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Driven to distraction? Behavioural impacts of anthropogenic noise on the European hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus from individual to group level By Svenja Tidau A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Biological and Marine Science, University of Plymouth (UK) In collaboration with Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (Ireland) Joint Doctoral Programme on Marine Ecosystem Health & Conservation (MARES Fellowship) May 2019 This copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from this thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior consent. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the many wonderful people who supported me along this extraordinary journey! There is my supervisory team who advised and encouraged me in all facets of becoming a researcher and who gave me guidance, freedom and trust to explore my interests. First and foremost – thank you Mark for giving me this truly life changing opportunity! Even today, I sometimes have to remind myself that I started pursuing a career in political sciences and the fact that you took me on this programme feels like an experiment on its own. You always gave me the feeling that there is no question I could not ask: Be it a primer on evolution and selection or explanations on intra- and inter-individual variation – not forgetting when you drew behavioural reaction norms on your PC screen! Your support went beyond purely scientific aspects not least with your understanding for balancing work and family and showing me that both can go hand in hand. I am grateful I could learn so much from you. Martin, thank you for hosting me at the GMIT! The field experiment was a professional and emotional roller coaster. Without this experience, you allowed me to pursue, I am sure I would not have gotten my post-doc position. You integrated me into the department, helped with innumerable bits and bobs of material and listened to my doubts. All of this supported me to grow and become a more independent researcher. Claire, thank you for your fresh perspective on my project and research, offering a helping hand and an open door. iii Team Briffa: Sarah and Mariana – you were not only mentoring me between labs, buckets and cups of coffee but became friends to me. Mariana, you taught me to so much about how to handle hermit crabs (I was so afraid to harm them!) and you are a true example of a dedicated researcher. Sarah, I really don’t where to start nor where to end. Thank you for believing in me, encouraging me and setting research life in perspective! Massive thanks also to all of you from the technical support namely: Ann Torr, Roger Haslam, Richard “Tricky” Ticehurst, Marie Palmer, Dr Martin Canty, Jane Akerman, Alex Fraser, Felicity Thom and Angela Harrop from the University of Plymouth as well as John Kennedy, Mary Veldon and Jacinta Mahony from the GMIT. For the field experiment special thanks to John Murphy for spending hours in the field, talking about Ireland, music and life on the many trips to and from the Flaggy Shore. I highly value your attention and thoughtfulness! Working at the University of Plymouth introduced me to an even larger number of amazing colleagues and friends. I became part of an inspiring research group on animal behaviour and I want to thank all of you for sharing your research and asking questions I had never thought of. All of that helped me to become a more rounded researcher. I thank the Davy 6th floor office bunch for the many nice chats and advice about academia and life. Always there to crack jokes over a cup of tea, coffee and yes a pint or two were involved as well… There are many of you who gave memorable advice but I have to stress John Spicer – you know what I mean! I was so lucky to meet many wonderful people in- and outside of university who became true friends and I hope to stay in touch with. The postgrad and early iv career crowd at MBERC was truly amazing! From day one I felt integrated, quickly made friends, and explored many of the beautiful outdoors of the UK’s South West. OK, including some pubs. Coming to the UK also meant to leave family and friends behind. I thank you for taking time when I was “suddenly” in Germany, for your curiosity in my new and different life, warm words and hugs along the way. Finally, my wonderful loving, fun and at times crazy family and friends. Every letter, postcard and parcel with jam meant so much to me! To my grandparents, all of who passed away many years ago but you are with me nevertheless. To my parents, I thank you for always trusting in me, for teaching me to never stop trying, asking and following what I believe is right – you lay the foundation for all this! v Author's Declaration At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award without prior agreement of the Doctoral College Quality Sub-Committee. This research has been conducted under a formal agreement with Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland, for which a dual degree will be awarded. This study was financed with the aid of a studentship from the Joint Doctoral Programme on Marine Ecosystem Health & Conservation (MARES Fellowship) and co-funded by the University of Plymouth. A programme of advanced study was undertaken, which included ‘Introduction to Teaching and Learning’ for which the authors was awarded an Associate Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy (UK). The following external institutions were visited for consultation purposes: University of Bristol, UK Edinburgh Napier University, UK Queen’s University Belfast, UK Publications: Tidau, S. & Briffa, M. 2016. Review on behavioral impacts of aquatic noise on crustaceans. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 27, 010028. doi.org/10.1121/2.0000302 Tidau, S. & Briffa, M. 2019. Anthropogenic noise pollution reverses grouping behaviour in hermit crabs. Animal Behaviour, 151, 113-120. doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.03.010 vi Tidau, S. & Briffa, M. In Press. Distracted decision makers: ship noise and predation risk change shell choice in hermit crabs. Behavioral Ecology. doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz064 Presentations: 2019 PlyMSEF Making Waves – 2019 (Plymouth, UK): “Behavioural effects of ship noise on the European hermit crab: From the lab to the field” oral presentation 2018 SeaBASS – Marine Bioacoustics Summer School 2018 (Durham, USA): “Ship noise playbacks distract European hermit crabs – From the lab to the field” poster 15th Marine Biological Association Postgraduate Conference 2018 (Plymouth, UK): “To group or not to group? Effects of anthropogenic noise on the grouping behaviour in the European hermit crab” oral presentation Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Easter Meeting 2018 (Plymouth, UK): “To group or not to group? Effects of anthropogenic noise on the grouping behaviour in the European hermit crab” oral presentation 2017 XXVI International Bioacoustics Council Meeting (Haridwar, India): “Noisy Neighbours – Behavioural impacts of ship noise on the European hermit” oral presentation Behaviour 2017 Conference (Estoril, Portugal): “Noise distracts hermit crabs – But how important is it?” oral presentation vii 3 Minute Thesis Competition (Plymouth UK) “Noisy neighbours –How ship noise changes the behaviour in hermit crabs” oral presentation 14th Marine Biological Association Postgraduate Conference (Penryn, UK): “Driven to distraction? Behavioural impacts of ship noise on the European hermit crab” oral presentation (highly recommended) PlyMSEF Making Waves Postgraduate Conference 2017 (Plymouth, UK): “Driven to distraction? Behavioural impacts of ocean noise on the European hermit crab” poster 2016 The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Conference (Dublin, Ireland): “Driven to Distraction: Behavioural Impacts of Ocean Noise on the European Hermit Crab” poster BBC Radio Wales Science (UK): “The effects of noise on animals” interviewee ASAB Easter Meeting 2016 (Aberystwyth, UK): “Driven to Distraction: Behavioural Impacts of Ocean Noise on the European Hermit Crab” poster (1st prize) Trainings: 2018 Wadden Sea Summer School (Germany and The Netherlands) SeaBASS Marine Bioacoustics Summer School (USA) Science and communication Workshop, 15th MBA Conference (UK) Grant Writing Workshop, ASAB Easter Meeting Plymouth (UK) viii Scientific Writing and Presentations, MARES Erasmus Mundus Fellowship meeting (Italy) 2017 Advancing in R, PR statistics (UK) How to use the Media to Publicise your research, University of Plymouth/ BBC (UK) 2016 Getting started with R, MARES Conference 2016 (Portugal) Word count of main body of thesis: ~ 62 600 Date ………………………………………………… Signed ……………………………………………… ix Abstract Human activities are altering the planet at an unprecedented scale and pace, ranging from effects on global systems such as climate and carbon cycles to localised but globally wide-spread exposure to anthropogenic pollution such as noise. Anthropogenic noise is an example of human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) which can mask, distract and disrupt natural stimuli and sensory-cognitive processes. Since HIREC can alter the sensory environment of animals, and how they detect and process information from their biotic and abiotic environment to make accurate decisions, this process has been termed sensory pollution. While growing evidence shows detrimental effects on across taxa, behavioural contexts and situations, invertebrates are understudied despite contributing to global faunal biodiversity to a vastly greater extent than vertebrate animals. In this thesis, I study how anthropogenic noise as a form of HIREC affects a marine crustacean using the European hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus as a model organism.
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