Pages 1–5 2cxh Evolutionary trace report by report maker June 29, 2009

4.3.3 DSSP 4 4.3.4 HSSP 4 4.3.5 LaTex 5 4.3.6 Muscle 5 4.3.7 Pymol 5 4.4 Note about ET Viewer 5 4.5 Citing this work 5 4.6 About report maker 5 4.7 Attachments 5

1 INTRODUCTION From the original Protein Data Bank entry (PDB id 2cxh): Title: Crystal structure of probable ribosomal biogenesis protein from pernix k1 Compound: Mol id: 1; molecule: probable brix-domain ribosomal biogenesis protein; chain: a; engineered: yes Organism, scientific name: ; 2cxh contains a single unique chain 2cxhA (180 residues long). CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

2 Chain 2cxhA 1 2 CHAIN 2CXHA 2.1 Q9YC08 overview 1 2.1 Q9YC08 overview 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2cxhA 1 From SwissProt, id Q9YC08, 92% identical to 2cxhA: 2.3 Residue ranking in 2cxhA 1 Description: Probable brix-domain ribosomal biogenesis protein. 2.4 Top ranking residues in 2cxhA and their position on Organism, scientific name: Aeropyrum pernix. the structure 1 : ; ; ; Desulfurococ- 2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 25% coverage. 2 cales; ; Aeropyrum. 2.4.2 Possible novel functional surfaces at 25% Function: Probably involved in the biogenesis of the ribosome. coverage. 2 Similarity: Contains 1 Brix domain. About: This Swiss-Prot entry is copyright. It is produced through a 3 Notes on using trace results 3 collaboration between the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the 3.1 Coverage 3 EMBL outstation - the European Bioinformatics Institute. There are 3.2 Known substitutions 3 no restrictions on its use as long as its content is in no way modified 3.3 Surface 3 and this statement is not removed. 3.4 Number of contacts 3 3.5 Annotation 4 3.6 Mutation suggestions 4 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2cxhA 4 Appendix 4 For the chain 2cxhA, the alignment 2cxhA.msf (attached) with 12 4.1 File formats 4 sequences was used. The alignment was downloaded from the HSSP 4.2 Color schemes used 4 database, and fragments shorter than 75% of the query as well as 4.3 Credits 4 duplicate sequences were removed. It can be found in the attachment 4.3.1 Alistat 4 to this report, under the name of 2cxhA.msf. Its statistics, from the 4.3.2 CE 4 alistat program are the following:

1 Lichtarge lab 2006 Fig. 1. Residues 13-192 in 2cxhA colored by their relative importance. (See Appendix, Fig.5, for the coloring scheme.)

Format: MSF Number of sequences: 12 Total number of residues: 2030 Smallest: 152 Largest: 180 Average length: 169.2 Alignment length: 180 Average identity: 33% Most related pair: 98% Fig. 2. Residues in 2cxhA, colored by their relative importance. Clockwise: Most unrelated pair: 19% front, back, top and bottom views. Most distant seq: 33%

Furthermore, 7% of residues show as conserved in this alignment. The alignment consists of 41% archaean sequences. (Descriptions of some sequences were not readily available.) The file containing the sequence descriptions can be found in the attachment, under the name 2cxhA.descr. 2.3 Residue ranking in 2cxhA The 2cxhA sequence is shown in Fig. 1, with each residue colored according to its estimated importance. The full listing of residues in 2cxhA can be found in the file called 2cxhA.ranks sorted in the attachment. 2.4 Top ranking residues in 2cxhA and their position on the structure In the following we consider residues ranking among top 25% of residues in the protein . Figure 2 shows residues in 2cxhA colored by their importance: bright red and yellow indicate more conser- ved/important residues (see Appendix for the coloring scheme). A Pymol script for producing this figure can be found in the attachment.

2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 25% coverage. Fig. 3 shows the Fig. 3. Residues in 2cxhA, colored according to the cluster they belong to: top 25% of all residues, this time colored according to clusters they red, followed by blue and yellow are the largest clusters (see Appendix for belong to. The clusters in Fig.3 are composed of the residues listed the coloring scheme). Clockwise: front, back, top and bottom views. The corresponding Pymol script is attached. in Table 1. Table 1. Table 1. continued cluster size member cluster size member color residues color residues red 41 17,19,20,21,22,24,25,26,27 47,48,53,55,59,63,74,75,76 28,29,30,31,33,34,35,44,46 77,83,85,88,99,101,102,104 continued in next column 105,106,107,178,179,180 continued in next column

2 Table 1. continued Table 2. continued cluster size member res type substitutions(%) cvg color residues H(8) blue 2 135,159 21 S S(75)A(16)T(8) 0.21 105 S R(25)S(33)Q(33) 0.21 Table 1. Clusters of top ranking residues in 2cxhA. T(8) 26 P S(16)P(25)R(33) 0.22 Q(16)K(8) 2.4.2 Possible novel functional surfaces at 25% coverage. One 22 R R(41)Y(8)H(41) 0.24 group of residues is conserved on the 2cxhA surface, away from (or Q(8) susbtantially larger than) other functional sites and interfaces reco- 46 T N(41)S(8)T(41) 0.24 gnizable in PDB entry 2cxh. It is shown in Fig. 4. The right panel L(8) shows (in blue) the rest of the larger cluster this surface belongs to. 44 R R(41)K(16)Y(33) 0.25 H(8)

Table 2. Residues forming surface ”patch” in 2cxhA.

Table 3. res type disruptive mutations 20 T (KR)(FQMWH)(NELPI)(D) 24 P (YR)(TH)(SKECG)(FQWD) 27 R (TD)(SYEVCLAPIG)(FMW)(N) 47 R (TD)(SYEVCLAPIG)(FMW)(N) 48 G (KER)(FQMWHD)(NYLPI)(SVA) Fig. 4. A possible active surface on the chain 2cxhA. The larger cluster it 75 G (KER)(FQMWHD)(NYLPI)(SVA) belongs to is shown in blue. 77 P (YR)(TH)(SKECG)(FQWD) 104 L (YR)(TH)(SKECG)(FQWD) The residues belonging to this surface ”patch” are listed in Table 34 D (R)(FWH)(YVCAG)(K) 2, while Table 3 suggests possible disruptive replacements for these 101 G (ER)(FKWH)(YMD)(Q) residues (see Section 3.6). 102 V (YR)(KE)(H)(QD) 35 L (YR)(TH)(SKECG)(FQWD) Table 2. 107 E (FWH)(R)(YVCAG)(T) res type substitutions(%) cvg 29 R (D)(E)(LPI)(Y) 20 T T(100) 0.07 76 N (Y)(H)(FW)(R) 24 P P(100) 0.07 74 R (T)(D)(SYEVCAG)(LPI) 27 R R(100) 0.07 30 S (R)(FWH)(K)(M) 47 R R(100) 0.07 33 K (T)(Y)(SVCAG)(FW) 48 G G(100) 0.07 25 S (KR)(QH)(FMW)(E) 75 G G(100) 0.07 106 R (D)(E)(T)(Y) 77 P P(100) 0.07 21 S (KR)(QH)(FMW)(E) 104 L L(100) 0.07 105 S (FW)(KHR)(M)(Y) 34 D E(16)D(83) 0.08 26 P (Y)(T)(H)(R) 101 G N(16)G(83) 0.08 22 R (TD)(EVA)(SCLPIG)(YM) 102 V V(91)I(8) 0.11 46 T (R)(K)(H)(FW) 35 L I(8)L(91) 0.12 44 R (TD)(EVA)(SCLPIG)(YM) 107 E D(8)E(91) 0.12 29 R G(8)R(83)S(8) 0.14 Table 3. Disruptive mutations for the surface patch in 2cxhA. 76 N T(8)N(83)V(8) 0.14 74 R R(41)H(8)K(50) 0.17 30 S T(16)S(75)Q(8) 0.18 33 K K(58)H(25)R(16) 0.18 3 NOTES ON USING TRACE RESULTS 25 S S(58)T(33)A(8) 0.19 3.1 Coverage 106 R A(8)S(8)R(75) 0.19 continued in next column Trace results are commonly expressed in terms of coverage: the resi- due is important if its “coverage” is small - that is if it belongs to some small top percentage of residues [100% is all of the residues in a chain], according to trace. The ET results are presented in the

3 form of a table, usually limited to top 25% percent of residues (or to some nearby percentage), sorted by the strength of the presumed evolutionary pressure. (I.e., the smaller the coverage, the stronger the pressure on the residue.) Starting from the top of that list, mutating a couple of residues should affect the protein somehow, with the exact COVERAGE effects to be determined experimentally. V 3.2 Known substitutions 100% 50% 30% 5% One of the table columns is “substitutions” - other amino acid types seen at the same position in the alignment. These amino acid types may be interchangeable at that position in the protein, so if one wants to affect the protein by a point mutation, they should be avoided. For example if the substitutions are “RVK” and the original protein has an R at that position, it is advisable to try anything, but RVK. Conver- V sely, when looking for substitutions which will not affect the protein, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE one may try replacing, R with K, or (perhaps more surprisingly), with V. The percentage of times the substitution appears in the alignment is given in the immediately following bracket. No percentage is given Fig. 5. Coloring scheme used to color residues by their relative importance. in the cases when it is smaller than 1%. This is meant to be a rough guide - due to rounding errors these percentages often do not add up to 100%. [WFYHR], hydrophobic [LPVAMWFI], polar [GTCY ]; posi- tively [KHR], or negatively [DE] charged, aromatic [WFYH], 3.3 Surface long aliphatic chain [EKRQM], OH-group possession [SDETY ], and NH2 group possession NQRK . The suggestions are listed To detect candidates for novel functional interfaces, first we look for [ ] according to how different they appear to be from the original amino residues that are solvent accessible (according to DSSP program) by 2 acid, and they are grouped in round brackets if they appear equally at least 10A˚ , which is roughly the area needed for one water mole- disruptive. From left to right, each bracketed group of amino acid cule to come in the contact with the residue. Furthermore, we require types resembles more strongly the original (i.e. is, presumably, less that these residues form a “cluster” of residues which have neighbor disruptive) These suggestions are tentative - they might prove disrup- within 5A˚ from any of their heavy atoms. tive to the fold rather than to the interaction. Many researcher will Note, however, that, if our picture of protein evolution is correct, choose, however, the straightforward alanine mutations, especially in the neighboring residues which are not surface accessible might be the beginning stages of their investigation. equally important in maintaining the interaction specificity - they should not be automatically dropped from consideration when choo- sing the set for mutagenesis. (Especially if they form a cluster with 4 APPENDIX the surface residues.) 4.1 File formats 3.4 Number of contacts Files with extension “ranks sorted” are the actual trace results. The fields in the table in this file: Another column worth noting is denoted “noc/bb”; it tells the num- ber of contacts heavy atoms of the residue in question make across • alignment# number of the position in the alignment the interface, as well as how many of them are realized through the • residue# residue number in the PDB file backbone atoms (if all or most contacts are through the backbone, • mutation presumably won’t have strong impact). Two heavy atoms type amino acid type are considered to be “in contact” if their centers are closer than 5A˚ . • rank rank of the position according to older version of ET • variability has two subfields: 3.5 Annotation 1. number of different amino acids appearing in in this column If the residue annotation is available (either from the pdb file or of the alignment from other sources), another column, with the header “annotation” 2. their type appears. Annotations carried over from PDB are the following: site • rho ET score - the smaller this value, the lesser variability of (indicating existence of related site record in PDB ), S-S (disulfide this position across the branches of the tree (and, presumably, bond forming residue), hb (hydrogen bond forming residue, jb (james the greater the importance for the protein) bond forming residue), and sb (for salt bridge forming residue). • cvg coverage - percentage of the residues on the structure which 3.6 Mutation suggestions have this rho or smaller Mutation suggestions are completely heuristic and based on comple- • gaps percentage of gaps in this column mentarity with the substitutions found in the alignment. Note that they are meant to be disruptive to the interaction of the protein 4.2 Color schemes used with its ligand. The attempt is made to complement the following The following color scheme is used in figures with residues colored properties: small [AV GSTC], medium [LPNQDEMIK], large by cluster size: black is a single-residue cluster; clusters composed of

4 more than one residue colored according to this hierarchy (ordered http://www.drive5.com/muscle/ by descending size): red, blue, yellow, green, purple, azure, tur- 4.3.7 Pymol The figures in this report were produced using quoise, brown, coral, magenta, LightSalmon, SkyBlue, violet, gold, Pymol. The scripts can be found in the attachment. Pymol bisque, LightSlateBlue, orchid, RosyBrown, MediumAquamarine, DarkOliveGreen, CornflowerBlue, grey55, burlywood, LimeGreen, is an open-source application copyrighted by DeLano Scien- tan, DarkOrange, DeepPink, maroon, BlanchedAlmond. tific LLC (2005). For more information about Pymol see The colors used to distinguish the residues by the estimated http://pymol.sourceforge.net/. (Note for Windows evolutionary pressure they experience can be seen in Fig. 5. users: the attached package needs to be unzipped for Pymol to read the scripts and launch the viewer.) 4.3 Credits 4.4 Note about ET Viewer 4.3.1 Alistat alistat reads a multiple sequence alignment from the Dan Morgan from the Lichtarge lab has developed a visualization file and shows a number of simple statistics about it. These stati- tool specifically for viewing trace results. If you are interested, please stics include the format, the number of sequences, the total number visit: of residues, the average and range of the sequence lengths, and the alignment length (e.g. including gap characters). Also shown are http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/traceview/ some percent identities. A percent pairwise alignment identity is defi- ned as (idents / MIN(len1, len2)) where idents is the number of The viewer is self-unpacking and self-installing. Input files to be used exact identities and len1, len2 are the unaligned lengths of the two with ETV (extension .etvx) can be found in the attachment to the sequences. The ”average percent identity”, ”most related pair”, and main report. ”most unrelated pair” of the alignment are the average, maximum, 4.5 Citing this work and minimum of all (N)(N-1)/2 pairs, respectively. The ”most distant The method used to rank residues and make predictions in this report seq” is calculated by finding the maximum pairwise identity (best can be found in Mihalek, I., I. Res,ˇ O. Lichtarge. (2004). ”A Family of relative) for all N sequences, then finding the minimum of these N Evolution-Entropy Hybrid Methods for Ranking of Protein Residues numbers (hence, the most outlying sequence). alistat is copyrighted by Importance” J. Mol. Bio. 336: 1265-82. For the original version by HHMI/Washington University School of Medicine, 1992-2001, of ET see O. Lichtarge, H.Bourne and F. Cohen (1996). ”An Evolu- and freely distributed under the GNU General Public License. tionary Trace Method Defines Binding Surfaces Common to Protein 4.3.2 CE To map ligand binding sites from different Families” J. Mol. Bio. 257: 342-358. source structures, report maker uses the CE program: report maker itself is described in Mihalek I., I. Res and O. http://cl.sdsc.edu/. Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE (1998) Lichtarge (2006). ”Evolutionary Trace Report Maker: a new type ”Protein structure alignment by incremental combinatorial extension of service for comparative analysis of proteins.” Bioinformatics (CE) of the optimal path . Protein Engineering 11(9) 739-747. 22:1656-7. 4.3.3 DSSP In this work a residue is considered solvent accessi- 4.6 About report maker 2 ble if the DSSP program finds it exposed to water by at least 10A˚ , report maker was written in 2006 by Ivana Mihalek. The 1D ran- which is roughly the area needed for one water molecule to come in king visualization program was written by Ivica Res.ˇ report maker the contact with the residue. DSSP is copyrighted by W. Kabsch, C. is copyrighted by Lichtarge Lab, Baylor College of Medicine, Sander and MPI-MF, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994 1995, CMBI version Houston. by [email protected] November 18,2002, 4.7 Attachments http://www.cmbi.kun.nl/gv/dssp/descrip.html. The following files should accompany this report: 4.3.4 HSSP Whenever available, report maker uses HSSP ali- • 2cxhA.complex.pdb - coordinates of 2cxhA with all of its gnment as a starting point for the analysis (sequences shorter than interacting partners 75% of the query are taken out, however); R. Schneider, A. de • Daruvar, and C. Sander. ”The HSSP database of protein structure- 2cxhA.etvx - ET viewer input file for 2cxhA sequence alignments.” Nucleic Acids Res., 25:226–230, 1997. • 2cxhA.cluster report.summary - Cluster report summary for 2cxhA http://swift.cmbi.kun.nl/swift/hssp/ • 2cxhA.ranks - Ranks file in sequence order for 2cxhA 4.3.5 LaTex The text for this report was processed using LATEX; • 2cxhA.clusters - Cluster descriptions for 2cxhA Leslie Lamport, “LaTeX: A Document Preparation System Addison- • 2cxhA.msf - the multiple sequence alignment used for the chain Wesley,” Reading, Mass. (1986). 2cxhA 4.3.6 Muscle When making alignments “from scratch”, report • 2cxhA.descr - description of sequences used in 2cxhA msf maker uses Muscle alignment program: Edgar, Robert C. (2004), • 2cxhA.ranks sorted - full listing of residues and their ranking ”MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and for 2cxhA high throughput.” Nucleic Acids Research 32(5), 1792-97.

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