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SRM AM19 Abstracts Abstract Proceedings of the 72nd Society for Range Management International Meeting February 10-13 Minneapolis, Minnesota 1 A Comparison of Two Methods to Estimate Heifer Activity Using GPS and Accelerometer Data Fatima Continanza, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico Jennifer Muscha, USDA-ARS Fort Keogh, Miles City, Montana Mark Petersen, USDA-ARS, Miles City, Montana Andrew Roberts, USDA-ARS, Miles City, Montana Qixu Gong, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico Huiping Cao, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico Andrés Cibils, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico There is increasing interest in the use of low cost GPS units to monitor livestock movement and activity patterns on rangeland. Such devices seldom include movement sensors. On the other hand, 2- or 3-axes accelerometers included in several commercially available GPS units often yield activity data with low animal-to-animal consistency. Our objective was to compare two methods of estimating activity of rangeland heifers monitored with collars equipped with GPS and 2-axis accelerometers. The first method (VEL) involved classifying GPS points based on movement velocity thresholds. Resting was assumed when velocity < 2 m/min, velocities between 2-25 m/min were assumed to indicate grazing, and velocities > 25 m/min were classified as traveling. The second method (MOV) included a classification tree model that discriminated between resting, grazing, and traveling activities considering the distance between GPS points and both horizontal and vertical movement values recorded by a 2-axis accelerometer. Lotek 3300LR GPS collars were fitted randomly on heifers (18 days) in spring 2015 (n=20), 2016 (n=18), and 2017 (n=41). VEL calculations were done by entering GPS coordinates into GRAZACT, a Java software that helped automate classification, and a SAS 9.4 code was used to create the classification tree model to calculate MOV. Results from both methods were converted to hours/day and were compared using Wilcoxon’s test in SAS 9.4. Estimated time spent traveling was lower (P<0.01) using MOV (0.67±0.02h) vs. VEL (0.90± .02h) but both methods yielded similar estimates (P=0.10) for time spent resting (MOV=13.90±0.11h vs. VEL=13.69±0.08h) and time spent grazing (P=0.07; MOV=9.16±0.13h vs. VEL=9.39±0.07h). Classifying activities based on GPS data alone provided estimates that were similar to those derived from more sophisticated GPS + movement sensor analyses. 2 A Conceptual Framework for the Adoption of Intensive Grazing Management Strategies Jenna Likins, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Urs Kreuter, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Pasture and rangeland make up over one-third of the land in the Unites States. Throughout much of this land, unsuitable livestock grazing management has contributed and continues to contribute to soil erosion and the loss of soil carbon, resulting in impaired soil functionality and, therefore, land degradation. However, the adoption of intensive grazing management strategies, exemplified by adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing, hold potential for reversing land degradation by restoring soil health through enhancement of nutrient cycling and water infiltration. Ultimately, this could increase the production of grazing land, above and below ground biodiversity and the delivery key of ecosystem services. Grazing lands in the United States coevolved with large numbers of grazing animals and their associated predators. The predator-prey dynamics caused these herds to bunch tightly together and move frequently across the landscape. The resulting urine and fecal deposition patterns concentrated nutrients that are essential for maintaining soil health, and provided long periods of rest between grazing periods, which allowed the vegetation to recover before being grazed again. The adoption of intensive grazing management strategies, such as AMP grazing, that mimic historic grazing patterns may produce ecological as well as economic benefits for ranchers. Theoretically, the restoration of soil health will result in increased profits due to elevated grass production and, thus, animal production. In addition, ranchers may also benefit from premium prices for their product by obtaining sustainable beef certifications or ecological verifications. These product labels serve to inform the consumer of the ecological benefits of the management strategies used to produce the product, which ultimately make the product more “environmentally friendly”. Ideally, increased consumer demand for ecologically verified or sustainably certified products will provide incentives for more producers to adopt intensive grazing management strategies. 3 A Diminishing Unique Traditional Practice of Rangeland Resources Management in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan Jigme Wangdi, Department of Livestock, Thimphu Bhutan is a small land-locked country in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region and the geographical area is dominated by mountainous terrain. The population is about 700,000, of which 10% lives in the high alpine mountains and depends on rangelands to rear livestock, in particular yaks. Rangelands provide various livelihood opportunities – such as ecotourism and income sources from non-wood forest products (NWFP) on a seasonal basis. However, yak farming, utilizing the available vast rangeland resources, provides the most sustainable livelihood to the highlanders. These rangeland resources, though large in area and making huge contributions to the livelihood of highlanders, have received a very low priority in terms of development. Nonetheless, the highlanders use their best traditional knowledge and practices inherited from forefathers to sustain rangeland resources through proper management and utilization. Some of the traditional practices are allocation of rangelands through dice systems that ensure fairness and social harmony amongst beneficiary highlanders and the other system is locally called 'northue', wherein the same cattle herd is managed by two individuals in two different rangelands particularly for the summer and winter grazing. The cattle herd belongs to both individuals with full ownership for the grazing periods of four to five months for winter and summer months, respectively. But today, these age-old traditional practices are threatened with introductions of new technologies, changes in government policies and weak policy support. Thus, before diminishing the traditional practices completely, it is important to intervene, document and share information amongst the educators and youth around the world, and most importantly the policy makers within the country in order for appropriate decisions to conserve these rich traditional values of our forefathers in sustaining rangeland resources. 4 A Forage Quality Calendar of Ventenata (Ventenata dubia): Insights into Grazing Potential Fara Brummer, Oregon State University, Lakeview, Oregon Lesley Morris, Oregon State University, La Grande, Oregon Anne Laarman, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Ventenata (Ventenata dubia) is a relatively new invasive grass in the western United States that is rapidly dominating hay systems, pastures, dry forests, and dry shrublands on both private and public lands. Focused and systematic grazing can provide a lower cost annual treatment for controlling invasive grasses when utilized at the optimal time and stocking density, which varies among invasive grass species. Unfortunately, there are no published studies regarding use or suitability of targeted Ventenata grazing. Currently, field reports indicate low or no grazing utilization of Ventenata by cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the forage quality (crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, and macro minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium) and biomass production of Ventenata over the growing season and phases of its plant growth (April-July). We conducted systematic sampling of Ventenata in a mesic meadow environment within the Great Basin of southern Oregon. We found that over the growing season, Ventenata wet biomass ranged from 27 to 2,452 kilograms/hectare, in comparison with other vegetation in the meadow that ranged from 262 to 3,859 kilograms/hectare. Foliar cover of Ventenata ranged from 25% to 100%. At 100% foliar cover, during the peak of forage quality Ventenata dry weight ranged from 180 to 447 kilograms/hectare. Forage quality peaked in late May at the elongation phase and was adequate for spring calving beef cow/calf grazing from the onset of growth in April until the last week of June. Although it is still unclear why Ventenata may be unpalatable to livestock, our study provides the foundational information for exploring the grazing potential of this invasive annual grass. 5 A Framework for Understanding Adaptive Capacity Across the Social Landscape Michael Sorice, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia Kiandra Rajala, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia Around the globe grasslands have undergone an unintentional and unwelcome transformation from grass-dominated to shrub-dominated vegetation. While there is a relatively clear understanding of the drivers and outcomes of woody plant encroachment (WPE), an important challenge is to understand the role private landowners have in facilitating or preventing it. As values across the landscape become more heterogeneous, preferences for the bundles of benefits provided by rangelands may shift from an emphasis on production-based
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