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John Menzies Baillie, Chartered Accountant: Nine Hundred Years of Landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America Tom Lee

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John Menzies Baillie, Chartered Accountant: Nine Hundred Years of Landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America Tom Lee The Accounting Historians Notebook Volume 28 Article 6 Number 1 April 2005 2005 John Menzies Baillie, chartered accountant: Nine hundred years of landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America Tom Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_notebook Part of the Accounting Commons, and the Taxation Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Tom (2005) "John Menzies Baillie, chartered accountant: Nine hundred years of landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America," The Accounting Historians Notebook: Vol. 28 : No. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_notebook/vol28/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Archival Digital Accounting Collection at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Accounting Historians Notebook by an authorized editor of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lee: John Menzies Baillie, chartered accountant: Nine hundred years of landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America John Menzies Baillie, Chartered Accountant: Nine Hundred Years of Landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America by Tom Lee Professor Emeritus, University of Alabama The accounting history literature Lanarkshire. He also died there in contains books and papers dealing 1886. In the intervening 60 years, with the foundation of modern pub- he had an unexceptional career as a lic accountancy in Scotland in the public accountant in Edinburgh be- last half of the nineteenth century fore retiring to Culter Allers. His (e.g. Kedslie, 1990; Lee, 2000; place in history rests exclusively on Walker, 1995). Most deal with his membership in the group of 61 events, circumstances, and conse- Edinburgh accountants who formed quences of the foundation but few the first modern institution of pub- describe the founders other than in lic accountancy in 1853 - the Insti- terms of generic analyses of ori- tute of Accountants in Edinburgh, gins. The objective of this note is renamed the Society of Accountants to provide a detailed biography of in Edinburgh (hereafter, SAE) in one of the founders and give a 1854. JMB was a relatively young glimpse of the type of individual and inexperienced practitioner who helped found the modern pub- when he signed the SAE charter lic accountancy profession. The petition in 1853. He was the first individual was not a driving force and only public accountant in his behind the foundation or an impor- family - although three distant an- tant historical figure. However, his cestors held the highest governmen- family history illustrates the élitism tal accounting office of Chamber- of the foundation community and lain of Scotland more than six cen- emphasizes the relation of founders turies before. His historical impor- to law and land. Contrary to the tance has nothing to do with his social model of Thomas Carlyle career as a public accountant. In- that history comprises great men, stead, it relates to his family’s asso- this note describes the background ciation with landownership over of an ordinary member of a new nine centuries and the connection of profession and reveals a genealogy landownership to the formation of that assists understanding the insti- the SAE. Throughout its history, tutional foundation of modern pub- the Baillie family was concerned lic accountancy. with the acquisition and retention of John Menzies Baillie (hereafter, land and other property and the eco- JMB) was born in 1826 near Culter nomic and social influences attrib- Allers in the Scottish county of utable to these matters. In addition, 8 The Accounting Historians Notebook, April 2005 Published by eGrove, 2005 1 The Accounting Historians Notebook, Vol. 28 [2005], No. 1, Art. 6 landownership was connected to eighteenth century to Georgia when reforms in bankruptcy law that con- this was a British-controlled colony vinced the SAE founders to protect in America. Several members of their interests in 1853. The foun- the Baillie family in Georgia re- ders were an élite group and many, turned to Scotland after the Ameri- like JMB, had close connections to can Revolutionary War and the loss the land and law. Approximately of their estates in the US. Bulloch six of every 10 SAE founders had (1898) was an American-based de- direct family connections to land- scendant of the Highland Baillie ownership. Thirteen were land- migrants. His book reveals that owners in their own right, 21 had JMB was not descended directly parents who owned land, 37 had from either Scottish kings and pow- grandparents as landowners, and 21 erful nobles or wealthy Lanarkshire married into landowning families. landowners. Instead, his immediate The Baillie genealogy illustrates ancestors were Edinburgh mer- this relation as it evolved over nine chants seeking commercial profits centuries from France to England to in colonial America and impover- Scotland to America and back to ished Scottish Highlanders attracted Scotland. JMB’s family estate at there by the promise of a fresh start. Culter Allers consisted of 4,500 Several migrants returned to Scot- acres in a parish of approximately land due to economic disaster 10,000 acres and, in 1882, he built caused by war. Despite genealogi- a new home in the Scottish baronial cal biases, the obvious and consis- style at Culter Allers. tent thread running through the The best-known source about 1872 and 1898 Baillie histories is JMB’s family tells a complex but the ownership of land. incomplete story about the Baillie The recorded Baillie family his- lineage (Baillie, 1872). It was writ- tory starts in 1090 when King Wil- ten by his lawyer brother, James liam II granted land in Northumber- William Baillie, and ignored sig- land in the north of England to one nificant aspects of the family his- of his knights, Guy de Baliol. Guy tory. The clear intention was to was the brother of Renaud de promote the Baillies of Culter Al- Baliol, Sheriff of Shropshire, and lers as members of a family with came from Bailleul in Normandy or powerful and notable associations French Flanders. Guy de Baliol with the turbulent history of Scot- had a son Bernard who fought for land. The reality, however, is a King Stephen at the Battle of the Baillie family history comprising Standard in 1138 and his descen- several branches, including one that dants included John de Baliol who left Lanarkshire in the fifteenth cen- acquired the barony of Galloway in tury for the Highland region of southern Scotland, and was succes- Scotland and then migrated in the (Continued on page 10) The Accounting Historians Notebook, April 2005 9 https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_notebook/vol28/iss1/6 2 Lee: John Menzies Baillie, chartered accountant: Nine hundred years of landownership in France, England, Scotland, and America (Continued from page 9) and Lanarkshire and married the sively Sheriff of Cumberland, Not- illegitimate daughter of Sir William tingham, and Derby, and Governor Wallace of Elderslie. Their son, Sir of Carlisle Castle. In 1255, John de William Baillie of Hoprig, Penston, Baliol forfeited his lands because of and Carnbrae, a favorite of King alleged treason. He later recovered David II of Scotland, produced two his estate and financed scholarships sons, each of whom started a sepa- for Scots students at the University rate branch of the family. Alexan- of Oxford in 1263. His widow der Baillie received the estate of funded Baliol College at Oxford. Dunain near Inverness from his John de Baliol was one of the Re- cousin the Earl of Huntley for brav- gents of Scotland during the minor- ery during the Battle of Brechin in ity of King Alexander III and as- 1452 and created the line from sisted King Henry III of England in which the American branch of the his war with the barons between family came. His brother, Sir Wil- 1258 and 1265. John’s son, also liam Baillie of Lamington, married John de Baliol, claimed the Scottish into the powerful family of Hume throne and King Edward I of Eng- of Polwarth and a son, Richard land arbitrated his claim. In 1292, Baillie, started the minor Baillie of Baliol became the tributary King of Bagbie line to which JMB be- Scotland and a vassal of the English longed. Other descendants of Sir king. His son, Edward de Baliol, William Baillie made judicious who died without issue, succeeded marriages involving influential his father as king but surrendered families in Scottish history and pro- the throne to King Edward III of vided public service in a variety of England in 1356. This effectively ways. For example, Sir William ended the royal Baillie lineage but Baillie of Hopring, Penston, and its persistent connection with nobil- Carnbrue’s grandson William Bail- ity continued for several further lie, was a favorite of King James III centuries. of Scotland and a Conservator of Guy de Baliol’s descendants the Truce between James and King included Ingelram de Baliol who Richard III of England. A great was the first Baillie to become grandson, Sir William Baillie of Chamberlain of Scotland. His son, Lamington, was Principal Master of Sir Henry de Baliol of Cavers, suc- the Wardrobe of Mary of Guise, the ceeded him as Chamberlain in Queen of Scotland, circa 1530 and 1219, and his grandson, Sir Alexan- the father of one of the nobles ac- der de Baliol of Cavers, also held cused of murdering the husband of the office from 1287. It is this Mary, Queen of Scots. King James Baliol line to which JMB belonged. VI of Scotland knighted a direct Sir Alexander’s son, William Bail- descendant of these Baillies, Sir lie, owned lands in Haddingtonshire William Maxwell-Baillie, who be- 10 The Accounting Historians Notebook, April 2005 Published by eGrove, 2005 3 The Accounting Historians Notebook, Vol.
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