33 100 2,O 47.O 308 30 <,2 ltl Soitr 25-50 cm .... 412.500 2.3 2ffi 3 165 1,1900 221 t52 60 2.0 420 277 4.0 <.2

. Bulk dcNiiy of I 650 kslhr cstioat€d.

27 APPENDIX III

FIGURE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RAINFALL AND % SOIL MOISTTIRE CONTENT FROM A LOCATION IN IJNDISTURBED KWONGAN ABOUT 12 KM NORTTI OF ENEABBA

Ihre€ soil moistue readings (Speedy Moistue Test) werc taken f.om €ach of the three reclgnis€d soil hodzons on each visit and mean values arc shown. Data are from Forests DelErtuent (1962) aod Hart adrl Glover (1970). 700 600

E 500 E 400

E<300 z E 200 100

$ 1 :t 2 .iJitr ;t .1 ilt lu 3 .'l E .'l F 4 vt :il II 6 I' \ = 5 \,7 ', I 6 (t,o o 7 \/ o- B ---A SOILHORIZON ...... B I -c 10 1963 r964 1965 1966

28 APPENDIX IY RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF SOILS FROM 31 SELECTED SITES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA.

Fine Coatse '% % t( "l i/" Available Oreanic Site No. Depth I Clay % sitt sand Saqd Gra\el Moisturc Carbon (cm) '002mm ( 02-'002mm) '02 mm) (2-'2 II'm) (> 2 mm)

2 0-16 1.36 .70 tz.to 85.84 1.4 0.53 85-102 .10 | 19.43 ?8.03 0.8 0.09 l1 0-15 .52 I 2s.9r 72-84 o.47 55-65 .99 1.15 21.91 75.95 1.1 0.09 90,100 3.46 -66 28.09 67.19 1.4 0.09 0-18 l.19 .87 16.10 81.U ''i64 1.4 o.52 40-50 1.30 .65 21.75 1.3 0.06 85-100 1.21 's7 | 27.76 59.77 10.63 2l 0.07 l6 0-14 1.51 1.52 | 20 67 zl r.26 30-43 1.16 .75 | 23.90 73.59 0.9 0.18 88,104 3.70 .3r I 28.81 6?.18 0.10 0-13 2.21 1.56 I 20.80 75.43 2.0 0.46 92-1M 5.31 .98 32.45 1.7 0.14 2l 0-18 2.01 .75 18.86 78.38 t.f 0.45 93-tO7 .51 28.21 67 92 0.9 0.09 22 o-18 241 1.15 25.M ?1.00 2.4 o.52 35-40 I .40 1-32 34 5r 62.17 1.6 o'26 72-80 9.74 1.90 33-17 53.48 i.rt 3.1 0.15 90-100 14.74 1.58 29 05 44 74 9 .89 4.0 0.17 25 0-16 I .93 .60 15.31 82.16 1.2 0.52 80,102 2.46 .63 22.91 74.00 1.0 0.08 0-20 1.31 .19 9.84 88.06 ''ts 1.5 0.64 28 o-21 .94 t.t9 | 16.47 81.21 2.O 0.53 1.44 .14 | 2s.59 72.13 .10 1.7 0.09 90-105 .70 J 39.87 5?.38 1.7 0.08 0-13 1.53 32.88 4.18 0.59 4744 20.11 2.96 28.23 48.70 '''!U 4.0 o.27 90 tO2 5.63 35.18 45.69 0.14 34 0-20 t.2l .89 23-45 74-45 1.6 0.55 39 I,M .47 30.21 67.88 l.l o.22 90 6.81 .81 37.80 54.58 l.o 0.22 Gl8 2.00 1.05 I 12.27 84.68 20 0.63 8G-98 3.06 .37 | 23.99 12.58 1.5 0.10 39 0-8 221 '72 | 15.9r 8l'16 1.9 0.54 44-59 487 '13 | 20.54 73 86 t4 o.17 92-102 6.29 .97 | 22.67 70.01 I'J 0.09 42 o-12 1.35 t.1t I 32.28 64.66 2.1 o.37 3145 t.t1 -78 I 42.01 54.48 1.8 0.26 92-1.04 16.90 3.22 I 24.63 48.20 i':os 4.9 0.20 43 0-14 2.1.5 .94 35.14 61.77 ''Ito 2.0 0.43 3.52 .85 42.60 52.87 17 0.14 77 83 24.71 5.70 29.39 40.14 .06 7.1 o.23 97-104 24.64 3-s6 29.40 42.40 b.j 0.11 47 0-15 1.31 28.99 2.6 0.40 82-95 2ii:oo 2.81 22.08 42.87 j:re 0.20 95-103 20.5s 2.14 I 24.80 45.86 665 4.5 0.14 50 0-15 .60 I 14.45 82.72 1.3 0.21 90-106 497 '4'7 | 27.24 l.l 0.07 53 0-11 4.01 r.27 | 3r.66 63.06 2.2 0.38 94-tO6 13.75 5.44 | 31.20 41-13 i:$ 4.7 0.19 54 0-19 1.76 '93 | 28.79 68.36 .t6 2-O o43 2641 2.48 l.0l | 45.60 50.49 .a 2.O o '24 90-100 8.64 3.99 | 25.3I 42.75 19.31 5.0 0.34 59 0-t4 2'15 .70 | 25 03 72.12 2.1 o.M 87-10s 10.62 .99 32.33 2-O 0.13 60 0-9 241 .17 16.22 80.60 2-1 0.70 90-104 5.89 .96 28.33 64.82 1.5 0.10 6l 0-10 t.49 .51 12.98 85.02 1.1 o.12 91-10s 2.71 .80 22-76 1.0 0.30 62 0-12 2.21 .73 23.80 13-26 0.66 30-4.7 .72 33.48 62.58 1.0 0.08 92-105 4-25 .69 33.19 61.87 1.1 0.18 64 0-l I 2.68 .72 24-00 72.& 1.8 0.30 2947 5.00 '84 28.81 o).J) 0.18 91-105 7.33 1.26 33.66 57.75 1.6 0.09

29 APPENDX IV RESIJLTSOF ANALYSESOF SOILS FROM 31 SELECIED SITES WITHIN THE STUDY AXLL-continued

% Fir\e I Coarle SiteNo. Depth Saqd Saod "A Avallable 'A Oryanic (cm) ('2- 02 mm) \z-. z lnrn) Moisture Carbon

65 0.t2 3.45 .99 69.U 2.O 0.38 35-46 10.52 1.42 32.81 55.2s 2.4 0.28 92-tO3 12.98 3.56 30.39 53.07 3.9 0.19 7l 0-E 1.48 1.09 )).<7 74.91 .75 -..' 2.0 0.66 55-70 I.JJ 29.86 1.64 2.1 0.13 83-87 20.55 2- 21.00 54.99 l -2n 3.9 0.22 90-98 14.01 2.71 19.68 43.98 t9 -62 ).1 o-22 74 0-9 2.69 1.12 .52 71.67 1.8 o.44 90-102 8.07 1.68 36.47 53.78 ''.og 1.6 0.13 o-14 r.77 .85 23 30 74.00 1.9 0'68 3449 m.34 42.N 33.10 3.0 0.28 90-102 7.15 469 33.50 50.50 4.16 6.4 0.19 77 0-18 1.19 .08 n.39 66.53 4.81 2.8 037 88-102 24.17 2.46 36.02 34.91 6.4 014 0-11 3.61 m.76 74.30 0.46 90-102 10.16 2-16 31.87 55.81 :.: ,.1 0.15

30 APPENDIX V LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED FOR THE ENEABBA STUDY AREA.

Those mark€d with an asterisk (*) are represetrtedby voucher specimensat PERTH. Those of uncertain determination anil representedby a voucher have the initials and number of the coll€ctor intticated. *Acacia auroniteN Litrdl. Cas!!'thaglabella R.B!. ? barbinerYisBenth. EAG 796 pubescensR.Br, * ,, ,, blakelyi Maiden *Casuarina humilis Otto & Dietr. * fagonioides ,, Benth. ,, microstachya Miq. " lasiocarpavar. lasiocarpaBenth. * ,, *Caustisdioica R.Br. ,, latipesBenth. *Centrolepis * ,, saligna (Inbill.) Wendl. pilosa Hieion. *Chorizandm *Actinostrobus acuminatus Parl. enodisNees * cygnorum Diels *Comespermaacerosum Steetz, drummondii Meisn. calymegaLabill. *Alexgeorgea drummondii Stertz, arenicola Carlquist *Conospermum Amphipogon? strictusR.Br. acerosum Lindl. turbinatus R.Br. crassinerviumMeisn. *Amyema incurum Lindl. miquelii (L€hm. ex Miq.) Tieghem nervosumMeisn, *Anarthria sp. iddet. l RJH 771360,771380 triplinervium R.Br, ,, sp, indet. 2. Conost€phiumpreissii Sond, +Andersonia gracilis DC. *ConosFlis aculeata R.Br. heterophyllaSond. androstemma(Lindl.) F.Muell. *Angiatrthus humifusus (Labill.) Benth. awea Lindl, Dusillus Benth. crassinenia J. W. Green *Anigozanthos humilis Lindl. neocymosaS. D. Hopper ,, manglesiiD.Don teretifolia J. W. Green Apiaceaeindet. 1. sp. l. RJH 771121 sp. ,, indet.2. 2. RJH 771497,F,AG 961 *Arctotheca (L.) sp. 3. a.ff. oassinervia J. W. Green cal€ndula Levyns sp. 4. aff. aureaLindl. F.II{ 171497 *Anocrinum preissiiLehm. sp. 5. EAc 631 *Astroloma cf. microdontaF.Muell. ex Benth. *Conothamlus trinervis Lindl. pallidum R.Br. *Corynotheca ? serratifolium (DC.) Druce RJH 790073 ? micrantha (Lindl.) Macbride RJH ?71228 stomarrhena Sond, *Crassula colorata (Nees) Ostf. xerophylum (DC.) Sodd, *Baeckea sp. RJH 790061 gmniliflora Benth. *Cryptandra *Banksia glabrifl ora Benth. attenuata R.Br. humilis(Benth.) F,Muell. ,, candolleana Meisn. tomentosa Lindl. hookeranaMeisn. sp. iodet. ,, menziesiiR.Br. sphaerocarpaR.Br. f-,6aro.a.a inA-r 1 sp. 1. EAG 975 ,, indet.2. sp. 2 RJH 771510 ,, indet, 3. sp.3. ,, indet.4. sp.4. RJH 771569 ,, indet.5. sp. 5. EAG 857 ,, indet,6. *Beaufoftia bracteosa Diels tDampiera carinata Benth. elegans Schau. oligophyla Benth. var. junceaBenth. *Bey€ria brevifolia (Muell. Arg.) Benth. spicigera Benth. *Boronia coerulescensF.Muell. teresLindl. purdieanaDiels *Darwinia neildianaF.Muell. ramosa (Lindl) Benlh. subsp. anethifolia (Bartl.) P. G. sanguinea(Meisn.) Benth. wilson speciosa(Meisn.) Benth. ,, sp. indet. 1. RJH 771378 bromeliifoliusR.Br. *Brachycome iberidifolia Benth. D.slTogon *Briza minor L. Daviesia rlielsii E, Pdtz. * .. divaricataBenth. *Bulbinesemibarbata (R.Br.) Haw. *Buchardia ,; epipbyla Meisn. umbellata R.Br. iuncea Sm. *Butonia coderta DC. sp. afr. nudifloraMeisn. RJH 771559 *Byblis giganteaLindl. ? pectinataLindl. RJH 771317 *Caesia pedunculataBenth. rigidifolia F.Muell. ex Benth. quadrilateraBenth. ex. LiDdl. Caladenia flava R.Br, striata Turcz, *Calandrinia corrigioloides F.Muell, ex Benth. *Diplolaen& ferruginea P. G. Wilson *Calectasiacyan€a R.Br. *Drosera Morrison RJH 771353, *Calocephalus pdceanus Domin ? bulbigena 771406 *Calothamnus drummondii IJhm. longissimus F.Muell, * ,, erythronhiza Lindl. ,, quadrifidus R.Br. gigantea Lindl. sanguineusLabill, humilis Planch. torulosus Schau. * leucoblasta Benth. ,, sp. cf, villosusR.Br, RJH 771425 * :: macrantha Endl. *Calyfrix empetroides(Schau.) Benth. menziesii R.Br. flav€scensA.Cunn. paleaceaDC. stdgosaA.Cunn. pallirla Lindl. superbaC. A. Cardn. & Ceorge ramellosa l-€hm, tenuifolia(Meisn.) Benth,

3l APPENDD( Y-continued

*Dryandra bipinnatifiila R.Br, *Hovea strict4 Meisn. c{rlidoides Meisn. Hybanthus floribundus (Walp.) F. Muell. kippistiana Meisn. *Hydrocotyle (Labill,) scutellifera Benth. nivea R,Br. *Hypocalymma ,, shuttleworthianaMeisn. xanthopetalum F. Muell. var. liDearifolium tortifolia Kipp. ex R.Br. *Hypochoeris glabra L, tridentata Meisn. * adenanthoidesMeisn. vestita(Kipp.) Meisn, linearis Meisn. sp. aff. falcata RJH 771286 sp. aff. tridensF. Muell. EAG 881 iEcdeiocolea monostachyaF.Muell, *Isotoma pusilla Benth. El''thanthera brunonis (Etrdl.) George 'Jacksonia fl odbunda Endl. *Eremaea acutifolia F. Muell. hakeoides Meisn. .. beaufortioirlesBenth. restioidesMeisn. violacea F.Muell, ulicina Meisn. *Eriostemon pinoides P. G. Wilson *Johnsonia pub€scensLindl, spicatus A.fuch, .Lachnostachys eriobotrya (F. Muell.) Druce *Eucalntus acc€densW. V. Fitzg. * multifl ora Lindl. ilrummondii Benth. *Lasiopetalun drummondii Benth. iucurda C. A. Gadn. .Laxmannia rhodantha Blakely & Steedman omnifertilis Keighery rudis Endl. sessiliflora Dcne. ssp. irwinensis Keighery tetragona(R.Br.) F. Muell, rlechemultia biloba Lindl. todtiana F. Muell, hirsuta F. Muell. *Exocarpos sparteus R.Br. stenosepalaE. Pdtz. *Lepidobolus *G.strolobium obovatum Benth. ch.etocephalus F. Muell. pauciflonm C, A. Cardn. sp. AJMH s.n. tlepidosperma *Geleznorvia venucosa Turcz. pubisquameumSteud. *Gen. scabrum Nees nov. aff. Ecdeiocole. RJH 771364 sp. 1. RJH 771550 *Glischrocaryon . aureum (Lindl.) Orch. ,, sp.2. RJH 7713'17 *Glossostigma diandrum (L.) O. Kuntze +Leptomeria empetrifomris Miq. *Gompholobium adstatum Benth. *Leptospermum erubescensSchau. knightianum Lindl. spinesceN Endl. shuttleworthii Meisn. Leucopogon conostephioidesDC. tomentosum Labill, hispidusE. Pritz. *Goodeniacaerulea R.Br. leptanlhus Benth. filiformis R,Br. var, minutiflora F,Muell, obtectus Benth. coodedaceae indet. striatusR.Br. RJH 771131,711553 . acrobotrya Meisn. r sP.I' didymobotrya (Endl.) Meisd. r sP.2 eriostachya Lindl. r sP.3, sP.4. ,, leucopteris Mei$r. . polybolrya Meisn. sp. 5. EAG 1012 rudis Meisn, Liliac€aeindet. 1. shuttlervorthiana Meisn. .. indet.2. synapheaeR.Br, *Loganir spermacoceaF. Muell. sp. aff. eriobotryaLiqdl. EAG 815 *Lomandra caespitos. (Benth.) Ewart *H&emodorum paniculatum Lindl. hastilis (R.Br.) Ewart spicatum R.Br. preissii (Endl.) Ewart sp.RJH 771355 ,, sp. aff. glauca(R.Br.) Ewart ssp.collim (R.Br.) A. l€e * audculata Meisn. . sF.l. ,, brachwtera Meisn. Loxocaiya cinerea R.Br. ,, candolleana Meisn, fasciculata (R.Br.) Benth. ,, cinerca R.Br. tlyginia barbata R.Br. conchifolia Hook. ,, *Lysinemaciliatum R.Br. ,, costata Meisn. *N4acarthuria ,, flabellifolia Meisn. australis Hueg. ex Endl. ,, incrassata R.Br. Macropidia fuliginosa (Hook.) Druce ,, lissocarphaR.Br. Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex Gaud.) C, A. Gardn. obliqua R.Br. ,, tMelaleuca acerosa Schau. ,, prostretaR.Br. ntscifolia Labill. hsmulosa Turcz. ,, ftaphiophylla Schau. ,, smilacifolia Meisn. stetrocarpaR.Br. trichophylla Lindl. ,, uncidata R.Br, ex Ait. ,, trifucata (Sm.) R.Br. sp. EAG 2162 sp. 1. EAc 1368 ,, sp.2. RJH 771339 Helipterum cotula (Benth,) DC. Mesomelaetrastygia (R.Br.) Nees var deflexa Kiikerith. tHemiauLa pungeN R.Br. ,, ,, pseudostygiaKikenth. letragona(R.Br.) Benth. Herb indet. 1. ,, *Microcorys sp. RJH 771501 Herb indet. 2. *Microtis orbicularis Rogers *Hilrbertia (R.Br. acerosa ex DC.) Benth. *Milotia (Benth.) crassifolia (Turcz.) B€nth, myosotidifolie Ste€tz. huegelii (Endl.) F. Muell. *Mirbelia spiuosa Benth. polystachy. Benth. *Monotrxis subvagidata (Steud.) F. Muell. $audiflora Etrdl. sp. atr, furfuacea (R.Br.) Beoth. RJH 771310 *M!'riocephalus appendiculatls Benth. *HomalosciadiuDr homalocaryum (F. Muell.) Hj. Eichler rMyriophyllum itrtegrifolium Hook. f.

32 APPENDIX Y-continued *Neurachne alopecuoid€a R.Br. *Stackhousia brunonis Benth. Nu''tsia floribunda (Labill.) R.Br. ,, dielsii Pampanini *Stachystemon *Olax benthamiana Miq. axillaris George * (Labill.) *Stipa compressaR.Br. ,, phyllanthi R.Br. " Orchidaceaeindet. 1. ,, rariabilis Hugies ,, indet.2. Iatifolia (R.Br.) Steud. *Oxylobium capitatum Benth. simptexLindl. *Paterso[ia juncea Stuangeacynanchicarpa F.Muell, Lindl. *Stylidium *PeDtaschistisairoides (Nees) Stapf. adpressumBenth. *Persoonir acicularisF,Muell, calcaratum R.Br. angustiflom Benth. ,, sp. 1. aff. sulcataMeisn. dichotomumDC. Petrophile drummondii Meisn. dturoues Ltndt. edcifolia R.Br, inundatum R, Br. * ,, inconspicuaMeisn. ,, linearis R.Br. macrocarpum(Benth.) Edckson & Willis maooslachyaR.Br. mai0andianumE. Pritz. media R.Br. sefturiaeR.Br. 1 . perpusillumHook.f. shiata R.Br. piliferum R.Br. *Philydrella pygmaea (R.Br.) Caruel. ,, rcpens R.Bt. *Phymatocarpus porphyrocephalus r sP.l. F. Muell, * *Pileanthus flifolius Meisn. pollmorpha R.Br. . (Benth.) *Pimeleaangustifolia R.Br. Templetonia biloba Polhill leucanlha Diels 'Tetra a octandra (Nees) Kiikenth. sulphurea Meisn. *Tetratheca confertifolit Steetz. *Pi8rodia bartlingii (Lehm,) Benth, *Thelymitr&antennifer4 (Lindl.) Hook.f. hemigenioides(F. Muell.) Benth. campanulata Lindl. verbascina(F. Muell.) Benth. *Thryptometre mucronulata Turcz. *Platysace xerophila (E. Pritzel) L. Johnson prolifera Turcz. Poaceaeindet. l. *Thysanotus dichotomus (Labill.) R.Br. ,, indet.2. patersonii R.Br. ,, indet. 3. pauciflorusR.Br. ,, indet. 4. rectantherus N. H. Brittan ,, indet. 5. sparteusR.Br. ,, itrdet.6. spinigerN. H, Brirtan *Podotheca angustifolium IJss, ? tenellusEAC 672 gnaphalioides Grah. teretifolius N. H. Brittan tPoranthera microphyua Brongn. triatrthus (Labill.) R.Br. *Prasophyllum macrostach,'um R.Br. r sP 1. ovale Lindl. r sP. 2. *Trachymene pilosa Sm. Pterostylis sp. 1. * *Ptilotus gaudichaudii (F. TriboDanthesuniflora Lindl, Muell.) J. M. Black. *TricorFe *Restio sphacelatusR,Br, elatior R.Br. *Scaevola *Trifolium subtenaneum L. catrescensBenth. *Triglo€hio humifusa de Vdese procen (R.Br.) Buch. ,, paludo$ R.Br. *U$inia aDthemoides(L.) Poir. ,, phlebopetala F. Muell. *Vereauxia reitrwardtii (de Vriese) Benth. . sP.1' *Schoenus Verticordia chrysantha Endl. curvifolius (R.Br.) Benth. chrysostachysMeisn. subbarbatusKiiketrth. densiflora Lindl. pleiostemoneus sp. l. aff. F. Muell. RJH 771480 ,, grandiflom Endl. sp, 2, af. pedicellatus(R.Br.) Benth. RJH 771468 grandis Dnrmm. ,, sp. 3. RJH 771,142 sp. aff. nitens(Lindl.) Schau,RJH 771142 ,, sp.4. oYalifolia Meisn, ,, sp. 5. RJH 771108 pennigeraEndl. sp. 6. EAG 2145 ,, stelluligem Meisn. *Scholtzia involucrata (Endl,) Druce sp. 1. RJH 771443 laxiflora Benth. *Yillarsia capitata Nees umbelliferaF. Muell. *Wahlenbergia parYiflora capensis(L.) A. DC. sp. cf. F. Muell. EAG 982 twaitzia marginatus Thunb, paniculata F.Muell. ex. Benth. Scirpus *Wurmbea ,, sp. l. RJH 771404 dioica (R.Br,) F. Muell. r sP.2. Xanthoffhoea refl exa Herbefi . sp.3. *Xonthosia huegelii (Benth.) Steud, sp. 4. RJH ?71540 tsilele Kipp. & Meisn. gallica L. var. anglica (L,) Clapham indet. l. *Sphaerclobium scabriusculumMeisn. indet. 2. ,, sp. EAG 1003 indet,3.

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